Animal

Systematics
 Systematics

• The study of biological diversity and

classification
• classification of living organisms by
evolutionary relationship
 Classification

• Carolus Linnaeus (1707-

1778)
– Swedish naturalist
• Developed the modern
taxonomic classification
system
Linnean System of Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Hominidae
Genus Gorilla
Species gorilla
 Revised Linnean System
Division Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Superclass Tetrapoda
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria
Infraclass Eutheria
Order Primates
Superfamily Anthropoidea
Family Hominidae
Subfamily Ponginae
Genus Gorilla
Species Gorilla gorilla
Subspecies Gorilla gorilla beringei
 Binomial Nomenclature
• Genus + species
• Examples:
– Rana catesbeiana: bull frog
– Turdus migratorius: American robin
– Homo sapiens: modern human
– Mucosa domestica: house fly
• Subspecies sometimes included
– Gorilla gorilla beringei: mountain gorilla
 What is an Animal
• Eucaryotic
– cells divided into organelles
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic
– do not produce own nutrients
• Lack cell walls
• Tissues linked by proteins (e.g. collagen)
 What is an Animal
• Cells often linked by cell junctions
– gap, adhesion, tight
• Possess electrogenic cells
– nerve cells and muscle cells
• Reproduce sexually (diploid)
– sperm + egg → zygote → blastula → gastrula
→ larva → adult
Major Evolutionary Divergences
Among Animals
• Development of Tissues
• Development of Body
Plans
• Development of Body
Cavities
• Developmental Origin
of the Coelom
 Development of Tissues

• Development of aggregations of similar

cells into patterns and layers
• Parazoa (sponges) – lack tissues
• Eumetazoa – possess tissues
 Development of Body Plans
• Pattern of body and structure
• Number of embryonic cell layers
• Radiata (e.g. jellyfish, hydra)
– radial symmetry
– diploblastic (2 germ cell layers)
• Bilatera (everything else)
– Bilateral symmetry
– Triploblastic (3 germ cell layers)
 Development of Body Cavities
• Acoleomates (flatworms)
– no body cavities
• Pseudocoelomates (rotifers,
roundworms)
– body cavity not surrounded by
mesoderm (pseudocoelom)
• Coleomates (all others)
– body cavity enclosed by
mesoderm (coelom)
 Developmental Origin of the
Coelom
• Coelomates are divided into two groups
based upon:
1. Pattern of cell cleavage during early
development
2. When cell developmental fate is determined
3. How the coelom is formed
4. How the digestive tract is formed during
gastrulation
 Protostomes
• Mollusks, earthworms, insects, etc.
• Spiral cleavage
– cell division diagonal to vertical axis
• Determinant cleavage
– development into tissues determined
very early in cleavage
• Schizocoelous
– coelom forms by splitting solid masses
of mesoderm
• Blastopore forms mouth
 Deuterostomes
• Starfish, vertebrates
• radial cleavage
– cell division at right angles to vertical
axis
• indeterminant cleavage
– development into tissues determined
later in cleavage
• enterocoelous
– coelom forms by mesoderm layer
budding from archenteron
• blastopore forms anus
 Parazoa:
Phylum Porifera
• sponges
• little cell differentiation
• sessile
• no nerve or muscle cells
• porous body
– enables water circulation
through the body
– flow driven by choanocytes
– food collected and digested
by amoebocytes
 Classes of Phylum Porifera
Class Calcarea--the skeleton consists of individual spicules
of calcium carbonate
Class Hexactinellida (the glass sponges)--members have
spicules of silica fused in a continuous and often very
beautiful latticework
Class Demospongiae--the largest class, which has unfused
silica spicules, or a tough, keratin-like protein
called spongin, or a combination of the two
Class Sclerospongiae--the smallest class, which have
skeletons that contain all three kinds of material: calcium
carbonate, silica, and spongin
 Radiata:
Phylum Cnidaria
• Corals, jellyfish,
anemones, corals
• gastrovascular cavity
– central compartment
with single opening
• two basic body plans:
– polyp – usually sessile
– medusa – motile form
 Radiata:
Phylum Cnidaria
• tentacles arranged around
opening to the
gastrovascular cavity
• lined with nematocysts
– stinging cells
• possess nerve cells
forming nerve net
– no central nervous system
• possess muscle-like cells
 Classes of Phylum Cnidaria

