Addressing & Subnetting

for Exploration-S1

1
Addressing

• …to identify and locate each host. We call it

“addressing”.
• Identification: hostname, address (MAC, IP)
– IP address ? MAC add ?
• MAC address: local
• IP address: internetwork
• An address generally represents the connection to
the network

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Addressing

unique address: letter (network address) and number (host address)

3
IP Address (IPv4)

• IP address is 32-bit long.

• It is often writen in dotted decimal format.

4
http://www.iana.org

5
http://www.iana.org

6
IP Addressing Structure

• IP add has 2 parts: net-id & host-id

• Two different networks must have different network
address (net-id).
• 2 different hosts in the same network must have different
host address (host-id).
• Hosts in the same network have the same network
address.
• Broadcast domain: one network address
• Network address= IP address AND Subnet mask

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IP Addressing Structure

• 32-bit address
is expressed in
Dotted decimal

• Network portion

• Host portion

• Octet

8
Subnet Mask

• The subnet mask is 32-bit pattern and created by

– placing a binary 1 in each bit position that represents the network
portion and
– placing a binary 0 in each bit position that represents the host
portion.
• The prefix and the subnet mask are different ways of representing the
same thing - the network portion of an address.
– The number of bits of an address used as the network portion is
called the prefix length.
• In 8-bit pattern, there are:
00000000 = 0 11110000 = 240
10000000 = 128 11111000 = 248
11000000 = 192 11111100 = 252
11100000 = 224 11111110 = 254
11111111 = 255

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Defining the Network and Host Portions

10
Defining the Network and Host Portions

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Example 1:

SM : 255.255.255.0
Net/host id: N.N.N.H
Net E1 (Net-ID): 192.168.11.0 Number of broadcast domain ?
Net E2 : 192.168.10.0
Net E3 : 192.168.12.0
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Example 2:

H: hhhhhhhh
00000000
00000001
00000010
SM: 255.255.255.0 00000011
Net address: 192.168.10.0 00000100
Net/host id: N.N.N.H …
11111110
11111111
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Example 3:

• IP address: 192.168.100.1
• Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
• Net address: 192.168.100.0
• Net/Host ID: N.N.N.H

• IP address : 11000000.10101000.01100100.00000001
• SM : 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
• Net address : 11000000.10101000.01100100.00000000

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Example 4:

• IP address: 96.168.100.1
• Subnet mask: 255.255.224.0
• Net address: ?

• IP address : 01100000.10101000.01100100.00000001
• SM : 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000
• Net address : 01100000.10101000.01100000.00000000

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Hierachical addressing scheme

As a hierachical addressing scheme, IP addresses are divided into

“classes”.

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Classes of IP Addresses

• Class A addresses are

assigned to larger
networks.
• Class B addresses are
used for medium-sized
networks
• Class C for small
networks.

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Classes of IP Addresses

• First octet order bits:

– Class A: 00000000 (0) • First octet order bits:
00000001 (1) – Class B: 10000000 (128)
… 10000001 (129)
01111110 (126) …
01111111 (127) 10111110 (190)
10111111 (191)

• First octet order bits: • First octet order bits:

– Class C: 11000000 (192) – Class D: 11100000 (224)
11000001 (193) 11100001 (225)
… …
11011110 (222) 11101110 (238)
11011111 (223) 11101111 (239)

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Classes of IP Addresses

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Type of Address in an IPv4 Network

• Three types of addresses:

– Network address - The address by which we refer
to the network. All hosts in a network will have the
same network bits.
– Broadcast address - A special address used to
send data to all hosts in the network. The broadcast
address uses the highest address in the network
range. This is the address in which the bits in the
host portion are all 1s. This address is also referred
to as the directed broadcast.
– Host addresses - The addresses assigned to the
end devices in the network

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Network Address

• When all host-bits are zeros (0), we have a number that represents network
address. This address is reserved, namely it cannot be assigned to any host.

