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. ,jI..l:i-I..:r-..v. ~
~
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n n
L ( X i -X ) = LXi - nx
i= l i= l
nx-nx=O
•••
,.,
"'I}I CJ' n ,....,.., 0li "'~...,. ,. , clL.J.1 .l.-,li Js. (:rA1 " ' " J,-"I""," ~1.b.")I.;
.X J n '<'r- J...'" 0,s:.
: ,fi W'l,W .cU; .;..,:1 J.< W'
:,fi W' (:rA1 'If-I , ...,. J' CJ' 5.75 clL.J.1 .l.-,JI V J.< ",WI Jl!ll J
(x - X) JIj~1 X CI~I
-2.75=3-5.75 3
-0.75=5- 5.75 5
2.25=8- 5.75 8
-2.75= 3- 5.75 3
0.25=6 - 5.75 6
- 1.75 4
6.25 12
-0.75 5
-1. 75 4
-2.75 3
1.25 7
3.25 9
0 (:rA1
t..J ow-loY .;..I,;L:.:JI Js-!oS}: ~p,I,-\ .;.>t).....JI e:;J-: ~;t; J'> ~u..1 .k-Yl ~~ ~l.:r)
.~ ,Il.<r- ,14>-}> ,I ",UW' c.J.
: J~
:.l, Jl~4 J< W' ,..4""1-..;L0 ",~I ~?i "'" J'L>..;I '-< JI;-<
3,5,2,7,3
:",,u,.J1
tS~\ .J"'"~I .h....y...,..-~ \
•,••
.,
:~I.:.I' ~lJ.t J ..I.,!.,u,.\ ?'J1 .h-y ....,..........! r-"'~! t')4,i C'.rJ1o.,1J! .;JJ} I'>l.r
l
.", 2000 } "'-< ,;,LWI ",..1;,'0 - 1
.% 5 ~ ~W\ .;"..{ OJv y
:j>J1
LS~I ...,..'J1.h....y- \
3+5+2+7+3
x
5
_ 20_
- - - 4
5
.", ";~I ;"') E .s"o-!JI ",.~I J... y ol.si
)}"")l1 tJltj .s'"rJl o},)\ ~)} 1'>1 'f
Jt, 2000 )1..1.i1; Jy)l1 OJ4j -
5-+-7-+-4-+-9-+-5
.x
5
30 = 6
5
.:r or-l:-- ;J~! ~';l) .;.L....J..I .h...}1 ...,.., L...",.. OJ\s.j {' 2 }..I.iI; ..:...ob.;i' ~ i l l:,.;.:r '-i~ J!
:J~
2 + {..>.ill c!LJ.1 J...,JI - ..,.u,1 c!LJ.1 J...,JI

6 ~ 2 + 4
(3 x 1.05 = 3.15) .... J,~IJ-Wl..,.u,1 ",.~I o,s:,.sl

I~, (5 x 1.05 = 5.25) .",.Io,s:, ,:,l:lIJ-WI,
•••
, .,
3.15 -+- 5.25 -+- 2.1 -+- 7.35 -+- 3 . 15

JC == ------------------------------------
5
== 21 == 4.2
or-I..:-- O)~! ~ 01S l.kLJ..I .k....,,!\ ......1.....> O,lIs.J i 5 % JI..w; .,;..\,).;1' ~ O::.4i if:.y~ )1
oJ)\> c,
1.05 x F ' .)W-I J....yl - ..,.1!,1 .)W-I J....,JI
x == 4 x 1.05 = 4.2
o .,.'->J 1 ....~ I YJo'j , Ij'
0,1)1
-!.l..b, L...,; 4-4--- 1, ' LoI...b:..:...,..1 ~'p).1 ~;J\ ~\.A.. ;s1 tJ.W.1 .h-..p' ~ 0
. ~I.....> ()~~
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..
•••
,
Median J"....yl
v.~ ~\ y ' Y' (,$! . 4lj\..:; Ji ~.Js.L.:u~; i.:J)1 ";"~.JJ.l\ <.r" ~"....>.- J......,:; J' ~)J.l\ Y'
. LJ}..;; ,I 4...lS-L.:u . :;\".,.)J.ll ~r
~,JI .)\5:.. l\.f.:J ~ ..l...a..A.! J ..'b:--.,II ~; Jl.f.! - T

: ~ I....S" I..?', )j (' t.S J) "::"'\..lAoUJ.\ )..1......\\ .)\5' ~1 .h.,....,Jl ....-;; ~ J
.
.h.....}1 . . :.r
'-" n u\..v.L!.J.I J .JS.
(n+ 1)/2
I.5 J)
n 12 , (n 12)+ 1 \..' CW;""'"y. f.S"CJj
: J'"
: '-:It.:l\ ..:..>1#1 t~~ -..~\ ..:...1...:.:11 ..h.:--J ~ y L...>- ~
~ 1..5'~.Js.L.a; .,;..t;W' ~;-
\l ,,\, A (V,"\, 0,0 (t d,,.., r ,r
(nl2) = 12 / 2 = 6
...
,. ,
(nl2) + 1 =6+ I =7
,fi W- <:,WI , ..r,WI oLS:JJ J ""',,",il.:;,...,ill <lUI J,....,JI yo .l.,-,JI 01 "I- r
M e = 5+5 =5
2
~) \.!JL..I.w.i;;;~..sJ1 o....,..Al' yo ..6..:--,1'.J~ 4~} ~)J.J..I.I'''''UJ' r-:i JJ.&. 0l5"'b! d 1.5 1
~; ,)\.' t.;.>.Ji t...))"U\ .....I.WI ~ JJs. .JISI~! loi .~L.JI o')WI if ~ *,1' 4,o,.)..u1
J,....,JI ... li" ' 'r"u.J1 ";.:r .:-,I-,...,;jll l.i.o J"'.,;J' '-JlI, , 'h..s ,-" o~ .l.,-,JI
. J,....,JI .j ol..ii ~I ~ <,lUI
: ~I.;JI
. ';'~1 ~~ ;~ 'J •
. ~UI ..:...I.a.:,JI t) ..b..,.....,l1 rl~1 ~ •
. ,.-)1 J"" .:r , L.,., .l.,-,JI .)s- J......I J.;. •

. ~ c,,,,,~, 4"i} C,fi.,;J1 u "l"ll.j .l.,-,JI (1"""'-1 J.;. •
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. 4JS' ":..!"'WI 0'"
Mode JlrJ l
, , ..,.AI .j ,..,.<II )~ .)s- J;", .",,~ .!Jj; .)s-, , "-"., ,..,.<II }$1 fr" .,;JI '-Jl1 yo
: ,fi W- Mod JI,at yL.,. J.;.
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:J'"
"I '\ ' V , O,,{
: "I.;oJI
. yL..J.~ )1 r-")~ ,I,,- ,....1._.)..1 J+.- •

. "\.!.II,..,oJ4 I';> ;t. ~ •
. ..:..>\,;'-:-:JI ..:.>I.>";".}ui ~ upN ,J 1frS' ;1.:., 'i •
: y.".JI
. ~\....o...1 ,,;,}l ~)I ..,...v.. JI •
, ,)..uJ1 :UJ.iJ1 ..:,..1,;'-:.:-11 rj oXl.Ali ~ •
•••
, .,
Goemeteric Mean .....""fI' .J....yl

015:..,/1 )~ y!.:; "i IJ"'"I!W ~~J J! ..... tJ.i ..:...sol oll.!JI ~~ ;~ 1..!\...J.1 ..b-}' Jl ~
Jv'< J ~ o~ ",.ill J OM ..... .cll .l....}1 """li.IJ -'.ll; '" J "pi J ;;C.!.ll l""l'
. ~~1 rU; \II .....L- c,) ..!JJ..iS' j ""'\ro-~J.ll .J"'1,l:J1 ,t ":"'L..~.) J ~.)L..ci"i l .:....\.i~.~1
,b\.l.1 J~ '" ,,-,- J.,.. J .... 'r!' J" I""l' y? J.-Ll- ",,", ).iJ,1 ,. ..... .cll .l....,J1
<,Jell
GM =~ Xl X X2 X···XX n
L. ~\,- " .,...... ".~I o~ .l.i JJ J Jl!l., ;,,,.}I uCt."l1 ,p ..WI ~,t.li ...,J.; J.,..
. ,-.J-I ;"" n .... 'r!1 Y- ",'»W' of.;
GM = '4 3 x 5 x 8 .. · x 9 = 5.2014
: .....""fI' .J....jl.....'' ''

",WI .l.....f11 '" ~I=I ;5'1 1:'''' J- -\
•••
, .,
~ ~II..S.J.,:..\ ";"';\5'1)1 J-s. ~ -,
...,JL.. ........ ~J..I\ Y. .;..>I..uL!.l1 rJ y.? J-"b. ~li JlS'lj\ r \..I.o'o,;,.....\ ~ ':J - 'f
. J)!l ..,.......\J..\ rl..1..>=..;....4 ~j .:.f..c-li! J '4)--4 ~L....,;... ~..,......., -'I"
Harmonic Mean ""',,:II.k....}1

,i J)..OI ~I.>- ....1.>- ) ")"'.1 ,.,.., pC ,:,- ~ .sI' """Lill ,:,- HM .,",,"' Lyl p;
. ,.,.., -..4# <.lUI L yl y#-..,. ;)c. J" ) . pSOl
: yeJl ~,WI J~ ,:,- H M ~,,"I Lyl yL....- J-.< -'.1lil
1 = ~ (~ + + ... + _1_ _1_)

HM n Xl x2 x l1
~t; t.k>--Y ~~ U"u; ~I o/,u:J\ ~G- J ~')\...<. ..:..lh.....,J,1 }5'f ..:r- ~'rll .h...}1 ~J
.""'" ,:,-)1 ;c.,.,>
J ~ ".~I ;;p-< oJ JJ , Jl!J.c ;,,,.}I -..U\.,JI J<- ,;,WI ~,WI .;"hi J-.<
: ,fi W" ,L....- J-.< III . """;-1 ;",,<" n ""I,.1l1 Y -..1.lAL:.U ;;,>.; L. ~I.>-
•••
".
,Dispersion Measures ),"",,~I ,I ~ I ..,..".... - l,;u

i f C!jj "I 0" .)8L; , Jl.!.;~1 ,I ~I Jl ,-,,<I J,i Ii" .?r"' JI ,.,-'JI J,i W
..\s-L,i ~...Ivo if ~ ~l ...,.-::!1Al.\ ..!1t ~ ..:...:..!.:ll...,.-::!u....; . ....:...;,!..;.l u....., ~ p,,-:ll u..... .J ~\
. ~I ~ .jl ~C."..A I <) l<;l.ii ,I,.,-'JI
, J\!.
01 .1..,..)l; .J::>- LJ . ........a~.:. . (i) ~rA-1 o--'4.i \ ..:...;...!..i L( J.>..y. '1 <I) J.,'J1 ~rAl 01 k)l;
..:...:.!.:ll <..J""=!u... lY-> .,J ~\ 1..La. .....-li.! wI ~J ' ..:.,.:.!.; Ui ..l.>.y. ( ......) ~L:.l1 ~.,....A-I
: ...,.-::!WI o..Lt. ~IJ . .i",ib.:.,l\
t,S..u.1 •
.".,,), ".w •
. .h..~1 cr JIj~1 •
. .y.1.,:l\ •
. t$)L,.J.1 JY."JI •
~ .1.....p.l .)t5J ' ~ LJ)1..ii .)\ ~;J ~rA l;~ ,j1S \j\ <J""'=Il.ill oJ.,.. r~
, J81 Jl!ll <J W- , ",'-'-' ~

