Introduction to 50L

plasma
fluid modeling and atomic physics
Lecture held on 09/12/2020 -

10/12/2020
in the
framework of the Nuclear Fusion Reactor Physics course

Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy

Giuseppe Francesco Nello

e- maie :
giuseppefronosw.ndlo@poeito.it

In these notes
,
references are
highlighted in yellow .

Should you need help in finding one or more

of these

references please feel free to

,
contact me .
0 .
INTRODUCTION

Boundary plane region penance ( dynamics : the in which the ,

composition ) and the vessel components directly and

, .
. . are

strongly mutually affected .

•
TERMINOLOGY : LIMITER us .
DNERTOR
configuration
Note : we will only consider
because it
plane
.

EDITOR
will be used in ITER and

DEMO . Smaller machines

use LRS .

( field lines not

anfig.eu#ion
"

III:¥¥÷± )
Divorce

;
: i
"

ottdditiond
-

ABI (field
'
lines
,

oimpiseged .
'
intersect
seperetrix)
.

Ehdeivpotoidd .
'

£BMMAg p
.

M@ppppmpgqgpyticehfffndi.hu
.
-

magnetic X point :Bo=o

"
+ point .
i EEE point
•
CORE POWER BALANCE (for HER )
Recalling that only Pan ¥I
/ Fusion
contributes to the are
plasma
5
}
TPHEATING Boi
power
balance ,
for the are

one write
%
can :

I%±
Part PHEATING Prague PSOL
.

= +
d
y←
heat / Enter
ENIRI.BR#fstrehamg,thes
.

"
the
plane
nisot
µ rapidly
distributed
The
power entering the SOL is
therefore : onto the FW

nkomw
PSOL =
Part P
HEATING
-

PRAD core

nIEewtwtw
,

Im"EL¥)
 NEIL : the terms
of the
energy
balance can be calculated as :

sav
G-

Po
IEYIEKYE.me
→
-

:&;
-

ED [Ym±J # knew \ a

[
pgg.jp#E5.35l03ZeffInzo)4Tn)k.Vare
→
"

1-1 1-1 plane

←

[ Zey=E€¥IeI
This is
e

true because core radiation is almost

completely Bremsstrehh.ae ( but we will

see later that some lioho could also

exist, in case
of a
high -
Z target material )
→
Repeat,wa is
imposed by the operetta ( ECRH ,
NB1
,
. . .

as a result of these calculations ,

it is
possible
to compute Psu the power entering
,
the SOL .

Pso , no
120MW enters the SOL .( transported by energetic
particles) and is exhausted to the walls ( FW ,
diverts
targets)
if it is not radiated
before .
The 50L POWER BALANCE is :

BE AABAEsgTTfsTSg
PS0E Piaget Paved t Paolo
m
1-
power
refuted Potter transported on

G- FW, by plane III

/ a. → ÷
isotropic
.

particles
.

PAAD is Ppsp

/
(
Sol
,
heat conduction sock ,

associated to : →

④ Line t )
advection
to
radiation I%I¥ weapon
(because It-not . BB
of not fully ionized
impurities and/or fuel neutrals .

(b) Bremsstroh lung

↳ lower than in lower than
are temperature
are
and
because 50L
Perrot 't .
temperature is
I. CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR THE SOL PLASMA

0 .
MOTIVATION

The 50L
power
the
balance is important for a Tokamak ,
onto the director
since it

determines
power deposited plates .

( this topic will be covered in detail in the

engineering course
✓
) .

If Psoe was only transported by plasma advection /conduction ,

which is

strongly anisotropic due to the

presence of the magnetic field ,

the peak heat

flux to the divert
targets would be

untoherebly large .

The strategy that will be adopted in HER for reducing

the
peak heat
flux to the diverts consists in RADIATING

part of Psoe before it reaches the diver

targets
( Piggy I Bmat Podvtr for given Bod
a .

This can olhrv

for detachment to take
place ,
if the
50L
plume temperature is reduced to T5 5EV
before
the
target plate ( below this T
, change exchange reactions
-

are dominant momentum losses take

place) [ lecture see

on detachment
for details ] .

To
quantitatively
balance, it
assess the
to
various terms
of
the
the Soc

distribution
power is necessary compute
of 50L
plasma temperature density , ,
velocity .

It is also
important to understand the role
of IMPURITIES

power balance These will

and NEUTRALS in the
plane .

topics
be discussed in the
following sections .
 I. GEOMETRY
Let us
focus on diverts leg i. ,
e.

from (
\ "

( OMD upstream =
comp ) to outboard
target .

←
The scheme shows the
poloidol projection of

bytheperticees.at
the
path travelled
board
field Indeed particles
,
follow the lines that
,

)
tdizggetzorehkdfmstey-hha.de .

