GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

LESSON 1
Genetic Engineering

BEGIN

Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. In addition to
research, the applications of genetic engineering include the manufacture of hundreds of useful
products. Using the biochemical and mechanical tools of DNA technology, scientists can make
recombinant DNA in vitro. They can introduce the DNA into cultured cells that replicate the DNA
and may express its genes, yielding a desired product.
In this Module No. 1 you will be exploring diverse activities for you to gain awareness and
understanding about the processes involved in genetic engineering.

ASSESS
YOUR WHAT
TARGETS
YOU’VE LEARNED
At the end of this Module No 1, you should be able to:

1. compare classical breeding with modern genetic engineering techniques,

2. enumerate the steps in molecular cloning,
3. describe some methods to introduce DNA into cells, and
4. explain the selection and screening of transformants / genetically modified organisms
(GMOs)

In order to survive, man has successfully domesticated selected plants and animals. He has taken an
active part in choosing desired traits of plants and animals. Traits that were considered valuable (i.e. high fruit
yield; high milk production, etc.) were sought out and propagated. The processes involved may include
classical breeding practices such as controlled pollination of plants, and the mating of animals with desired
traits. In today’s modern science, molecular biology techniques are being employed in the insertion and
expression of proteins in different organisms for various purposes

DO THIS!

Task No. 1: Classical vs. Modern

Directions. Compare and contrast classical breeding with modern genetic engineering techniques. Choose the
letter of your answer from the box below and write it inside the Venn diagram.

A. The process of gene modification results to modification of an organism's genotype.

B. Its process can happen in natural or controlled condition.
C. It is considered to be unnatural and involved plant/animal machinery in the laboratory.
D. It’s focused on the mating of organisms with desirable qualities based on the desired
outcome.
E. Its focus is the use of molecular techniques so that it can modify the targeted trait of the
organisms based on the application on the preferred field.
F. Its focus is to come up with the desirable trait and qualities that can be useful for health or
production.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

Venn Diagram

Classical
Modern Genetic
Breeding Similarities
Engineering

Conclusion (Task No.1):

_________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________.

Lecturette No. 1
Classical breeding practices focus on the mating of organisms with desirable qualities.

Genetic engineering involves the use of molecular techniques to modify the traits of a target organism. The
modification of traits may involve: I. introduction of new traits into an organism II. enhancement of a present trait
by increasing the expression of the desired gene III. enhancement of a present trait by disrupting the inhibition
of the desired genes’ expression.

Task No. 2: Organize it, Outline it!

Procedure: Create an outline of the processes involved in genetic engineering by using the given
shapes/symbols inside the box below. You may add other shapes or symbol if needed.

“MY GENETIC ENGINEERING PROCESS OUTLINE”

Conclusion (Task No. 2):

_________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

Lecturette No. 2
A general outline of recombinant DNA (Genetic Engineering Process) may be given as follows:
I. cutting or cleavage of DNA by restriction enzymes (REs)
II. selection of an appropriate vector or vehicle which would propagate the recombinant DNA ( eg.
circular plasmid in bacteria with a foreign gene of interest)
III. ligation (join together) of the gene of interest (eg. from animal) with the vector ( cut bacterial
plasmid)
IV. transfer of the recombinant plasmid into a host cell (that would carry out replication to make
huge copies of the recombined plasmid)
V. selection process to screen which cells actually contain the gene of interest
VI. sequencing of the gene to find out the primary structure of the protein

EXPLORE!

