The course

ch1: Analysis and design of universal motors

ch2: Two-phase induction motors
ch3: Analysis and design of single-phase
induction motors
ch4:Design of small single-phase transformers
ch5:Linear induction motors
ch6:Analysis and design of stepper motors
 References
1. Jan A. Melkebeek ,"Electrical Machines and Drives, Fundamentals and
Advanced Modelling" , Springer International Publishing , 2018.
2. Theodore Wildi ,"Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems",
Sixth Edition, Pearson Education Limited, 2014.
3. Fitzgerald, Kingsley’s and Stephen D. Umans, "Electric Machinery",Seventh
Edition, 2014.
4. Ion Boldea ."Linear Electric Machines, Drives, and MAGLEVs Handbook",
CRC Press, 2013.
5. S.N. Vukosavic, "Electrical Machines", Springer,2013.
6. N. Mohan, "Electric Machines and Drives: Analysis, Modelling,
control" ,Springer, 2011.
7. J.F. Gieras ,”Advancements in Electric Machines “ springer ,2008.
8. Charles A.Gros, "Electric Machines", CRC Press 2007.
9. D.Griffiths ,” Principles and Problems of Electrical Machines “,1995.
10.T.Kenjo, “Electric Motors and Their Controls “ , 1991.
11. D.O.Kelly, “Performance and Control of Electrical Machines “,1991.
12. Charles I. Hubert , “Electric Machines: Theory , Operation,
Applications, Adjustment and Control “ ,1991.
13. P.C.Krause and O. Wasynczuk, “Electromechanical Motion
Devices”,1989.
14. C.B.Gray, “Electrical Machines and Drive Systems” ,1989.
15. M.G. say, “Alternating Current machines” , 1988 .
16. A.R. Daniels, ”Introduction to Electrical Machines” ,1985 .
Universal Motor -
*If the polarity of the line terminals of a dc series motor is
reversed, the motor will continue to run in the same direction.
Thus, it might be expected that a dc series motor would operate
on alternating current also.
*Motor that can be used with a single-phase ac source as
well as a dc source of supply voltages are called universal
motors.
*The universal motor is simply, and cheap. It is used
usually for rating not greater than 750 W.
*The characteristics of universal motor are very much
similar to those of d.c. series motors, but the series motor
develops less torque when operating from an a.c. supply than
when working from an equivalent d.c. supply.
*Speed control of universal motors is best obtained by solid-
state devices. Since the speed of these is not limited by the
supply frequency and may be as high as 20,000 r.p.m. (greater
than the maximum synchronous speed of 3000 r.p.m. at 50 Hz),
they are most suitable for applications requiring high speeds.

Applications
There are numerous applications where universal motors are used, such
as portable drills, hair dryers, grinders, table-fans, blowers, polishers,
household appliances such as vacuum cleaners, food mixers, sewing
machines and power handsaws.
They are also used for many other purposes where speed control and
high values of speed are necessary. Universal motors of a given horse
power rating are significantly smaller than other kinds of a.c. motors
operating at the same frequency.
However, a series motor which is specifically
designed for dc operation suffers from the following
drawbacks when it is used on single-phase ac supply:
1. Its efficiency is low due to hysteresis and
eddy-current losses.
2. The power factor is low due to the large reactance
of the field and the armature winding.
3. The sparking at the brushes is excessive.
In order to overcome these difficulties, the following
modifications are made in a d.c. series motor that is to
operate satisfactorily on alternating current:
 The field core is constructed of a material
having low hysteresis loss. It is laminated to
reduce eddy-current loss.
The field-pole areas is increased so that the flux
density is reduced. This reduces the iron loss.
 The number of armature conductors is increased
in order to get the required torque.
In order to minimize commutation problems, high
resistance brushes with increased brush area are
used.
 In order to reduce the effect of armature
reaction, thereby improving commutation and

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reducing armature reactance, a compensating
winding is used.
 The armature of universal motor is of the
same construction as ordinary series motor.

Principle of operation of the universal motor

When current flows in the field winding, it produces an
electromagnetic field. The same current also flows from
the armature conductors. When a current carrying
conductor is placed in an electromagnetic field, it
experiences a mechanical force. Due to this mechanical
force, or torque, the rotor starts to rotate. The direction of
this force is given by
Fleming's left hand rule.

When fed with AC supply, it still produces unidirectional

torque

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Construction of Universal Motors

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Fig. (1) Construction of Universal Motors
Different parts of Universal Motors are discussed here.
The main parts of the concentrated field universal motor
are the

1. frame
2. field core
3. field coils
4. armature
5. end plates.

1. The frame
The frame is a rolled steel, aluminum, or cast-iron shell
similar to that in Figure 2 and large enough to hold the
field core laminations comfortably. The field poles are
generally held in the frame by means of thru bolts..

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2. Field core

The field core is constructed of laminations that are tightly

pressed together and held by rivets or bolts. As shown in
Figure (3), the laminations are designed to contain both
field poles of a two-pole motor.

Fig.(3) Stator core of a two pole universal motor

3. Field coils

Field coils held in place by one or two pins which are

forced through a small hole in the pole core. Fig.( 4)

Fig.(4) Pins through the core to hold field coils in place 99

The field coils are secured to the pole core by a thin
clamp that extends from one side of the coil to the other
Fig. (5)

Fig.(5) Metal clamps for securing field coils to the core

Usually field coils is taped with a cotton tape after it has

been wound Fig.(6).

Fig.(6) Tapping a field coil with a cotton tape

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Sometimes a piece of fiber is wedged from one field
coils to another Fig.( 7).

Fig.(7)Using fiber wedges to secure field coils in the core

4. Armature construction

Fig.(8) Armature construction

The armature is similar to that of the small DC motor. It

consists essentially of a laminated core having either
straight slots or skewed slots and a commutator to which
00
the leads of the armature winding are connected. 00
The material of the core laminations is low loss silicon
steel (0.4 to 0.5 mm thick).
Both the core and commutator are pressed on the shaft.

5. End plates

Fig.(9) End plate showing the brush holder and bearing

As in other motors, the end plates are located on the ends

of the frame and held in place by screws. The plates house
the bearings, usually of the ball or sleeve type, in which the
armature shaft revolves. Many universal motors contain
an end plate that is cast as part of the frame. Only one
plate can be removed from this type of motor.
Brush holders are usually bolted to the front end plate.

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