'
Ma .
• -

The
target to target distance
along the
magnetic field
→ - -

can

be estimated as :

42T
Roof HI
This
length also called
,
gdfety factor 9N ~
is
RB0
-

CONNECTION LENGTH where the

• is
plasma minor radius

and R is the major radius

The relevant directions are

-
: 11
( parallel G- B) -

Note :
possible reference frames t
( perpendicular to B) -

for SOL plasma

-

description -
-

/ Er : radial
'

I : toroidal ;
¢
i.

÷÷÷¥ the SOL

¥:O
plasma
2. COLLISION A
CITY
We are
familiar with
fluid -

dynamic conservation equations ,

(Navier-Stokes ) which are based on the ah hypothesis :

the mean -

free -

path of particle Xmfp should be

a

smaller than the characteristic

length L of the system .

In other words
kn =

X[f I 0 .
I

£
Knudsen number

To justify a
uid description of the 50L plane ,
its COLLISIONAL ITY
→ Collision
mdihjacrossB-fddireI.FI .
and .

The
presence of the
magnetic field makes the L direction Iperp .

direction ) collisional ( the JX5 force acts as a

confinement
mechanism) .

The
presence of the
magnetic field is also the reason why
the the radial direction be treated
in
couples me can

by means
of e
fluid model .

→ Collisional
'ty along I 41 direction)
It is
possible
and electrons .
to
For
compute
both the
the Knudsen number
for
characteristic distance can
both
be
ions

estimated as
half the
target - to -

target distance
This will be
quantity
L N
§ = Tie
Bo/B¢
± 4 ,
←

referred to as ↳ because

www.ondityismvv being
iom) Kn ,
i
=

evaluated
along the
field
↳
lines .

The mean
free path for ions can be estimated as the ratio of
the ion velocity and a collision
frequency :

ion thermal velocity

+ = Vth ←

mfp, the most relevant collisions

Vi in in a
plasma are

Coulomb collisions For onion .

,
the ion -
ion
Coulomb collision frequency must be used here
 ↳
Ven , =
PET
NOTE : these collision
frequencies
mi I have been derived in a

↳ viinv lecture ,
µ%Jei
"' 5-
previous
433.10
hfz
= =

µ
.

, notes
see on

4 a
Coulomb collisions
1
slowing (
collision )
.

down
the
-

frequency for thermal a µ= mi

ion in
background
a

of ions .

Numerical example for ITER :

µ= 2. IF84 E- 4 ( assuming 50% DT

phone mit-2.5.vn proton )
"
Tin 100 ev TKN 0,11 ; ns.cn 10 his nzo ~ I
so ,
,

↳ Tin 100 eV=

1,16 . 100 #

4N 3 (safety factor)
105 m/s
avg.no tmfp.in ↳ 6M knick
•

Vii N 6*2.10451 ↳ ~ 21T 6. 2.3=1 #

.
m
for HER
50L plane
electro
} Kn ,e=tmf
↳
Some
approach as the one used
for ions to determine
Xmfp :

mfpe=Y←
+
the relevant collision
frequency is the

electron -

ion Coulomb collision

frequency .

↳
Eh ,EF¥e
← serving -
down ( collision)frequency
↳ vein Tei =
1,33
.

105 ng
fore thermal electron in e

Tn%
background of ions .

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE FOR HER

for
Vth,e= 41
? In¥ tmfp.eu
• Im kn eat HER
,

Vei 4.2
= SOL
plasma
 µ
Conclusion : a
fluid model adequate foris
describing the SOL

plasma behavior .
In
particular , if toroidal symmetry
can be assumed
,
a 2D
fluid model can be
employed .

Note : in the sheath

would be
,
which is no collision less , a

fluid treatment

inadequate
fluid domain is
stopped at SE
( sheath Edge) ,
where
boundary
consistently with Bohm
conditions
imposed
are

criterion ⑤
sheath heat
the =L ,

relations)
transfer .
 Is
Note : lux limited electron conductivity
-

( this an
topic not discussed class it is only mentioned
advanced ,
in :

here
for the sake
of completeness and to stimulate
your
interest the subject
in
)
Treating the electrostatic sheath edge boundary condition for as a

the
fluid model
of the Soc
plasma may lead to unphisicd values

of the heat
flux ( since the sheath
edge is a transition
region
heady region )
between a collisional and a collisions .

To ensure that heat conduction at the sheath

edge boundary
of the
fluid domain is maintained below
physically possible
values , a limit heat
flux can be
defined as the maximum

convection provided by electrons if they ,

all had a directed

velocity equal to the sound speed .

Ie 1-
I Tel lk%ce-vteftote.IM flux gaffing
-

p
↳ 9eim= Froth ete
H
,

n :*
I
.
.

let 1)
chemical Spitzer -

Harm
↳
feline
electron heat conduction
coefficient
3 .
THE BRAG IN SK11 EQUATIONS FOR THE SOL PLASMA :

RELATION TO KINETIC THEORY

Introductory note set
of fluid equations"
: a
for a
plasma
this course ( the two
has already been presented fluid
"
in -

model ,

's book )
see chapterof Freiberg
10 That two
fluid model .
-

represented the starting point for deriving the MUD equations ,

which have been

employed to discuss plasma equilibrium , plane
diemegnetism existence of flux surfaces etc The derivation
, ,
.

of the two -

fluid model however not discussed detail

was in .