Directions: Following are the ways in which plasmids may be introduced into host organisms and Some methods
to screen recombinant cells, read and analyze the selection and do Task No. 3 below.
THREE (3) WAYS IN WHICH PLASMIDS MAY BE INTRODUCED INTO HOST ORGANISMS
1. BIOLISTICS. In this technique, a “gene gun” is used to fire DNA-coated pellets on plant tissues. Cells
that survive the bombardment, and are able to take up the expression plasmid coated pellets and
acquire the ability to express the designed protein.
2. PLASMID INSERTION BY HEAT SHOCK TREATMENT. Heat Shock Treatment is a process used to
transfer plasmid DNA into bacteria. The target cells are pre-treated before the procedure to increase the
pore sizes of their plasma membranes. This pretreatment (usually with CaCl2) is said to make the cells
“competent” for accepting the plasmid DNA. After the cells are made competent, they are incubated with
the desired plasmid at about 4°C for about 30min. The plasmids concentrate near the cells during this
time. Afterwards, a “Heat Shock” is done on the plasmid-cell solution by incubating it at 42°C for 1
minute then back to 4°C for 2 minutes. The rapid rise and drop of temperature is believed to increase
and decrease the pore sizes in the membrane. The plasmid DNA near the membrane surface are taken
into the cells by this process. The cells that took up the plasmids acquire new traits and are said to be
“transformed”.
3. ELECTROPORATION. This technique follows a similar methodology as Heat Shock Treatment, but, the
expansion of the membrane pores is done through an electric “shock”. This method is commonly used
for insertion of genes into mammalian cells.

SOME METHODS TO SCREEN RECOMBINANT CELLS

1. Selection of plasmid DNA containing cells. A selection marker within the inserted plasmid DNA
sequence allows the selection of “transformants”. Usually, an antibiotic resistance gene (e.g. AMP
ampicillin resistance gene) is included in the plasmid DNA. This allows only “transformed” cells to
survive in the presence of the antibiotic (e.g. ampicillin). Plating the plasmid-cell solution on antibiotic-
containing media will select for these “transformants” and only allow plasmid-containing cells to grow
and propagate into colonies.
2. Selection of transformed cells with the desired gene. Certain inserted genes within the plasmids
provide visible proof of their presence. These include the antibiotic resistance genes that allow for the
selection of the transformed cells within the solution. Some inserted genes also produce colored (e.g.
chromogenic proteins) or fluorescent products (e.g. GFP) that label the colonies/cells with the inserted
gene.
3. PCR detection of plasmid DNA. Alternatively, the presence of the desired gene in the inserted
plasmids may be confirmed using PCR amplification. PCR reactions specific for the desired gene may
be done using DNA from cells. Amplification of the expected product would confirm the presence of the
gene within the samples. PCR reactions specific for plasmid sequences will also confirm/identify the
type of plasmid used for the transformation.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

Task No. 3: In My Own Words!

Procedure: After reading and analyzing the selections above, based on your own wordings and own
understanding explain each topic in just one sentence:
1. BIOLISTICS.
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. PLASMID INSERTION BY HEAT SHOCK TREATMENT.
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. ELECTROPORATION.
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. Selection of plasmid DNA containing cells.
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. Selection of transformed cells with the desired gene.
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. PCR detection of plasmid DNA.
_______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion (Task No. 3):

_________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Task No. 4: WORD CLOUD
Directions: Create a word cloud highlighting all your learnings in Lesson No 1. You can select
one Word Cloud from the Templates below or you can originally produce your own.

“MY WORD CLOUD, MY LEARNINGS”

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

ASSESS
REFLECT
Task No. 5: Fill Me Please!
What an exemplar performance! You did a great job in finishing this
module. Hopefully, you had an enjoying moments in this journey.
Congratulations!
After accomplishing series of Activities, fill in the blanks to
complete the sentences bel ow.
Genetic Engineering can be defined as
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
________.

Kindly share your thoughts and learnings by finishing the sentences

below:

I have learned that _______________

I have realized that _______________

I will use my learning to __________

LESSON 2
APPLICATIONS OF RECOMBINANT DNA

BEGIN

Genetic engineering has a number of useful applications, including scientific research,

agriculture and technology. In plants, genetic engineering has been applied to improve the
resilience, nutritional value and growth rate of crops such as potatoes, tomatoes and rice. In
animals it has been used to develop sheep that produce a therapeutic protein in their milk that
can be used to treat cystic fibrosis, or worms that glow in the dark to allow scientists to learn
more about diseases.

In this lesson, you will be exploring diverse activities for you to gain awareness and
understanding about the applications of recombinant DNA.