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Network Address

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Broadcast Address

• When host-bits are all one (1), we have a number that represents broadcast
address. This address is also reserved, namely it cannot be assigned to any host.
• Exp:
– ping 10.0.6.255
– ping 255.255.255.255
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Broadcast Address

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Extra: Broadcast Address

• The router supports the following kinds of broadcast types:

– Limited broadcast - A packet is sent to a specific network or series of
networks. In a limited broadcast packet destined for a local network, the
network identifier portion and host identifier portion of the destination
address is either all 1s (255.255.255.255)
– Directed broadcast - A packet is sent to a specific destination address
where only the host portion of the IP address is either all 1s (such as
192.20.255.255).

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Host address

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27
Calculating Network, Hosts & Broadcast Addresses

• Practice 6.2.2.2

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Type of Communication

• Three types: Unicast, Broadcast, Multicast

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Unicast

• Is used for the normal host-to-host communication in both a

client/server and a peer-to-peer network.
• Uses the host address of the destination device as the destination
address and can be routed through an internetwork.

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Broadcast

• The process of sending a packet from one host to all hosts in the
network
• Host processes a broadcast address destination packet like unicast
address.
– A directed broadcast is sent to all hosts on a specific network.
– The limited broadcast is used for communication that is limited to
the hosts on the local network. 31
Multicast

• The process of sending a packet from one host to a selected group of

hosts.
• Multicast transmission is designed to conserve the bandwidth of the
IPv4 network.
• The multicast clients use services initiated by a client program to
subscribe to the multicast group.
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Reserved IPv4 Address Ranges

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Public and Private addresses

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Public IP Addresses

• Public Addresses: are designed to be used in the hosts that are publicly
accessible from the Internet.
•Public IP addresses are unique.
•No two machines that connect to a public network can have the same IP
address. (X#Y#Z )
• Public IP addresses must be obtained from an Internet service provider (ISP) or a
registry at some expense.
• With the rapid growth of the Internet, public IP addresses were beginning to run out
(IP address depletion).
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Private IP Addresses

• Private Addresses: are set aside for use in private networks.

• Network Address Translation (NAT): is used to translate private addresses to
public addresses, be implemented on a device at the edge of the private network.

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Private IP Addresses

10.0.0.0 /8
172.16.0.0 /12
192.168.0.0 /16

• RFC 1918 sets aside three blocks of IP addresses for private, internal use.
These three blocks consist of one Class A, a range of Class B addresses, and a
range of Class C addresses.
• Addresses that fall within these ranges are not routed on the Internet
backbone. Internet routers immediately discard private addresses.

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Using Private Addresses

• When addressing a nonpublic intranet, a test lab, or a home

network, we normally use private addresses instead of globally
unique addresses.
• Private addresses can be used to address point-to-point serial links
without wasting real IP addresses.

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 Special IPv4 Addresses

• Network Addresses
• Broadcast Addresses
• Default Route
– 0.0.0.0/0
• Loopback: 127.0.0.0/8
• Link-Local Addresses
– 169.254.0.0 to
169.254.255.255
(169.254.0.0 /16)
– These addresses can be
automatically assigned
– APIPA ( Automatic Private IP
Addressing )

• TEST-NET Addresses
– The address block 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 (192.0.2.0 /24) is set aside for
teaching and learning purposes. These addresses can be used in
documentation and network examples. Unlike the experimental
addresses, network devices will accept these addresses in their
configurations

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Extra: Reserved IP Address

• all 0s -This host, exp: 0.0.0.0

• all 0s.host - Host on this net, exp:0.x.x.x
• all 1s - Limitted broadcast (local net),exp: 255.255.255.255
• Net.all 1s - Directed broadcast for net, exp: 192.168.100.255
• Net.all 0s – Network address, exp: 192.168.1.0
• 127.anything (often 1) - Loopback, exp: 127.0.0.1
• Exp: ping 0.0.0.0
0.0.6.156
255.255.255.255
10.0.6.255

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Legacy IPv4 Addressing

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Legacy IPv4 Addressing

• Classful addressing: A company or organization was

assigned an entire class A, class B, or class C address
block.
– Limits to the Class-based System
• Classful allocation of address space often
wasted many addresses, which exhausted the
availability of IPv4 addresses.
• Classless Addressing
– Address blocks appropriate to the number of hosts
are assigned to companies or organizations without
regard to the unicast class.

