Depression

Content

1_Introduction....................................3
2_Syndrome…………………………4,5,6,7
3_Different between sexes………………8,9,10
4_ Children and adolescents……………………….11,12
5_Diagnostic……………………………………………………13,14,15
6_MedicalTreatment………………………………………….. 16,17,18
7_Reference…………………………………………………………… ……19,20
 Depression 2020-2021
Depression is a mood disorder in which
Introduction
a person experiences constant feelings
of sadness, negative feelings, and a loss
of interest in activities that the person would normally
enjoy. Also called major depressive disorder or clinical
depression [2] [3], it can affect a person's thoughts,
behavior, and motivations [4]
It is also one of the most common mental disorders.
While the World Health Organization estimates the
number of people with depression around the world at
nearly 300 million people [5] .. In general, the disease
affects women more than men. And it is classified as a
mental disorder characterized by an imbalance of mood.
The diagnosis is made according to symptoms that mainly
affect the emotional sphere: such as persistent sadness,
the desire to cry, irritability, irritability, and anxiety. They
may also suffer from loss of appetite or overeating.
Reduced concentration, recall of details, indecision,
confusion, feelings of low self-esteem, guilt, or
hopelessness, and a loss of enthusiasm and interest in
work, social life, and usual leisure activities Depression
can also be a symptom of some physical illness or a side
effect of some medications [7]. factors may influence. A
family history of disease increases the risk [8].

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Syndrome

In 2011, a number of specialist societies such as the

German Society of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy,
Psychosomatic Medicine and Neuroscience (DGPPN)
developed guidelines for care around depression. It
recommends distinguishing between three main
symptoms and seven additional symptoms for diagnosis
according to the 10th revision of the International
Classification of Diseases. [11]

The main symptoms are: [5]

Depressed mood and negative thinking: Depression is

characterized by severe mood swings, and in the case of
severe depression, a feeling of insensitivity or a constant
feeling of inner emptiness. Loss of interest and lack of
pleasure: loss of the ability to be happy or sad; Loss of
emotional resonance, that is, the patient's mood cannot be
lightened with encouragement

Lack of willpower and increased fatigue: Other typical

symptoms are decreased motivation. In the event of
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severe depression, a person may reach a failure to do even
their usual routine activities, such as doing the simplest
tasks such as personal hygiene, shopping or washing.

Additional symptoms are: [5]

Difficulty thinking, concentrating, making decisions, and

remembering things
Low self-esteem and self-confidence
Feelings of guilt and imperfection

pessimistic w Looking at life and the future in a

negative and ay: This is reflected in exaggerated fears
about the future, a feeling of hopelessness, and
helplessness.

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 Depression 2020-2021
Suicidal thoughts and a desire Often severely affected
to die people suffer from extreme
irritation, fatigue, and a loss of interest in things around
them, and some depressed people may see life as
pointless. This painful condition often leads to suicide.
[5]
• Sleep disorders
• Anorexia
• Headache and fatigue for the least effort. [12]
• There may also be a somatic syndrome
• Loss of interest or lack of pleasure: an apparent lack
of desire or pleasure in all the things that triggered
the desire or pleasure.
• Inability to respond emotionally to the environment.
• Significant loss or excessive appetite.
• Weight loss or weight gain.
• Interest in the sexual relationship may decrease or
disappear (loss of sexual desire).
• intensity
Severity is classified according to the 10th revision of
the International Classification of Diseases according
to the number of symptoms: [5]
Mild depression: two main symptoms and two additional
symptoms.
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Differences between the sexes

Symptoms of depression can be expressed in different

ways in women and men. The differences in basic
symptoms are small. While symptoms such as frustration
and thinking are more common in women, there is clear
evidence that depression can also be reflected in the
tendency to aggressive behavior in men. In a 2014 study,
different symptoms between women and men were
associated with differences in biological systems for
stress response. [13]

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Children and adolescents

The symptoms of depression in preschoolers can be

recognized relatively well, but it requires consideration of
some details. The same applies to school children and the
youth. [14] The prevalence of depression among children
is about three percent, and among adolescents, it is about
eighteen percent. [15] Symptoms are often difficult to
recognize in children and teens because they interfere
with normal behavior at their age. This makes diagnosis
more difficult. Children and adolescents undergo the
same method of diagnosis as adults. However, children
may have a distinct tendency of denial and great feelings
of shame. In such a situation, behavioral observation and
parental questioning can be helpful. The family burden of
depressive and other disorders should also be taken into
account. With regard to depression, depression often
arises in children as well as adolescents due to family
problems, relationship disturbances or a family history, as
well as early childhood deprivation or even mental,
physical and sexual abuse. [16] .

