Professional Documents
Culture Documents
com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 85 (2014) 311 – 318
&UHDWLYH&RQVWUXFWLRQ&RQIHUHQFH&&
3URMHFWWHDPVRFLDOFDSLWDOVDIHW\EHKDYLRUVDQGSHUIRUPDQFH
$PXOWLOHYHOFRQFHSWXDOIUDPHZRUN
7DV<RQJ.RKD
6WHYH5RZOLQVRQD
a
Department of Real Estate & Construction, University of Hong Kong, 501 Knowles Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
$EVWUDFW
7KHFXUUHQW+RQJ.RQJFRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\VDIHW\VWDWHRIDIIDLUVDUHXQGHVLUDEOH:KLOHDP\ULDGRIVDIHW\DSSURDFKHVKDYH
EHHQ DGRSWHG LQ WKH LQGXVWU\ WKURXJK QRUPDWLYH FRPSOLDQFH HUURU SUHYHQWLRQ DQG FOLPDWH LQWHUYHQWLRQ WKH VLWXDWLRQV UHPDLQ
GLVPDO2QHRIWKHUHDVRQVIRUWKHLQHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIWKHVHDSSURDFKHVWRHQVXUHFRQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFWV¶VDIHW\SHUIRUPDQFHLVWKH
PLVPDWFKEHWZHHQWKHDSSURDFKHV¶ULJLGDQGVWDWLFIRUPXODWLRQVRIFRQVWUXFWLRQRSHUDWLRQVWKDWDUHSXWWRXVHLQWKHRSHUDWLRQV
WKDW DUH HPHUJHQW DQG G\QDPLF :H SURSRVH WKDW WKH GHILFLHQF\ FDQ EH UHFWLILHG WKURXJK WKH SURMHFW WHDP DGDSWLYH LQSXWV DQG
LQWHUDFWLRQVWKDWDUHJURXQGHGLQWKHSURMHFWWHDPVRFLDOFDSLWDO:HH[SORUHVXFKSRVVLELOLW\E\HVWDEOLVKLQJWKHWKHRUHWLFDO
XQGHUSLQQLQJWKURXJKH[WDQWOLWHUDWXUHDQGSURSRVHDFRQFHSWXDOIUDPHZRUNEHILWWLQJDUHODWLRQDODSSURDFKWRHQVXULQJSURMHFW
VDIHW\RXWFRPHV7RDFFRPSOLVKWKHREMHFWLYHVVHWIRUWKDERYHZHFRQGXFWOLWHUDWXUHVHDUFKDQGUHYLHZLQWKHGRPDLQVRIVRFLDO
FDSLWDOFRQVWUXFWLRQVDIHW\VRFLDOSV\FKRORJ\DQGVPDOOWHDPUHVHDUFK7KURXJKWKHSURFHVVRIFRQYHUJHQWDQGUHILQHPHQWRIWKH
OLWHUDU\ GRPDLQV ZH SXW IRUWK D FRQFHSWXDO IUDPHZRUN WKDW FDQ EH SXW LQWR HPSLULFDO WHVW 7KH IUDPHZRUN UHYHDOV WKDW SURMHFW
WHDP VRFLDO FDSLWDO FDQ EH PRGHOHG DV D PXOWLOHYHO SKHQRPHQRQ HPDQDWLQJ IURP LQGLYLGXDO OHYHO QHWZRUN VWUXFWXUH 7KHVH
VWUXFWXUDOIHDWXUHVWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHUHODWLRQDODQGFRJQLWLYHIHDWXUHVDWWKHJURXSOHYHOLQIOXHQFHWKHLQGLYLGXDOVDIHW\EHKDYLRUV
DQGLQWXUQWKHLUVDIHW\RXWFRPHV7KHDQDO\VLVWKURXJKOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZDQGPRGHOLQJKDYHVKRZQWKDWSURMHFWWHDPPHPEHUV¶
VDIHW\ EHKDYLRUV DUH LQIOXHQFHG E\ WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ RI ERWK WKH LQGLYLGXDO DQG JURXS OHYHO UHODWLRQDO SKHQRPHQD 7KLV VWXG\
HQULFKHVFXUUHQWVDIHW\UHVHDUFKDJHQGDE\KLJKOLJKWLQJWKHHIIHFWVRIWHDPG\QDPLFVLQVDIHW\SHUIRUPDQFH,QWKLVUHVSHFWZH
DOVRSURYLGHPHWKRGRORJLFDOVXJJHVWLRQVWRHPSLULFDOO\WHVWWKHIUDPHZRUN
7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
© 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH'LDPRQG&RQJUHVV.IW
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Diamond Congress Kft.
Keywords:&RQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFWWHDPVRFLDOFDSLWDOQHWZRUNVWUXFWXUHVVDIHW\EHKDYLRUVKXPDQIDFWRUV
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
E-mail address:WDV\NRK#KNXKN
1877-7058 © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Diamond Congress Kft.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.10.556
312 Tas Yong Koh and Steve Rowlinson / Procedia Engineering 85 (2014) 311 – 318
,QWURGXFWLRQ
7KH FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQGXVWU\ LQ +RQJ .RQJ LV RIWHQ FKDUDFWHULVHG E\ SRRU VDIHW\ SHUIRUPDQFH %HFDXVH DFFLGHQW
VWDWLVWLFV WHQG WR WUDLO WKH YROXPH RI FRQVWUXFWLRQ WKH LQFUHDVH FRQVWUXFWLRQ DFWLYLWLHV LQ UHFHQW \HDUV DQG WKH