YOUR TARGETS!
At the end of this Lesson 2, you should be able to:

1. give examples of products from recombinant DNA technology,

2. describe steps in PCR to amplify and detect a gene of interest, and
3. show appreciation in the work of a Filipino Scientist regarding DNA isolation and
its application to medicine.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

The processes in the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology can be illustrated as: DNA (gene) - RNA
(transcript) - Protein (trait). Different organisms have different traits based on their genes (DNA sequences).
For example, frogs have antimicrobial peptides on their skin. Some jellyfish have proteins that allow them to
glow in the dark. Mutations in hemoglobin genes lead to anemia.
Based on the central dogma, if transcription and translation of genes lead to some traits, then the
insertion of certain genes in a given organism may provide it with new traits. This is the basis for the
development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

Task No. 1: Thought experiment: Designer Genes

Directions. Read and analyze the given activity and questions. Write your answer on the space provided for
the activities or provide your own if needed.

Procedure: Construct your own genetically modified organism. Make sure to indicate the following factors
in your design:
• Identify a special trait. (Ex. large fruit size)
• Identify a source organism. (Ex. Jackfruit/langka)
• Identify a target organism. (Ex. Aratilis)
• Identify the modified / added trait. (Ex. Langka-sized aratilis)
• Show a simple illustration of the processes involved and your product

After identifying the trait and the possible modification, answer the following questions below:
A. How do traits change properties?
___________________________________________________________________________________
B. How useful is the application of recombinant DNA?
___________________________________________________________________________________
C. List of examples of products from recombinant DNA technology.
___________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion (Task No.1):
_________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

Lecturette No. 1
There are many different traits that can be introduced to organisms to change their properties. The
following table shows examples of modified traits using cloned genes and their applications:

MODIFIED TRAIT GENE MODIFICATION RECIPIENT APPLICATION (FIELD)

ORGANISM
Insulin Production Insertion of Human Bacteria (Medicine) Production of Human
Insulin Gene Insulin in Bacteria
Pest Resistance Insertion of Bt-toxin Corn / Maize Agriculture (Production of Corn
gene Plants with increased resistance
to corn boxers
Delayed Ripening Disruption of a gene for Tomato plant Agriculture) Production of plants
a ripening enzyme (e.g. with fruits that have delayed
polygalacturonase) ripening fruits. These fruits will
survive longer transport time,
allowing their delivery to further
locations (i.e. export deliveries)
Chymosin Insertion of a gene for Bacteria (Industry) Enhance large scale
Production chymosin production of chymosin. This
enzyme serves as a substitute
for rennet in the coagulation of
milk. Rennet has to be harvested
from calves. The large scale
production of this enzyme in
bacteria provides an abundant
supply of this important
component for the cheese
production industry.

Lecturette No. 2.
PCR AMPLIFICATION

Once a desired trait is chosen, information must be acquired for either its detection or expression in
a given organism.

A. DETECTION
Some researchers may be interested in determining if a given gene/trait is available in a particular
organism. If no previous research provides this information, researchers may test the DNA of different
organisms for the presence of these specific genes. A technique that allows the detection of specific genes
in target organisms is called PCR.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

PCR amplification is an in-vitro method that simulates DNA replication in vivo. It utilizes a thermostable
(heat-resistant) DNA polymerase that builds single stranded DNA strands unto unwound DNA templates.
PCR uses repeated cycles of incubation at different temperatures to promote the unwinding of the DNA
template (~95°C); the annealing of a primer (a ~20bp oligonucleotide sequence (recall RNA primers in DNA
replication) onto the ssDNA template strand (~54 - 60°C); and the extension of the generated ssDNA strand
through the binding of complementary bases to the template strand (~72° C). The thermostability of the
polymerase allows it to survive the repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing and extension with little loss
of enzyme function. Each cycle of PCR doubles the amount of the target sequence. A typical PCR experiment
uses about 35 cycles of amplification. This increases the original amount of the target sequence by 235 (i.e.
~34 billion) times.

