Tourism is the "movement of people, spatially and temporally,

out of their own communities for leisure and business

purposes".

A tourist is defined by the World Tourism Organisation

(WTO) as a "visitor staying for more than 24 hours in a country
visited for business or leisure purposes
 Ecotourism

• Tourism involving
travel to areas of
natural or ecological
interest, for the
purpose of observing
wildlife and learning
about the environment.

What is Ecotourism
Eco-tourism is derived from two words - 'Ecosystem' & 'Tourism'.
Together it is made Eco-tourism.
 Principle of eco tourism

• Adopt low-impact wildlife tourism that protects

ecological integrity of forest.
• Highlight the biodiversity richness, their values and
their ecological services to people.
• Build environmental and cultural awareness and
respect.
• Facilitate the sustainability of ecotourism enterprises
and activities.
• provide livelihood opportunities to local communities.
• Highlight the heritage value of India’s wilderness and
protected areas.
Eco Tourism in India
Eco tourism segmentation

Botany

Wildlife Geography

Eco Tourism
 Eco tourism segmentation

Wildlife
 There are about 400 plus wildlife sanctuaries and 99
national parks sprawling across the country.
 These natural homes accommodate an estimate of over

 350 species of mammals,

 2100 types of birds,
 350 varieties of reptiles and countless insects.
 Geography

 A great arc of mountains,

consisting of the Himalayas, Hindu
Kush, Aravali and Patkai ranges
define the northern Indian
subcontinent.

 The Thar Desert is the world's

seventh largest desert, It forms a
significant portion of western
India.
 Some statistics
• 8.8% annual growth in tourism demand
• 7.9% growth per annum in tourism-related GDP
• 10.5% annual growth in overseas visitors
• 7.5% increase per annum in capital Investment in tourism
• 5.1% annual growth in government expenditure on tourism
• India will be hosting 8.90 million tourists by 2020...
• Stats suggest that each year the revenue grow by 7.7%.
• UNWTO – estimating that ecotourism accounts for 10-
15% of global tourism.
 0
5
10
15
25
20

Maharashtra
Tamil Nadu
Delhi
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
West Bengal
Bihar
Foreign Tourist Visits

Kerala
%percentage share of

Karnataka
International Tourist Visits

Himachal Pradesh
Others
%percentage…
Himalayas
• Location: Stretches from Jammu & Kashmir to Arunachal
Pradesh in the northeast India.
• Weather: From freezing cold to desert hot.
• Indian States Covered: Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttranchal, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal
Pradesh.
Corbett National Park,
Uttaranchal

The Great
Himalayan
National Park,
Himachal
Pradesh
 Coorg or Kodagu
• Location: Western Ghats, Karnataka, Durbare elephant camp
Southern India.
• Weather: Coorg experiences moderate
climate with pleasant winters, warm summers
and heavy monsoon.
• Known as The Scotland of India . Its
rich flora and fauna has earned this place
international recognition.
Nagarhole National Park Iruppu Falls
Abby Falls
 Indian Ecosystems and
Resources
• Biosphere Reserves
• Mangroves
• Coral Reefs
• Deserts
• Mountains and Forests
• Flora and Fauna
• Seas, Lakes and Rivers
• Caves
 Biosphere Reserves
Gulf of Mannar
• Nanda Devi National Marine National Park
Park , Uttarakhand. ,Tamil Nadu

Sundarbans National Park ,West Bengal

 Mangroves
Bhitarkanika and
Mahanadi Delta ,Orissa

Pichavaram and
Point Calimere
Tamil Nadu

Coringa, Godavari Delta ,Andhra Pradesh

 The key players in the
ecotourism
• The key players in the ecotourism
business are
– governments at levels,
– the local authorities,
– the developers and the operators,
– the visitors, and the local community.