It is well known
( lectures from prof Dude) that fluid
see .

equations can be derived by taking moments of kinetic

equations .

This
procedure is
completed by the choice of a suitable closure .

In the
following ,
the kinetic
equation from which the

Bragi nrkii
equations can be derived , as well as the nature

of the closure
proposed by Breifimkii ,
are discussed in
brief .

The complete derivation can be

found in the
original paper
by Bragi nskii ,
[SI Bregimkii Transport
.

, processes in a
plane ,

Rev Plame
.

Phys .
I 11965) 205 ] .

The kinetic
collisions
equation to be considered
for a
plasma where
present
are is the FOKKER PLANCK EQUATION :
-

off to F- ft
E LET ×
that =
III)oats to)
written for speciesj I IT
←

this coincides with the Boltzmann

equation equation ,

with the
exception of the collision term
age
. In

the FP
equation ,
this term takes into account the
fact
that the nature
of Gem in a
plane is
different
from the nature
of collisions in a
gas
: collisions in

a
plume are
mostly associated to
long -

range ,
small angle
collisions .

+
The collusion term
for plane
a is calculated
for small -

angle ,

long -

range
Coulomb collisions and summed over all the
particle species :

I¥¥ ÷dtE¥E¥¥¥µ±
Where it = T -

Jj and
map
=
u?dapYu# U

( a
synthetic but exhaustive discussion on this topic is

provided in chapters 2.9 ,

210, 2.12
of Wesson, To Kaneko,
3rd ed ( 2004) ))
. .

involves
The drone
problem evaluating unknown
quantities
( pressure terms, heat
flux ,
rate
of change of momentum due to collisions ,

heat generated as a result

of collisions) that arise when

taking moments of equations

the The closure
kinetic approach .

proposed by Bregimkii consists

obtaining expressions for the
in

unknown
quantities by expanding
the Fokker Planck
equation -

around
equilibrium (
on rheswellion ) distribution

f =

fat 8£perturbation
T.me#ellion

The complete derivation can be

found in
chapter 4 of the
paper by
Bregimkii .

In the next section

and discussed
of these notes, the
fluid equations are
presented
.
4 .
THE BRAGINSK 11 EQUATIONS FOR THE SOL PLASMA

[This topic chapter 2.14 of Wesson 's book and in chapter

is presented in

2- 3
of the paper by Bregimkii An alternative treatment leading .
,

to
analogous set of equations
an

"
be
found the book by
,
can in

geby The Plasma Boundary of Magnetic Fusion Devices chapter 9 ]

"
Stan , , .

Note 4) in the
following equations ,
are written for a Deuterium
plane
4. e- the
species considered Dt one ions and e- electrons ) .
However ,
for
tokamak, this
a
system should be
generalized to include also Ttiom

and Het Hett ,

ions .
In
practical applications ,
also
equations for
impurity ions
leg .
Art, Artt ,
.
set
. . .

,
Ar
'
) are included , thus resulting
in
larger
a
, coupled system of nonlinear PDES .
Here the
simplest
case is
presented for the sake
of providing a

first explanation .

Note (2) : some

of the source terms
appearing in the
equations are

associated to the
presence of ( Do this simple here neutrals in case

considered) However Bregimtii.

equations only describe plasma

,

f- ionized ) species keep mind that seperate set of in a

equations must be written also

for the neutral
species (to determine

e.
g.
the neutral density no appearing
in I. )z .
This will be
briefly
discussed later) .

CONTINUITY ( PARTICLE CONSERVATION )

to
→ Ions :
F particle source due

¥ ( ni ) t Kimi ) = sift SI ,
ionization of neutrals
( )
He
sick
1-1
hero too ! so
m

sources and sink terms

←
[ to
associated to atomic particle sink due
processes ,

relevant in Soc plasma recombination

plasma
recto)
.

→ Electrons ( quasi neutrality )

-
SIEE -

nino to

REM

t
-

MOMENTUM CONSERVATION
→ I am
viscosity external
I t
forces
Y

# t
F) mini
= -

Jp ,
-

ten , IE taxis) It TIM ,

ra J .

:
divergence of the stress terms .
Responsible for viscous

stress .

I - . too complex to be damned here in detail ] .

(E Iii XD)
Ah
eni t : electro -

magnetic force
n* Iii : rate
of change of momentum due to collisions :

this additional term arises

from the closure
procedure and
collisions in
is related to the specific nature
of planes
( i. e. this term is absent in a common
[ parallel
resistivity fluid) .

