Fig. The spalvays approach hannah atthe Comhembe idea plant. Comparison hhetween the Plow SDP node nd the phseal model 3D hydrodynamic computational modelling for hydroelectric projects D.D. Baptista de Souza, AC. Allon, RA. Trenfn, M.C.Polu and AS. Miller, Engevix Engenharia, Broil The use of computna as fr solving hydraulic engineering problems is beconing more common Of the exisng mri med, 4D modeling reqies more computing power end greater care. Hower enables tho modeling of complex and unconventional probes, vhichprevos)y relied on ysl modeling, Ths paper presen he auhos ex ince oF using Flow 3D® sofware for modeling and simulating flows in hydrulic structures related to hydroelectric plant, Yow 3D is a computational fluid. dynamics Fritinr ns ite ant ew Science Ine, whieh approaches numerical solu tions of the fluid dynamics. governing differential equations. (Navier-Stokes) using. the fnite-volume fethod. These solutions are calculated by subdivision of the space into a fined gr of diserete volume ele- rents (cells) where each cel sores a ange of average ‘ales such as pressure, density, velocity and temper ‘Accurate free-surface simulations are possible by enhancing the VOF (Volume of Fluid) technique known as THuVOF in the Flow 3D° package. This rumerieal teehnigue locates the free suctaces and eiermines specific conditions on them t© perform Solutions only in the fluid, ensucing a good representa- tion of ows, Another powkertul incorporated tech= nigue is the FAVOR™ (Fractional Area. Volume Obstacle Representation) method. It provides a good representation for every kind of complex. geometry generally present in hydraulic. structures, [User Manual, 2012'| 1. Modelling calibration ‘The ability of computer simulations 10 model Iydevulic phenomena f rapidly ineressing. THe evo~ lution of the processing power of computers and the rowing experince olaained by comparing umer- Eirandexperimenal methods has resulted in fncress tnaly wllcbietimericel raaels. Hower, be a6: ity of numeral modelling relies onthe good under Standing of basic hydraulic principles and of the Way approximations are made wrepresent a physic phe femenon, The misuse. of winoulersianding of 4 aumorea)tandal can Tabaly the result beakers, modelling with software ike Flow 3D" requites safe: tycrliaily and espevence- To acquire sth exper sce; sigualfons should be compares anor cal Shrated with, known results of analytical modes, physical models and one‘tvordimensional models Existing literature should be researched to contiem the methodology and results, 2. When to use Flow 3D° ond when to use other models? 2.1 One-dimensional modeling One-dimensional modelling is the fastest and easiest tool to flow representation. Some mevels sre ately Widely accepted. such as the HEC-RAS™ model ofthe US Comps of Engineers, One-dimensional modelling Tike HEC-RAS® is commonly used for backwater al lations as itean be applied on long river setions sd large models. For ths purpose. the standard step tnvthod (energy of backwater eqiilion) i compute. However, his until is only suggested whet pr sures and velocities ae well defined, with small varia tions in) the Vertical and) transversal directions ‘Additionally, the nel is recommended for gradually ware! ows only 2.2 Two- and three-dimensional modeling ‘Two. and three-dimensianal. modelling. is. used on smaller models because of the important calculation time and power processing required. 10 audition, assembling the model demands more care und time Fig.) Fxample ofa sinalason whore w 3D model as ws insted 9 2D one sows the Cambambe fry projet wih {iver diversion wl the pracerhonse tat tal race ovation fo terms of depicaverage velo: 4 small upstream waterfll rake i dic to ee 2D model, Pe fio dep Sgniicany exceeds the grid size. To zesole tas problem and sign the riprap fox te cfendan, « Flaw 30° simon as teed stead Hydropower & Dams (ssu0 Thros, 2019,‘Two-dimensional modelling provides good represen- {ation of shallow water situations. Such models use lepth-average propeities, and assume that the vertical velocities are zero and that the vertical pressure gradi- cnt is hydrostatic. Fig. 2 represents an example of a Ihree-dimensional model being used instead of a two- dimensional one. It shows a Flow 3D" simalation of ver diversion that was at first unsuccessfully simula ced with a two-dimensional model because of small, upstream waterfall Three-dimensional modelling is. generally used for local