-SYMPTOMS-

We will now be moving on, I am Marcus Ramos and alongside Mr. Aljon Reyes we
will be talking about the pathophysiology of pneumonia which explains the
mechanisms that are responsible for our body’s physiologic responses to
pneumonia.
One of the inflammatory responses to Pediatric pneumonia is the local
inflammatory response, this occurs when neutrophils are recruited to the local
site infection by epithelial cytokine release, this then leads up to two processes.
First one is the irritation of contagious structures or can also lead to referred pain,
this then leads to symptoms of acute abdominal pain.
The next reaction to local inflammatory response is the accumulation of cell
debris, serous fluid, bacteria, fibrin, and plasma exudate from capillary leakage at
sites of inflammation. This may then lead to four mechanisms;
First one is the irritation of airways and failure of ciliary clearance to keep up with
fluid buildup. Which leads to symptoms of coughing, and crackles which is both
present in our client.
Second mechanism is the fluid buildup in the spaces between alveoli also known
as the INTERSTITIAL PATTERN which may then be observed as Interstitial opacity
on Chest xray examination. Pulmonary opacification represents the result of a
decrease in the ratio of gas to the soft tissues which is an effect of fluid buildup.
MICROORGANISMS that can be related to interstitial patterns in the lungs is
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, influenza A+B, Parainfluenza.
Third mechanism is the fluid buildup in alveoli also known as the lobar pattern,
which may be observed on chest xray examinations as lobar consolidations, in
one of the lobes of the lung, It infers an alveolar spread of disease and is most
commonly due to pneumonia. MICROORGANISMS that can be related to lobar
patterns in the lungs is S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Moraxella, S. aureus.
Fourth mechanism is decreased efficiency of gas exchange, this then leads to
hypoxemia which can lead to two signs and symptoms being tachypnea, and the
use of respiratory accessory muscles.
-MEDICATIONS-
Fir this medication we will be talking about valium, with the generic name of
Diazepam, the usual dosage for this medication is 10mg as needed, the usual
route being intravenous. The drug order for the patient was 2mg or .4 ml as
needed for seizures.
The classification of diazepam is a benzodiazepine, which is a type of medication
known as tranquilizers, they work by slowing down the activity of the central
nervous system and the messages travelling between the brain and the body.
The clinical classifications for diazepam are; Antianxiety, skeletal muscle relaxant,
and anticonvulsant. The reason for using this medication in this instance is as a
response for possible seizures.
Diazepam Depresses all levels of CNS by enhancing action of gamma-aminobutyric
acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. The therapeutic
effects are; Relief of anxiety, elevation of seizure threshold, and production of
skeletal muscle relaxation.
Diazepam is well absorbed in the GI tract and is 99& protein binding, it has a half
time of 25-50 hours and is then excreted in the urine. The onset of action is
almost rapid at around 1 – 5 minutes. The peak and duration of action is
unknown.
Diazepam is used for the treatment of Anxiety, Treatment of status epilepticus/
uncontrolled seizures and is a Skeletal muscle relaxant. It is also used for the
Management of the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. It may also be used for
Preoperative sedation, Conscious sedation and for Providing light anesthesia and
anterograde amnesia.

Next time try to find a way to fit the diagram of pathophysiology in one page so
that the observers could get a better grasp of how the entire mechanism works.
Good and thorugh of the small details like the explanation of ibuprofen
contraindication to alcohol dependent patients.