•••
,"
~ ~\ l;.J..>.., ..:&S',....¢.I JI \.:..v,..; bj L;)I ..:.e-:.t)L..,;... ~,..A\ ,)1 ~ J,Ai oJ! ~ 'j l.ili
bl..?J . (0 . ) ~)L..;. ~rA\ l; t).L..J-\ .1.....,:l.' .)1 ~ ~,:l.\ IJiL.-; r-'-J ..:..b-)..u\ l)
: yW\ ";')IuJ1 J')I..>. <.r" ~ -.s:.lJI) 1S..u1 J:.- ~I ~u... .b-I L....u.:..:....1
"",, ~I - "",, ~I - ",w,
o\; dJ; ~ ,
t· - r· - v· - (...... ) u..,....>.I.S.l,.o
;s1 0,.<'; (I) ..."';1 01 "I • (y) ..."';1 oj "" "I (I) ""';1 oj ~I 0.;' 01 oS}
. (y) -.s..,J.'..:..r' wLi.
:Range <s.wl
4.i"J. .i.,:.W-' ~,11 tS.ll1 fr'<!) . ~j,:l' l) 0,..;.> Jil, Js-I ~ J.,AlI r tS..UI
0,.).,)
:h ..!.U;" ~.) ..fL.-,ll ,)if iii ) !! ~ '-4--, yo) , cjJi 1$1 l) l,.a..ts.'-:' ,I r-:Al' . . . )\.A; tS.l,.o
I
'llS.u.1.i . lS/i r-..i..:r- ~ I.J; Wh.. ~ 'l) , u.rA' rJ..:..r'.lW ~ J.s- J.i~ ~I....>
,:;1 '11 , L..'.,...I.h ~r C;!-j,:ll ..:.,..~ ~ 1.S.l,.o Y ~r" ;;:; l,.:.~ .:,,1 ..!-o-~I J\)1 Ijl 'II ~
..:.>b-J..ul ~ Jl....:U.i\ !lL.. J\S"" b l vl>-J ' u..>\.>. ~l:i JI ,,)It .)~ -li -.# .)~'l" "",I~ I
. "->-,II e::"r .:-L.rJl .}'" ")do'
:J'"
...'"
....
~j ~j JI": J...:-.J *-' ""0 ~'4
ji.'J i
~ ...
J,I
&'0
J'
&U
J,I --
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Range= 12-3=9
J! uf';.lt... J J!;I~J ~ ........' J pS1 Js 1~~ '-!L- ~ t! ~JlI '-!r.&'" ~i,y lJ; ~
. UWL.. ~\.;,; ~ .;J.ll .:,li ijl!. ~ ,! ~p v..I.>l
Average Absolute Deviation ~1 ":'l!~'i1 .b..ji.o

.LriJ '" ~I 'iI'''''' "" ",.lJ1 .Ail' .!ll; ,. AAD <ilhlJ "'''l,iYI .Lp
. "WI
}J' Jl" ' <i)dl ,..,.. }i .? ........ "",,)1 ".!li ...;...; ~c..... ,1 if ";')1 .?,
~..L-! ~I iJ'lJ~ ( ~)i.;;jJ ~J l tS.tlJ) ~ ~I)I! I Jlb.!.1\.S.J1I....,L-.:.- Js
.;..u.l ...j..,a,i ~ ( Js-~I t'I}I i.J, 13)\11 (':!)I t..,.iJ ) I u-UI !j ( t..,.i ~pi, t..,.i Js-i ) Juj
.4 ~ ~\ ~ \...1, ..... ~.1l1~,..~1~.:.r' ~jJ I ~)1
~\ 0,ilS" Js.l; ~ I.$jJ\ AAD uu.J.\ .,;..u!)'ll .h...p » JI (9 1t.. 1..i..A,
. ~WI~PL/
: i.)l:ll ..bWI J'j.>. oj" Ull.1I ..:.oLiI}\I\ .k...p yL>. ~ J
n
LIXi - xl
AAD = .t..:i =..!l~_ _
n
• ••
m
,J'"
~ iY.W1JI!lI J i..!.;+-!Jl ..:...Yl ..:;... \..;l:-:l Ulhll .,:..ul,j)ll .b.....y ~(
{ O~";"- LS 5.75 "-" .gil, X .,L.J.I L }I <.,i c,...,.. 01, JiL.. JU(I Ii. J
, J< LS<.ilhI.I --"if~1 ''''I r.;.lJjJ <,iL.J.I 4h-, i f ~I --"ifI yL.,.
lx, -Xl (X-X) Jif~1 x ..;...yl
2.75 -2.75=3-5.75 3
0.75 -0.75- 5- 5.75 5
2.25 2.25=8- 5.75 8
2.75 -2.75- 3- 5.75 3
0.25 0.25- 6 - 5.75 6
1.75 -1.75 4
6.25 6.25 12
0.75 -0.75 5
1.75 -1.75 4
2.75 -2 .75 3
1.25 1.25 7
3.25 3.25 9
26.5 0 erA '
'J< LS <.ilhI.1__ "''''~' L y ...,L.,. J.<.;.lJ' .js-,
AAD = 26.5 = 2.2083
12
, .,,)1.,>o.J1 .j'rU~IJ .:r.i.,:J1
,..}4 J ,..> , . .,L.J.I 4h-, i f ~I --"ifI __ Cu", L y ,. Variance ",,,"I
. 2
.,:...!,;\.:.:J ,-!I..-.>- oJb- J L.l e:J1 ..:,..\..;y Y~ 01S' bl . !.th J ( ~; ~ ,I).i) cr
•••
'"
"'''r .Lp ,",.,,,pl )l),I.r" Standerd Deviation <$)l,.i.1 JIj~1
J ( ~ ~~) cr r)~..J /';. .;.U..u J~\ ).i..... ~ lSI t)w\ 4k--J.:/ r-:Al1,:A'Y.I
.S .i")~..J r;:i c:dl.:.r' y. ..: ..I.iI,•.:-! ,-!I,..."... ;Jt,.. J Lol ~\ ;.:..\,j~ Yr->- JLnjj..!.Uj
Ll'J ( ~L....=....I v,?1 ,,1~ ~I ~\.i.. ~i.:r ,,:r..WI J 1$)t,...l1 jl.J~\ MJ
..:...,-,W,I ,J' ~\ ~» ~ ..,;.s. ~ .,..; , ..k.....pi if' JI).~I .:.r' O.l~ \ ..:...I,b- ;; ~}
.h....,:.ll ,y '-''I'll ~» J . :. > ,-,U)ll oJ..,.,y ~ ~ • \.).WI .k....y1IJ ~I ~ JJ~\
~ ~~ ~1) J ,t,..JI oJ...~.fo. 1$)\."Al\ J I}l'! ~> l) ..!.lh J.s- Jt:,i , ys- ..:.>'-'L!.)l1 JL..&y'
. """"Y' wi}..:. ,,/1 e:r: Jt:J'-! ~ (4---ii
~I 0' ,:,"<,,11 ~~.)- ,
t,ll:l1 '.,bW\ J)6.:- .:r ,,:r..'-:;JI yL.-,.,... ~
N 2
L(xi - ~)
e>2 ~i~I~~~_____
N
J< W-''->-.:r0., ~ .;W-I .Lpl J' I-l 'e:d' ~ "" N ~
JV
LX;
i= l
I-L =
1V
N 2
L Xi
..
-
i = I=-=__ - ~ 2
N
•"••.
cr = .Jcr2
..,. it' ""U\"ll ;JI>- ~ Y
<,}81 ~,WI J~ '" ",,,"I y'->- ~
n 2
L(x; - x)
S2 -'-
i =...I _ _ _ __
n-l
n 2 2
LXi -n(x)
S2 ...' = 1' -_ _ _ _ __
n - l
:J'"
rl~~ ,I "LJ-I ~, ,y- r-'il ",.1)1 JI)o ,y- <.S)L,JJ jl,i~I, ",UI y,->- ~
:J, LS ' '>L.o <,J... ~I ",.,..01 ",Ul"
"LJ-I ~,,y- r-'il ",.1)1rl~, - ~,I
• ••
'"
(x, -xy lx,- xl (x - x) JI)~' x ..:..o ~
7.5625 2.75 -2.75=3-5 .75 3

0.5625 0.75 -0.75- 5- 5.75 5
5.0625 2.25 2.25- 8- 5.75 8
7.5625 2. 75 -2 .75- 3- 5.75 3
0.0625 0.25 0.25- 6 - 5.75 6
3.0625 1.75 -1.75 4
39.0625 6.25 6.25 12
0.5625 0.75 -0.75 5
3.0625 1.75 -1.75 4
7.5625 2.75 -2.75 3
1.5625 1.25 1.25 7
10.5625 3.25 3.25 9
86.25 26.5 0 erA'
S 2 = 86.25 = 7.8409
12 - 1
s =.JSi = ·J7.8409 = 2.80016
• ••
'"
x2 X v¥'
9 3
25 5
64 8
9 3
36 6
16 4
144 12
25 5
16 4
9 3
49 7
81 9
483 69
L:> 2
L:>
n- l
8 2 = 483 -12(5.75) 2 = 86.25 = 7.840909
12 -1 11
8 = H = ·h.8409 = 2.800 16
•••
,"
Ju.j ;ht lilJ c)J'J ~, ul.J......1 .;1; r.JS. r t.SJI.:-iI ,-,!)~, ...,.alL..&,,:. r--I IY ~
.t-il'J ..,..,.;:J' ..:.>~
:JI.:.o
~j ..:.>~l ..,a#- t (.5i -..~\ . :..l..J,1 .,:..\,;1.:1 ~ if Tift \jJ .jlW\ Jl!ll J
Y J.oJ.:l,.\ 1..S)l;.tJ.1 Ji).')J\ ..,.......,...1 y )...I.AJ;
x= 5.75 -2=3 .75
(XI -XY lx, -xl (x - x ) J1)~' x ..:....~\
7.5625 2.75 -2.75 1

0.5625 0.75 -0.75 3
5.0625 2.25 2.25 6
7.5625 2.75 -2.75 1
0.0625 0.25 0.25 4
3.0625 1.75 -1.75 2
39.0625 6.25 6.25 10
0.5625 0.75 -0.75 3
3.0625 1. 75 -1. 75 2
7.5625 2.75 -2.75 1
1. 5625 1.25 1.25 5
10.5625 3.25 3.25 7
86.25 26.5 0 tr'"
•••
'"
S 2 = 86.25 = 7.8409
12 - 1
s =.JSi = ·J7.8409 = 2 .80016

y ~~ }.J..i.o c...b 0"" ~)~ d" W"" ~ ..:....l1> lib t$J~l ..jl.,.i~\ ~ # r~ .b- 'jJ
.~I "'l."ll ,.,; c:" iT
)",.,.}I Ju..i ~')IJ Jl ",,~I .;..o~\ OJL.. j ( b! ,-!~I ..;...~ lS)~\ ""';1).)11 ,-:-,--,,""1
~'l:J1.>.
. l.
.CS'
x= 5.75 x 3 = 17.25
• ••
".
(X; _X)2 Ix; -xl ex - X) J'.I~' X .;..o~\
68.0625 8.25 -8.25 9

5.0625 2.25 -2.25 15
45.5625 6.75 6.75 24
68.0625 8.25 -8.25 9
0.5625 0.75 0.75 18
27.5625 5.25 -5.25 12
351.5625 18.75 18.75 36
5. 0625 2.25 -2.25 15
27.5625 5.25 -5.25 12
68.0625 8.25 -8.25 9
14.0625 3.75 3.75 21
95 .0625 9.75 9.75 27
776.25 79.5 0 tr'"
S2 = 776.25 = 70.56818
12 - 1
S =.JS2 = ·J70.56818 = 8.40048
S = 2.80016 x 3 = 8.40048
• ••
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S 2 =7.840909x9=70.568 18
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4.74501 5.20114 3 5 5.75
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2.80016 7.840909 2.20833 9
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Statistica l Meas ures for gro uped Data
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110
I.S)~, "';'.f'oJ"j I- ,..
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lllkJl ..:,,1j \ru~ l .k...y t
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218. 1818 -2 18.182 -7.27273 35 30 30 -
136.3636 136.3636 2.727273 45 50 40 -
50 -
254.5455 254.5455 12.72727 55 20 60
78 1.8182 0 110 0-"
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40
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r, F b (90) .u.LalI ~I J~I , 40 '-"lJ Js- ~I .b.lJ J>LilI ,. , Fa (