II. =
ene ( Y, j,
frictionforceperp.tn
t
) Y , ja ← ion - electron

resistivity

thermdforce-zh.se#--Bx-VTe-perp
-

0,71 he # Te ←
parallel

force .
thermal

5!
a. : rate
of change of momentum due to atomic
processes
-5in = In ←
momentum sink due to charge exchange
-

i.
( friction )
c× " "

ion -
neutral :

I%×= fit ti )
→

+ side Kino < ovzxmi

-

]
o

→
( so ! momentum loss
processes)
+ Si're

[
momentum source due to ionization
of neutral
→ re

si ,iz= + Keno Tootie mi Teo 40)

momentum sink due to recombination

reE-ninotooze.cm oii ↳ ) 0

→ Electrons

¥ tie .

F) meneiie =
Pe -

t.FI -

ene II tiiex E) It# 5¥

- ~
# In
electron inertia can be
neglected ( meam
;) ¥EEEEEn be neglected TIE -
I
,
I;no
-

ENERGY CONSERVATION
→
Ions

¥tii)↳niTi)tp ,
-
iii =

-
+ JTII
w
+
Qei
m
duet
compression
work
audition viscous
dissipation heating
collisions

+ 5¥ teniEui-I.in ;
m m
duet
heating ohmio
atomic
physics heating
processes

a-
-0% : heat
flux in
plasma Anisotropic
. heat conductivity

Ii= Ti -

, i-xi-ktitxinffx-i.IT
1-1 1-1

4 poodle [
heat
perpendicular heat
conductivity
conductivity
where :

I ,i,= ko.IT?kstronglynonlineoepedlelheot
4^60
conductivity
( "
Spitzer -
Harm conductivity formula
")
AaQei : ion -

electron
energy exchange ↳ see lecture by

prof Subba

3M¥ reveille )
on

Qei=
.

Ti
,
S0C
plasma
as ? : ion
energy
source duet atomic
physics processes
ion neutral
energy exchange duets change exchange
sI= :c
-
-

←
s +
SIE-hiholoozxZIT.to)
,

sisizt-ionenengygoi nduetoionizetionsi.ru
Sei,iEtnenKovfzzTo
Tion energy
londieetr recombination

ski,rec= -

Nikolov > rec 'ETi

 →
Electrons

( fettle ↳ net ) .

+ Petite =
Iet Fifine) Qei -

et Reine
'

+ JE tener

AMIE :
electron heat
flux in
plane Anisotropic.
heat conductivity

IE7E-4TE
XE-kte-XEEEx-kte-OFITE.si
-

,
-

I ×%
where

:#
( ")
heat
= T5K
Koo.ee strongly nonlinear parallel
,

conductivity
4^20-00 "

Ko ,
i
Spitzer Harm conductivity
-

formula
ta Qei : ion -

electron
energy exchange ↳ see lecture by

(Te ) prof Subba on

Qei 3M¥
.

=
ne Vei -

Ti
,
S0C
plasma
* see : electron
energy
source duet atomic
physics processes
5¥ = SE
e. it
← electrons are
responsible for ionization :
energy

+ Se
E

red
sink
for electrons due to ionization of
, neutrals

see,iz=RenKov7zEiz
^

I
Reduction causes 4 ionization
electron potential
energy
losses : InBev for ) D0

LIraefe.ne.to/tIFnehe.jLz,s.fTe,netz)lFiii-
red

55rad =
he .no -

T T
radiation ( line radiation tbremstrohlung) radiation ( linetbremsstrohliny)
soused by D0 caused by impurity j
present in the plane
←
red x ( g. Ar Li VY )
e.
, ,

Lz,
.

radiation
. . .

funfair for
impurity j
5 .
THE ID 50L APPROXIMATION AND SOL WIDTH

To understand the 50L

physics and relevant
processes ,
it is

current ent to
employ a ID approximation .
We will study
of particles
"
4 behavior
flux
"
the contained in a tube

of width top .

the
"
omp
" The
Xq is due to
shoot
/
•
competition between
"
/
Flux tube
"
→
fast 11 transport fu thynge)
slow 2
→
transport

NOTE : MODELLING NEUTRAL SPECIES

In case the neutral
species ohlisiomdity
is
sufficiently large ,

e.
for
fluid model the neutrals is
adequate ( e- g. Navier-Stokes

equations taking into account

,
source terms associated
to interactions with the
phone ) .

how kinetic neutral model

If 'ety
neutral collisional is
,
a

must be
based the
adopted
Monte
.
One
of
Carlo method
the most used cooler is EIRENE ,
on .
G. ID , STEADY STATE EQUATIONS FOR THE SOL PLASMA

shooting from the

general form of Breginskii equations ,
make

further assumptions :

① ID along T5 1II direction) :

project %, .