FRQWLQXRXV UROOLQJ RXW RI QHZ SURMHFWV LQ WKH FRPLQJ \HDUV DUH OLNHO\ WR OHDG WR IXUWKHU H[DFHUEDWLRQ RI VDIHW\
SHUIRUPDQFH)RUH[DPSOHWKHQXPEHURIFRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\DFFLGHQWKDVLQFUHDVHGIURPLQWR
LQLQDQGLQ,QDGGLWLRQDOWKRXJKWKHQXPEHURILQGXVWU\IDWDOLW\GURSSHGIURPLQ
WR LQ WKH IDWDOLW\ LQFUHDVHG VKDUSO\ IURP LQ WR LQ DQG LQ ,Q WKH ILUVW QLQH
PRQWKVRILQGXVWU\DFFLGHQWVKDYHEHHQUHFRUGHGZLWKIDWDOLWLHV>@7KHFRUUHVSRQGHQWIDWDOLW\UDWH
SHUZRUNHUVDOVRLQFUHDVHGGUDPDWLFDOO\IURPLQWRLQDOWKRXJKWKHUHLVDVOLJKWGURSLQ
WR>@,QDGGLWLRQRXWRILQWRWDORIDOOLQGXVWU\IDWDOLWLHVRFFXUUHGLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
LQGXVWU\ LQ >@ ,Q WKLV UHJDUG GHVSLWH D P\ULDG RI VDIHW\ LQLWLDWLYHV DGPLQLVWHUHG DQG LPSOHPHQWHG LQ
FRQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFWVVDIHW\SHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHLQGXVWU\SODWHDXVDQGLQWHUPVRIIDWDOLW\GHWHULRUDWHV&OHDUO\WKH
VWDWH RI VDIHW\ DIIDLU LV QRW VXVWDLQDEOH DQG WKH IDFW UHPDLQV WKDW FXUUHQW VDIHW\ PDQDJHPHQW LQ +RQJ .RQJ
FRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\LVQRWHIIHFWLYH
,QWKLVSDSHUZHDUJXHWKDWWKLVLQHIIHFWLYHQHVVLVGXHWRWKHQDWXUHRIWKHVDIHW\PDQDJHPHQWUHJLPH7KHFXUUHQW
LQLWLDWLYHVDUHODUJHO\EDVHGRQWKHULJLGIRUPXODWLRQZLWKRXWDWWHQWLRQWRWKHG\QDPLFVDQGLQWHUDFWLRQVDPRQJWKH
SURGXFWLRQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ HOHPHQWV &RQVHTXHQWO\ WKH\ DUH OHVV HIIHFWLYH LQ HQVXULQJ VDIHW\ LQ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ
SURMHFWVLQWKHIDFHRIWKHG\QDPLFVFRPSOH[LWLHVDQGFRQWLQXRXVFKDQJLQJVLWXDWLRQVLQFRQVWUXFWLRQRSHUDWLRQV,Q
WKLVUHVSHFWEHFDXVHKXPDQRSHUDWRUVDQGWKHLULQWHUDFWLRQVDUHYLWDOLQPDQDJLQJSURMHFWVWKHUHLVDQHHGRIDVRFLDO
DSSURDFK LQ WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI FRQVWUXFWLRQ VDIHW\ 3UHYLRXV UHVHDUFK KDV LQGLFDWHG WKDW WKH UHODWLRQVKLSV DPRQJ
SURMHFW WHDP PHPEHUV FDQ IDFLOLWDWH WKH DFWLRQV DPRQJ SDUWLFLSDQWV LQ WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI SURMHFW VDIHW\ >@
6SHFLILFDOO\ WKH VRFLDO QRUPV WKDW HPHUJH IURP WKH UHODWLRQVKLSV DPRQJ FRQVWUXFWLRQ WHDP PHPEHUV LQIOXHQFH D
UDQJH RI EHKDYLRXUV RI WKH PHPEHUV LQFOXGLQJ WKHLU VDIHW\ EHKDYLRXUV $V VRFLDO FDSLWDO LV FRQFHSWXDOLVHG DV
FRQVLVWLQJRIDIRFDOJURXS¶VQHWZRUNVWUXFWXUHWKURXJKWKHPHPEHUV¶FRQQHFWLQJWLHVDPRQJWKHPVHOYHVDQGZLWK
WKRVHRXWVLGHWKHLUJURXSDQGWKHTXDOLW\RIWKRVHWLHV>@DTXHVWLRQRIERWKSUDFWLFDODQGWKHRUHWLFDOUHOHYDQFHLV
KRZWKHVHVRFLDOIHDWXUHVFDQDIIHFWWKHPHPEHUV¶VDIHW\EHKDYLRXUV
,QWKLVSDSHUZHILUVWH[SORUHWKHUHOHYDQFHRIWKHFRQFHSWRISURMHFWWHDPVRFLDOFDSLWDOWKHUHE\HVWDEOLVKLQJWKH
QHHGIRUUHODWLRQDODQGKXPDQIDFWRUVFRQFHSWVLQFRQVWUXFWLRQVDIHW\PDQDJHPHQWDQGHQFDSVXODWHDQGV\QWKHVLVH
WKHVH FRQFHSWV LQWR IRUPLQJ D WKHRUHWLFDO IUDPHZRUN :H FRQFOXGH E\ SURSRVLQJ PHWKRGRORJLFDO DSSURDFK WR
HPSLULFDOO\WHVWWKLVIUDPHZRUN
7KHKXPDQIDFWRUVLQPDQDJLQJFRQVWUXFWLRQVDIHW\±7KHUHOHYDQFHRIWHDPVRFLDOFDSLWDO
7KH UHOHYDQFH RI WHDP VRFLDO FDSLWDO LV SUHGLFDWHG RQ WKH VWUXFWXUDO DQG RUJDQLVDWLRQDO IHDWXUHV RI FRQVWUXFWLRQ
RSHUDWLRQV &RQVWUXFWLRQ RSHUDWLRQV DUH FKDUDFWHULVHG E\ G\QDPLFV FRPSOH[LWLHV DQG HPHUJHQW LQWHUDFWLRQV RI
FRPSRQHQWVLQWKHRSHUDWLRQV7KHVHV\VWHPVDUHFRPSOH[DQGG\QDPLFEHFDXVHRIWKHSUHVHQFHRIPXOWLSOHJRDOV
VSHHG TXDOLW\ FRVW DQG VDIHW\ PXOWLSOH LQWHUDFWLQJ SDUWLHV YDULRXV WUDGHV DQG SURIHVVLRQDO GLVFLSOLQHV VRPH RI
ZKLFK KDYH GLIIHUHQW PHQWDO PRGHOV DQG ZRUN SDFNDJHV KHWHURJHQHRXV FOLHQW RUJDQLVDWLRQ FRPSOH[ VRFLDO