Class Anthozoa (true coral, sea

anemones, sea pens) 6000 spp
Class Cubozoa (box jellyfish) 20 spp
Class Hydrozoa (freshwater hydra, fire
coral) 3000 spp
Class Scyphozoa (true jellyfish) 200 spp
 Radiata:
Phylum Ctenophora
• Comb jellies
• Similar in appearance to
jellyfish
• Possess comb-like plates
of cilia used for
locomotion
• Collect food with tentacles
covered with colloblasts
(lasso cells)
 Acoelomates:
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Flatworms
• gastrovascular cavity with one
opening
• true muscle tissue
• primitive excretory system (water
balance)
• sensory organs in head
(photoreceptors, chemoreceptors)
• central nervous system (ganglia in
head w/ ventral nerve cords)
 Acoelomates:
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Major Classes
– Turbellaria
• planarians (free living)
– Monogenea and
Tremotoda
• flukes (parasites)
– Cestoidea
• tapeworms (parasites)
 Pseudocoelomates:
Phylum Rotifera
• Rotifers
• complete digestive tract
– separate mouth and anus
• pseudocoelomic fluid
acts as circulatory
system
• cilia lining crown draw
water into the mouth
 Pseudocoelomates:
Nematoda
• Nematodes (roundworms)
• complete digestive tract
• pseudocoelomic fluid acts
as circulatory system
• longitudinal muscle
orientation
• aquatic habitats, soils,
plant and animal parasites
 Protostome Coelomates:
Phylum Nemertea
• Proboscis worms
• acoelomous body, except
for fluid-filled sac used to
extend proboscis
• similar excretory, sensory
and nervous systems to
flatworms
• complete digestive tract
• closed circulatory system
(blood confined to vessels)
 Protostome Coelomates:
Lophophorate Phyla
• possess lophophore
– ciliated fold around
mouth
• no head
• U-shaped digestive
tract
 Protostome Coelomates:
Lophophorate Phyla
• Bryozoans
– sessile, resemble
moss, hard
exoskeletons
• Phoronids
– horseshoe worms
• Brachiopods
– resemble bivalves
 Protostome Coelomates:
Phylum Mollusca
• Mollusks
• Major Classes:
– Class Polyplacophora
• chitons
– Class Gastropoda
• snails and slugs
– Class Bilvalvia
• clams, oysters, mussels, etc.
– Class Cephalopoda
• octopus, squid, nautiluses
 Protostome Coelomates:
Phylum Mollusca
• Muscular foot
• visceral mass
– contains organs
• gills (respiration)
• complete digestive tract w/
specialized organs
• open circulatory system
(blood not confined to
vessels)
• mantle
– covers visceral mass, secretes
shell
 Protostome Coelomates:
Phylum Annelida
• Annelids (segmented worms)
• hydrostatic skeleton
• coelom in repeating segments
with alternating longitudinal and
circular muscles, setae, and
metanephridia (excretion)
• closed circulatory system
• several specialized regions in
digestive tract
• cerebral ganglia with ventral
nerve cord
 Protostome Coelomates:
Phylum Annelida
• Major Classes
– Class Oligochaeta
(earthworms)
– Class Polychaeta
(polychaetes)
– Class Hirudinea
(leeches)
 Protostome Coelomates:
Phylum Arthropoda
• specialization of body
segments
– specialized limbs, etc.
• hard exoskeleton
– protein and chitin
• high cephalization of
sensory organs
• open circulatory systems
– blood (hemolymph) not
confined to vessels
 Arthropods:
Chelicerates
• claw-like feeding appendages
(chelicerae), lack antennae
• Class Arachnida (spiders,
scorpions, ticks, mites)
– 2 body segments (cepahlothorax
and abdomen)
– 6 pairs of appendages
• chelicerae, pedipalps, 4 pr walking
legs extend from cephalothorax
– book lungs
• enhances gas exchange btw
hemolymph and air
 Arthropods:
Uniramians
• jaw-like feeding appendages
(mandibles), 1 pair of antennae,
unbranched appendages
• Class Diplopoda – millipedes
• Class Chilopoda – centipedes
• Class Insecta – insects
– three body segments (head, thorax,
abdomen)
– many possess wings
– specialized digestive system
– Malpighian tubules (excretion)
– tracheal system (respiration)
 Arthropods:
Crustaceans
• mandibles, 2 pair of antennae,
branched appendages
• Class Crustacea
– possess gills
– salt glands (hemolymph salt
balance)
• Groups
– Isopods (e.g. pill bugs)
– Copepods (e.g. Cyclops)
– Decapods (crabs, lobsters, etc.)
 Deuterostome Coelomates :
Phylum Echinodermata
• sea stars, sea urchins, sea
cucumbers
• adults have radial
symmetry
– bilateral larvae
• endoskeleton of hard
plates
• water vascular system
– used to manipulate tube
feet
 Deuterostome Coelomates :
Phylum Chordata
• Lancelets tunicates, vertebrates
• Characteristics of embryos:
1. possess notochord
• longitudinal, flexible rod between
digestive tract and nerve cord
2. possess dorsal hollow nerve
cord
3. have pharyngeal slits
• modified for gas exchanges, jaw
support, hearing, etc.
4. have muscular postanal tail
 Invertebrate Chordates
• Subphylum Urochordata
– tunicates
– sessile marine animals
– chordate characters seen
only in larvae
• Subphylum
Cephalochordata
– lancelets
 Subphylum Vertebrata
• Characteristics
– neural crest formation during embryonic
development
– vertebral column + skull
– pronounced cephalization of sensory and
neural apparati
– closed circulatory system
• Agnathans
– lack hinged jaws, notochord present
throughout life
• Gnathostomes
– possess hinged jaws, notochord replaced by
vertebrae, paired appendages
• Tetrapods
– Possess two pairs of appendages
 Superclass Agnatha