② steady-state
③
neglect viscosity and viscous
dissipation
•

CONTINUITY

¥,( him, )=sIiz siree +

.
MOMENTUM

→ Ions

him ,iddf = -

ddP, team tenet

, jgtQFIkeddtjtIM.eu
T 4 ion
4
electric ion - electron thermal
force friction force
→
Electrons ( E. d) Hei ) ( Eth)
- - e Eure -

ere 4,4 -
9Th he
often
,
=0

ENERGY
→ Iam

Initio,if tpi dI = -

ddo t SEE + Qei

→ Electrons

Zneu%eI¥tPedI -40¥ = t
see -
Qei
,

Next step :
further assumptions
④ Am
bipolar flow ( wi =
me )
⑤ Ti=Te "

( OHP)
"
> upstream
/
④ BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

¥.
÷::÷
i.
-

CONTINUITY ( equation for the perdlel velocity

[ dtdu = + %
se
thathedge)
from Bohm criterion
Gio) ftf )
←
↳ ,,=o)
=

target ( boundary
-

,
at
[ origin of the woedinote condition )

system et target : ↳ the solution domain

for
physical interpretation particle flux Min ,u:
, ,
fluid equations stops at the
is increased
of neutrals and reduced by
by it
↳ heath edge rec .

MOMENTUM Lions) (
equation for the density ) n
-

mini thin
doY = -

dating tFKeltfqeitththtsf.cm/tsIizytsIrec , "

[
it is convenient to write this
equation in divergence formation) form

§ ,
( mini HIT Pi ) =D ,
eet thei t Fifth ts%x , " t Sniiz ,"
t Ii ,
rec
,
"
✓
←
n
④ 4) = =
no ,
told plasma pressure
physical interpretation the terms
-

: on the
7
this
quantity can
right -
hand side are all
( except for
be recombination) these cause
processes
→ measured a variation of the total pressure
along
→
related to the overage the field lines .

core
plasma density In the two -

point model 12PM ) for the

vie
scaling relations diverts 50L all these were
processes
neglected total momentum was conserved .

In the
modified 2PM
,
these
processes
are all
put together in
mom ) .

MOMENTUM ( electrons) ( equation for the electric field G)

{
- - e Eure -

ere 4,4 -
OF the
date ,
=0

E.fr ,=o)= ,
Eta
-

ENERGY Lions t electrons ) (equation for %)

→
ion and electron equations
sum
energy
* fui ftp.ttzminiui?)-YqT%daI,,J=sIe.oraetsIeioetIoie tsigoeet.gg
{
Oh ,
=

Mp
1-1
94
µ
,
↳ osko.es> Koi
carriers
,
electrons on the
principal
of heat vie conduction (neglect
parallel heat
flux atom :
ion heat conduction term) .

from power leaving the

" phynhdintevprehetion.TT
plasma divided by
zp :
are

available for heat exhaust at soi

heat is aonied by convection
one

:÷÷ :
and .nu#.ona .

% reduced by loss processes

associated to atomic
physics
•

HEAT CONDUCTION ⑥ equation for IT, )

,eT%dI
{
% and,
= -

Ko
DX ,,

Tf,,=o ) =

94th ←
sheath heat
transfer relation
8 Ms see (see lectures by prof Subba .
on

'
t
sheath beet transmission
50L physics)
factor NF

SUMMARY :
→
geometry ,
existence and relevance
of SOL

→
adequacy of fluid description
a ( collision ndity)
→
Bragi nskii ( fluid ) equations and relation to kinetic (Fokker -
Planck)
→ ID
Breginskii equations and boundary conditions
↳ relation to what occurs

If → in CORE ( OMP )
next
steps : → at TARGET (sheath edge)
discuss the nature
of
SP SM SE
,
, ( atomic
in
physics processes
plasma
)
II. ATOMIC PROCESSES IN SOL PLASMA
The 50L
plane is characterized
by the
presence of :

→ D ( Deuterium) and lost tritium ) neutrals arising from

RECYCLING at wells .

→
impe ( e.
g.
atoms eroded
from the phone chamber wells )
↳ neutrals become ionized
impurities can exist as or .

E.
g.
Li (Lithium) can exist as Lio Lit Litt Litt?
, , ,

↳
impurities contribute to the
plane energy has (4)
1. NEUTRALS :
from fuel recycling otter get
} ( electrons)

⑤
Plasma ions and impact on the director

) target at sound speed They . are

RETAILED up
o
→ D To well saturation In a reactor the

\
.

well will
- -
- -
> D2 soon become saturated
,
and
therefore
after the impact plasma ions are RECOMBINED

at the well ( i. e.
they are neutralized ) and then
✓
emitted neutrals with the thermal
as
energy
-
of the wall ( ther maliced Do atoms )
(three ample x
phenomena ,
such as emission as molecules ,
can

these notes
occur . For simplicity ,
in we
only deal with atoms
The presence of the D° neutrals in the
proximity of the divests
to atomic
gives rise
processes :