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IP addressing crisis

• Address Depletion
• Internet Routing Table Explosion
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45
46
Subnetting

• Net 1: 172.16.0.0
• Net 2: 172.17.0.0
• Net 3: 172.18.0.0
• Net 4: 172.19.0.0
• Usable hosts per network : 2^16-2= 65534 !!!

• IP addresses for poin-to-point link (router – router): 2 hosts
2 IP

• Exp:
• Net address: 192.168.100.0; SM: 255.255.255.0; usable host addresses:
2^8-2=254
• If hosts per network is 60
used: 6 host bits: xxhhhhhh, 2^6-2=62 hosts;
unused: 2 host bits
xxhhhhhh
xx000000 (0)
xx000001
xx000010
…
xx111110
xx111111 (63)
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Subnetting

• Subnetting is another method of managing IP addresses. This method of dividing full

network address classes into smaller pieces has prevented complete IP address
exhaustion.
• The network is no longer limited to the default Class A, B, or C network masks and there
is more flexibility in the network design.
• Subnet addresses include the network (N) portion, plus a subnet (sN) field and a host
(H) field.
To create a subnet address, a network administrator borrows bits from the host field
and designates them as the subnet field.
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Subnetting

• Host bit must be reassigned

as network bit.The starting
“borrow” bit is the leftmost
hosting bit.
• Providing broadcast
contentment and low level
security.

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 Subnetting

• 1 net address: 192.168.10.0; SM: 255.255.255.0; 254 hosts

• hosts per network: 30; networks: 6 ? Exp:
– Borrows bits: 3
2^3-2= 6 subnets xxxhhhhh
– Host bits: 5
2^5-2=30 hosts 000 (0)
– SM: 255.255.255.224
– Subnets: 001 (32)
192.168.10.0 010 (64)
192.168.10.32 011 (96)
192.168.10.64
192.168.10.96 100 (128)
.128 101 (160)
… 110 (192)
192.168.10.192
192.168.10.224 111 (224)

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Establishing SM address

• The number of bits in the

subnet will depend on the
maximum number of hosts
required per subnet.
• The subnet mask: using binary
ones in the host octet(s)
• 2 power of borrowed bits = usable
subnets
• (2 power of remaining host bits)–2=
usable hosts

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 Applying the Subnet Mask

• 192.168.10.001hhhhh
• .00100000
• .00100001 (33)
• Exp: subnet
• .00100010
192.168.10.32/27 • .00100011
• Host Range ??? •…
• 192.168.10.00111110 (62)
• .00111111
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Other: Basic subnetting

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Other: Basic subnetting

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Other: Basic subnetting

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Example 5:

• Primary network 192.168.10.0/24

• Number of hosts per network: 60
• Number of subnets: 4
• Borrows bits ?
• Subnetwork address ?
• Subnet Mask ?
• Host Range ?
• Broadcast address ? 56
Calculating subnets with VLSM

4 subnets of 62 hosts
4 links of 2 hosts

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Calculating subnets with VLSM

172.16.0010hhhh.hhhhhhhh/20

172.16.0010xxxx.xxhhhhhh/26

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Calculating subnets with VLSM

• 4 subnets of 62 hosts:
– 172.16.32.0/26
– 172.16.32.64/26
– 172.16.32.128/26
– 172.16.32.192/26

• 4 links of 2 hosts:
– 172.16.33.0/26 is further subnetted with a prefix of
/30.