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40 _ L lVfed ,. '-"lJ ",~I",,"I "I "I

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: J< W' .l.,-,11..." ..,.,L... .:f.<.!.ll; Js- ,
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Jl4e d = 40 + x 10 = 43
90 - 40
<S)~I ~I , J.,--' ~I <s)~1 ~I </ ~ rJ J<)> .:r .l.,-,11 ,li,! .:f.< W'
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Q3 QI
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,JI:.o
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Q I (J,~ I )C!'~I C"JI-~,I
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k QI =n I 4=110/4=27 .5
Q I (J,~I) C!'~I C?}I ;...,; ,'-"\- r
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~I )'f"1 , r· '-"ill J-.~I .wJ J;w'1 yo, P a () \ . -'"c.J1 ~I )'f"1
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Ql = 30+ 27.5 - 10 x l0 =3 5.8333

40 - 10
Q3 ( .;JI!II ) J-.~I C?}I - 1,;1;

~L.. o.>I..ls-! { Js.L..al1 ~I J.,.u,.1-- ,
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Q3 ( -'..!l!JI) J>~I C"')I ~; ''-''J- T
k Q3 = 3nl 4= (3)110/4 =82.5
Q3 ( -'..!l!J1 ) J>~I C"')I '-,i ',-"J- r

c!< Q3 ( -'..!l!J1 ) J>~I C7)1 "I ..... L< AT.' Q3 ( -'..!l!J1 y J>~I C7)1~; "I .b""
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: ,fi W- Q3 ( -'..!l!J1 ) J>~I C"'JI '-,i yL.,,-
Q3 = 40 + 82 . 5 - 40 x 10 = 48.5
90 - 40
Po. I 0 poWl ~ ;,4:!

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yo ~\ ..,..;;.)1~ ..,..;;11 J .h.O 0J-~ J)\.;.,:.~ \ J ,.,;... pS""i ~ % '\ . J ~\ .,;..b..,u
k P O. I O = nllO
k po1o = nllO = IlOI lO = 11

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~I } ,S:OI "" c:' Po.•0 "..:..JI 01 ~ It \\ ,. Po.•0 "..:..J'-,..,i; 01 .6-';';
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:J< LS' Po.•0 "..:..JI
11 - 10
Po , .o = 30 -+-
40 - 10
x 10 = 30.333
Po.o I ~ri\ t.J .)If.!

% I 4I,i 0~..sJ1 <..,ill ,. J PO .O 1 ",rJ.! d> J"";'I ~ ",WI "')oJI .,...c.. J
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,.
kp,0 .0 1 = n / lOO
k poo • = n /l 00 = 11 0/ 100 = 1.1

PO.O 1 "'fl.' ...... ,I,;I
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: J< W" PO.O 1 "'ri' """

Po.o I = 20 -I- 1.1 - 0 x 10 = 21.. 1
10 - 0
<.r' --......; "I.L<- ",L;\",11 ;S) ~ ..;-11 ..,")., <srll cr.<'-"..,.l. u-. 00 '!J.b..,.l. J
; .}. LS ..:..;1S' .}I J ~r.1-j ..;..t.jl.~,ll -.II>- j ~~.J.ll Y ..:..>I.;l.,.-:ll ..: ..1.>).-
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tA.o tr ro.,.. ,. ,..r ,.. . .rT''' n.' i...;i!'
Inter Quartile Ran ge ,-",,)I ,,~I ..w;
lS...LI.1 ~ J! ~"....u ~~ ,-pi ~)UJI ~4 ;;1; , lSJ..I.1 ~I ....,..t.,.A..o J .>y.,1.1 ~I ~
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: Veil ~,WI J~ cr ~ "--,>- Q3 ..:.Jl:lI ~)I J QI JJ~I
IQR= Q3-Ql (6.7)

2
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IQR = 48.5 - 35.8333 = 6.33335

2
:Jlr-JI- i::Iu
,..,J.I ","t."Il ~l>- " , . 1if; , I '-'-"., ?~I W, yo ,"WI J-Ull " ...,., J.,- l.s' J~I
: 1.,1'"1 ,bWI (I~~ ,c..... Js.
Dl
Mod = LMod + xl (7.8)
. Dl+D2
J~I ;....,; Mod

J~I .,;.I il'~I .....,
LMod
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I '-!JI,WI 'ilill I
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:if '% ....,c..,. J.<.l.S
Dl =50-30=20
D2=50-20 =30
Mod J'fll '-,i ....,c..,. J.<. JcJ4 ,
Mod=40+ 20 xl O=44
20+3 0
l,a" Jlpl ""I J.<. l.S

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<illl J.,k + <illJ ~~I )~I - J.w.1}foJl
o j""
"-'~ "" Jl~L "A-'-l' ,4>' ",!illI.U, .:.,iI;}1 "" "-r C;'ji C"'i <,lWI ","WI
o J<t.S
-A - 0 - r
\ 0 \ 0 o. ,.
yL->- ...,...jlJ.l
e.JWI t")i -y LlW I .k.,.,JI -\
.".cJ1 -A UlhJ.1 ":""1..f~)l1 .k-y -,

.pi
'"
-, ,jI.~\ -r
!..S""=!)I tS.ll1 ~ -\ . 1,$)L"J.\ JJ.j)l1 -,
Jlpl -II .b,-,JI - 0
J,~I te)1 -1
•••
'"
: j>J1
.JoW "I oJ"' W;cll JJ'.>J" ~l>- ,) L<t- ",;.",...c, ,. J! , '" ""'}JJ.I yt- ~
: J I~lyt
J.wl )~I J\.f.\ ~ iii J ~)l1 ..:..!.:All ..:...t,;'-:I Js- )\....;$.)11 r )I -.J\)..\..!JJ.; J JIp.1 ...,...W
: J< L.S'''" ..;. '" J' )~ .........,
J.w.1 }fcJl ..w, J,. f )~1 J.>.DI ""C;
10 2 20 3 -
16.6667 3 50 5 -
7.5 2 15 8
3 5 15 10 -15
t.rA l
..w, ~ Jll.<.:.U.ll • A - , • <ill! Ju.. o~ J \1. 11 W ,. J..... }f.; pl'i 01 .6-,;;
.r ,. I ..w, J,. J ' ,." L Mod ",~I";'I OU ('" J yl~1

:", ')Is' yt- ~ L.S'
D1= 16.66667 -10 = 6.66667

D2 = 16.66667 -7.5 = 9.16667
Mod Jipl ...,. yt- ~ JCI, J
Mod = 5 + 6.66667 x 3 = 6.263 J 58

6.66667 +9.16667
1.>-#' J,I..,JI
,) .\)')1$' JI'J»'~I <ill!";'~I";'1 ,I ,~ ps. J,~I <ill! ,,'~I";'I4,i O~.gJ1 J,I.>J,I..s'"
~ )I ~ t.S.J~ ""';1).)11 ) J-I.,:ll J ~LJ.I .l.....,.11 ...,...L..-..- ~ J,I.iJ:.1 .:.r tr'1 ~lb
~lill d" -.J\.J..\ ..!JJ.; J ~L..z..,.. )'1 ~lill ...,.-.;1 .:.r ~ 1.iJ , u..pll ..:.A:.dJ ...wI ?r ~.JJ.
",.Yl .:.U.lS' , ""'"" , ",.c.J1 , ";'~I (7')1 , ,,'~I ~I , J.,..}I L< ....... .gJ' , y..,...}1
...,.",)1 ".D.I ..;...; J~ '" ~ ~I

...
'"
: J'"
: ,).!.-W-...:...;l$J ~\J.;.\
- - ....,')I.b)I.:.r u.~ .J~Ji if pj .;.,liUI
ob-)I J (Ir ,1$Jt. -
;'\; A. - y. - ,. - o. o.
'" y i .)j~\ .,:..\.!j
,. , 0 Co ,. 0 ...... )l.kJ1 ~Js.
! ;"...WJ ~I , ,.1)' ",)1 .r-li.o ",L,,- '"fh\1

:J.-l1
J< w -'"L.l1~I ",'.0' J,.u,1 "-,"1 -~,I r
-><L.l1 ~ " fell .,;..l!iU \.,WI JJJJ..1
5 50 ", yi
15 60", yl
50 70 ", yi
65 80", yl
75 00 ' " yl
. -
Q3 Med QI
~)I
kQ3 =3n14 kMed =n l 2 kQI = n/ 4
= 3(75)/4 =75/2 =75/4
= 56.25 = 37.5 = 18.75
~\
- .)\';'I
.-, -hl~
Med = L M ed xI
•••
".
M e d = 60 + 37.5 15 x 10 = 66.4285
50 - 15
( J,~I) J'~I to'JI
Q = 60+ 18.75 - 15 x lO = 61.071

I 50 -15
Q = 70+56.25 - 50 x 10 = 74.1667
3 65 - 50
IQR = 74.1667 - 61.071 =6.5478

2
I I
•\••
t ~
l..,-'rU lli...'
..:..;~ ~~J'Y .;..LtJ lUJ ......b)tl ~ ,-:-,)U. i f ~~ c:.Ji~:f 0.):11 ..:Ail:.lf.- \
, J<LS
-A · - y. - ,.
\l To
y~ ...,...y.k.I.l
"w., .l...}~ \
Ui.lJ.l ";.>\"'.I~I..b.....,:.-- T
01~1- r
(,$)~I JI/)lI- t
~'-:!) ~L..- ~}I- e

i,;", 1"L....- J,~, t"}~ ,
i,;",1"L....- .!JUl' t"}~ y
~)I t,SJJJ....a.,..;- A
i,;", 1"L....- JI,l~ ,
..:..it5:i ~\,k)t ..;..l!.iJ U;) e)l..:..l,....ll. ))-"1,..1/ Os-,.". ~j ~j ~l:J1 -=..t;Wf.- 'I'
, J<LS
-I . - y - r
\ . IT IT
•••
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W1.l1 ..:...1.;1).')11 L,,:. •
J.L:=JI •
(.$}.~.J.I ""';1). ':J I •

~YJ ~L....:.- ~yl •
",I", \,;l->- J, ~I C")I •
~~J ~l..v- ~Ull ~)1 •
~)I tS..u.\ ~ •
\;YJ ~L.".. JI,lI •
- , - r
, v r
: ...,..,uJ.l
! ,-:--LJ.I ~\...a;... "II ~L.i\.\ ...,..L...>
JI}o ~ IJ.L.J-\ .h...,11 "'lSj . ~l;! dW'J ).f':- 0"\ ~ ~ A· 0" ..,;,s:. ~.}- t
'r- \ 0' Y' "-'"~ I JI,b~ "WI .k-.J1I 'r- \ V\ Y' -,,,.ill
Yj$S' ;.,.J1j ~I J}>J "WI .k-,JI ..,.....,-1
..:..lil i f r1 J )~ A t,y 0" J~ '-""6:....!.~\ ..,.. 4- JI.,b!..j ~L.J,.\ L,JI .jlS'"C,r 0
<J.L.J.I ..k.....,J1 .J.,.:.,.Ji 'r-" '01. yo ~I J ..!.oli'(U <J.L.J.I .1.....,11 JIS' J r-- \"\.,. y
.-,,,.ill JI,b~
• ••
'"
• ••
'"
t!WI~1
dopi J <lrI~1 J ~I ..:.. ;.:!I ..,-.!\A.o
Coefficients of variation, skewness
and Kurtosis
•••
,..
:.,..,
~?)\ ~)I ~Li,. yl->- Js- t... ~ ..u l y. u~ ,.:,,1,H~.~1 ~J ~ .....u.,:; ~
~ I ..,.."LV J;. ~ J ( J <r\1 - ,,'~ I c-JI - J;.~ I (:')1 - ~~I - clWI .k..~1 )
) .lW ( ~)l IS .u.1 ~ - I,$JW\ JI}~ I - LJ.!L,:l1 - Ulh.I.I .,:..ul).':il h...f-' - \S..u.1 )
J ~I J>- •.:A.a:,.JI J.s- P i J <!->- WI ..ts-W 1)"1 4.:---~ ) rY ~'Y 1.>.,...1 ..,-=!W ~L. I.: i
L G> J ~ .sl\ J t'.jyJI .,r-I-w ..!.llJS" J ~ l-,J ~JUl\ J ..:...:.!.:II "->.-J > ~ rY ..... '-'..ul
. u.b...ll .,:..\. .ecll ..:.>l...ujy:1 ~j~1 ..:...~ ~\ J ~I.,P)l 1
: .y "j.S t...1)."l J-.:Ull 1.iJ, j r-- ..!..U.l!