→
charge exchange ( CH (responsible for ion neutral
- -

friction
Do ( cold ) t Dt that) Dt ( wed) Do that) →
t

→
electron -

impact ionization
e- t Do → Dtt 2 e- son
→ recombination
Dt → Do 9
e- t

fortes
sob cx dominant
CX are dominant 5 ev
processes
for Tessa
CX
processes are very effective as

MOMENTUM SINKS

if it possible to decrease Te I sew

is too>
←
recombination
dominates sick

before the target plasma momentum ,

can

be exhausted
 A
simplified wien
of processes occurring
CXdominated
in a detached
recombination
phone :

RADIATION reduces ionization

-

region region
Te up to E5ev
I fyront t t

2. IMPURITIES

Impurities are produced from target erosion ( sputtering evaporation) ,

more intentionally introduced in the plasma chamber .(

impurity seeding
"

Before describing in detail whey impurities come from ,

it is

important to discuss the behavior of impurities in the 50L

plasma
the
region ,
and plasma -

impurity interactions

NOTE : it is

evident that →

ionization Bretmsstreh lung

and
charge exchange
-

can also occur

in the
presence
of neutral

impurities
( not only five neutrals) .

Toothed
-→eaoBT%oaeawaoe
Relevant
processes :
Ionization
→
/recombination of impurity ions / atoms
similar to the
phenomenology already discussed for DY5 ,
but
3) keep
hot
impurities can have multiple ionized states ( e.
g.
Li has next
paget
→ Bremsstreh
lung is always present in a
plane ( due to
free
electrons
changing trajectory following the
passage close
to onion ) but is relevant at
hight ↳ remote
"
)
v
youre is
→ Line reduction is associated to excitation / de -
excitation

of the electrons of impurity atoms lions due to electron

impact .
Lower
charge states ( e.
g.
LP, Lit ) for,
a
given
Litt
temperature ,
are
responsible for more radiation then ,
e.
g. ,

( because more electrons are available) .

→
Change -

exchange ,
some nature as for fuel neutrals .

•
The
plasma energy loss due to these
effects quantified
is by the
loss
function Lzfte ,
net )
↳ E :
particle dwell time .

Intuitively , est tr on
,

This explains the increase

impurity has
fewer time to

reach its colonel equilibrium

of Lz for
,
a
given ⇐
change -

state distribution ,
and
for given
therefore
a
and will have
impurity with ,
a lower (Z ) ( i. e. mean
T
decreasing
charge ) for a
given
Note :
during chess we
temperature
detail later
.
To be discussed in

talked about
.

a net

/
:[
function Yet
"
radiation

¥÷:c
bremsstrohhnry .

The electron
rate also
cooling
includes the
contribution from
ionization and
is often called Lzoswelej
-
,

I -
Note :

For the sake

of
completeness ,
we

also the
report
rate
coefficients
for IZ, rec and CX .

for Li .
3. SUMMARY OF ATOMIC PHYSICS PROCESSES AND ASSOCIATED SOUREEISINK
TERMS IN SOC CONSERVATION EQUATIONS

•
CHARGE -

EXCHANGE

D. told)tD( hot) → Dt told )tD°( hot)

I'd:%::µ
.

it has been there mdized

with the target

→
no
effect particle
on balance
[ charge exchange
- reaction rate I
→ momentum sink :
1-

-51 ,
=
milito -

Iii ) .

Tino , densities of the two

in
4
of the
" "
reactants CX
cx reaction
processes
coefficient
→
energy sink ( usually negligible with respect to other contributions ) :

5 =
I fo -

Ti ) .

Codex Nino
Tt
'

< 0 because
neutral is cold
•
IONIZATION

e- t Do → Dtt 2 e-

particle balance
-
-

→
:

S ?,iz= 500 ? Reno

z
" "
4 here the reactants are electrons and neutrals

momentum balance : the of

plane acquires the momentum
→

the neutral

Corfe Reno mi Ito

→
energy
balance : ions

lose
gain the

the energy associated

energy of the neutral
to the
,
but electrons

ionization

potential .

?,iz= homie
§q
5 "
cho
of
.

ionization
potential
5 the ionized
iz=
-

Too ? z Reno Eiz species .

•
RECOMBINATION ⑧
'
⑤
⑤ ¥
e- t Dt → Do -
- - - -

particle balance
-
- - -

→
-

⑤
:

,
sink
for ions

SIREE -

Cobra Keri
→
momentum balance thin mo )
[
,rec=
-

Lov ) recite Kimiko

→
energy
balance the the momentum coined by the
ionishst
SF ,
ref
-

Cobre Ken , , ZZT ;

recombining
1-1
4 the
energy
caned by the

recombining ion is lost .