non-governmental organizations and scientific and

research institutions also plays a key role in the
development of ecotourism.
Some organizations are
 Asia Pacific Ecotourism Society,
Discovery Mice,
 World Tourism Organization,
The International Ecotourism Society
(TIES),
Ecoindia etc.
 Activities
• Bird watching
• Hiking
• Downhill skiing
• Camping
• Sight seeing
• Swimming in natural water
• Wildlife photography
• White river rafting
 Strength

promotes conservation of
directs economic and
natural assets and
other benefits to the local
enhances the cultural
people
integrity

Strength

promotes the preservation Providing positive attitude

of wildlife and the natural and experience among the
habitats travellers
 Weakness

conflicts between
local community is not resource use for eco-
involving into this tourism and the
tourism process livelihood of local
inhabitants

Weakness
It is not planned as a
type and scale of eco- part of the overall area
tourism development is development strategy,
not compatible with the guided by an integrated
environment land-use plan avoiding
inter-sectoral conflicts
 Opportunity

Government has recently Rising number of tourist

announced to built arrival in India is indicator
ecotourism centres for growing eco tourism.

Opportunity
sustainable tourism
Promoting o wildlife
development as a model
sanctuaries and National
for other destination
Parks on the global level
development programs it
we can attract more and
can generate more
more travellers.
tourists.
 Threat
It tends to conserve the Competition for eco
environment at the tourism income between
expanse of the the various groups leads to
development prospects for social disharmony
the third world
communities
Threat

Increased use of resources

eco tourism projects itself
by the human population,
are the biggest obstacle in
even in the smallest sense
the way of the preservation
cause problem to the
of the environment.
environment
The ICMTS definition of coastal and marine tourism is

"Coastal and marine tourism includes those recreational

activities which involve travel away from one's place of
residence which have as their host or focus the marine
environment and/or the coastal zone."
Coastal Tourism

Coastal Tourism is based on a unique resource

combination at the border of land and sea environments:
sun,
water,
 beaches,
outstanding scenic views,
 rich biological diversity (birds, whales, corals etc),
 sea food and good transportation infrastructure.
Examples of coastal ecosystems: Estuaries, coastal dunes,
rocky coasts, sandy beaches, coastal cliffs, intertidal (littoral)
areas.

Examples of marine ecosystems: Coral reefs, benthic, kelp

forests, rocky reefs, continental shelves, sea-mounts, hydro-
thermal vents, open oceans, polar oceans.

Oceanic zones: Epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic,

abyssalpelagic, hadalpelagic.

Coastal zones: Inshore, littoral, foreshore, backshore.

 coastal recreation
Examples of coastal
recreation/tourism activities:

Sand-dune surfing,
beach volleyball,
 tidal-pool exploration,
kite-flying,
Land yachting,
fishing,
walking,
skim-boarding,
horse-riding
wildlife watching, shell-fish
gathering,
 beach-combing, sun-
bathing (baking),
picnic and barbecues
 marine recreation
Examples of marine
recreation/tourism activities:

SCUBA diving,
snorkelling,
 yachting,
water-skiing,
wake-boarding,
boat based fishing,
wildlife watching,
scenic boat cruising,
 sea-kayaking,
surfing,
 surf-ski paddling,
 swimming
ICMTS recognises that coastal and marine tourism covers a
wide array of activities, environments, industries and
organisations.
Overall the aim of ICMTS is to share knowledge for the
sustainable use of our marine environment
Areas of research and practice may include:

Coastal events/attractions
Marine wildlife tourism
Education
Marine Protected Areas
Fisheries
Water sports/recreation
Cruise industry
Main sources of impact

Residence in the
coastal zone
Fisheries
and aquaculture
Shipping
Tourism
Land-use practices
(Agriculture, Industrial
development)
Climate change
Resulting problems

Loss of marine resources due to destruction of coral reefs,

overfishing
Pollution of marine and freshwater resources
Soil degradation and loss of land resources
(e.g. desertification and salinification due to excessive water use,
overuse of fertilizers, erosion)
Air pollution
Loss of cultural resources, social disruption
Loss of public access
Natural hazards and sea level rise
Climate change
In the middle of the 20th
century coastal tourism in
Europe turned into mass
tourism and became affordable
for nearly everyone.