...-"' ~I ..,.."LV
~)l:J.\ ¥ I
''fl~1
~I -
Coefficient of Variation ...,...-II ~ I "","'" - ~JI
" ..:.r.WI i.i\...i.. ~ '::I oJ\J..\ ..!J.t j ~jj JI ~",...u; JI .,:...ljt..:JI ./ ~rJt: ~ o';j Lt.l.
Y. 6J""lh.ll ~ '-:-"'" Js- ...v ,f\.:.i ":'> \..1.:>-) lJ, IJ~ ~ ~r-AI ')I.SJ <.SAJ.I JI}\'I
"-i}.l ll ~ J J~)l 1 r ijli pI , ! ~J"u:J ~I 0!-! ij} .il.l j y.}I oJb- J l..u . LG..LII
'" 4-' fr"I -sl' J ( c.v.) Coeffi cient of va riations ...-"' ~I ..,.."LV J;.
J cl W I .k..~1 '" )Is" J;. ,'--'.o~' ,l->- ~ ,,-"I J ",i.,J.1 J~~I y ... J~
: ,j{ LSI .;L..J.\ .k.....}1 + LS)L,.J.I JIj)lI - J")b.:.':;I1 Jol.... ,jl -.!..:>- t.S)~ ...)I}':II
: yell ',,.,JI J;. ,,~ t"'" "'"'" J;. ,'--'.o~1 ;jl,. "
cr
c.v. = - x l 00 (7. 1)
J..l
..
• •,•
s
c.v. =- x 100 (7.2)
x
J.o~ J.s. J~)'I ~ ( "', y. .;,.l;1...! ) ~1.f.; J JI..u,. V" L-HI .,:..li!.:.:l' ..;...itS" 1;'1 Loi
, Js-~I ~I , u'~1 C")I , .h,..,J1 Js- ~\...... J -'-'""' ,-,.ill , '-'>L,.lI "",)I J)b~1
: ,:,1~ h.~1 J.,1..1.,:1.,.1 ~~ J vI.,:.
Q3 -Q,
C.V. = X 100 (7.3)
Q3 + Q,
:JI:.o
\ A -, t - IT - \ . -1 J, j}~4 N~I
Ir IT I ' I' ~I ..:..>1..1.>.,11 J..1J;.
:y,M1
'-'r-J )U;jU J~ ~ I J-l.. - y\......
'
'-'r-JI )U;jU "",)1J)b~ 1 J-l..
: j>J1
..rJ JI>,;'fJ "'':>b'~ 1 J-l.. ",\...... - 1
'
:,-,>l,.ll JIr"~I, "",,"I, LlLJ.1.l..-,II d '>s' y\...... J..< .... Jell Jy.J,1 ,1",1r"
...
,.,
x 2
f xf X<illl Pr ( f )}f;1 ) 4= ~\ ..:.-W
960 120 8 15 6
2420 220 II 20 10 -
2028 156 13 12 12 -
3328 208 16 13 14 - 18
8736 704 60 tr'"
L x'f Lxf :LJ
",l...>J1.l..,;1i
:J< w- ~W.I .l..,~1 'If.l J.-<

I
LX;.!;
X = -"-;-" ,1; - - - = 704 = 1 1. 733
I 60
Lh
;= 1
",Iel l
: J< W- ",(,01 Js- J,.,J-I J.-<
I
LX;2 f
i= 1
0' 2 = 8736 _(11.733)2 = 7.9288

60
'"')~ \ .j~~ \ -
: J< W- ,c..,. J.-<

cr = .J7.9288 = 2.8158
•••
'"'
: J< W- o.f.J C. v. J"""~I J-w y,-," .:f.<<!.lJ.l, J
s
c.v. =-x IOO
x
=2 .8158 x 100 = 24%
11.733
: ,r.<)1 .... ')6>~ 1 J-I.u ,,'-'" y
1.;.,1w.:f.< W- J'~I t")i J ';'~I t")1cr ."" y,-," cr ..,~ ''-'".:f.<.s>- J

: J< W- .,.\..JI ~I '-'Jif"1 JJ.u,1 ".,.1J~ cr .b,.-}I y,-,"
.,.L,.)I ~I Jif"1 ..:.oUA.U l).JI J,JJ.I
;.. 6crJI
15
I Mol 10 '" JI
35 12 ",JI
I QJ I 47 14 crJi
60 18crJI
Q3 Med QI
k Q3 =3n 1 4 k M ed = nl2 k QI = nl4 '-:-i)1
= 3(60)/4 = 60 / 2 = 6014
= 45 = 30 = 15
,.,
•••
A A:
~ V..Le
d = L Mcd
+k
-
· ,",M",e!!:!d-,------.:F
:...E...
a x I.
F;, - Fa
30 - 15
.Med = 10 + X 2 = 1 1. 5
35 -15
( JJ~I ) ""~I to<)1
Q, = 10
10 <illJ ,;.~, ...., rl.1 15 ..... "''-'';:~ Jif.; ""J'J 15 JJ~I <:,,)1 "'J ,,1.6-:>;
.;r't,. JJ~I ce)i <..,;,;. J...i lil> "ili,;"k;,... ~ .cUjJ
( -'.J1!l1 ) ';'~I <:,,)1
Q = 12 + 45 - 35 X 2 = 13.6667
3 47 -3 5
: .)< W" ",,)1 ";",,"~ I Jo..... -,-'->- ~ .cU.l., J

c.v. = Q, - Q, X 100
Q, +Q,
= 13.6667 -10 X 100 = 15.494%
13.667+10
t'< .,s:....J1 ~1J.>..,u "y.-ll J"'~ 1S'Y)i J":k.>- ~I Jo..... "I ...,.. Ii W c:-"" J
. % , o,t'\t
J ( v. r ) J ( v. 'f) ..bWI,y ~ (I~~ J~~' J-L.v ~ ~ J')b:..! ::'rJ J;.,-")li
<11>- ,j .)I!ll Jvdl j.o.;, .1 ~I . .;..i,WI .;..i,pl i / J' ,j .....1,)1 .,..... ~I J":k.>- ~ .cU;
. JJ~I ....;,.,...01J.A.Y.cU; ~ rl ....J"l1 'u~1 JJ,.>J,II
...
,..
: J'"
: ~ LS' ~\;,;j\ ~~ ...,...~\ ,y~'-'; ')\jJi J J~i Js- ~.f""! ..... ~) J
I x2 =463040 J I x=3034 : y"u.)1 J,.I ~JI
J81 lS)~1 JJJJ,.\ 0).,..... J ...,...")I.kll r:f ~l:1.1 .,;...I.;\.d' ~ (' : ...,...")I.kl\ ')\jJ! ~I!
'\ . -A . -y. - ,. - o.
, o
: j,J1
J'~I r), III . '-+- ~ J~~I J-lov yl....,. r" ,...,,1,y"u.)1 JI,kI "-'-'-' "-' .,lWJ
: if- L.S' c.S)WI ""';1),:/1 J 0.W-1 ~}I,y "%" ...,...L...,...
y"u.)1 JI,.I- \
" ...1 01 ~I I x2 = 463040 , Ix = 3034 y "" l,; i f C,ll Cell 01 .b-')\;
...,Ju" " . Y' ..... ~..ul y ...,...~I ).J.&.,)~ IoU ,);}I pA;l...,...')UJ1 ) IJS.! '+-A-i ~ ...,...")I.kll
: ,} W"WI .k...}1 yl....,. J.>.
n
z>1 - n ex)2 463040 - 20(\ 51. 7) = 146.43
2
S2 = .!..:
i= ::.!l~_ __
n- 1 19
...'"
s=.Js 2 =.J146.43 =12.1008916

: ,. y~1 JI,.~ J""'~I .}c... """.!.lli J>-,
c.v. = 12.1008916 x 100 = 7.9768%
151.7
y')I.hJl 0~-,!- "
.h......,J1 yL>- ~_":ujJ y')l.hl\ 0~J~ -»\.?J t'JP J)..L>.!.S"'~.u 0.-801 .;..liL,.,J1 01.b-)IJ
: Jell J,.>J.I J.;;C J~ 0' cS)t,..i.1 JIj~1 , "WI
x 2f xf Xl.illI;Y }rG I ..,...)lhJI J~Ji ..:;I.!i
f
9075 165 55 3 50·
21125 325 65 5 60 -
45000 600 75 8 70 .
28900 340 85 4 80 - 90
104100 1430 20 tr'"
:L>2f LX./" Lf
"WI J...}I -r
:J, LS "WI J...}I ,c.;! ",'Zs.
I
Lxj;
x = -"i~I
- ~_ = 1430 = 71.5
I 20
Lf
i= 1
•••
,.,
,J:!~I - r
•J< t$ ",,,"I J<- J"';'I J->.
I
~X 2 +
~ I./ i
;= 1
(72 = 104100 -(71.5)2 =92.75

20
• J< t$ ,L..,. J->.