VWUXFWXUHV KLHUDUFKLFDO VXEFRQWUDFWLQJ DUUDQJHPHQWV PXOWLSOH VWDNHKROGHUV DQG WKH FRPSOH[ WHFKQRORJ\ DQG
RSHUDWLQJ HQYLURQPHQWV PDUNHW SUHVVXUHV SROLWLFDO DQG LQVWLWXWLRQDO UHJXODWLRQV >@ 7KHUH LV D KLJK OHYHO RI
LQWHUGHSHQGHQFH DPRQJ WKHVH HOHPHQWV ZLWKLQ WKH RUJDQLVDWLRQDO HQYLURQPHQW WKDW LV FRQWLQXRXVO\ FKDQJLQJ ,Q
WHUPVRIRUJDQLVLQJIRUVDIHW\WKHG\QDPLFVDQGFRPSOH[LW\LPSO\WKDWRSHUDWRUVFRQWLQXRXVO\H[SHULHQFHFKDQJHLQ
WKHIRUPRIDGDSWDWLRQVLQUHVSRQVHWRVKRUWWHUPSURGXFWLYLW\DQGFRVWREMHFWLYHV,QWKHVHVLWXDWLRQVLWLVSRVVLEOH
WKDW VDIHW\ GHIHQFHV GHJHQHUDWH DV D UHVXOW RI WKH SURGXFWLRQ SUHVVXUHV DQG FKDQJHV 7R NHHS WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ
RSHUDWLRQV\VWHPZLWKLQWKHVDIHOLPLWDQGPDLQWDLQV\VWHPDGDSWDWLRQKXPDQLQSXWVDUHHVVHQWLDODVLWLVWKURXJK
KXPDQ WKDW UHFRJQLWLRQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ VRFLDOLVDWLRQ DQG LPSURYLVDWLRQ RI XQH[SHFWHG HYHQWV FKDQJHV DQG
GLVUXSWLRQV WKDW V\VWHP VDIHW\ LV DFKLHYHG >@ ,Q WKLV VHQVH KXPDQ RSHUDWRUV DQG WKHLU LQWHUDFWLRQV DUH WKH
FDWDO\VWVLQPDQDJLQJSURMHFWVDIHW\
Tas Yong Koh and Steve Rowlinson / Procedia Engineering 85 (2014) 311 – 318 313
7KHDERYHFRQFHSWLRQLPSOLHVWKDWKXPDQDQGVRFLDOIDFWRUVDUHIXQGDPHQWDOLQWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIFRQVWUXFWLRQ
SURMHFWVDIHW\,QDSURMHFWWHDPWHDPPHPEHUVFDQH[HUWFRQVLGHUDEOHLQIOXHQFHDPRQJRQHDQRWKHU7KLVLQIOXHQFH
PD\ DOVR VKDSH WKH DWWLWXGHV DQG LQ WXUQ EHKDYLRXUV RI WKH PHPEHUV )RU H[DPSOH WKH WHDP¶V H[SHFWDWLRQV RI
PHPEHUV WR DGKHUH WR VDIHW\ UXOHV FUHDWH VWURQJ VRFLDO FRQWURO LQ HQVXULQJ PHPEHUV¶ VDIH FRQGXFW >@ ,QGHHG
SUHYLRXV UHVHDUFK LQ WKH VRFLDOSV\FKRORJ\ GRPDLQ RI VDIHW\ PDQDJHPHQW LQGLFDWHV WKDW WHDP LQWHUDFWLRQ
VRFLDOLVDWLRQDQGLQIOXHQFHDUHLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWVLQPDQDJLQJVDIHW\>@,QWKLVUHVSHFWWKHVRFLDOFRQGLWLRQV
WKDWDUHFKDUDFWHULVHGE\LQWHQVLYHZRUNJURXSLQWHUDFWLRQVFRUGLDOPHPEHUV¶VRFLDOWLHVDQGUHODWLRQVPXWXDOWUXVW
DQG VKDUHG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DUH OLNHO\ WR HQFRXUDJH SRVLWLYH VDIHW\ EHKDYLRXUV >@ 7KHVH VRFLDO FRQGLWLRQV DUH
HQFDSVXODWHGXQGHUWKHFRQFHSWRIWHDPVRFLDOFDSLWDO
)URPWKHSV\FKRORJLFDOPRGHORILQGXVWULDODFFLGHQWZRUNHUV¶VDIHW\EHKDYLRXUVDUHWKHUHVXOWRIVRFLDOLQIOXHQFH
SURFHVVHV 7KH VRFLDO FRQGLWLRQV HJ WHDP VRFLDO FDSLWDO KDYH GLUHFW HIIHFW RQ ERWK WKH VXSHUYLVRUV DQG ZRUNHUV
VDIHW\ UHVSRQVHV ZKLFK LQ WXUQ DIIHFW WKH VDIHW\ RXWFRPHV RI WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RSHUDWLRQV > FLWHG LQ @ 7KLV
DVVHUWLRQLVFRUURERUDWHGE\&KRXGKU\DQG)DQJ¶V>@ILQGLQJVWKDWSHHULQIOXHQFHLVRQHRIWKHUHDVRQV+RQJ.RQJ
FRQVWUXFWLRQZRUNHUVHQJDJHLQXQVDIHZRUNEHKDYLRXUV+HQFHWKHFRQFHSWRIFRQVWUXFWLRQZRUNWHDPVRFLDOFDSLWDO
RIIHUV D ZD\ RI H[DPLQLQJ KRZ VDIHW\ EHKDYLRXUV FDQ EH DFKLHYHG WKURXJK UHODWLRQDO DSSURDFK ZLWKLQ JURXS
PHPEHUVRIVLQJOHFRQVWUXFWLRQWHDPDQGDPRQJLQWHUDFWLQJWHDPV
7HDPVRFLDOFDSLWDOVDIHW\EHKDYLRXUVDQGSHUIRUPDQFH
6RFLDOFDSLWDOLVFRQFHSWXDOLVHGDVERWKWKHSHUVRQDODQGLPSHUVRQDOOLQNDJHVEHWZHHQLQGLYLGXDOVWKHTXDOLW\RI
WKHVH OLQNDJHV DQG WKH VKDUHG UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV HPEHGGHGZLWKLQWKHVH OLQNDJHV>@ 7KHSURMHFWRUJDQLVDWLRQDO
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRILQWHUGHSHQGHQFHDQGLQWHQVLYHLQWHUDFWLRQVGLIIXVHGDXWKRULW\WHPSRUDOLW\DQGUHODWLYHFORVXUHRI
SURMHFW PHPEHUVKLS PDNH WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH VRFLDO FDSLWDO FRQFHSW UHOHYDQW >@ 6RFLDO FDSLWDO SURYLGHV D