• lack hinged jaws,

• notochord present
throughout life
• no paired appendages
• lampreys and hagfish
 Superclass Gnathostoma:
Jawed Fish
• Class Chondrichthyes
– Sharks, rays
– cartilaginous skeletons
• Class Osteichthyes
– bony fish (bone skeletons)
– Subclass Actinopterygii
• Ray-finned fish
– Subclass Sarcopterygii
• Lobe-finned fish
 Superclass Tetrapoda:
Class Amphibia
• Characteristics
– tetrapods (4 limbs)- terrestrial
movement
– aquatic larval stage
– moist, permeable skin
• Anurans
– frogs and toads
• Urodeles
– salamanders and newts
• Caecilians
– legless, fossorial amphibians
 Superclass Tetrapoda:
Class Reptilia
• Reptiles
• Scaly, impermeable skin
• Amniotes
– Lay shelled amniotic eggs
• Chelonians (Testudines)
– Turtles
• Lepidosaurians
– Tuatara, snakes, lizards
• Archosaurs
– Crocodilians, dinosaurs, birds
 Superclass Tetrapoda:
Class Aves
• Birds
• Amniotes
• Possess feathers
• Possess wings (flight)
• Endothermic
– most body heat generated
internally
• Two-circuit circulatory
system
 Superclass Tetrapoda:
Class Mammalia
• Mammals
• Possess hair
• Possess mammary glands
• Endothermic
• Two-circuit circulatory system
• Most give birth to young
(amniotic)
• Diaphragm for active
ventilation of lungs
 Superclass Tetrapoda:
Class Mammalia
• Groups
– Monotremes
• lay eggs
• platypuses, echidnas
– Marsupials
• embryo completes development in
pouch
• kangaroos and opossums
– Eutherians
• form placenta
• cats, humans, squirrels