Today, 65% of the European

holiday makers prefer the
coast (E.C., 2011).

The coastal tourism sector in

Europe is getting increasingly
competitive, with tourists
expecting more quality for the
lowest possible price.
Coastal and maritime tourism

The extraordinary beauty, cultural

wealth and great diversity of EU's
coastal areas have made them the
preferred destination for many
holidaymakers in Europe and abroad,
making coastal and maritime tourism
an important tourism sector.

Employing over 3.2 million

people, this sector generates a total of
€ 183 billion in gross value added
and representing over one third of the
maritime economy.

As much as 51% of bed capacity in

hotels across Europe is
concentrated in regions with a sea
border
 Tourism can provide jobs
and improve the wealth of an
area.

Many developing countries

are keen to develop tourism in
order to become richer and to
improve the quality of life for
their people.

However, when large

numbers of visitors go to one
place it is called mass tourism.
The particular environmental
ill-effects from tourism include
increases in pollution and
waste and pressure on
endangered species as well as
natural resources.

From a cultural perspective,

tourism can be beneficial in
preserving authentic
communities but can also lead
to the erosion of these
communities' traditional
values and ways of life.
Specific situation of coastal areas

Coastal areas are transitional areas between the land and sea
characterized by a very high biodiversity and they include some of
the richest and most fragile ecosystems on earth,
like mangroves and coral reefs.

At the same time, coasts are under very high population pressure
due to rapid urbanization processes.

More than half of today’s world population live in coastal areas (within
60 km from the sea) and this number is on the rise.
 In the Mediterranean region for
example, tourism is the first
economic activity for islands like
Cyprus, Malta, the Balearic
Islands and Sicily.

Forecast studies carried out by

WTO estimate that international
tourist arrivals to the
Mediterranean coast will amount to
270 millions in 2010 and to 346
millions in 2020 (in 2000 around
200 million foreign visitors per
year
 How does tourism damage coastal environment
Tourist infrastructure

In many areas, massive new tourist developments have been built
- including airports, marinas, resorts, and golf courses.

Overdevelopment for tourism has the same problems as other

coastal developments, but often has a greater impact as the tourist
developments are located at or near fragile marine ecosystems.

For example:
mangrove forests and seagrass meadows have been removed to create
open beaches tourist developments such as piers and other structures have
been built directly on top of coral reefs nesting sites for endangered marine
turtles have been destroyed and disturbed by large numbers of tourists on the
beaches
Recreational snorkellers harassing a
whaleshark(Rhincodon typhus),
© WWF-Canon/Erkki SIIRLIA
Tourists sunbathing on a beach used by loggerhead turtles
(Caretta caretta) for nesting, some with beach umbrellas
which can hurt turtle nests. Zákinthos, Greece.
© WWF-Canon / Michel GUNTHER
Careless resorts, operators, and tourists

Some tourist resorts empty their sewage and other wastes directly
into water surrounding coral reefs and other sensitive
marine habitats.

.
Recreational activities also have a
huge impact. For example,
careless boating, diving,
snorkeling, and fishing have
substantially damaged coral
reefs in many parts of the world,
through people touching reefs,
stirring up sediment, and
dropping anchors.

Marine animals such as whale

sharks, seals, dugongs, dolphins,
whales, and birds are also
disturbed by increased numbers of
boats, and by people
approaching too closely.
Tourism can also add to the
consumption of seafood in an area,
putting pressure on local fish
populations and sometimes
contributing to overfishing.

Collection of corals, shells, and

other marine souvenirs - either
by individual tourists, or local
people who then sell the souvenirs
to tourists - also has a detrimental
effect on the local environment
Cruise ships: Floating towns

The increased popularity of

cruise ships has also adversely
affected the marine
environment.