PHDQVE\ZKLFKFRRUGLQDWLRQDQGFROODERUDWLRQDPRQJSURMHFWSDUWLFLSDQWVFDQEHHIIHFWHG$VVXFKVRFLDOFDSLWDO
FDQEHDSSURSULDWHGDQGH[SORLWHGWRDFKLHYHSURMHFWRUJDQLVDWLRQDOREMHFWLYHV>@LQFOXGLQJVDIHW\REMHFWLYHV
1DKDSLHW DQG *KRVKDO >@ SURSRVH D WKUHH GLPHQVLRQDO PRGHO RI RUJDQLVDWLRQDO VRFLDO FDSLWDO ± VWUXFWXUDO
FRJQLWLYHDQGUHODWLRQDOGLPHQVLRQV7KHVWUXFWXUDOGLPHQVLRQUHSUHVHQWVWKHLPSHUVRQDOFRQILJXUDWLRQRIOLQNDJHV
DPRQJ SHUVRQV RU VRFLDO XQLWV 1HWZRUN WLHV DQG WKH FRQILJXUDWLRQ RI WKRVH QHWZRUNV HJ QHWZRUN GHQVLW\
FHQWUDOLVDWLRQUDQJHHWFDUHWKHPDLQIDFHWVRIWKHVWUXFWXUDOGLPHQVLRQ>@7KHFRJQLWLYHGLPHQVLRQUHIHUVWR
WKHDVSHFWVWKDWLQYROYHVKDUHGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVDQGWKHV\VWHPRIPHDQLQJDPRQJPHPEHUVLQWKHJURXS>@DQGWKH
W\SH RI VKDUHG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKDW KDV EHHQ HVWDEOLVKHG DPRQJ WKH PHPEHUV >@ 5HODWLRQDO GLPHQVLRQ LV
FKDUDFWHULVHGE\SHUVRQDOUHODWLRQVKLSVGHYHORSHGDPRQJJURXSPHPEHUVWKURXJKLQWHUDFWLQJZLWKRQHDQRWKHU>@
7UXVWWKDWLVGHYHORSHGDPRQJJURXSPHPEHUVLVDQLPSRUWDQWIDFHWRIUHODWLRQDOGLPHQVLRQ>@
$V D SULPRUGLDO VRFLDO FRQGLWLRQ >@ VRFLDO FDSLWDO LV GLIIHUHQW IURP RWKHU VRFLDO SV\FKRORJLFDO FRQFHSWV ± HJ
VDIHW\ FXOWXUH DQG FOLPDWH DQG VDIHW\ FLWL]HQVKLS EHKDYLRXUV 6DIHW\ FXOWXUH UHSUHVHQWV ³WKH VHW RI EHOLHIV QRUPV
DWWLWXGHV UROHV DQG VRFLDO DQG WHFKQLFDO SUDFWLFHV´ ZKLFK DUH FRQQHFWHG WR PLQLPLVLQJ KDUPV WR ERWK WKH
RUJDQLVDWLRQDOLQWHUQDODQGH[WHUQDOVWDNHKROGHUV>FLWHGLQ@6DIHW\FOLPDWHDVXEVHWRIVDIHW\FXOWXUHLVWKH
PHPEHUV¶ FROOHFWLYH SHUFHSWLRQ RI SROLFLHV SURFHGXUHV DQG SUDFWLFHV FRQFHUQLQJ VDIHW\ LQ DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ >@
$QGVDIHW\FLWL]HQVKLSEHKDYLRXUVLVFKDUDFWHULVHGE\PHPEHUV¶DFWLRQVWKDWH[WHQGEH\RQGPHUHUXOHVDGKHUHQFH
>@LQWRPRUHSRVLWLYHDQGSURDFWLYHVDIHW\EHKDYLRXUV>@:KLOHWKHWKUHHVRFLDOSV\FKRORJLFDOFRQFHSWVDUHWKH
IUDPHZRUNDQGHQYLURQPHQW>@WKDWLQIOXHQFHRUJDQLVDWLRQDOPHPEHUV¶VDIHW\EHKDYLRXUVWKURXJKVDIHW\SROLFLHV
DQGSUDFWLFHVWKHSULPRUGLDOVRFLDOFRQGLWLRQ±VRFLDOFDSLWDO±LVWKHIRXQGDWLRQRQZKLFKWKHEHKDYLRXUDOIRUPVRI
WKHVHFRQFHSWVDUHHIIHFWHG,QRWKHUZRUGVVRFLDOFDSLWDOLVWKH³WHFKQRORJ\´WKDWVXSSRUWVWKHRSHUDWLRQDOLVDWLRQRI
WKHVHVRFLDOSV\FKRORJLFDOFRQFHSWV7KH³WHFKQRORJ\´LQTXHVWLRQLVWKHQHWZRUNVWUXFWXUH>@DQGWKHTXDOLW\WUXVW
DQGVKDUHGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHKXPDQFRQQHFWLRQVZLWKLQDVRFLDOXQLW>@
314 Tas Yong Koh and Steve Rowlinson / Procedia Engineering 85 (2014) 311 – 318
7KH FRPELQDWLRQ RI 1DKDSLHW DQG *KRVKDO¶V >@ WKUHHGLPHQVLRQDO FRQFHSWXDOLVDWLRQ DQG %XUW¶V >@
VWUXFWXUDOSHUVSHFWLYHRIVRFLDOFDSLWDOKDVLQIRUPHGRQWKHXWLOLWDULDQYDOXHRIWKHFRQFHSW7KHEDVLFXWLOLWDULDQLGHD
RIVRFLDOFDSLWDOLVWKDWWKHFRQILJXUDWLRQDQGWKHTXDOLW\RIVRFLDOWLHVIDFLOLWDWHWKHIORZRIUHVRXUFHVDQGLQIOXHQFHV
WKDW UHVXOW LQ VRPH OHYHO RI SHUIRUPDQFH >FI @ 7KH IXOO UHDOLVDWLRQ RI WKH EHQHILW RI VRFLDO FDSLWDO KRZHYHU
UHTXLUHVWKHFRPSOHPHQWDULW\RIERWKLQWHUQDODQGH[WHUQDOQHWZRUNFRQILJXUDWLRQV%XUW>@KDVFRQFHSWXDOLVHGWKLV
LGHD DV WKH DOLJQPHQW RI QHWZRUN FORVXUH DQG EURNHUDJH 7KHVH DUH WKH LQWHUQDOO\ DQG H[WHUQDOO\ RULHQWHG QHWZRUN
IHDWXUHVRIDJURXSUHVSHFWLYHO\&ORVXUHRFFXUVZKHQHYHU\PHPEHURIDJURXSLVFRQQHFWHGWRRQHDQRWKHULQWKH
ZD\ WKDW HYHU\RQH NQRZV WKH DIIDLUV RI HYHU\RQH HOVH 6XFK IHDWXUH JLYHV ULVH WR D GHQVH QHWZRUN >@ %HFDXVH
PHPEHUV RI D FORVHG QHWZRUN KDYH GLUHFW FRQQHFWLRQV DPRQJ WKHPVHOYHV LW IDFLOLWDWHV LQIRUPDWLRQ IORZ DQG