and smaller applications. as the calculation time and simulation complexity can rapidly become inmpor- tun. Three-dimensional C many of the one and two-dimensional limitations and permit the modelling of compressible flows, multi phase flows, and have thermal modelling options. alongside other physical modelling options, It can also be a powerful tool for transient simulations, 2.3 Physical modelling Physical modeling is the most reliable method. a itis ‘well developed and the eeaults have been couficmed by many aval projects. However, these models are not alsays economically feasible, especially. for small projeets Also, the design and assembly of a physical model may take a significant amount of time to be optimized making it difficult to study a variety of alere natives. Numerical modelling ean be a good comple- imentary option and may make it possible to meet deadlines more easily, reduing costs with alternative Solutions and optimizations, 3, Case studies The studies presented here relate 19 wo Brazilian Inydropower projects and onte African project. 3.1 Sao Roque hydroelectric project The Sio Reque project is in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina on the Canoas river. Tt comprises an RCC dam and hydro plant wit an installed capacity of 141.9 MW (sce also pp 86-89). Three numerical models are presented for this project, 3.1.1 Je detection ot the spiwoy’s Hist stops AA et deflection oveurs atthe first steps of the spillway for low flows, and causes undesirable flow instability and vibrations, Numerical modelling can be used to determine the geometry of the first steps, which makes it possible to limit jet deflection. Several simulations were carried out (0 find a geometry which presents a jet deflection for discharges as low as possible. To do this, the houndary conditions are set to he trunsiont, ‘The reservoir level is gradually lowered until the flow regime starts exhibit instability, ane eventually a jot lakes off at a certain flow rate Initially, the flow regime set alone the stepped spillway is a skimming flow, and this means that the water surface is parallel to the spillway inclination (see Figs, 3 and 4). Two of the geometries that were simulated are shown in Figs. 3 and 4, Both of them contain a regular step height of 1.2 m and an inclination of 33°, which are fixed parameters for construction and stability reasons. As the unit specific discharge flows are low, air enteain- ‘ment is important. The numerical model includes air entrainmem by considering the free-sucface tracking using the TreVOF technique, The colour legend repre- Hydropower & Dams Issue These, 2013 Fig. 3. Geomenry 1: The fst step height values correspond ta: 03 m. 6 mand 09 m hopar eventual rein the relar sep heigh of 12 m. On the fet the skimming {isu onset with a tina discharge of 0.28 ws. ln the made, she las stars to len perturbations fra discharge vie nf 02? me On te right the jet token luhwaried for a steady state clischarse of 0.26 ms. This secometey comiguraton wae ‘hase ithe definitive projec since i presen he lowest Halt discharge Before fet deft happens ig, & Geometry 2 “CEDEX Profile" 2008 On theft. he skimming ow is stl, tmser with a lini specific dschonge of 44 mis fu the mde, the fx start to show pertuobanons fora site discharge vale of O43 ws. On the right the ft takeosh is lasratd for sexy state specie discharge of O38 ms, sents the water concentration with L being 100 per cent water and 0 being 100 per cent of air ‘The flow rates obtained corresponding 10 the jet take- ‘of ean be used to compare their geometties and deter ‘mine which is the most efficient. The real flow rate corresponding to the jet deflection depends on the speed at which the reservoir level is lowered and also ‘on the size of the mesh used in the simutation Geometries like Fig. 4 have the characteristic of starting the first steps before the tangent paint. This means that the first steps are already present on the Creager” profile, The purpose of this configuration is to reduce the local qumber of Froude and avoid jet takeoff. In the ease of Sip Rogue, this does not work, Because of the spillway inclination, the Froude nunt- ber has no increased influence. It is interesting « see ot all the simulations made” with such geometries showed jet deflection for luigher specific discharges. ‘These considerations concur with Chanson’s analytical ‘model [Chanson, 1996"), 3.1.2 Fw dco he kine stance Water is conveyed through three identical steel pen- stocks with a gross head of 33 m and a total discharge of 333 mn. The tubines are ofthe Francis type with vertical axes. In the lower part ofthe penstock. 