•
RADIATION
→
Bvamsst
robbing .
-

①
Electrons trajectories
'
i

④
are

deflected by the '

- -
-
-

'
-
-

passage
hear to a nucleus This [ '
*
-

! JBRM %
.

deflection leads to radiation emission

roohxzionedifrenomentif.s.%Bai4TH-5.35.IO?Zef
Gymsf ]
"
( braking radiation
"

1-1 1-1

to Talk
→
directly proportional to
: more relevant
the
effective cheese in
# home where
.IE?ski
,

Zeff , temperatures are much

the
longer than in 50L .

where Z
,
is the atomic number

of the j th -

species in a
plane .

( fore pure D- T
plume ,

Zeff =L)
Zeff is an indicator of plasma purity .
 → LINE RADIATION
A
free electron can excite one
of the electrons bound to

an atom onion without

stripping it ( i. e. without
ionization ) The electron de excites back to its
going
-

original ( ground ) state

, emitting a
photon fline radiation) .

-
.
i
I
-

HE:{k¥4
, ,

to
:
⑤
\ ←
gave -
excitation
de excitation
-

Line radiation comes on

energy
loss
for the electrons .

loss due to line radiation

The
power density
can be

calculated as :

j
S
we
=
he no .

↳ une te ,
net) t
I
nehe.kz ,
cnet.net)
LF -
T T
Line radiation caused by D0 Line radiation caused

NOTE : LE ,
rod that was used
by impurity j present
before also contained in the
plane
Bremsstrohhnrg .( radiation
"

function )
"

! Liz
Note :
case
← electron
cooling function associated to
species j
T ( ionization tbremsstrohlungt
,

In the line radiation)

%IIf%d
them dolled
→ .

Liz ,
red ←
radiation
function associated to
species's
1 ( brains line radiation )
" "
strolling t

peyottaihwtfwoayetthfhwni.LI
Lz :

← line radiation function ( line radiation only)

,
we

IV
 Further notes about line radiation :
② Line radiation is associated to excitation and de excitation -

of
electrons :
therefore ,
ions that
fully stripped of
are

electrons ( i. e.
completely ionized such Dt Lite Att
,
as or )
line radiation
do
Not come . Moreover, the longer the
number of electrons bound to one atom
,
the
largest
the line radiation rate ,
for a
given plasma condition .

③ Line radiation is due to Do and to impurity atoms .

For
example in reactor there will be at least He
, a
,
,

W ( from the target) and purposely seeded impurity a

such a Ar :

E D

tkenarLII.net Renate
W

se we
=
hero ↳ one then He L one
,
line
,

duetowYWI.AT
4
due to Hi HE ,
"

② The expressions used above

define the radiation
function ,

which is on
auxiliary quantity useful for calculations .

Liz ,
we
= sIave
Reno

→
DEPENDENCE OF THE RADIATION FUNCTION ON THE

CHANGE STATE DISTRIBUTION

location all the

In
general ,
et e
given
in a
plane ,

ionization states
of an
impurity can be
found :

KLF help tkcittkg.tt t kcittt

Divide by Rei :

I =
Gli t 9 Lit t Y dit t lfcittt ,
where
YL.is
=

tfg
The radiation
function associated to e
given impurity is the

result of the venous

dhoege states .
For example for Li :
,

↳ a.
=
%fe.netj.ci?raeIte) 1-
for
^

change state distribution - I radiation function

depends
on both Teared
me I .
charge state 's only ffte)
next section : how to determine impurity cheap -
state distribution
4. DETERMINATION OF THE CHARGE -
STATE DISTRIBUTION

Two
possible approaches solve conservation equations for the :

impurities apply the concept of particle dwell time

,
or .

•
CONSERVATION EQUATIONS FOR IMPURITIES
For detailed calculations
transport
,
codes ( e.
g. ITER)
saps -

are used .
For each
impunity change state , conservation

equations of Bragi nskii type are solved .

In this case , the continuity equations are written as :

(1) ¥5 +
F. ( hjtlj) =
Reni ,
too
?z ,
I
-

heh j < ←
7z ,

kekjsobregjtnekjtkobregs.tt
-

[ for 1 Z I ]
4 physical interpretation : ionization
of charge state
j= of for
-

state
.

and recombination
.
.

, , I are sources
j -

the Tlz) recite " . "

4) 0¥ #
=
here , coolie ,
←,
-

he hz to

( these equations require the knowledge of the neutral impurity

density ,
which must be determined
separately since Bragi mkii
not for neutral atoms)
equations only work
for plane a
,
.

⑦ momentum and
energy equations for each charge state
,

for each impurity ,

in addition to that
of main
plane f) .

sophisticated codes are

required .

•
CORONAL EQUILIBRIUM ⑤ PARTICLE DWEKTI ME
This
approach is
useful for gaining physical insight ,
even

though for practical purposes

it is
difficult to estimate e
particle
dwell time .