VDQFWLRQV>@7KHIHDWXUHRIEURNHUDJHRQWKHRWKHUKDQGDUJXHVIRUDQDFWRU¶VFRQWURORILQIRUPDWLRQGLIIXVLRQ
DPRQJSRFNHWVRIJURXSVEH\RQGKLVKHURZQQHWZRUNZKLFKDUHRWKHUZLVHQRWVWURQJO\FRQQHFWHGRUQRWFRQQHFWHG
DWDOO%URNHUDJHIDFLOLWDWHVEURDGHDUO\DFFHVVDQGFRQWURORYHULQIRUPDWLRQ>@%HVLGHVLQIRUPDWLRQDOEHQHILWWKH
FRQFHSWRIEURNHUDJHVLJQLILHVWKHH[WHUQDOLQIOXHQFHWRWKHIRFDOJURXS7KHVHQHWZRUNIHDWXUHVWRJHWKHUZLWKWKH
FRJQLWLYH DQG UHODWLRQDO GLPHQVLRQV FDQ EH EURXJKW WR EHDU RQ WKH SURGXFWLYH XVH RI WKH FRQFHSW :KLOH FORVXUH
HQDEOHVZLWKLQWHDPFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGFRRUGLQDWLRQEURNHUDJHEURXJKWDERXWH[WHUQDOLQIRUPDWLRQDQGLQIOXHQFH
WKDW DGG YDOXH WR WKH IRFDO WHDP 7HDP VKDUHG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQG WUXVW IXUWKHU OXEULFDWH PHPEHUV¶ LQWHUDFWLRQV ,Q
RWKHUZRUGVEURNHUDJHDGGVYDOXHEXWLWLVWKHQHWZRUNFORVXUHWKDWUHDOLVHWKHYDOXHIRUWKHWHDP¶VZRUN>@
,QFRQVWUXFWLRQVHWWLQJZRUNVDUHRIWHQRUJDQLVHGDURXQGDQGSHUIRUPHGE\WHDPV+HQFHWHDPVDVRSSRVHGWR
LQGLYLGXDOV KDYH DVVXPHG LQFUHDVHG LPSRUWDQFH 7KLV SKHQRPHQRQ KDV FDOOHG IRU WKH JURXS DQG VRFLDO QRUPDWLYH
IDFWRUVWREHLQYHVWLJDWHGIRUZRUNVHWWLQJVWKDWLQYROYHWHDPV7KLVDVVHUWLRQLVHTXDOO\DSSOLFDEOHWRFRQVWUXFWLRQ
VDIHW\PDQDJHPHQW7KHHIIHFWVRIJURXSRQLQGLYLGXDO¶VEHKDYLRXUVKDYHORQJEHHQHVWDEOLVKHG>@&RPSDUHGWR
RUJDQLVDWLRQ ZRUN JURXSV H[HUW JUHDWHU LQIOXHQFH LQ WKH LQWHUDFWLRQV RI JURXS PHPEHUV DQG LQGLYLGXDO PHPEHUV
QRUPDOO\ IHHO FORVHU WR WKHLU JURXS UDWKHU WKDQ WKHLU RUJDQLVDWLRQ >@ ,Q D W\SLFDO ZRUN WHDP LQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ WKH
VRFLDO LQIOXHQFH RU QRUPV DUH HPDQDWHG IURP WKH UHIHUHQFH JURXSV RI VXSHUYLVRUV DQG FRZRUNHUV %HFDXVH RI WKH
SUR[LPLW\RIWKHJURXSPHPEHUV±LHWKHVXSHUYLVRUDQGFRZRUNHUVZLWKLQWKHJURXS±WKHVWUHQJWKDQGUHOHYDQFH
RIWKHQRUPVDUHOLNHO\WROHDGWRWKHFKDQJHRIVDIHW\EHKDYLRXUVRIWKHIRFDOPHPEHU>@,QWKLVVRFLDOFRQWH[W
ZRUNHUV UHFHLYH DQG DFW XSRQ WKH FXHV WKH\ GHFLSKHU IURP WKHLU LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH JURXS RQ WKH RYHUDOO
LPSRUWDQFHRIZRUNSODFHVDIHW\IURPWKHUHIHUHQFHJURXSVLQWKHLUVXSHUYLVRUDQGFRZRUNHUV>@7KHIRFDOZRUNHU
W\SLFDOO\DWWXQHVKLVVDIHW\EHKDYLRXUVWREHLQOLQHZLWKWKRVHGHPRQVWUDWHGE\WKHUHIHUHQFHJURXSV
7ZRVDIHW\EHKDYLRXUVDUHUHOHYDQWLQFRQVWUXFWLRQWKHFRPSOLDQFHDQGSURDFWLYHVDIHW\EHKDYLRXUV&RPSOLDQFH
VDIHW\EHKDYLRXUVDUHWKHEHKDYLRXUVRIIROORZLQJIRUPDOZRUNSURFHGXUHVDQGVDIHW\URXWLQHVHJDGKHULQJWRVDIH
ZRUNSUDFWLFHVHWF>@7KHVHEHKDYLRXUVDUHWKHSURGXFWVRIIRUPDODSSURDFKHVHQYLVLRQHGZLWKLQWKHVDIHW\
PDQDJHPHQW V\VWHP ZKLFK SXUSRUWHGO\ DGYRFDWH FRPSOLDQFH DQG UXOH DGKHUHQFH >@ +RZHYHU FRPSOLDQFH
DSSURDFKDORQHKDVEHHQSURYHGWREHLQVXIILFLHQWLQVRPHRFFDVLRQVHJ&KRXGKU\DQG)DQJ>@DQGWKHUHLVD
WHQGHQF\ WKDW ZRUNHUV DUH PRUH WKDQ UHDG\ WR EHQG WKH UXOHV UDWKHU WKDQ IROORZLQJ WKHP >@ 7KHUH LV D QHHG
WKHUHIRUH WR H[SORUH RWKHU GLPHQVLRQ RI ZRUNHU VDIHW\ EHKDYLRXUV ,Q DGGLWLRQ LQ WKH WUDGLWLRQV RI SDUWLFLSDWLYH
VDIHW\PDQDJHPHQWDQGVDIHW\FXOWXUDOEDVHGLQWHUYHQWLRQDPRUHSURDFWLYHDSSURDFKLVDGYRFDWHG+HQFHZRUNHUV
SURDFWLYH VDIHW\ EHKDYLRXUV VKRXOG EH LQFOXGHG LQ WKH PRGHO +HUH SURDFWLYH VDIHW\ EHKDYLRXUV UHIHU WR ZRUNHUV¶
DFWLRQVWKDWJREH\RQGQRUPDOUROHV>@LQYROYLQJIRUH[DPSOHJLYLQJVDIHW\UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVDVVLVWLQJIHOORZ
ZRUNHUV WR SHUIRUP VDIHO\ HWF ,Q WKLV UHVSHFW ZKLOH VDIHW\ FRPSOLDQFH PD\ EH WKH K\JLHQH IDFWRU LQ DFKLHYLQJ
PLQLPXPOHYHORISHUIRUPDQFHSURDFWLYHEHKDYLRXUKDVWKHSRWHQWLDOWROHDSIURJWKHSHUIRUPDQFH