2 hori- zontal section remains after the last Curve before the flow is dizected into the turbines. This horizontal pat is necessary to stabilize the flow before reaching the tuybines, Numerical modelling can be used to deter. imine what length is necessary and how velocity and pressure distributions behave. ‘The upstream boundary condition is set with a flow rate source and Focated atthe end oF the water intake. Downstream, al the entance of the turbines, a specified 03.Tb ley mogte rereaccrani a ee ees se am ASRS tate rss seen | Cregeen ial le Cros suenen 3 Fig. 3. The resus ave shown for three configurations with the velocity distributions The frst ome contans tal urinal vectton of 14.5 m beoseen the eve wid the luvtine ens and represents the ortainal project onan. The second one contains ital rinse of 20.5 m wih fs he eguvaens of ie times he penstock’s tlimcter yal. Ths is comment axed formation to stabilize the flow ‘nnering tn dhe wines. The fase configuration exxtains a ual horizontal section of thst 60 and wos sinlated fr comparison and sensiviy anabss purpose pressure is set so that the Bernoulli equation is respect ‘ed, The head losses were calculated theoretically and subtracted Jrom this equation. Finally, the absolute roughness was calibrated s0 that the head losses in the numerical model and in the theoretical calculations were equal, A roughness of 2 mm was finally set which corresponds well with the roughness of a steel penstock. The mesh size was set with cells of 0.5 m. All three contigurations showed higher velocities in the lower part of the cross sections situated immedi ately before the entrance of the turbines. The flow dic not evolve much between cross section one and cross section two, In terms of depth-average velocities and pressure distributions, the everall results show that the How already stabilizes just after the diameter trans tion, Ir interesting to note that even in configuration three, the velocity distribution continues to deve! along the straight horizontal section, Therefore, it Fig. 6 Downseream ew ofthe tee tact’ tube exit veh che FAVOR 106 ‘Fig. 7 Cross section ofthe caf tebe ext aa arace chanel interns of velocity magnitude and vector, seemed unnevessiry to increase this horizontal pen= stock length, Also. this would have increased costs and head losses considerably. The original project outline was thus kept for the final project. This simulation Uemonstrates that a numerical model is an cificient and rapid too! for decision support 41.3 Dealt tobe exit The draft tube exit diffuses the flow into the tailrace canal. However, heeause of the sudden enlargemes the cross section, the flow regime chan icant dissipation of turbulence and head losses. Numerical modelling can be used 10 determine the head losses, The upstream boundary condition is set with a flow rate source and located at the sluicegate in the draft tube. Downstream, a specified pressure is set. equiva lent to the normal operations! water level. The mesh size was set with cells of 0.5 m. For comparison with the computational model, the head. losses cam be calculated theoretically with the folowing formals: Mae ee ‘The numerical model creates head losses of 14 om whereas the theoretical calculation is more conserva tive at 16.7 em, The advantage of using SD numerical simulations is that the geometry can be optimized to minimize head losses 3.2 Miringuava dam proj The Miringuava dam is designed for water supply. and also to produce a small amount of electricity. The spill way is of the morning glory type, which 1s designed ora probable maximum God. 2.21 Dire epcty The theoretical discharge capacity, was calculated according tothe Hydraulic Design Criteria (HDC) of the US Conps of Engineers 1987-1. Numerieal model+ Ting ean be used to confirm the discharge capacity The upstream boundary concition i set witha spec- ified pressure corresponding to a Mood water level Part of the reservoir was modelled © inchide the approximaon eect "Te results are less conservative with the numerical model than with the HDC. exeept fr low discha This difference is mainly caused by the presence of two walls that sapport the structure and go trough the frost. ‘The discharge capacity is. ths. affected Numerical modelling is therefore a