CT = --192.75 = 9.6306
s
c.v.=-x IOO
x
= 9.6306 x 100 = 13.469 %
7 1.5
. % \ i. ~ '\ ~ £ A Y' . ..,..,:)4.k.h OJ ~, I..j ,...';-)1.:..:.)11 JoL....o ,,:,! lJ ~ ,

y")U,J1 Olj,~ "';~~I J.ol..o 0....,; O~ i);; ,.AI. ,bI", "'-" rs"1 y")U,J1 OJ, O~.!.lll, ,
. ,.AI, .I " ~ ..,,1

...
'"
Standardized values ;"~y..J1 4,'JI - 1,;ij
~\..u..y. .!.U) J ~ ~L.J-I .k.....,JI ..:/ :O""'~..ul ..;..ob.,v ,f L. 0.);" i...J .....;t.J.I .s..l,.. .r:Z t...:i )
~ j".fl ) . LS..IL:J.I pd.~ ~L:J.\ ~I , f ~ !.SoUl pi:l.1 JJ J~ J . t5)l"J.\ jl;~\ .:/'
: 01~ Z j")~ ~L:J.I

x -x
Z = --
s (7.4)
. <.ibJ.1 /"'r-"'"
I ""Ulhll . .
~...r.:-! • '.)lii1·,
.... ,,WI"-'l1
IJ .. • ~I q~~ 1 ·C-JClC )
<J""'I-.
: JI!.
J~I J y')4.k.h ..:...1.>.)) .k.....p ~ ~ 0,..),) A. Js- ~u!\ ).,u J y"Jhl\ .b-I j...a>
~ ~ A".,.J') v. Js- ..;..o~I.!)I J~ J~\ J J.,a.:.- ~ . 0 0.11.,-..0 ..Jt.J.~ ....).:1 Ar i..:-I..¢I
~ J- . ,.::...L,.,";) 0 oJ..l.i <.S.J~ Jl).~ 0:-) .) 10 .;..o~lt)\ J~I J y')l.h.h ..".)) .k.....p
~ ,.:.A:..,;;.4)1 ..I';'" J ~) .:/' J...a.il ,-:-u!\ ..1)..- J ."J1.1J\ ...:.0\..0.. )) 0~ J.,AJI
: Y.I
;..,.;JI yl->- ~ ",).,ill "" <5 1 .l .,.JthJl 4# J- .sl' ....).>11 <,LAi1 <5"-' Js- ~
: J< t..S'4- J5:.I ",l,.ll
.,f i..:-u!\ )/-0 J ..,.J1.1J1 ""'J"'u "vWI '-..,.AJI
x-x 80-83
-- = = -0.6
S 5
Z2 = 70-65 = J
5
JI 1.SAJ. II .b-IJ '-,->-"1'" ~ ..:...>~4)' )J-.- J ~tW\ .....J.1.I ~W\ W I J! J.:.-- It LJ ~
:u.).ill i.uL:J.I ¥ I ~ 1....:.:1 ..,Jlkll ..;..ob.J J .k.....p ,y ,.s1 ..,.JtWl 4Js. ~ ...sJ1 u"J..u1
"I .,.JthJ1 4# J-.sl' ....).>11 01 Js- J.., \.! -0 .6 ;'-"")).-.l .,.JthJl 4# J-.sli
J~ .J..i 3..!.,...LWI ..,.,..U\ 0" ~f Js- .!..lb J-4 ) . ...,...')IJJI 4.,J.s.. J...=- ~\ . :...t'~.'J..u\ .1....,:..- ,f
...
,.,

~ ":"l:-P~)I )~ J ...,.Jl1JI r..Sr-- l.ll .l"~1 u,..o.. J ,,;\),1 ~l ~~I )~ J ...,.Jlh.1I t>.),)
. J.A'~I
Skewness Measures , lrI~I..,..,,1i.o - WU

Symmerticai JL...:..o Y'l.o 4-:-0 wi .ti. Ub:..l\ "-u1}81 .:..lou,j'pi .;..~ J~f ~~.) ..l,;S.
""'~ J~I .:r c-"" I.S Skewed ">"~4 cs-' l. " ..." <51 J'-'" pJl 4'- )
: ~WI ..;.>lou.j.,:JI
Symmetrical Curve JW.I ~I- ,

. ~L.C ~I ~ t? Jli.,.d\ JI..i.J. ~! ~ J! ol:....-.i bl i.>..ill ~\ Y
/\
I \
/ - \
~ ~..l.,j ,L.J,~
~
-
/
,i t.s.l.A;) 4-i ~
..
J.!LJI ~I
'" .....
J U!L..::.\.\ .;....~I 01.1...>o~ J

. i....i!1"';t... .;- ,,",,~I ~
,,~ JW.I ~J>"' .r.-'< ,

J'fll - J.,..,11 - <.!W-I.h...,11
I,p.. ~I ~ ..,.oJ1 ......1.= v1;1?; :'sf.< ,y'W1 I';" yo -"'" ,,",'--<;>", <.r' p5 ,,1 ~I
, JClI j0J1 J ~ I.S ~y ,,,"I ,1 ,:"...,JI ....

• ••
".
.:.lOiI1
: y op., ( ..,..,.}I ''P~I ) .:.-,)1 ,.,.. "rJi.' ~J,"I ,

J'fll < J.,...,JI < <.lUI.h...,J1
·J'rl' i/"s1 J.,...,JI , J.,...,JI i/ pS'i c!UI .h...,J1 oi "i
..." "p. ;J~I -'.lJ; " crl' ~ ,.-ill pS'1 -"> -= ",,~I ?; o,s, C. ;J\,- " c.1
: Jell ~I i/ ~ t.S (~L.. ''Pi) JL.,JI
il,
.J
.:.l.OiI1
•••
'"
:.,; op.., ( ..,JUI ,,>"~I ))L..,ll"' ,
c!Ll-1 L}I < .k,...}1 < J~I
. clLl-I L}I i f ",1.k,...}I , .k,...}1i f ",I JI,J.I oi "I
,,>"i ,I J!ti " ... ~ Pi J C-Y; ".ill, SK ,,>"~I ,}L.... J"'-" i f ">"~' </1.,0 J-.<. ,
,J~ J ~r ~ ~l.5'"bl ~,.. ~1.P1 0~ )! i'- I.SJL....! 0lS" lj l .}"b 0)-<';' ~ t'Jpl
. '-:JL.. ~ ...:;...jl) lj l ~L.
Cr' ,,>-"~I J-oL.... <-.,i yj-Z L.o i.lc.- J ~WI Cr'..,...,; t'j>"' 0,5.; Oy-~I ~ ,,01 ~i
: 4-'1 i f 01 ~I ">"~' ..,...Li. ,-,-", ) . ~I
-\
sK = x-Mod
(7.5)
S
- y
(7.6)
•••
'"
ub- J } ~~\ll o-4.J...!, \.J.f.; ~\ ~~\ oJl> J 0)-";) ¢~\I\ J-L.v yL..-..:.fs,."l .. 1 "11 J
W jJ'" ".ill SkB JP .1'p~I..,.c,;.. J"- ,,--,,-~I ~.!JJ.il . ;,.pli "'J~I ",LuJpl
. I.
. <$'
(7.7)
(7.8)
:J".
\A - \ t -II - I . - 1 '" Jl~4 N~I

Ir \l ,.
I, ~<...J\ .;..1..1>,11 >-IS-
: yjb.l.1
(7.5) , ",~,W1 r'~L >.,S:...JI "".l>-yJ "r-i' N~I ~JP ,,,"~I J-Lv yL,..
.(7.8» (7 .6)
: Y.I
: ~t:J1 l,)"":1WI yl.-,;..... ~L.. {
<.Jl!ll 0')1 J.,...}I J)~I0')1 J1).'/\ .h...}1 . ,.Lill

.
I..S)L,.J.I "t..J-1
13.667 11.5 10 2.8158 11. 733 ~
•m••
~- 1.lJ ;' Y"Y 4,l! eGO ..;JI "''--1' ,-,""WI t:"" o~ ~ J'P' ~L...,. U ~ .:?0 ,
, J< l.s" JI,J-I J-- J"';-I
if' J.w.1 J~I ,'-"! r); JI,J.I ~L-J- IJJ "'-'.. -"'" '-'r-J' N,u ~LWI J".,i 01 k-')\;
, JUI J,.lJ,1 ,,-,,1r-" (
Jo.ll J~I "'"I J.,b f J~1 )~'11 .;.,. l:i
3.75 4 15 6
10 2 20 10 -
6 2 12 12 -
3.25 4 13 14 - 18
erA'
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Mod = LMod + xl
Dl+D2
Dl=10-3 .75=6.25 , LMod =10

1=2 , D2=1O-6=4 ,
, J< l.s" JI,J.I yk- .:f.<- o,l); J-- )
Mod = 10+ 6.25 x 2 = 11.21951

6.25+4
, J< l.s" ( v., ) .hLJ.1 ,I-'-"'-~ 0".~ ,,,"~I .}L.. y L...,. ~ d), J-- ,
sK = x - Mod = 11 .73333-11.2195122 =0.18247
S 2.8158
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SK = 3(x - M e ) = 3(11.73333 -11.5) = 0.24859
S 2.8158
. (v. 0) );.bl.....l.\ ~\ "';J..b- L..S" ~I ...". ~y ~'rI1 JrJ Js- ~ I ..!..u.> P"l J
: J< w- ,'fl~ I J-l..o yLJ. (V.A) ,loWI,;"J.; J-<w-
SK B = Q3 - 2Me + QI = 13.6667 - 2(11 .5) + 8 = -0.235

Q3 - QI 13.6667-8
. ..,.JL. ",0' 'y"j< JJI,l ,',o~' J-l..o ".,., J

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KU= Q3-Ql (7.9)

2(PO.90 -PO. lO )
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I PO.IO I .,... 6 if.F1

15 IO if.F1
35 12if.F1
47 14 if Ji
I PO.90 I 60 18 ifJI
PO .90 PO . lO
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k PO.90 =(nx9)/l0 k PO. 1O =n/lO
= (60 x 9)/ 10 = 60/ 10
=54 =6
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PO.lO ",WI ,,-,"I
Pr -L + k po. ,O - Fa x I
0. 10 - P O. I O F. F
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Pro 10 = 6 + x 4 = 7 .6
. 15-0
PO. 1 0 ~I ,,-,"I
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L
P O.90
+ k P O.90 - Fa X I
F b - Fa
54-47
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. 60 - 47
(J,~I) ,j'~1 C<'Ji

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KU = _=~ {2:3 Q",-_

l 13.6667 - 8 = 0.331236
2(PO.90 - PO. 10) 2(16.15385 - 7.6)
. F~IJI ~JJ; L< r i.f' ...i~I,}l...JI u~,

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Correlation and Regression
Analysis
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<,lL..>- ~I -..,II... ~I cr" .!.lI.iJ .ll ~pJ.1~lpBl J ";GJI J~ ./ 4,i .,;GJI w, J,.ic-ll
, Correlation Analysis J.:li y uJ.:.,.:J.\ ..:...!p;.I.1 ~ .;.oli')!•• ,!! ~ ,-:--w'1
..bY)')!1
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r ~I ~L...~\ .l..>-ts"" } ..J.'J1 J j"L..;))l1 ~ .:.r' ~ ~I;J ~ J-UJI \J.... ~
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Corr elation Analysis J,"')~ I J,6.; - ~,I
;.j~.!l\.a JlS'IJ! L.~,Jj J Correlation coefficient .6..,_.]1 .1~J'J1 J..-w r~

t.:1~} u~ ::>Y"J 1S..v 4...1;.1 4Jl>-- J Lof .U.AA-) l.1! -';)WI .;"., ti ~.J,j.. ..!.U.iSJ ' .,:r-pA:l.1 0!-!
Multiple Correlation ,.Ld,1 .l.t,;) ~I J-oL.. ~ ,'-'-~I r" ~I; "'~ ./ ;>1""
J l.S ..:.>1pd,I..u.-l ;l; ~ ~ ~ J ~ 1/ )5""1JY") tiL,.. J )1 " coefficient
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. Partial Correlation coeffi cient ,)},I .l.w) ~I JoL.. Js- ,'-'-~I r" >" W
,I '-",1 00;.. o? -:..". ",picll "" 0::W1 tY ~ ,.sJ-1 J .l.L,i)~I J-oL.. i'~ ' r'"
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: JJ ~ I;J.lI J>- ":"' I~I ~ ~ \.. O)~ j
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Independent Variables <l.<..... "-'~ - \
p.:;;~' .,:..~ ~ loSl . 1.S.r'"' ..:.>I~ )1.rP ~ P-;u 0 JJ.i ~ ~.sJI .,:..~\ c.?J
. X ".)4 J-i'-il ~ ".J-- J .~JI
Dependent Variables ""Cil "'~I -T
4t ~ ~, ":,,,~, ~ LSI . u,1..L>-! )1 Ui:...J.1 ..:..1pA:lI ~ t....,..;...J ~ .g.11 .;..o\~\ ~
.Y ".)4 c<CiI ~ ".J-- J .~, "'I~
: '" ';s' J)I,. '" .b,....,ll lo\,i)~' .,-y r- J
Person's Correlation Coefficient oy",l.b,....,ll J.:i-' lo\,i) ~I J-l.. - \

Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient oc...,..J "";)1 loW) J-l..-T
:Person's Correlation Coefficient oJ-""."J.Io,....,I1 JuJI lo\,i)~ 1 J-.... - ,

J Person's Correlation Coefficient o"....",l.lo,....,l'.,#' loL,;) ~I j.-l.. __
r
0!pi:.a ~ u)l.....11 0"; -4.J.i J t.~1 iJL..u- "II .,:.. \~\r\;s1 ,:r p r)4..J;or tSlJl
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r
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Cov(X,Y) ( 9. 1)
.:>1 -.!..:>
C>J'--< Y'J Y c<CiI ~I J X J-i'-il ~I", ';s'.:.. ~l;dl Cov(X,Y)

• ••
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Cov(X, y) = L(x-x)(y- y)
n
")'-< ,.) X ~ ",l,o.U ";""~I cr X

cr x = ~ri
-(x-n---X-)-=-z
")'-< ,.) Y ~ ,,},.ll ";""~I cr y

cr = Ir
L- (-y---y)--=-Z
Y V n
L(X -X)(y- y) (9.2)
rp = ~L(X-X)Z ~L(Y- y)Z

0,5.;..;J1 ) J,L,i,~1 J-ow yl->- J ~_ ~'" 0,5.;.s- ( 9.2) ,)'l.ll.h,-,; Js. W"
: o."lWI ;;roal~
( 9.3)
r = nLXY- LXLY
p ~nLXZ -(LX)Z~nLYZ -(LY)Z
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,Ju.
, .}It.> '" o..,u.; ,,-,IS:; ",I.dl -'>- ~ "'l."J.1 ; O')(>~I Js. ..;ti; 0", .}I t..,;
8 9 II 4 15 10 5 6 7 2 3 2 0')(> ~ I Js. ..;til

17 15 22 18 33 26 19 18 22 9 12 10 ..:..1..0:).\
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z r-----~~--~------------------------~
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Y ",L.,,-lJ c!LJI .k.-,II ) X J')l.. ~I .,..t. ~ c! LJI .k.-,11 yl->- Cr' ~)i "' ~
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X= ~> = 82 = 7,08333
n 12
ji = ~> = 22 1 = 18.4 1667

n 12
-
, (X -X)(y- y) (y y) (x-x) Y x
(y _ y)2 (x-xt
70_84028 23.36 11 1 40_68056 -8A 1667 -4_83333 10 2

41. 17361 14_69444 24.59722 -6A 1667 -3_83333 12 3
88_67361 23.36 111 45.513 89 -9A1 667 -4,83333 9 2
12,84028 0,027778 0.597222 3.58333 0,16666 22 7
0,1736 11 0,694444 0.347222 -OA 1667 -0,8 3333 18 6
0.340278 3_36 111 1 -1.06944 0.58333 -1.83333 19 5
57.50694 10,02778 24,0 1389 7.58333 3,16666 26 10
212,6736 66,69444 119,0972 14.5833 8,16666 33 15
0,1736 11 8,027778 1. 180556 -O A1 667 -2,8 3333 18 4
12,84028 17.36111 14,93056 3.58333 4,16666 22 II
11.6736 1 4,694444 -7.40278 -3 A1667 2,16666 15 9
2,006944 1.36111 1 -1.65278 -1.41667 1.1 6666 17 8
510,9 167 173.6667 260,8333 0 0 22 1 82
: J< W' j,L;,~I'yc.... ."U- ( 9,2 ) ,J,WIJ"h;.!lJ; J> ~,