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Diagnostics

The diagnosis of depression begins by a psychiatrist or

mental health professional, and the importance of this is
to exclude other health problems that cause symptoms
similar to those of depression, due to the special
difficulties in diagnosing and treating depression in
childhood, children and adolescents who are suspected of
suffering from depression should always be examined.
Depression by a specialist in child and adolescent
psychiatry and psychotherapy or by a child and adolescent
psychologist. Doctors diagnose depression based on
symptoms, so the diagnosis may include subjecting the
victim to a general physical examination and
psychological evaluation, in which a mental health doctor
asks a set of questions to the patient. Regarding
symptoms, thoughts, feelings, and behavior patterns.
Common methods for assessing depression severity
include the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), the
Beck Depression Scale (BDI), the Zheng Self-Depression
Scale, and the Depression Symptom List (IDS), which is
divided into one self-assessment version available. [17]

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Differentia
l diagnosis
The differential diagnosis helps rule out possible
confusion with one of the following diseases or
disorders:

1. Indigestion
2. Bipolar disorder
3. Borderline personality disorder
4. Adjustment disorder
5. Chronic fatigue syndrome
6. Addiction syndrome due to psychotropic substances
7. Pernicious anemia and vitamin B12 deficiency
8. Thyroid disease
9. Anemia [19] [20]

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 Depression 2020-2021
Medical treatments

Some drugs are known to cause depression in a number

of patients, such as the drug to treat hepatitis C, and some
drugs used to treat high blood pressure, such as beta
blockers or reserpine.

Psychiatric syndromes
Mood disorders Depression accompanies many mental
Mood disorders syndromes as a primary symptom.
Mood disorders are a group of disorders that are
considered basic mood disorders. These include:
Primary depression (sometimes called primary
depression or clinical depression) is when a person suffers
from depression and loses pleasure or interest in most
activities for more than two weeks. Partial depression,
which is a mood disorder that is less severe than clinical
depression but has a longer duration of up to several
years.

Major depression It only comes in the form of a bout or

episodes of depression. This type of
depression may be accompanied by psychotic symptoms
such as hallucinations or delusions. Bipolar disorder has
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one or more episodes of abnormally high energy and
euphoric levels, which may be interspersed with periods
of depression. When episodes (depression, bipolar, etc.)
follow a seasonal pattern, we can describe it as seasonal
affective disorder.
Depression usually accompanies borderline personality
disorder and anxiety disorder, which is a mood disorder
that appears as a psychological response to a specific
event or stress, so that its symptoms are behaviorally and
emotionally severe, but do not meet the criteria for
periods of depression; Post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that follows trauma and
usually accompanies depression.

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• References

• ^ Https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28798061

• ^ "Depression". Medicine Web. Archived from the

original on March 2, 2020. Retrieved February 25,
2020.

• ^ Habib, Zainap Mansour. Dictionary of Diseases

and Their Treatment: The first comprehensive
dictionary of all disease terms and definitions
circulating in the world. Osama House for
Publishing and Distribution, 2010. Print.

• ^ Ramadan Muhammad al-Gaddafi: Mental Health

and Consensus (Alexandria: Modern University
Office _ 1998_p.187)

• ↑ abs cc Rainer Tolle: Psychiatry. 2012, ISBN 978-

3-662-22357-4, S. 238-239, Online. Copyright Jan
25, 2019 at Way back Machine.
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• ^ "Psychological symptoms of vitamin D deficiency".

Medical. Archived from the original on June 3,
2016. Retrieved February 2, 2020.

• ^ "NIMH Depression". National Institute of Mental

Health. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013.
Retrieved October 15, 2012.

• ^ "Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk

variants and refine the genetic architecture of major
depression" (in English). Archived from the original
on March 10, 2020. Accessed on 2018.

• ^ "Depression". World Health Organization.

Archived from the original on October 18, 2019.
Accessed on January 30, 2020.

• ^ "Treatment – Clinical depression". NHS. Archived

from the original on March 1, 2020. Retrieved
December 10, 2019.

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