powertul tool ait | an sinmilate every kindof geomet. Note also ttf Hydropower & Dams Issue Three, 2013Hig, 8. Modelled morting glory spitway nd dam view wth te FAVOR oprion, The neste al-block technique is wed 10 slese ihe comple weomety Fig. 2 Plan ofthe morning story ype wih apprexamaion Fow3) —=— HOC 5.50 soso | 1 10 0 ‘0 Discharge ae) high upstream water levels, the submergence of the spillvaay alfeets the discharge capacity, although this is not the ease with the HDC, because the ratio of head to weir rafius is smaller than 04S [USACE, 19875] ‘Phereliore. it appears that the presenee ofthe walls pro= vokes submergence for lower Moods than are prediet- ced with the HDC Fig, 10, Discharge exit 3.3 Combombe hydroelectric project ‘The Carbambe development, located on the Kwanza river, Angola, consists of a conerete arch dam, sith its rest at el 132 ma five-orfice spillway inthe body of the dan and a surface spillway with a Creager profile, Hydvepower & Dame tesue Three, 2013 oon the left bank, controlled by two segment gates (15 % 19.5 m). In addition, there is a gravity type intake and an existing underground powerhouse alonuside the new one, with total installed capacity of 960 MW. 3.3.1 Physical ond compotetioa! models To evaluate and verity the design. a physical model of the dam and the spillway structures was built on a geo imetrie scale of 1/75 following the Froude criterion of similarity Optimizations made in the physical model and litectly into the project were possible using compu tional modelling. In this particular situation, the com- putational modelling was used to analyse the water levels and velocities at the approach channel for the surface spillway, as well as the pressures along the spillway structure, The results were then compared With the physical model and showed good similarity | The upstream boundary condition used in the simula- Approach ‘Sanne Fig. 14, bavou of the psical model nh th pre operation Fig. 12. Approach sane ant serkace silo o the ef bank Indie in Flow 2D wath sioner the arch dat Fig. 18 Flow 305 rests ome the lapproach charset land the sve Spiny i ers of 105Fig. 14, The simulased _gromenry reduced the Superital murbalence in he approach ‘hae On the ef Tow aor devel no the wall are sh ot lighter colous Increasing the veloc In thar region On the ight located more specifically ate euuraice of te Shannel,@kcering of the wer level is sl, presenting tout 425m disfercnce ith the preserve. Fig, (5 Higher velocinesnear the wal, shoeing tha the flow separation deoosed in relation wih the otainal geometcy O the eft vest magnitade ann veiors are shown at elevation ff HO mors. On the right el, 128m. Deter flow thstribwion i shown, i = Boos fs = 5 a == Pysnmadl pesares — Fw 358 Pes Dist long tet erate ete silly) Fig, 1h, Comparison af presures calculated wih Pow 3DE (ue ine) anid meesared inthe physical model (et te and markers) for he 1igh cate a the surfoce spits i : 3 3 go e : fa 2 a es = Pines — Fon ‘Dato large ght te ihe its) Fig, 17 Comparison of prevaons catered with Flow 3 (ue ine) el cs faith physic! model (red line and markers for heft chute of the surface spilt 106 tion was a specified pressure comesponding to the reservoir water level (130 m) and a discharge of 4500 mY corresponding to the theoretical discharge capa: ity, For the downstream condition the outflow option swais settled. 2.3.2 Approach chnso onions “After model tests for the isolated operation of the sur fice spillway, a 7.5° rotation, relative to the structure centreline, ws implemented atthe project to direct the effluent jet t0 the centre of the valley, avoiding « sig- nificant impact at the right bank of the channel. However, the computational model verified a fast and simple way fo execute the change in the original proj- cect, and so evaluate the flow behaviour atthe upstieamn ‘part of the structure. ‘The conclusion was that the new alignment of the approach channel is favourable w a best flow distuibu tion, diminishing the occurcence of superficial pertur- ations and wurbulenee, ‘The change did not affect the planned spillway capacity 4.3.3 Pessiesoong the srface sivoy Average pressures slong the centre of the left and right chutes of the surfuce spillway were measured in the physical model and compared with the Flow 3D" pressures located on the bottom of the channel. The resulls are displayed in Figs. 16 and 17, for the aand left chute respectively. considering the origin of the abscissa (x = 0 m) as the crest location. The sur- face of the spillway along the chute is approximated by the FAVOR™ technique creating localized irregu- larities. The pressures are calculated at the centre of each cell, which never exactly corresponds with the spillway surface. The combination of these two facts causes important variations with pressure drops fol- lowed by pressure peaks. However, as shown ih Figs, 16 and 17, the average tendency of pressures along the chute concurs well with the physical model's results, 4. Conclusions Computational modelling is helpful tool for the inydraulic engineer. 