Carrying up to 4,000
passengers and crew, these
enormous floating towns are a
major source of marine
pollution through the dumping
of garbage and untreated
sewage at sea, and the release
of other shipping-related
pollutants.
 Benefits of Sustainable coastal tourism

Economic benefit
The main positive economic
impacts of sustainable (coastal)
tourism are
contributions to government
revenues,
foreign exchange earnings,
generation of employment and
business opportunities.
 Contribution to government revenues

Direct contributions are Indirect contributions

generated by income taxes derive from taxes and duties
from tourism and on goods and services
employment due to tourism, supplied to tourists, for
tourism businesses and by example, taxes on tickets (or
direct charges on tourists entry passes to any
such as ecotax . protected areas),
souvenirs, alcohol,
restaurants, hotels, service
of tour operators.
Foreign exchange earnings

Tourism expenditures, the export and import of related

goods and services generate income to the host economy.

Tourism is a main source of foreign exchange earnings

for at least 38 % of all countries
Employment generation

The rapid expansion of

international tourism has led to
significant employment creation.

Tourism can generate jobs

directly through hotels,
restaurants, taxis, souvenir sales
and indirectly through the supply
of goods and services needed by
tourism-related businesses; for e.g.
conducted tour operators.

Tourism represents around 7 %

of the world’s employees (World
Tourism Organisation).
Stimulation of infrastructure
investment

Tourism can influence the local

government to improve the
infrastructure by creating better
water and sewage systems,
roads,electricity,
telephone and public transport
networks.

All this can improve the

standard of living for residents
as well as facilitate tourism
Contribution to local economies

As environment is a basic

component of the tourism
industry’s assets, tourism
revenues are often used to
measure the economic value of
protected areas.

Part of the tourism income

comes from informal
employment, such as street
vendors and informal guides.

The World Travel and Tourism

Council estimates that tourism
generates an indirect
contribution equal to 100 % of
direct tourism expenditures.
Direct financial contributions to
nature protection

Tourism can contribute directly to

the conservation of sensitive areas
and habitats.

Revenue from park-entrance fees and

similar sources can be allocated
specifically to pay for the protection
and management of environmentally
sensitive areas.

Some governments collect money in

more far-reaching and indirect ways that
are not linked to specific parks or
conservation areas.
Sustainable Tourism Strategy

Analysis of status-quo

Development of previous tourism

management or related strategies for the
specific area
A stakeholder analysis (Who has an
interest in sustainable tourism
development? Who are the main actors?)
Facts and figures of the local
educational system, economical and
social structure
Anecdotal and traditional knowledge
Methods for collecting this
information:

Interviews with stakeholders

Questionnaires distributed and
collected by e-mail, fax or
personally in order to compile
standardised data and perform a
statistical analysis.

Invitation to focus
group meetings (e.g. meetings on
environmental
education,biodiversity management
, good governance and fisheries)

Literature search in the local

library and the internet
Strategy development
A Sustainable Tourism Strategy is based on the information
collected .

These include:
Conservation of specific
coastal landscapes
or habitats that make the area
attractive or are protected
under nature conservation
legislation

Development of regionally
specific sectors of the
economy that can be
interlinked with
the tourism sector (e.g.
production of food specialities
and handicrafts)
Maximising local revenues from tourism
investments
Enabling self-determined cultural development in the
region, etc.
Action plan
The Action Plan describes the steps needed to implement the
strategy and addressing a number of practical questions
such as
 which organizations will take up which activities,
 over what time frame,
by what means and
with which resources?
However, Action Plans usually include measures in the following
fields:
Administration
Socio-economical sector
Environment
Knowledge
Conclusions

During the last century, beaches have completely reversed their

role: they have become the driving force behind the economic
welfare instead of just being an inhospitable place.

However, the demographic pressure and the overuse of the

territory related to those factors, in the hinterland (dams in the
rivers, farming and tourism) as well as in the proper beach
(sewage discharge, dry goods extraction and crops) have caused a
general decrease in the contribution of sediments to the beaches
with a continental or a marine origin.

It is hard to find a unique solution for all those problems.

However, it should be absolutely essential to follow these points:

First, an Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Second, a better dissemination of the existing
information should be achieved. For that purpose, a better
coordination of the existing governmental bodies that deal
with coastal management is necessary.

Third, an improvement of the environmental

education is essential for a sustainable development of the
coast.