Experiment 13

Introduction to DC Motors

Name:________________________ Date:_________________________

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
 Understand the basic working principle of a DC Machine
 Identify the constructional parts of a DC Machine

THEORY:

Principle :
A current carrying conductor is placed in a uniform magnetic field will experience a
mechanical force

A DC Machine is comprised of following main parts

 Yoke or Frame
 Magnetic Poles
 Field Winding
 Armature Core
 Armature Winding
 Commutator
 Carbon Brushes

1. Yoke or Frame:
It is circular in shape and consists of even number of salient poles bolted
inside of circular frame. The yoke is usually made of solid cast steel.

2. Magnetic Poles:
In small machines the poles are made with yoke and both are of cast iron. In
big machines poles are made of laminated steel sheets which are riveted together under hydraulic
pressure.
3. Field Winding:
Field windings are mounted on the poles and carry the D.C exciting current. It
spreads flux over large area.

4. Armature Core:
It is cylindrical core keyed to the machine shaft and rotates between the field
poles. It consists of slotted soft-iron laminations (about 0.4 mm to 0.6 mm thick) that are stacked
to form a cylindrical core. The laminations are insulated from each other by thin layer of
insulating material so that they do not come in contact with each other. The laminations are
slotted to accommodate and provide mechanical security to the armature winding.

5. Armature Winding:
The slots of the armature core hold insulated conductors that are connected in
a suitable manner and is called the armature winding. This is the winding in which working e.m.f
is induced.

6. Commutator:
A Commutator is a mechanical rectifier which converts the alternating voltage
generated in the armature winding into direct voltage across the brushes. The commutator is
made of copper segments insulated from each other by suitable insulating material and mounted
on the shaft of the machine. The armature conductors are soldered to the commutator segments
in a suitable manner to give rise to the armature winding.

7. Carbon Brushes:
The purpose of the brushes is to ensure electrical connections between the
rotating commutator and stationary external load circuit. The brushes are made of carbon and
rest on the commutator. Carbon brushes are employed to reduce sparking and provide better
commutation.
Types of DC Motors

Self Excited DC Motor

In case of self excited dc motor, the field winding is connected either in series or in
parallel or partly in series, partly in parallel to the armature winding, and on this
basis its further classified as:-

1. Shunt wound DC motor.

2. Series wound DC motor.
3. Compound wound DC motor
Cumulative Compound DC Motor
When the shunt field flux assists the main field flux, produced by the main field
connected in series to the armature winding then its called cumulative compound dc
motor.

Differential Compound DC Motor

In case of differential compound dc motor, the arrangement of shunt and series
winding is such that the field flux produced by the shunt field winding diminishes the
effect of flux by the main series field winding.

The net flux produced in this case is lesser than the original flux and hence does not
find much of a practical application.

Remarks :

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