TRANSPORT/CIRCULATION

(In Plants and Animals)

General Biology II
TRANSFORM
SYSTEM
ANIMALS
 The main circulatory System in vertebrates
is the BLOOD SYSTEM which consists of :
1. Blood
2. Blood Vessels
3. The Heart
 The circulatory in invertebrates have open
circulatory fluid which is hemolymph
rather than blood.
FLOWERING PLANTS
Plants have 2 types of transport tissue:
1. Xylem- it moves water and solutes
from the roots to the leaves
2. Phloem- it moves food substances
from leaves to the rest of the plant
(both up and down the plant)
 TUBES (OFTEN
CALLED VESSELS)
- through which fluid flows
around the transport system(s)
ANIMALS
• Blood vessels have different structures
according to their role and position in the
system. There are types of blood vessels, all of
which are composed of living tissues, include:

Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
 FLOWERING PLANTS
• The specialized tubes for liquid
transport within plants include:
Xylem Vessels
Tracheids
Phloem sieve tubes
 WHAT CAUSES
FLUID TO MOVE?
ANIMALS
Blood is pumped by the
heart. Mammals have a
double-pump four-chamber
heart which is control by the
nervous system.
FLOWERING PLANTS

 Xylem- transpiration pull

 Phloem – active pumping
of sugars into phloem, and
hydrostatic pressure
FLUID FLOW
RATE
ANIMALS
• Varies with the part of the body and other
factors. Overall moderate flow rate-
greater than that of plants.
• Controlled by pumping action of the heart
and by vasoconstriction and vasodilation
of the fluid (blood in mammals) vessels-
which can be affected by hormones and
environment conditions such as extremes
of temperature.
FLOWERING PLANTS
• Fluid flow rate in xylem and phloem
is relatively low.
• Rate of flow in the xylem is affected
by external factors such as
temperature, wind and humidity..
 TRANSPORT OF WATER
- Water acts as a solvent which many different substances
can be transported around organisms.
ANIMALS

Blood Plasma is
normally at least
90% water.
FLOWERING PLANTS

In xylem sap.
Substances Transported
ANIMALS
• In fluid (blood in mammals) systems, examples are:
Glucose which is a monosaccharide
Amino Acids
Glycerol
Vitamins
Minerals
Hormones
Respiratory Gases (supply of oxygen and removal
of carbon dioxide)
FLOWERING PLANTS
• In fluid systems, examples are:
Sucrose which is disaccharide
Amino Acids
Fatty Acids
Glycerol
Vitamins
Minerals
Hormones
TRANSPORT OF CARBOHYDRATE
- food, so in animals including humans as released by
the digestive system.
ANIMALS

Glucose in
solution in blood
plasma.
FLOWERING PLANTS

Sucrose in
solution phloem
sap.
TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN
- for breathing
ANIMALS

Oxygen combines with haemoglobin

(in the red blood cells) forming
oxyhaemoglobin, which is an efficient
way of oxygen to be transported
around the body via the blood
system.
FLOWERING PLANTS

Oxygen (in the form of

O₂ gas) can reach cells
by diffusing through the
air spaces between the
cells.
TRANSPORT OF CARBON
DIOXIDE
- CO₂ is a waste product of metabolism.
ANIMALS
Carbon Dioxide diffuses into red blood
cells where it is converted to hydrogen
carbonate ions and hydrogen ions.
Haemoglobin binds to the hydrogen ions
acting as a buffer to prevent a decrease
in blood pH. In addition, some carbon
dioxide dissolves in the blood plasma
(which is usually at least 90% water).
FLOWERING PLANTS

Carbon Dioxide can

rach cells by diffusing
through the air spaces
between the cells.
 GAS EXCHANGE
SURFACE
- by which oxygen can enter the organism and
carbon dioxide can be released from it.
ANIMALS

Alveoli in the lungs.

FLOWERING PLANTS

All cell surfaces that

are in contact with air.
Examples include the
palisade and spongy
mesophyll cell in leaves.
GOD BLESS AND
THANK YOU!