'UDZLQJRQWKHVWXGLHVRQVPDOOJURXSV>HJ@DQGUHIHUULQJWRWKHQRWLRQRIVRFLDOFDSLWDOLWLVSRVVLEOHWR
DUJXH WKDW ERWK WKH LQWHUQDO DQG H[WHUQDO VRFLDO QHWZRUN VWUXFWXUH DQG FRQILJXUDWLRQ DQG WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKH JURXS
PHPEHUV¶ FRQQHFWLRQV DIIHFW WKH JURXS VDIHW\ EHKDYLRXUV DQG LQ WXUQ VDIHW\ RXWFRPHV 7HDP VRFLDO FDSLWDO
Tas Yong Koh and Steve Rowlinson / Procedia Engineering 85 (2014) 311 – 318 315
FRQFHSWXDOLVHG KHUH DV QHWZRUN VWUXFWXUH DQG WKH TXDOLWLHV RI PHPEHUV¶ FRQQHFWLRQV IDFLOLWDWH WKH IORZ RI
LQIRUPDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQWKHUHE\JLYLQJULVHWRQRUPVWKDWDUHOLNHO\WRDIIHFWPHPEHUV¶EHKDYLRXUV+HQFH
WKHH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHZD\VWKHVPDOOJURXS¶VHJDFDUSHQWU\WUDGHVPDOOJURXSOHGE\DIRUHPDQLQDFRQVWUXFWLRQ
SURMHFW WHDP VRFLDO FDSLWDO DIIHFW WKH PHPEHUV¶ FRPSOLDQFH DQG SURDFWLYH VDIHW\ EHKDYLRXUV LV D SODXVLEOH
SURSRVLWLRQ
7KH SURSRVLWLRQ DERYH DOOXGHV WR D PXOWLOHYHO FRQFHSWLRQ RI WKH SKHQRPHQRQ 7KH DGRSWLRQ RI D PXOWLOHYHO
FRQFHSWLRQ KLJKOLJKWV VRPH FRQWH[WXDO LVVXHV ZLWKLQ ZKLFK ERWK LQGLYLGXDO DQG JURXS EHKDYLRXUV RFFXU DQG KRZ
WKHVHEHKDYLRXUVHQJHQGHUWKHQHVWHGOHYHOVRIVRFLDOLQWHUDFWLRQV>@,QWKLVFRQFHSWLRQLQGLYLGXDOJURXSPHPEHU
LVQHVWHGZLWKLQDZRUNJURXSZKHUHE\WKHLQIOXHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHWZROHYHOV±LHWKHLQGLYLGXDODQGJURXSOHYHOV
WKURXJKVRFLDOFDSLWDOWDNHHIIHFWV,QGLYLGXDOV¶VRFLDOLQWHUDFWLRQVJLYHULVHWRJURXSOHYHOVRFLDOFDSLWDO7KLVKLJKHU
OHYHOVRFLDOFDSLWDOLQWXUQLQIOXHQFHVLQGLYLGXDO¶VEHKDYLRXUV,QWHUQDOO\ZLWKLQDZRUNJURXSDQLQGLYLGXDOPHPEHU
RFFXSLHVDFHUWDLQSRVLWLRQLQWKHJURXSQHWZRUN)URPWKLVSRVLWLRQWKHLQGLYLGXDOFRQVWUXFWVVKDUHGFRJQLWLRQDQG
HVWDEOLVKHVVRPHOHYHORIUHODWLRQDODWWDFKPHQWWRWKHJURXS7KLVLQGLYLGXDOOHYHOVRFLDOFDSLWDOSURYLGHVVWLPXOXV
IRUDPHPEHURIWKHJURXSWRHQJDJHLQVDIHZRUNLQJZLWKLQWKHZRUNJURXS>FI@,QWKLVFRQWH[WDQLQGLYLGXDO¶V
LQIOXHQFHRQWKHWHDPZRUNLQJLVFRQYH\HGWKURXJKWKHGLUHFWWLHVZLWKRWKHUJURXSPHPEHUV$WWKHVDPHWLPHDQ
LQGLYLGXDO GHYHORSV FRJQLWLYH FDSLWDO LQ WKH LQWHUDFWLRQV ZLWK RWKHU PHPEHUV LQ WKH ZRUN HQJDJHPHQWV WKURXJK
VKDULQJRIWKHVDPHZRUNSUDFWLFHVDQGQRUPV>@:LWKUHODWLRQDODWWDFKPHQWWRWKHJURXSDQLQGLYLGXDOLVOLNHO\WR
HQJDJHZLWKDVHQVHRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\WRRWKHUJURXSPHPEHUVLIDVKDUHGLGHQWLW\LVSHUFHLYHG
)URPWKHJURXSOHYHODWRSGRZQLQIOXHQFHSURFHVVWDNHVSODFH*URXSOHYHOVRFLDOFDSLWDOLVIRUPHGWKURXJKWKH
RYHUDOOFRQQHFWLYLW\DPRQJWKHPHPEHUVRIWKHJURXSWKHFRJQLWLYHFRPPRQDOLW\DQGWKHUHODWLRQDOQRUPVHPHUJHG
ZLWKLQ WKH JURXS >FI @ %HFDXVH LQGLYLGXDOV DUH QHVWHG ZLWKLQ WKH JURXS WKH VLWXDWLRQV WKDW HPHUJH IURP WKH
LQGLYLGXDOV¶LQWHUDFWLRQVGLUHFWO\LQIOXHQFHWKHLQGLYLGXDOV¶DFWLRQVDQGEHKDYLRXUV>@,QDGGLWLRQLWLVOLNHO\WKDWD
EURDGHUQHWZRUNH[LVWVVXFKWKDWDQHWZRUNFRPSULVHVQRWRQO\WKHJURXSPHPEHUV¶LQWHUQDOWLHVEXWDOVRH[WHUQDO
FRQQHFWLRQVEH\RQG WKHIRFDO LPPHGLDWH QHWZRUN 7KHVH H[WHUQDOFRQQHFWLRQV LQWURGXFH WKH LQIOXHQFHV IURP RWKHU
JURXSV
7KH PXOWLOHYHO VFKHPH DQG SURFHVVHV GHOLQHDWHG WKXV IDU FDQ EH MX[WDSRVHG ZLWK WKH QRUPDWLYH LQIOXHQFHV RI
VDIHW\DGYRFDWHGLQWKHIRFXVWKHRU\RIQRUPDWLYHFRQGXFW>FLWHGLQ@)URPWKLVSHUVSHFWLYHSHUFHLYHGQRUPV
LPSRVHFRQWH[WXDOLQIOXHQFHRQWKHDWWLWXGHVDQGEHKDYLRXUVRIDFWRUVLQVRFLDOLQWHUDFWLRQV,QWKHVRFLDOLQWHUDFWLRQV
ZLWKLQDW\SLFDOZRUNLQJJURXS±HJDVPDOOZRUNWHDPLQFRQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFW±VXSHUYLVRUVDQGFRZRUNHUVDUHWKH
UHIHUHQWVXQGHUZKLFKWKHSHUFHSWLRQVDQGEHKDYLRXUVRIDIRFDOZRUNHUDUHIRUPHG7KHVDIHW\DFWLRQVDQGQRUPV