Transport effects are

approximated as
daft If ~

If the
equations become a particle
£
dwell

(1)
me

=
nenj-kovfz.se kehj Miz ,
-

kekjsobregjtnekjtkobregs.tt
-

[ for j = I
,
. .
.
,Z -
a ]

(2)
Yp he the -15007iz
=
-

here to rec,z
z -

I
,

(3) kj=o =
him , -

II n
, ( for neutral state )
 timp particle dwell time i. characteristic time spent
: ,
e.

by particle in region of plane

thermal
a ennui so .

A short
timp implies strong transport effects I impurities
move
fast in the
phone they are
locally far from an
equilibrium
condition) .

If transport effects are

neglected ,
the coronal
equilibrium
change -
state
distribution
is retrieved .(
Timpson)
(1)
¥1 =
kekj.fovfz.fi ke Kj < ←
Zz ,
-

-
,

kekjsobregjtneks.tk
= 0
-

0
rec
,
jtt

[ for j = I
,
. .
.

,
Z -
I ]

(2)
¥¥ he kz -15007 z here to
-

=
z -

I rec z
,
,

(3) =
him
p
-

II nj ( for neutral state)

since the rate
coefficients too > are
ffte ) ,
in coronal

equilibrium the change state distribution is only a

function
of the electron
temperature Te It be determined .
can by
solving the nonlinear system of equations shown above .

Example for Li :

f) Mercia 500?
z.ci
thenLitt 500 }ec
,
Litt
-

Menteith 007%it Nehcit -

three ,
°

④ He %it TO iz
,
thfeka.tt#v7regcittt-h/ehLittTov7iz,citt-h/ehLitth0v7rec Litt ,
°

[fF!f¥§
Htt) Venit Kobi ziitt-kehcitttlobrec.at#=O →

4) he ? =
Mi
-

II thi
y in matrix
form

÷ "±÷÷:: ÷÷÷:÷÷÷: ÷÷ :
.

::
Note : rate coefficients too dependent on Te can be
found in atomic databases
like OPEN -
ADAS
(opeh.Idos.ec.nu;)
 Example change stole distribution for
: CARBON
fZ=o)
coronal
equilibrium
'

I ? I ←

( transport effects ,t→a)

µ
i i no

I I
i
'
the
, i ; plot shows yj=n
for
1
I
i i 0 .
.
.

,6
, ,
1 .

1
I

ftp.osexpectedyj
I

1
Only
•

I '
i

Ii
ebove~400eynfullyothwtemperetuies.at
← '

f
i

NzeFot3oeV stripped
only CT4
,
.

only neutral carbon cts is dominant

exists
→ SOLUTION FOR NON -

CORONAL EQUILIBRIUM

thepatsnw.se
EIEEq÷:c
←

A smaller means that

there are more electrons
bound to the atoms

i
example forte-30evondt-oswefiudttt-4.i.e.onlyctkexi.to
:

( consistent with the plot above .) .

But
for the same Te=3oeV,
if It, test ( i. e. also Ct?
and soon exist )
CONSEQUENCES
of transport effects :

② The
change state distribution is oboe
function
of not

② For -
given Te
,
the
change state distribution is
shifted
towards LOVVERCZ > ( i. e. more electrons are bound
to the etomosion )
t
 Physical explanation :

this:3:E¥:#95 serene
values of Te .

If it moves slow
enough ITT ) ,
ithostime to

reach ionization -
recombination equilibrium
← at the local Te the
change state distribution

note : will be the Grand one .

transport effects .

But
if it moves FAST It f) ,
the ionization -

are
extremely recombination
relevant in equilibrium is not reached
,
and
Sol
,
which
dominated by
is
therefore fewer electrons are
stripped before
there will
transport
impuritythe
towards target
the
particle moves away be
the atom lion,
mage electrons attached to
.

i. e. test .

CONSEQUENCE in terms
of LINE RADIATION :

Example for ti

y
IT
if
TEE? )
"

[ or smaller Values
of t ,
at a
given temperature ,
more

electrons are available

for LINE radiation STRONGER

radiation .

Note : the
plot on the
left shows the electron cooling function
Lz ,
woe ,
which is celled ↳
for simplicity . This
function also
includes ionization and brainsstrolling but the , qualitative
effect is still observed .
 The
following plot shows the dependence of the coronal

equilibrium radiation function for H and impurities The various .

the atomic number of the

dependence on
impunity evident is .

µ÷:÷: :÷% (↳
only Bremsstrehbmg

BR ra
Tek )
.

Note : this picture does not show non

-

armed
effects to avoid

confusion ,
but
for each curve a lower t would
imply
a
larger radiation
function .

A discussion on
harmful and
beneficial effects of impurities
can be
found in
Chapters of stongeby.brbook

Note to the total radiated the SOL

:
compute power
in
,

↳ fetid net
Riaz , nenz

!
swipe ff \
A
,
sol

*
④ in a

and he
,nz
simple
are
case where
content :
Lzisanstut

layer
Prgsgz ↳
volume = 21T
Romping 4, one he
.

←
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