r = L Cx -x)Cy- y )
I' J L CX- X)2l 2:, Cy-y )'
= 260 ,8333 = 0 ,8 7 56
.J173_667 .J5 10 _9 167
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J-l.. yL.,. J >J,.... ~c... Jp.;.r (9.3) >.),WI J>l> d .l.l,>j~1 J-l.. yL..... J.-< L.S"
: <,181 ~,.-J4 Jp.; eJl .l.l,>j~I
r _ -r==~~n~
~~~
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p - .Jn~ x2 _ (~ x ) 2.Jn~y 2 _(~ y)2
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:J81J,J.l,1",p.; r" ~l."il ,J~~I
y' X' xy Y ·X
100 4 20 10 2
144 9 36 12 3
81 4 18 9 2
484 49 154 22 7
324 36 108 18 6
36 1 25 95 19 5
676 100 260 26 10
1089 225 495 33 15
324 16 72 18 4
484 121 242 22 II
225 81 135 15 9
289 64 136 17 8
458 1 734 177 1 221 82
12( 177 1) - (82 x 22 1)

= ~ 1 2(734) - (82)' J I 2(458 I ) - (22 1) '
= 31 3 0 = 0 .8756
J 2084 J 6 13 1
• ••
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c..,..,; u.w., ~ "'L."ll 01 LS .O~~I ....t. J-cll ~ C" J! .lo 0.0-0 ' oL.;,! ~
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y' x' .ry y x

400 49 140 20 7
576 64 192 24 8
324 49 126 18 7
1936 144 528 44 12
1296 121 396 36 II
1444 100 380 38 10
2704 225 780 52 15
4356 400 1320 66 20
1296 81 324 36 9
1936 256 704 44 16
900 196 420 30 14
11 56 169 442 34 13
18324 1854 5752 442 142
•••
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nLxy - :~>LY
r" ~ 'J nL
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)2
12(5752) - (142 x 442)
~ ,,12(1 854) - ( 142)' ,,12(18324) - (442)'
6260 = 0.8756
.J2084·h4524
",L,l...JC --..,; ;l; I j,L,i) ~I Joe... 01 .}- J-,< '" li,L.. 4# LL.,. ..sJ1 ~I ..rl' .r',
.'--'11,1uklC ;t.~ J:l", .(1 ') ,,;-All ,I (o"t. 0 ) C:." i f ,,,,,
:Determination C oefficient J.,AA.oJI Jow

J! MY', R-Square ,I RA2 r)c,J r).!ll.iJ j,L;)~1 Joe... t'/ yo,
. ('ell """ J ...,.,u ~ """"" ,I """ fr-'" L.;
c.; J ",,"I i f % 76.675 "I ( O.8756 2 ) L.; r l A

0':J.s.~1 ~.;cll 01 J.j '>I:...;
. ",,,.wI ,lhlllp ".f'J .}Iy J!~; "'~I J ",,"I i f % 23.32 c.." ",~I
Spearman's Rank Correlation oc".,..-l -""';)1 j,l.,l,i J-ow - Y
:Coefficient
0x o1uJ1 0.,.......,..,L.....- J v,~! ~ "10r'~ .kl:J)"i1J..-Lv 01..;.,.- ll.h..,... j.;
~ ')U ~J oJ~ J ..:...ilS""bl loi .lW o.".s- o)y J ~ ,j'rl ...;.> \.jl,.,.ll ..;...ilS' lj l "jl J-~
'
":,,,\~..u..J! ..:.>L.~J.l1 J" ..I.t.wl J -.;1 ~ -' .--1.r.\J1 Y. ~I oJ..! .1L;;'~ 1 "'r"l->- J ~
J .kL.,;.J"iI...,...L- ~ ~ L.J"L"A..o J! u,.LJ.-I.,;..~ 4-:.:! .bL,;)"jI ....... ~.) yylhll (J~ y......)
...t'LJ J ....I.J..>:...;,....! r-=-- 1,.SJJI J ' rs ')I,..~ ....,.....;)1 .kl..;;'YI J--I...,.. U "...l; IJJ -"""'\)..I.,!.l..l;
- ~ - 1 .J.>..~ - jl.::.t. ) y')\.hJ \ ...;..Ir-...u; J!.o ~fl\ ~}I ,;..I.a.:.~\ ~I> J vI,.,.:. j,'-:J;':/I
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(.5i)\ ~ wly.1 ~-'.) J ( ~ - L,=.- - ..l..:>.-) JLl.1 p)1o";..!.U..iS J ( ~ - Jr.-i

.( ,j")U,)l1 Js- Jily pi- - dily pi- - J..!l>- - Jily -l.V Jily) 0.;1.:=--')11 Ut....1 J
:..;..t ~I ~J.J.;S. \fJ\.c.\.l" ~ ..::J~~

..!.UK)" x.......;
.~
"X ~
o. II L.ipl _ .;\1
... r--~J
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f:"-"
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. ~
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. 1.i5J. J i ~)I
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. ,)i..J1 ~ I c.lli W.? "L..J.I
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d2 d y~) x ..,....; ..:..>~ O~~I J<- JAJ.I

y X
0.25 -0.5 2 1.5 10 2
0 0 3 3 12 3
0.25 0.5 I 1.5 9 2
12.25 -3.5 9.5 6 22 7
4 2 6.5 8.5 18 9
9 -3 8 5 19 5
I -I II 10 26 10
0 0 12 12 33 15
6.25 -2.5 6.5 4 18 4
2.25 1.5 9.5 II 22 II
20.25 4.5 4 8.5 15 9
4 2 5 7 17 8
59.5 0
01 JJ.u,I,!.lJ;.:r Ja..:>U
~""\....; o~ -.,-,;; t- \
\ ..,..;)1 ..i>.W 01JJ" .,;..,).f.; 'I' ¥' .;1 J,j, X ,)'j.s.\,1 Js- J.til ~ rJ ...,...;; ~ l
¥' (\..01 L:"...,;:,J..!.UJ.J \ ,0 ;;~ 'f + ( '1'+ \ ) J J> J U .6.....rl'.....-J..!..IJJJ 'I' J
rL..i L:......PJ ..!JJ.il , J A ~)l..\.,.:.l; til; ~ 4ll W'-! .r\,I..!.UlS" J . \ ,0 ~)I 'I'
. "'.0 ~)\ 0. ¥'

l;.....,pJ o.!.U.iJ V J '"' t;)I J.,:.!.r \ A 4..:iJ' 01 J,j, Y " ..:,.,la.,.,ll" pA;.l.l ~ --.-;; ~ r
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.:r Ja..:>UJ d .i")'" Jw ~I J Y pdl -,.Jj J X ; 41 '-"'j '" J.,£ll -.,--.i. {

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2
J.P;\; 12 = n ""-,-,W' ,-" ok.".., Ld = 59.5 e t.S
; J< t.S o~.."...J ,",",)1 l,W} Joe... yc...,..
2
rs = 1- 6Ld =1- 6(59.5) =0.7919
n(n 2 -1) 12(144 - 1)
.;.ell '" <S,. <S',k l,W} '",., .? J.., l.< 0.79 19 o~.."...J '"'"')I 1,t,;} Joe... e
,)L..~ .kI.,.;'J'}1 Jola.. rl............ ~ \...(l.....>- {~I if ~} t..;i ~J . ..:,..~\ J ,J')\s.)l1 ~
.0.8756 e e...".
; J'"
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J,..... .y. T..J..,.,...y.,. J,..... .y. ~ J,..... .y. l..c.,...y.,. jl=.l _""
1.J.>....y.,. .y. J,..... jl.:1 i .J.>.."y.. l ..u,.~ .y. J ,..... .y. .y.
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l,lyu.h
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oJ jt; ""';J ~tj.\ ~) ojfa.\! o..,....\}.\

dA 2 d
.,.". j \:;.l
30.25 5.5 4.5 10
.,.". l..u,.~
16 4 4.5 8.5
20.25 4.5 1.5 6 Jr' .,.".
2.25 -1.5 4.5 3 .,.". J"..

49 -7 1 1")""..1.:>. ~
8
4 -2 6 l...b-..y.. .,.".
8
49 -7 10 3 j\:;.l J"..
49 8.5 J".. i.u.-~
7 1.5
2.25 1. 5 4 .5 6 .,.". .,.".
25 -5 8 3 l..u...y.. J"..
247 0
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........lJl );... J J~ .,o!..I..i;.lI (lot r ~) ("
rL..\ L o ~)I ~) (" ..!.li.iJ i ) 0 J t J r ..,..;)1 .b:-1 0jLih .J~ J.y.. flJ..ij',;1 l.S'
.l.1yW\ ~ J.y.. ,JI.J.i..;J\
.? 0,>., 01 -'<~ d clJ~1 tr" 01 U ~ J<L.JI J,.<!,I i f

"d 2 =247
J..< d; 10 = n ul.coL:.lI ' "' 01 .,..". J L... c: lS
: J< lS "'-..,,-J "")i .loW} J.-L... yL.,.

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".
2
Y
s
= 1- 6L:d = 1- 6(247) = -0.4969
n(n 2 - I) 10(100 -1)
..,..5.s j,t.,;} ' J"""J Js J." l< -0.4969 t!< .;,t..",-l ",}I j,t.,;} J-l..o .;,1 .b-~ J
. ~il.ih.);A-o $.J.Aj J ....... ~\.)).-o .l-J..ij..J:.! J:.....,:..
:Conjunction Coefficient "'''';~' J-w- ~

(.51..,....;;11 u.... Lp# J ~ ~I ~,ll .,:..I~\ V:-I o.,b~)I1 ij~\ ...,..1.-.0- j r~)
:J!o .."LUlI cr oJ" O~.sll V~I """'JlI

. ( ,.k- p> - ,.k-) >,...,WI ~Ll-I J ('-""- ~') i f l
..:A;I~ J~ ;;~ ..:..1..t..411 ,J' o j 4- 'Js" ("S..ll ,J~ l:.!..u .:>IS' I:'! ..!JJj Js-)
: >,Jell ~~I Js 4Y. .s-;-:.II .."LUlI
Y J >,;ell u-ll Y J JJ~I u-ll Y X
B A x J JJ ~I u-ll
D C x J i..:-il!!\ ti...all
..:r~1 .,:.,LWO ~ oS'"p..D.1 .;..~if.;l\ J! ~ A, B , C , 0 ..;! ...!-:>

:~ LStI\J..1 d ... j ";1p)l1 Jot..........,...1.-.0- ~J
AD - BC
fe: = -A-cD
=--+-B"-C-:
:J""
:~ .:tol l;"- ~ y • . JI;"" i ~I) J-li ~ -';~.!.I~ J.- ~~ ~..T'" L~;) J
~ <"" ! ,.k- C;I J>
~ <"" ! J-<- ,,~ ~ C;I J>
J
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",i ~
, ." j..J1
23 I 13 J.-<
15 49 J.-<~
:y,u.J1
'i 01j.i':i 1J-w ~I
:J>JI
:..fi I.S ..,\J..I o.i..t. J Jlj.i':il J-L...o . .,. .\. . . :. r:J..c.J
AD - BC
rc = -AD
--+-B- C
",i ~
, ." j..J1
23 = B 113 = A j...,
15 - D 49 - C J.-<~
r. = (\ 13)(15) - (23)(49) = 568 = 0.20

c (113)(15) + (23)(49) 2822
.~I" j...J1 ~ ~ .k~)1 ..o..y. (.Sf
:Contingency COefficient .;llyll J-w- I
J:.- .T </ pi r-J liL<..J 0".. ~" Y"~I <,-i-o"J1~I"cll "" .kliJ ~I ..,.,u r~)
( .;1k.o - J-) - J"..,) Or - Or - Yr' ) "'~ ~I ~t>.1
..:.o~~\ LJ ~ ~J ,J.-,!pd.1 ..:...1.;,,,,, J.:.! 0 ,)).1 J"..lJ..1 .)\..Js.i r ,,-!L....- ~- .5-J
" M " ~ ~ )..v.... .. :"..1..... J 4.::Js- ..l....:A.i ~I ..:.,.\..i...:J1 ~ ..s-j -D.I
.>
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is"P
l.,1>' J' )?o Cy'
'.,..-JI tr" x ...;.,.)1 tr"
.,..¥~{
OJ< W- ""p' Joe... yi.....>-I'"' c.l!;.PJ
~lS"lj! L.( ,y...1.l1 4lSJ~ . . . . G.ul <f L.o)\ 0,.),) j ...,.Jlhll ~ oJ..! ~191 J-ol..v .J.>..Ji
:~ t.S" ..:,..\.jldl
t:,rA1 w . '-")1
- """
vI..,.:. ~} ljl' "-:!.r
90 45 15 30 J'
70 20 30 20 .h...p
20 5 5 10 ~
180 70 50 60 t:,rA1
OJ>J1
:u4 LS M ~ Jl:?-! '...j,1 ~
•••
'M
M = (30)2 + (15)2 + (45)2

60x90 50x90 70x90
(20)2 ( 3 0 / (20,,--)2_
,-,
+ + +
60x70 50 x70 70x70
( 10/ (5/ (5)2
+ + + =::..!...0:7
60 x 20 50 x 20 70x 20
M = 0. 166 + 0.05 + 0.32 + 0.095 + 0.257 + 0.08 I

+ 0.083 + 0.025 + 0.0 17 = 1.094
r:T- 1.094 - 1 = 0.293

1.094
: Regression Analysis )
1 .w~1 I ,_ , -
"p--
wu
.
r.J1 ~"" '" t" ~ ,1..I~1 J'--=- ~I ~I ,,}> ;s1 }-,",,,u J,li "'"
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~ IJ.')I,> . / ~\ J ~~..ul ~ ..:..lpA:l.\ !l.,L ~ ~\ ~,-!)I ti)l,.]\ ~. (Ui:.J\
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)\~\ ~.bL.... J ( X .js- Y ) .;).\ ~.bLo..o ~ ~ ..sJI) xly v, ).ti.)l1

}...l..IiI •.bL.... :
.( y J"- X }-,",I ,he... c.,t. ..;1J., ,jI1) YI x
: X J"- Y ;I.wl l),i.u - ,
.cU.ll x ~ l.,.iIl.,; y ~;....,; -"'" "i . x I Y }-,",I ,he... c.,t. ..;1J., ,jI1 ./'J
: ~,"I ,bW4 <,l.:J.1;';)WI .!lJ; ,J ~I J->.
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b
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)
bo ~Lill W ./...l.Z 0" ~'J x)y ~\ ~ :U")WI J.s- .t\\JJ\ 4l"W I -1:!..u...:J ,
, J< I.S ,-,~I uL.,)I "";' J"hi J~ iJ' "'....-'" .:f.<"".lJI, b l

. ~ -'.> J'I J! .... -'-'"1,j ,Lh.> ~I uL../ tr" <';-" .;. ",;.....JI uL..JI ,,)0; rr"
, yell ;;,.-)1 Js "p.. JI.:f.< e ,u.J.1 "I "-»
e = y - bo - q x
, yell ;;,.-)1 Js ,u...~1 ulou/ tr" Jp.. JeI, ,
2:e 2 =2:(y-bO _ qX)2
,u..,.~1 u L..,.,. tr" J»' ~I b l b

,j ) 0 ~Lill i....:i .,!..LA.i r JLd4 )
bl , bo iJ' ~ <,-J, ;J,WI J.>Ui ' 4'! J~ iJ' .:f.< '- ~i .... WI ;J,WI
, J< I.S J.f,l .,L.alt, J.>LClI ;, ,-, ,
2
a 2::e =-22::(y-bO - b 1x) = 0
abo
( I)
JI "I
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:J< l.S b ,
n,L~ - ,LX,LY
n,LX 2 -C,LX)2
bO = LY_b LX
n 1 n
= y- b1x
: J\!.
..:...;1S:t..:.>'J #' JJ':I'-! ~, ~'-!...PJ' ~ j~' J.l- ~ ~ ti')WI ...... ~.J..;S.
:J<l.S
,-,------>
8 5 10 10 7 4 6 14 9 12
"';-""
"~I
6 4 10 8 7 3 5 10 7 9
,c""
-,,")1 :"""uwl
~ x Js- y ;I.J.il 1.IJW \
!,C~I "~I J ..,.,UI )1 "''ri' J-'" ....li ,

!...;,. Air O,>-§-1ey!.1"~~I ,,\.0 r
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:J>JI
JCJI J, .>.!,I c,-" WI k-OC
y 2 2 ~ Y x
X
144 81 108 12 9
81 49 63 9 7
196 100 140 14 10
36 25 30 6 5
16 9 12 4 3
49 49 49 7 7
100 64 80 10 8
100 100 100 10 10
25 16 20 5 4
64 36 48 8 6
811 529 650 85 69
nL:xy - L:xL:y
nL:x 2 _(L:X)2
b = 10(650) - (69)(85) = 635 = 1.2003

I 10(529) - (69) 2 529
: yCJI ,hW I ~
b0 fi.lli ~.!lJ£ ,