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Calculating subnets with VLSM

• 172.16.33.0/26 is further subnetted:

– 172.16.33.00xxxxhh/30
– 172.16.33.000000hh
172.16.33.0/30
– 172.16.33.000001hh
172.16.33.4/30
– 172.16.33.000010hh
172.16.33.8/30
– 172.16.33.000011hh
172.16.33.12/30

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Calculating subnets with VLSM

61
Example 2

• Your company has been given the network address

172.16.32.0/19. After careful planning, looking at current
needs and expansion, you realize you need a maximum of
three subnets of 1000 hosts, three subnets of 250 hosts,
and several subnets for serial point-to-point links.

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Example 2

• 172.16.32.0/19
• 172.16.00100000.00000000
• Subnets of 1000 hosts: need 10 host bits
– 172.16.001xxxhh.hhhhhhhh/22
– 172.16.001000hh.hhhhhhhh
172.16.32.0
– 172.16.001001hh.hhhhhhhh
172.16.36.0
– 172.16.001010hh.hhhhhhhh
172.16.40.0
– 172.16.001011hh.hhhhhhhh
172.16.44.0
– 172.16.001100hh.hhhhhhhh
172.16.48.0
– 172.16.001101hh.hhhhhhhh
172.16.52.0
– 172.16.001110hh.hhhhhhhh
172.16.56.0
– 172.16.001111hh.hhhhhhhh
172.16.60.0

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Example 2

• 3 subnets of 1000 hosts:

– 172.16.32.0/22
– 172.16.36.0/22
– 172.16.40.0/22
• Subnets of 250 hosts: need 8 host bits
• To sub-subnet the subnet 172.16.44.0/22

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Example 2

• 172.16.44.0/22
• 172.16.001011xx.hhhhhhhh/24
• 172.16.00101100.hhhhhhhh
172.16.44.0
• 172.16.00101101.hhhhhhhh
172.16.45.0
• 172.16.00101110.hhhhhhhh
172.16.46.0
• 172.16.00101111.hhhhhhhh
172.16.47.0

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Example 2

• 3 subnets of 250 hosts:

– 172.16.44.0/24
– 172.16.45.0/24
– 172.16.46.0/24
• Links of 2 hosts: need 2 host bits
• To sub-subnet the subnet 172.16.47.0/24

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Example 2

• 172.16.47.0/24
• 172.16.47.xxxxxxhh/30
• 172.16.47.000000hh
172.16.47.0/30
• 172.16.47.000001hh
172.16.47.4
• 172.16.47.000010hh
172.16.47.8
• 172.16.47.000011hh
172.16.47.12
• …

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Other: Subnetting a Subnet

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Other: Subnetting a Subnet

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Other: Subnetting a Subnet

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Other: Subnetting a Subnet

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Other: Subnetting a Subnet

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Other: Subnetting a Subnet

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Other: Subnetting a Subnet

74
Other: Subnetting a Subnet

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Other: Subnetting a Subnet

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Other: Subnetting a Subnet

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Other: Subnetting a Subnet

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Other: Subnetting a Subnet

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Other: Subnetting a Subnet

• Practice 6.5.4-6

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Example 3

• Given the network address:

133.33.0.0/16
1. 2 subnets: 1000 hosts
2. 3 subnets: 500 hosts
3. 4 subnets: 200 hosts
4. 5 subnets: 50 hosts

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2 subnets: 1000 hosts

• 133.33.0.0/22
• 133.33.4.0
• 133.33.8.0
• 133.33.12.0
• 133.33.16.0
• 133.33.20.0
• …….

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3 subnets: 500 hosts

• 133.33.8.0/23
• 133.33.10.0/23
• 133.33.12.0/23
• 133.33.14.0/23

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4 subnets: 200 hosts

• 133.33.14.0/24
• 133.33.15.0/24
• 133.33.16.0/24
• 133.33.17.0/24
• 133.33.18.0
• 133.33.19.0

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5 subnets: 50 hosts

• 133.33.18.0/26
• 133.33.18.64
• 133.33.18.128
• 133.33.18.192
• 133.33.19.0/26
• 133.33.19.64
• 133.33.19.128
• 133.33.19.192
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