WKDW HPDQDWH IURP VXSHUYLVRUV DQG FRZRUNHUV DUH DQWHFHGHQWV RI WKH IRFDO ZRUNHU¶V VDIHW\ EHKDYLRXUV ,Q JURXS
ZRUNLQJ WKH IRFDO ZRUNHU REVHUYHV WKH ZD\ VXSHUYLVRUV DQG FRZRUNHUV SHUIRUP VDIHW\ SUDFWLFHV RU WKH
SHUIRUPDQFHRIXQVDIHSUDFWLFHV7KHVHREVHUYDWLRQVEHFRPHVRXUFHVRILQIRUPDWLRQIRUWKHIRFDOZRUNHUE\ZKLFK
QRUPV DUH FRQVWUXFWHG 7KURXJK WKLV PHFKDQLVP ZKHQ D JURXS RI PHPEHUV SHUIRUP FHUWDLQ VDIHW\ SUDFWLFHV DQG
WKHVH SUDFWLFHV DUH FRQVLGHUHG VWDQGDUG EHKDYLRXUV E\ WKH JURXS D VKDUHG UHFRJQLWLRQ HPHUJHV DPRQJ WKH JURXS
PHPEHUV :LWK WKLV UHFRJQLWLRQ WKH EHKDYLRXUV EHFRPH QRUPDWLYH ZLWKLQ WKH JURXS 7KHVH VDIHW\ QRUPV DIIHFW
JURXSPHPEHU¶VVDIHW\EHKDYLRXUV>@
)RUWKHVWUXFWXUDOGLPHQVLRQLQOLQHZLWKH[WDQWOLWHUDWXUHWKHIRFXVLVVHWRQWKHWDVNDGYLFHQHWZRUNLQVWHDGRI
IULHQGVKLS QHWZRUN 7KLV LV EHFDXVH LQ ZRUN VHWWLQJV WDVN DGYLFH QHWZRUN LV WKH FKDQQHO E\ ZKLFK ZRUN UHODWHG
LQIRUPDWLRQDQGLQIOXHQFHDUHOLNHO\WREHPRVWUHOHYDQWIRUWKHSUHGLFWLRQRIWKHIRFDOJURXSVDIHW\EHKDYLRXUV:H
WDNH³ZRUNJURXS´WRPHDQDJURXSRILQGLYLGXDOVZKRVHPHPEHUVKLSVDUHFOHDUO\GHILQHGDQGDUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUD
VKDUHGRXWSXW>FLWHGLQ@
316 Tas Yong Koh and Steve Rowlinson / Procedia Engineering 85 (2014) 311 – 318
)LJ)UDPHZRUNOLQNLQJWHDPVRFLDOFDSLWDOLQGLYLGXDOVDIHW\EHKDYLRXUVDQGRXWFRPHV
&RQFOXVLRQVDQGPHWKRGRORJLFDOVXJJHVWLRQ
,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH VHW RXW WR H[SORUH WKH SURSRVLWLRQ DQG WKH DVVRFLDWHG XQGHUO\LQJ UHODWLRQDO FRQFHSWLRQ LQ
DFKLHYLQJFRQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFWVDIHW\7KHSURSRVHGIUDPHZRUNOLQNVWKHVWUXFWXUDOFRJQLWLYHDQGUHODWLRQDODVSHFWV
RI VRFLDO OLIH WKURXJK WKH FRQFHSW RI VRFLDO FDSLWDO WR WKH VDIHW\ EHKDYLRXUV DQG RXWFRPHV RI LQGLYLGXDOV LQ
FRQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFWWHDPV7KHDQDO\VLVDQGPRGHOLQJKDYHVKRZQWKDWSURMHFWWHDPPHPEHUV¶VDIHW\EHKDYLRUVDUH
LQIOXHQFHG E\ WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ RI ERWK WKH LQGLYLGXDO DQG JURXS OHYHO UHODWLRQDO SKHQRPHQD 7KLV H[SORUDWLRQ KDV
HQULFKHGFXUUHQWVDIHW\UHVHDUFKGLVFRXUVHE\KLJKOLJKWLQJWKHHIIHFWVRIWHDPG\QDPLFVDQGSURYLGLQJDPRUHILQH
JUDLQHGH[SRVLWLRQRQWKHLQGLYLGXDOWHDPOHYHOVLQWHUDFWLRQPHFKDQLVP
Tas Yong Koh and Steve Rowlinson / Procedia Engineering 85 (2014) 311 – 318 317
)ROORZLQJ.R]ORZVNLDQG.OHLQ>@DQG3D\QHHWDO¶V>@UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVFRQILJXUDOPXOWLOHYHODSSURDFK
FDQ EH XVHG WR SUHVHQW DQG DQDO\VH WKH QHWZRUN GDWD ,Q WKLV DSSURDFK ORZHU OHYHO GDWD HJ LQGLYLGXDO LQWHUQDO
DGYLFHWLHVLVFRQILJXUHGWRWDSWKHKLJKHUOHYHOFRQVWUXFWHJWHDPLQWHUQDOQHWZRUNGHQVLW\WKHGRWWHGDUURZLQ
)LJXUH7RHQVXUHWKDWWKHORZHUOHYHOGDWDFDQEHDJJUHJDWHGWRUHSUHVHQWWKHKLJKHUOHYHOFRQVWUXFWZLWKLQXQLW
GLVSHUVLRQ VKRXOG EH HVWDEOLVKHG HJ LQWHUUDWHU DJUHHPHQW >@ 7KDW ZD\ WKH PHDVXUHPHQW RI WKH WHDP OHYHO
LQWHUQDO VRFLDO FDSLWDO >@ DQG WKH LQIOXHQFH RI WKLV WHDP OHYHO FRQVWUXFW WR WKH LQGLYLGXDO OHYHO SKHQRPHQRQ LQ
VDIHW\EHKDYLRXUVDQGRXWFRPHVFDQEHHQVXUHGVHH)LJXUH$ORQJLWXGLQDODSSURDFKVKRXOGEHDGRSWHG$ODUJH
VFDOHVXUYH\FDQILUVWEHDGPLQLVWHUHGWDUJHWLQJWKHIURQWOLQHZRUNJURXSVZLWKLQFRQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFWVHJDVWHHO
IL[LQJJURXS7KLVLVWKHILUVWZDYHRIGDWDFROOHFWLRQ$IWHUPRQWKV>FIRIWRPRQWKV@WKHVHFRQGZDYHRI
GDWDFROOHFWLRQZLOOWDNHSODFHZLWKWKHVDPHJURXSVRIUHVSRQGHQWV7KHTXDQWLWDWLYHGDWDFDQWKHQEHDQDO\VHGWR
HVWDEOLVKWKHFDXVDOUHODWLRQVKLSVDPRQJWKHFRQVWUXFWV7KURXJKWKLVDSSURDFKQRWRQO\FDXVDOLW\FDQEHHVWDEOLVKHG
EXWWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRH[DPLQHWKHWHPSRUDOGHYHORSPHQWRIVRFLDOFDSLWDOLQSURMHFWVHWWLQJVLVDOVRSURYLGHG
$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV
7KHDXWKRUVDFNQRZOHGJHIXQGLQJSURYLGHGE\7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI+RQJ.RQJ
VWRWKHILUVWDXWKRU3URMHFWFRGH
5HIHUHQFHV
>@/DERXU'HSDUWPHQWSummary of Occupational Safety and Health Statistics of 1st Three Quarters of 20132FFXSDWLRQDO6DIHW\DQG+HDOWK
%UDQFK/DERXU'HSDUWPHQW+RQJ.RQJ6SHFLDO$GPLQLVWUDWLYH5HJLRQ+.6$5
>@/DERXU'HSDUWPHQWOccupational Safety and Health Statistics Bulletin Issue No. 13 (June 2013)2FFXSDWLRQDO6DIHW\DQG+HDOWK%UDQFK
/DERXU'HSDUWPHQW+.6$5D
>@/DERXU'HSDUWPHQWOccupational Safety and Health Statistics 20122FFXSDWLRQDO6DIHW\DQG+HDOWK%UDQFK/DERXU'HSDUWPHQW+.6$5
E
>@.RK7<5RZOLQVRQ65HODWLRQDODSSURDFKLQPDQDJLQJFRQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFWVDIHW\$VRFLDOFDSLWDOSHUVSHFWLYHAccident Anal Prev
>@.RK7<7XXOL005RZOLQVRQ6$UHODWLRQDODSSURDFKWRKLJKUHOLDELOLW\RUJDQLVLQJIRUFRQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFWVDIHW\$FRQFHSWXDO
IUDPHZRUN,Q6PLWK6'$KLDJD'DJEXL''HGLWRUVProceedings of ARCOM 29th Annual Conference (AR29)S
>@$GOHU36.ZRQ6:6RFLDOFDSLWDO3URVSHFWVIRUDQHZFRQFHSWAcad Manage Rev
>@%DUWVFK9(EHUV00DXUHU,/HDUQLQJLQSURMHFWEDVHGRUJDQLVDWLRQV7KHUROHRISURMHFWWHDPV¶VRFLDOFDSLWDOIRURYHUFRPLQJEDUULHUVWR
OHDUQLQJInt J Proj Manage
>@5HLPDQ72HGHZDOG3$VVHVVPHQWRIFRPSOH[VRFLRWHFKQLFDOV\VWHPV±7KHRUHWLFDOLVVXHVFRQFHUQLQJWKHXVHRIRUJDQLVDWLRQDOFXOWXUHDQG
RUJDQLVDWLRQDOFRUHWDVNFRQFHSWVSafety Sci
>@'HNNHU6:$Ten questions about human error: A new view of human factors and system safety0DKZDK1-/DZUHQFH(UOEDXP
>@0LWURSRXORV30HPDULDQ%7HDPSURFHVVHVDQGVDIHW\RIZRUNHUV&RJQLWLYHDIIHFWLYHDQGEHKDYLRXUDOSURFHVVHVRIFRQVWUXFWLRQFUHZVJ
Constr Eng M
>@/LQJDUG+5RZOLQVRQ6Occupational health and safety in construction project management2[RQ6SRQ3UHVV
>@)XJDV&66LOYD6$0HOLD-/$QRWKHUORRNDWVDIHW\FOLPDWHDQGVDIHW\EHKDYLRXU'HHSHQLQJWKHFRJQLWLYHDQGVRFLDOPHGLDWRU
PHFKDQLVPVAccident Anal Prev
>@7RUQHU03RXVHWWH$6DIHW\LQFRQVWUXFWLRQ±DFRPSUHKHQVLYHGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIKLJKVDIHW\VWDQGDUGVLQFRQVWUXFWLRQ
ZRUNVIURPWKHFRPELQHGSHUVSHFWLYHRIVXSHUYLVRUVDQGH[SHULHQFHGZRUNHUVJ Safety Res
>@7RUQHU07KH³VRFLDOSK\VLRORJ\´RIVDIHW\$QLQWHJUDWLYHDSSURDFKWRXQGHUVWDQGLQJRUJDQLVDWLRQDOSV\FKRORJLFDOPHFKDQLVPVEHKLQG
VDIHW\SHUIRUPDQFHSafety Sci
>@0HOLD-/$SV\FKRVRFLDOFDXVDOPRGHORIZRUNUHODWHGDFFLGHQWVAnuario de Psicologia
>@&KRXGKU\50)DQJ'3:K\RSHUDWLYHVHQJDJHLQXQVDIHZRUNEHKDYLRXU,QYHVWLJDWLQJIDFWRUVRQFRQVWUXFWLRQVLWHVSafety Sci
>@1DKDSLHW-*KRVKDO66RFLDOFDSLWDOLQWHOOHFWXDOFDSLWDODQGWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQDODGYDQWDJHAcad Manage Rev
>@:HL-=KHQJ:=KDQJ06RFLDOFDSLWDODQGNQRZOHGJHWUDQVIHU$PXOWLOHYHODQDO\VLVHum Relat
>@-RQHV&/LFKWHQVWHLQ%%7HPSRUDU\LQWHURUJDQLVDWLRQDOSURMHFWV+RZWHPSRUDODQGVRFLDOHPEHGGHGQHVVHQKDQFHFRRSHUDWLRQDQG
PDQDJHXQFHUWDLQW\,Q&URSSHU6(EHUV0+X[KDP&5LQJ36HGLWRUVThe Oxford handbook of inter-organisational relations2[IRUG
2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVS
>@&ROHPDQ-66RFLDOFDSLWDODQGWKHFUHDWLRQRIKXPDQFDSLWDOAm J Sociol66
>@%XUW567KHQHWZRUNVWUXFWXUHRIVRFLDOFDSLWDOResearch in organisational behavior±
318 Tas Yong Koh and Steve Rowlinson / Procedia Engineering 85 (2014) 311 – 318