b
o
= LY - b LX
n I n
= 85 _ (1.2003) 69
10 10
= 8.5 - 8.28207
=0.21793
.1
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: Jcil ~I ,p. X,p.y ).;j~1 ~,t.... ,15 J-.< c.J)' ,p. ,
y = 0.21793 + 1.2003x
",,-< , Yo,-"~ b i ,. .4.,.sJ1 ~~I J .. 1;11 J..... ,. J .w.1 ,,~ J Cl4 r'
,If 1200.3 ) .Li.< .".,.sJ1 ~~I "4j ,p. J--' .:f....l4 "" J' "I "i 1.2003
:...:." Aif o:f... .:f....lc'pl ~~~I -r

: J.;. W"" A .. X v..l,;.S. u~4=1 J-,-- ~I } J.:t \'1 '.hlv J ~,..:11 ~
Y = 0.21793 + 1.2003(8) = 9 .8203

.~I,,lf 9820.3 ,....:." Aif ":f....:f....l c'PI ~~~I 01" I
16
14
y = 1.2004x+O.2174
12
10 /
• V 8 Y
- linear(y) 6 /" •
4 /
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
J.". <=..!..o ~L.o 0'>'; ~ .kWI C7-' r< ~ )"'-"~I .b 01 "WI ~I ir' LJ ~,
"'"' ti)W1 cr- ..,.dI4,1> u-.. ~I .1..#, J-aii ir' J,.j.1 1.u. "'"'" c.U' ir' ~),' .J,.j.1
. Standard Error ,,-""1~ .r-< CU.o u.:. cfl, .... , .01 Y " piJ.1
•• •
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.Lp "",'pI # ' J! "",,.., S y lx , X ~ Y } .til ' h Lv <JL.- J ~.wl tJ.:j. ;.-~,
:J< W- , I->- Js., iJ.:J-1"'''''-''
:",-'y.s- "WI ~I "'"'" '" ,I->- Js.,

S = /8 11 -1.2003(650) - 0 .2 17(69) = 1.4067
y lx V 10 -2
y Js- x }~1 4.bW - ,\,
-!.lLil Y pdl ¥ l.,; X pdI <.,; ....., " I . y I X )W:I <!,Lv 4,1> ~ .sl' ""
: yell <!,W" <'y'l ""'-"ll .cU; i / -,",""I Js.
. <!I.I!I J -","I J.c... ,I
,
nL.xy-LxLy
n L y 2 - ( Ly)2
j
• ••
",
Co =
: ..l>.,1~l..PI !l~\, JjJl .)J..J ,j!L.J1 Jl!1.\ .,;... I.; l:.! i\~ ~
~ YJs- X ;lJ.t.\ -.JJLo.,.- ,
! ""', # 25000 ~~~ c'~1 '-'.,ill ,.M- ....c.- ,
: j>J1
: J; W- YJs. X ;I.cil ,he... ".u; ~
Cl .
} ..J>."J1Jot..... t....i ;:!..u; ~
,
-'1,1
nL,.x:Y - L,xL,y
nL, y 2 _ (L,y) 2
10(650) - (69)(85)
10(811) - (85) 2
635
- = 0.717
885
C = 69 _ 0.717 85
o 10 10
= 6.9 - 6.0945 = 0.8055
• ••
",
x = 0.8055 -+- 0.717 Y
"", ,1,>25000 !l,,+-~ ep.1J,ill ,-",.1..- ,

:J, w- 25 ",w y <.,i cr U,UI ;.bW., " "","","I ,:<
X = 0.8055 + 0.717(25) = 18.7305
y c? X pil ;.be... J-e... ,( q ) x c? Y )-"'1 ~,e... J-e... cl" bl

: J, w- .kc,;) ~I J-e... , .I;~I J-e... '" '% ,"", J-.< ~I.; ( Cl )
: J, w- q , Cl )-'" ~I cJ.oe... y? J..l>. cr ~"" .I;~I J-e...
: J, w- .I;~I J-w. ..,."JI' # ' ""~ .kli) ~I J-e... c? J,..d-I J-.< J84 ,
r = -Jr2
b i , CI ,J' )<S,}..;I , "'" l< WL.,. ,I w-,,.. u~ .kL,;)~1 J-e... 'P' u1;.b.')I.. t'
~ ,;.W\ Y' , ~ LSI J ~ ~I ~ .....A.i":'; O)L.!:'il v"l o...L>.l, 4 ~)_~l JI ~
.y,x",~1
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a
bl = r x --2:::....
a x
C1
a x
= r x--
a y
CJ x
:J'"
,. C , = 0.717 , b, = 1.2003
r 2 = b, xc ,
1.2003 x 0.717
0.8606
. ~ ~*<J\ !l~1 J ~1 i f % 86.06 ~ JjJl )~ Ji lSi
: .b~)~I JoLv .:.\.f.!
r -v'0.8606 = 0.9276
·..
'"
: JI..uu~1 4hlu 41.,p.a )~ I
Lr' lJo):"u; ~ ~'J ~l:JI, Ji:-lI ,j!~1 ~ i.i'h.ll .:..ol..!..w i.i>J ....... t,SJ..o ..\,!.w
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.W( ..... l.;I..\ Pl .:.>~ J 4# ,lw-'il ~ ,sit .f ~ ~ ~\.L.l1 i.i)W1 ,! J~'jl
.}..li')ll •.blo..o ~rv )1..:>' ~I;--l J Analysis of Variallce ,j!1.,:J1 ~ r~'
.;. ( ANOVA) J! .,~I r" ,I Analysis of Variance ",~I J# ~,
""". J! c...,...;; '" J', <lUI 4>-, '" Yt WI p ~ "'",), "'t...,r t.r" J#
:Jj J1).)lI).J...Ju e';t ~ I Vt)..L.4.0..,....- Js
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: ;,I,", ',rol' .;. ",,,", J# J,.,.. "..! "',

ANOVA
",c.,)J t.r"
r-1' v l ':"'lo.J' .:..l....)I.h-y
Sum of F
Source d.f Mean of Squares
Squares
0/ . .:..1'''")' , MSR
)1,.Jj'l1
)~'J \ SSR MSR= SSR F=
Regression I MSE
I
~lbL\ i.tr .,;..6,.y
SSE MSE = SSE
Error n-2 ,\1j.\ n- 2
'-1:)-, .....y
.P SST
Total n-I ~I
...
,,,
J) .;i.;j.)lI i.\)l,..... J ;.:oy.-}1 uc....J.1 ...:.,.1;:-cl1 ,)..JS. J! ~ }~)U ~)-I ..:...1.",,; > \
;;,>.; ~ ...b-'." ~)-1 ..;..6,.) ,) ;;j>J I.iJ x Y' ..L>-IJ J.G-- ;;.::.. AA)t Lot. L:.:.II"..
J! p!O n ) . n-l ,)-1~L.).D ~I ~ I J'>-; n-2 ,lJ.;.jJ ,)-1~L.)'
( ...:..b.,J.l ,)..JS.
Sum of Squares ~,,")I tr" - ,
:J'>-; IoU ".!' W- ,:,,-.; J! <.lUI 4h-, cr ~I ,,","I,>" """,,'" tr" r--"<
SST = SSR + SSE
:J< W- I*" )Is" yc...,.. J->.,
SST ~I ""''''')I tr" ,
:y81 ').,..,JI .)s- Standard Error .-""1 ,-,) \,J.Ilh:l.1 yc...,.. J->. c. ""
=~SSE
n-2
SSR ;I.A>'~I ""'''"/ tr" -~
. } ..t..i)l l •.b t..... .b:. ,y ~\ ,.:Aj \; tl .,;..~./ tr>. J.s- ~ rJ
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SSR = ~)y _ y)'

= SST -SSE
.:y..y r-:i ,,!,,~, ••:..t~), t.r>. Wb
.~ ~I).I ~J r.\.b:. .J.:,.,.~ ~I r-W YL. ~I.:.ll ~lS"lll C;J.} lSI j>- J.:d
Coefficient of Determination -,<"",,""I.!-"" - r
.X Ji'-ll pdl J ...,u <""'1)1, Y C'w ~I -","I "'-' J! "'''-'';'''' w- """' ...,
: J< W- ..,t. J".....' ~
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...,.. 4"j li.o ""..;)1 "', F ,Ll rft

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y~
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.
b, = O:J "I. ",.wI ""ril' J,.i, <,I)-,*I,:r y .l ,,--1 F
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Y2 X xy Y x
144 25 60 12 5
400 49 140 20 7
484 81 198 22 9
625 100 250 25 10
441 144 252 21 12
361 225 285 19 15
2455 624 11 85 119 58
(l;i)ll 4-S J r=-J.I JllI V'"~ ~ b\.:.ij)ll ~~ ~ ..,..l->. - ,
r - nLx:Y- LXLY
p - JnLX 2 -(LX)2JnLy 2 -(Ly)2
6(1185) - (58)(1 19)
rp = -.J"6(6==
F= 24)~(5=8~)2~.Ji=6=(2=4=
55=)==(==
1 19)~2
r = 208 = 0.447
p J380J569
(l:.i)ll ~ , ~, JlI.\ ...,.1) ~.h....p c..P;" j"l:';1 Jr) J! l,h p-!.:,

(1.;;;)11 ~ , .r=-J.I JI.U ...,.~ 0!-f ~'){,J\ Js- ~I.J.II }..ui),1 ~Jt..... Jlf-!- 'I'
: yWI ~,w., y.;l.1 ,,')WI .!JJ; "" ..,.-II fo

.y = b o +b1x
: yWI ~,W.I ..;"k; J~ <r b i ~£ fo JW, ,
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.,
nL:xy-L:xL:y
nL:x 2 _ (L:X)2
b = 208 = 0.547
I 380
n n
= 119 _ (0.547)58
6 6
= 14.542
: JWI jS:..:J1 ~ X ~y }"j~ 1 <),1... ,IS .}:.<.!.lJ; ~ ,
y = 14.S42 + 0. S47x
: J< W- ANOV A ",WI J,1i JJ.u. ",,>.; ""

: J< W- '*'" '>Is" yc.- Cr"~
SST ~I -""'), tr" - I
SST = 2>2- ny2

=2455 - 6(119/6) 2 =94.833
SS E ,u...~1 -""''''' tr"- y
..,
...
SSE = Ly' - boLy-b,LXY

= 2455 - 14.542(119) - 0.547(1185) = 76.307
SSR = SST - SSE

= 94.833 -76.307 = 18.526
: y\.;.\\ o)~1 Js- ,J!~I j.:li JJJ.>.. .ll..u.! r-'
ANOYA
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).>..01'
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Source
d.f Squares Squares
} ..uC':J 1
I IS.526 IS.526
Regress ion A
~lb.:l\
F = 0.9711
4 76.307 19.07675
Error
~,
5 94.S33
Total
7.71 = F(1,4,O.05)
A
:J ",I ..,..wl J','II J..,. "'" It <,l,olJ,l J".;;i , ........, F ol,p J" l.l.o,
Ho: b, = 0
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I
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J~ l.o Ub- j tii!.Sf n t:J}I Order .:.r ,»)..tJ-\ ;'~ Ub ,jIWI ...,bWI ~ ~ J
: oJ.,...=.!I Js- Jp.; ~l!l\ -"';) .J' -.11..u1
y = 130 + 131 X + 132x2 + 133 x3

Logarithmic Function ~",ul <11.,)1- ,
;).,..JI ~ J'>-; -sI' ..,. ,
Exponential Function ~)I 1 ...h..\JI- T'
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y 130 ef31X
Power Function o..,ill ~b- i
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A
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~>2 = 11.22 L.x:Y =22.2
,..,.,,uw,
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x = 12 y = 15 r =0.8
ax =4 a y =5
~~).- 'f. <y .:..,5..... 4J t..r\L...,;... (~ IJ t)l:.ll )..1.:i.)I1 _.bl.o..,. fl.J.Aj (br v
y=15 - 5x
SSE=100 , SST = 400 W.:..o1
. . t.$
:y,tki'
~ .J!.l.A:ll c.S)WI ~\.b..;l..1 '-:i yL>- •
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:J< t.$ ANOV A ",WI J,li J, ..... """j- A

- ,
j~1 i.,!)-1 ~b,.J,)
",t..,}1 tr" ~~}\ .k.....,:..
Sum of Mean of F
Source d.f
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) ..)j.)l1
I 50
Regression
~1.bJ-'
Error
j5J1
24 500
Total
•,••
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fJ!Wl J)JJ,I JSi •
f~I ":" I .)?~L.. _
f .;:!.l.iill t.S.J~1 ,"\.bJ.l ~ ...,...L.,.. •
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t"'WI ~I
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Irr'fl 1~""'~ r\('I Ir«(~ I~ )4.,.-::-' ¥\Q In!')":" IFtr.! (Ir:«(~ 1'f1r.: ..0 l~ ~~ (1
((! ~ "To l"flf..r:" ~J ~ 'm( !r ,..(\"'"'!: In;)<7' \f=l(~ Sl :rn ' (./:' rtrior
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184 2001
186 2002
187 2003
188 2004
193 2005
196 2006
195 2007
197 2008
200 2009
205 2010
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210
205
200 /
195
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185
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2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
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0.376 5.31933 4 2
0.6987 5.72492 5 4 J,''/I
0.8156 6.1305 1 6 5 ,J1!lI
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1.0888 7.3472 8 9 8 J/11
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1.2898
1.4709
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0.918 1.83 16
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465000 375000 248000 200000 31 15000 25 8000 <.,;l!ll
323000 266000 153000 126000 17 19000 14 9000 '-!Jl!ll
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Explanation """"-" Function ~I .ll l
LN(X)
Na(urallogor(~) (...,..) J ~1 t}..~·.,ul
EXP(X)
Expollcnt of(x) (..,..) J ~~, t!1..u1
LG10(X)
log of (x) 10 the base 10 t.S.rJ (li..,lll
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MAX(X,Y,Z)
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MIN(X,Y,z)
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Minimum of variables (x, y and:.:)
LAG(X)
(.......) if ~J.>.'-' ~ ~r.J1 ~W\ ~l;
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AIlS(X)
Absolutevalueof(x) C..f') J Ulhll W'
CDF.
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: .,)81 tL.1 r~1
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. Compute y"'-"""" / 'i j>- Transrorm o(;:I:-lJt...oO 4...J., ~ V
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Cd~V~I,
Rort c..101
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Ct..u Ti:De SII"III-..
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Levine D.M., Berenson M. and Stephan D., (1998), "

Statistics for Managers using Microsoft Excel", Prentice
Hall , Inc. , USA.
Webstev Allen , ( 1992), " Applied statistics for business

and economic" , IRWIN, Inc. , Boston, USA.
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