Gene detection by PCR involves the design of primers that would only bind to sequences that are
specific to a target. For example, researchers would want to find out if gene X (e.g. the gene for insulin) is
available in a target organism (e.g. a mouse, Mus musculus). Primers may be designed by looking at the
available sequences for gene X in the databases (e.g. all the genes for insulin in different organisms; humans,
pigs, cows, etc.). The different gene X sequences must be aligned/ compared to match areas of sequence
similarity (conserved sequences) and areas of sequence dissimilarity (non-conserved sequences). Primers
designed to have the same sequence as the conserved areas will be specific for binding gene X sequences
in all the target organisms. Primers designed to have the same sequence as the non-conserved areas will
only be specific for the organisms which match its sequence.

Primers may be classified as forward or reverse primers. Forward primers are complementary and bind
to the reverse complementary (non-coding) sequence of the gene. Reverse primers are complementary and
bind to the coding sequence of the gene.

PCR may be used to detect the presence of a desired gene in an organism. Depending on the primer
design, the expected product may represent only a specific region of the gene or the entire gene itself. The
first case is useful for detection of the gene, or the detection of organisms with that specific gene within a
sample. The second case is useful for the amplification of the entire gene for eventual expression in other
organisms. The direct amplification/copying of a full gene is part of the process for “cloning” that gene.

B. CLONING AND EXPRESSION

Some genes provide economically, and industrially important products (e.g. insulin-coding genes; genes
for collagen degradation). In some cases, scientists would want to put these genes into organisms for the
expression of their products. One example would be the insertion of an insulin coding gene from the human
genome into bacteria. This allows the “transformed” bacteria to now produce human insulin as a product.

Certain types of bacteria are capable of this process since they are able to take genes within their cell
membranes for eventual expression.

The genes are normally in the form of small, circular DNA structures called plasmids. The genes found in
the inserted plasmid DNA sequence will be expressed as proteins that provide specific traits to the
transformed bacteria.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

Task No. 2: Concept Mapping

Procedure: Use concept mapping in discussing processes in PCR Amplification. Rubrics:
Content – 5 Organization – 5 Legible and exploratory – 5 Total = 15 points

“My PCR Concept Mapping”

Conclusion (Task No. 2):

_________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

EXPLORE!

Directions: Read and analyze the given activity and questions. Write your answer on the space provided
for the activity or provide your own if needed.

Task No. 3: THE SCIENCE OF ENTITLEMENT

Procedure: Read the Cubiculum Vitae/ Biography of Baldomero Olverio, Jr. or any Filipino Scientist of your
Choice. Write a one-paragraph essay explaining why he/she deserves his/her title.

Taken from the Webpage of University of Utah, 2019, a sample biography of a Filipino Scientist is
presented below for your reference.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

Baldomero (“Toto”) Olivera grew up in the Philippines; he received his B.S. degree in Chemistry
from the University of the Philippines, his Ph.D. working on the Biophysical Chemistry of DNA at Caltech,
followed by postdoctoral work in Biochemistry at Stanford. His early research contributions include the
discovery and biochemical characterization of E. coli DNA ligase, a key enzyme of DNA replication and
repair that is widely used in recombinant DNA technology. He is presently a Distinguished Professor of
Biology at the University of Utah.

Toto Olivera initiated the characterization of the venoms of the predatory cone snails. A large number of
peptide neurotoxins ("conopeptides") are present in these venoms, and their characterization led Olivera’s
research group to a broad involvement with molecular neuroscience. Conus venom components are used
to investigate the function of individual ion channels and receptors. The cone snail project has raised
wide-ranging biological questions, from mechanisms of protein folding and posttranslational modification,
to gene organization and mechanisms of speciation. Several peptides discovered in Olivera’s laboratory
reached human clinical trials and one (Prialt) has been approved for the treatment of intractable pain. He
is a member of the American Philosophical Society, the U.S. National Academy of Science, and the
Institute of Medicine. He was given the Outstanding Alumni Award of Caltech, the Redi Award from the
International Society for Toxinology and the Harvard Foundation Scientist of the Year 2007 Award. As an
HHMI professor, Dr. Olivera has implemented an outreach program to instill an interest in science in young
students by educating them about scientific principles they can observe in the organisms that they see
every day.