3D modelting is becoming ineseay- ingly reliable, Improved computer processing capaci ties allow mote accurate solutions. Packages like Flow 3D" are elficient tools. They enable project ueadlines to be met more ensily and can reduce costs with alter rnative solutions and optimizations. The authors’ expe- riences have shown that for a variety of problems, 3D modelling is an excellent option. and may be used as an additional oo! alongside physical modeling. Occasionally. it may even replace physieal models which was the ease for Sao Rogue. Furthermore, it ‘may help to desig a physical model with prelinsinary 3D numerical optimizations. 3 References (OW. v0.1 User Manual 2012. 2, Simdes, A.LA., “Considerations on stepped spill hydraulics! methodology or dimeusionless presivins" 2K 3. Chanson, 1, “Priston of the nansiion nappelskiraing flow um a stepped chanel, Jowral of Hedrautc Resear Vol. 4, No.3, 1096 4. US Army Corps of Engineers “Hydraulic Design Crteris™, 1987 5. Palu, MLC Baptista de Sowa, DD. Bianchi, Land Rodas, BAG, "Estados hideiliees ap canal Je fags Hydropower & Dams Issue Three, 2013LUBE Belo Monte Comparaies entre estos experiment ‘emumericos” raule stades forthe talace en fo the Belo Monte hyuro plant; comparison ef experimental and Duumricl studies) NIN National Senna o Latse Da, (CBDB. Porto de Galina, Braz: 2013 Diego David Baptista de Souza graded n 2002 in Csi Engineering and oytined a Mie deste in Water Resouces and Faviranmentl Engineering ith emphasis in Helis in 200. Both degrees were swan by the Federal Uaseriyof| ‘Prune thon gained an MBA in Rojot Mangement nan MBA in Business Management bo Pirin Gets Vargas. Heist coordinator of tie nydeaulchydraogic epartnen und also Contact Manager a Engovrs Al has mos thin ln sear of expeniense onthe development of Pydrle and hydropower peo in Brazil and eter counties, ovking asa Hydhaulic Engineer and Proyet Manse. Alevanre Charles Alsi isa Civil Bnncor who grat ftom th Eeole Postechrigue Pdérae de Lausanne 2011 Swtaerind with an MSc speculizng in Hydralics and Tenegy. He cameily works for Engesia Engen, Bri DoD. aps 1. CA ‘Rafael Artur‘Trentin i eadingCil Faginesring st iT =item, I ra, Brie has bo the University of Pare, Brazil. He tls un Mie From Pst gradi Schoo! of irae Engiaceing at University of Parana He hols an MBA in Projet Management En A. Tretin MC. Pa Foneagig Gelli Vaggs. He camel a Prajct Engineer a gests Enger, AAnaximando S. Miler is « Civil Engines He graduated from te Universi of Santa Catrina, Bra He holds an MSe fom he Por gradnste School OF Hydraulic Engineering: University of Sto Palo, He hokis an MBA in Project ‘Management fhm Fandagio Get Vargas. He 6 cure Project Enginsor t Engevix Engi, Engevix Engenura S/A, Ed. America Officenter Tore B. 8S. ailer Revloia Adar Gon, 40 Iam, CEP 88034 88), FlonanopalieSC, Bvt CONN-WELD- HYDRO-SIEVE™ “A Green Screen Solution” iyo Sieve uss proven technology knoun a8 the "COANDA FECT to seen out sesiment and aquatic if at your intake ste. Weuse tted wedge wires to creat a cutting oction onthe upstream ies of he wes that greatly enhance throughout over raion wedge wre sreens Features ke our Patent Pending flow reli gate rede ctcharge ‘we barcors wich ean cause splashing ne iin during cols Hydo-Seve can sreen partes t 69 mesh and for hes ty needs, we can ad zy protection sto pocect the seve during ooes Hydro-Sieve Capacity Fow through 2 Hydco-Max Sievels based on several actors: sereen open are, aie tow, shearing ow, velctyneBe, aceleratr plate elevation drop (Ha) and aporcach channel “e* height Once ws have your project lta we can determine the rmavimum throvahout and adress ther design considerations ‘such 5 debs ioacng looding and aquatic ite concen, a CONN? WELD 0 80x 509 Princeton,W 24740 5829 (USA) INDUS: ‘RIES. ING. Tel.: (304) 487-1421 - Fax; (304) 487-3761 INC. wwew.conn-weld.com