Source: University of Utah .2019. https://faculty.utah.edu/u0034901-

BALDOMERO_M_OLIVERA/hm/index.hml#:~:text=His%20early%20research%20contributions%20inclu
de,at%20the%20University%20of%20Utah. (Accessed: July 2020).

THE SCIENCE OF ENTITLEMENT AND WHY HE DESERVED IT

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion (Task No. 3):

_________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Task No. 4: POSTER MAKING

Directions: Create a poster regarding genetic diseases and applications of recombinant DNA technology.
Show appreciation regarding the molecular diagnosis of diseases, gene therapy and commercial and
pharmaceutical products. You may use a separate paper for your output.

RUBRICS
CATEGORY 1 2 3
Required Several required elements were Some elements are missing as The poster includes all required
elements missing. well as some needed additional elements as well as needed
information. additional information.
Labels Labels are too small to view OR Some items of importance on All items of importance on the
no important items were labeled. the poster are clearly labeled if poster are clearly labeled if
necessary. necessary.
Graphics/ Graphics do not relate to the Some graphics are related to the All graphics are related to the
drawings topic topic and make it easier to topic and make it easier to
understand. The drawings are understand. The drawings are
somewhat interconnected. all interconnected.
Attractiveness The poster is distractingly The poster is attractive in The poster is exceptionally
messy or very poorly terms of attractive in terms of design,
designed. It is not attractive. design, layout, and layout, and neatness.
neatness.

Grammar There are more than 4 There are some No grammatical/ mechanical
grammatical/mechanical grammatical/mechanical mistakes on the poster.
mistakes on the poster. mistakes on the poster

Rea, Maria Angelica D., and Dagamac, Nikki Heherson A. 2017. General Biology 2. Quezon City, Philippines:
Rex Printing Company, Inc.

University of Utah .2019. https://faculty.utah.edu/u0034901-

BALDOMERO_M_OLIVERA/hm/index.hml#:~:text=His%20early%20research%20contributions%20include,
at%20the%20University%20of%20Utah. (Accessed: July 2020).

Photo Credits

Picture of Biology Title. Retrieved from http://nextlevelhomeschool.com/course/general-biology-

chemistryecology/ (Accessed July 30, 2020).

Picture of PCR Machin. Retrieved from https://www.genengnews.com/magazine/200/development-

andevolution-of-pcr/ (Accessed July 30, 2020).
 GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

SUMMATIVE TEST: GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

MODULE 1

Name of Learner: ____________________________________ Grade Level: _____________________

Section: _________________________________________ Date: ____________________
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Avoid ERASURES.

1. Which vehicles are often used for gene therapy to carry a healthy gene?
a. bacteria b. powder balls c. plastic capsules d. viruses
2. In which ways can genetic engineering can improve crops?
a. Make them pest or drought resistant c. Make them larger
b. Make them more nutritious d. All answers are correct
3. A clone is ____________.
a. recombinant DNA b. a transgenic organism c. plasmid d. genetically identical
4. Making changes in the DNA of an organism is called _____________.
a. selective breeding b. artificial selection c. genetic engineering d. genetic transformation
5. What term is used to express creating an identical copy of a gene or organism?
a. hybridization
b. inbreeding
c. cloning
d. gene splicing
6. What process is shown in the picture?
a. Gene therapy
b. DNA fingerprinting
c. Cloning
d. Gene splicing
7. Putting the gene for bioluminescence into a fish is an example of ____________.
a. Genetic Engineering
b. Selective Breeding
c. Artificial Selection
d. Gene Mutation
8. The advantages of genetically modified crops include(s) _______________.
a. insect resistance
b. drought/freeze resistance
c. higher yield
d. all of these are reasons for using GMOs
9. Why might people be against cloning?
a. It's creepy b. It can cause unknown defects c. It is detrimental to genetic diversity d. All of the above
10. In cloning, what is the purpose of the surrogate mother?
a. Donate her DNA b. Donate her egg cell c. Incubate and carry the baby until birth d. Nothing. She's useless.
11. Which of these would NOT be a case of GM (genetic modification)?
a. Cloning a mammoth
b. Golden rice
c. Square watermelons
d. Glowing tobacco plant

Refer to the image for questions 12 to 14.

12. In which step would the enzyme ligase be used?

a. A b. B c. C d. D
 GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

13. Which of these is the "gene of interest"?

a. A b. B c. C d. D
14. What would have caused the plasmid (B) to open?
a. restriction enzyme b. ligase c. gene therapy d. sticky ends
15. In step D, recombinant DNA is being placed back into _____ to be cloned by binary fission.
a. bacteria b. a human c. a virus c. a sheep
16. An application of using DNA technology to help environmental scientists would be ___.
a. use PCR to analyze DNA at a crime scene
b. creates a tobacco plant that glows in the dark
c. clone the gene for human growth hormone to treat pituitary dwarfism
d. makes transgenic bacteria that can be used to clean up oil spills more quickly than do the
natural bacteria
17. The process of making changes in the DNA code of a living organism is called
a. selective breeding
b. genetic engineering
c. inbreeding
d. hybridization
18. Which technique would most likely be used by forensic scientists?
a. Cloning b. Gene Therapy c. DNA Fingerprinting d. Karyotyping
19. Glowing cats that contain jellyfish bioluminescence genes inserted into their DNA are an example of?
a. neon dye b. transgenics c. cloning d. gene therapy
20. What is the ultimate source of genetic variation?
a. inbreeding b. hybridization c. mutations d. radiation
21. It involves mating two members of a species (plant, yeast, or animal)—each of whom possesses one or more
different and desirable traits—in order to create a hybrid individual possessing both traits.
a. classical breeding b. genetic engineering c. cloning d. mutation
22. It involves the use of molecular techniques to modify the traits of a target organism.
a. classical breeding b. genetic engineering c. cloning d. mutation
23. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the Genetic engineering process?
I. cutting or cleavage of DNA by restriction enzymes (REs)
II. selection of an appropriate vector or vehicle which would propagate the recombinant DNA (e.g., circular
plasmid in bacteria with a foreign gene of interest)
III. ligation (join together) of the gene of interest (e.g., from animal) with the vector (cut bacterial plasmid)
IV. transfer of the recombinant plasmid into a host cell (that would carry out replication to make huge copies
of the recombined plasmid)
V. selection process to screen which cells actually contain the gene of interest
VI. sequencing of the gene to find out the primary structure of the protein

a. I, II, III, V, VI, IV b. I, III, II, IV, V, VI c. I, II, III, IV, V, VI d. I, II, III, IV, VI, V
24. In this technique, a “gene gun” is used to fire DNA-coated pellets on plant tissues. Cells that survive the
bombardment, and are able to take up the expression plasmid coated pellets and acquire the ability to express the
designed protein.
a. Electroporation
b. Biolistic
c. Plasmid Insertion by heat shock treatment
d. insertion
25. This technique follows a similar methodology as Heat Shock Treatment, but the expansion of the membrane pores
is done through an electric “shock”. This method is commonly used for insertion of genes into mammalian cells.
a. Electroporation
b. Biolistic
c. Plasmid Insertion by heat shock treatment
d. insertion
 GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

26. The genes are normally in the form of small, circular DNA structures called __________.
a. virus b. cell wall c. plasmid d. nucleus
27. It is an in-vitro method that simulates DNA replication in vivo. It utilizes a thermostable (heat-resistant) DNA
polymerase that builds single stranded DNA strands unto unwound DNA templates.
a. PCR Amplification b. Retention c. Selection d. Hybridization
28. The following are example of gene modification EXCEPT;
a. insertion of human insulin gene
b. insertion of BT-toxin gene
c. delayed ripening with the use of enzyme
d. lycopene in a tomato
29. Based on the central dogma, if transcription and translation of genes lead to some traits, then the insertion of
certain genes in a given organism may provide it with new traits. This is the basis for the development of
___________________.
a. Naturally occurring organisms
b. Genetically disrupted organisms
c. Genetically modified organisms
d. Physically altered organisms
30. What is removed from the nucleus of an animal cell during Genetic Engineering?
a. Gene b. Plasmid c. Nucleus d. Ribosome