Chapter 8.

PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
8.1. M is the molar mass of KMnO4. The equivalent weight of KMnO4 is:
a) M/1 b) M/3 c) M/5 d) Depends on the reaction
8.2. Given that the molar masses of Al2(SO4)3 and NaOH are 342g and 40g, respectively.
For the following reaction:
Al2(SO4)3 + 2NaOH = Na2SO4 + 2[Al(OH)2]2SO4
The equivalent weights of Al2(SO4)3 and NaOH, respectively, are:
a) 342g ; 40g b) 171g ; 40g c) 57g ; 20g d) 114g; 40g
8.3. Given that the molar masses of MnO2 and O2 are 87g and 32g, respectively. For the
reaction: 2MnO2 + O2 + 4KOH = 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
The equivalent weights of MnO2 and O2, respectively, are:
a) 43.5g; 16g b) 87g ; 16g c) 43.5g ; 8g d) 21.75g ; 8g
8.4. Given that the molar masses of KAl(SO4)2.24H2O and NaOH are 690g and 40g,
respectively. For the reaction:
2KAl(SO4)2.24H2O + 4NaOH = 2Na2SO4 + [Al(OH)2]2SO4 + K2SO4 + 48H2O
The equivalent weights of KAl(SO4)2.24H2O and NaOH, respectively, are:
a) 690g ; 40g b) 345g ; 40g c) 172,5g ; 20g d) 230g; 40g
8.5. Given that the molar masses of MnO2 and HCl are 87g and 36.5g, respectively. For
the reaction: MnO2 + 4HClconcentrated, hot = MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
The equivalent masses of MnO2 and HCl, respectively, are:
a) 43.5g; 36.5g b) 21.75g; 18.25g c) 87g; 35.5g d) 21.75g; 35.5g
8.6. Choose the correct statement(s). The solubility of a substance in water is:
1) The maximum number of milliliters of a slightly soluble gas that can disolve in 100g
of water at the given conditions.
2) The maximum number of grams of solute dissolves in 100ml of water at the given
conditions.
 3) The maximum number of moles of sparingly soluble electrolyte dissolves in 1 liter
of water at the given conditions.
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 1, 2, 3
8.7. Choose the correct statement(s):
1) The solubility of most sparingly soluble substances decreases as the temperature of
the solution increases.
2) The solubility of a sparingly soluble substance depends only on its nature and the
temperature.
3) The solubility of any sparingly soluble salt is always increased by the presence of a
soluble salt that contains a common ion.
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) None of the above
8.8. Choose the incorrect statement(s):
1) A dilute solution is unsaturated because its concentration of solute is low.
2) A solution is the homogenous system.
3) The composition of a compound is deterministic, but the composition of a solution
can vary.
4) A saturated solution is the concentrated solution.
a) 1, 3 b) 2, 4 c) 2, 3 d) 1, 4
8.9. Solution X has a percent concentration C%, molarity concentration CM, density d
(g/ml), molecular mass of X is M, s is the solubility in g/100g H2O. The incorrect
equation is:
a) s = 100. C%/(100 - C%) b) CM = 10 C%.d/M
c) C% = CM. M/(10.d) d) C% = 100.s /(100 - s)
8.10. A 1.00 liter of concentrated KOH solution contains 655 g KOH. The solution density
is 1.456 g/ml. Calculate the molality (m) of this solution.
a) 1.46 m b) 1.74 m c) 6.73 m d) 4.27 m
8.11. Choose the correct statement(s):
1) The molar fraction concentration is the number of mass fractions (in grams) of the
solute or solvent in a solution.
 2) The equivalent concentration or normality of a solution is defined as the number of
moles of solute per liter of solution.
3) Normality of a substance in a solution can be lower than its molarity.
4) Molality is the measure of the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
5) It is necessary to know the density of the solution when converting the percent
concentration to the molarity or normality.
6) The density of a substance is the mass (in grams) of 1 cm3 of that substance.
a) 1, 2, 5, 6 b) 1, 5, 6 c) 5, 6 d) 3, 5, 6
8.12. Choose the correct answer:
To prepare 100 ml of 10-4 N H2SO4 solution, the volume of 2.10-2 N H2SO4 solution
must be taken as:
a) 0.5 ml b) 1 ml c) 2 ml d) 0.25 ml
8.13. Calculate the volume of 4 M HCl required to make 1 liter of 0.5 M HCl solution.
a) 0.0125 lit b) 0.125 lit c) 0.875 lit d) 12.5 lit
8.14. Choose the correct statement.
a) A liquid boils at such a temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the
surrounding atmospheric pressure.
b) When a substance A is dissolved in liquid B, the vapor pressure of B increases.
c) Water always boils at 100oC.
d) The boiling point of saltwater is lower than that of pure water.
8.15. Choose the incorrect statement.
a) At the same temperature, the vapor pressure of the solvent in solution is
inversely proportional to the solute concentration.
b) The relative decrease in the vapour pressure over the solution containing a
nonvolatile solute is equal to the mole fraction of the solute.
c) The crystallization temperature of the solvent in solution is inversely
proportional to the molar concentration of the solution.
 d) The vapor pressure of a molecular solution is directly proportional to the mole
fraction of the solute.
8.16. Choose the incorrect statement.
a) The boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a
liquid is equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure.
b) At the same external pressure, the boiling point of a solution containing a
nonvolatile solute is always higher than that of the pure solvent.
c) The freezing point of the pure solvent is always lower than that of solutions.
d) The vapor pressure of the solvent in the solution is always lower than that of the
pure solvent at any particular temperature.
8.17. Choose the correct statement.
a) The relative decrease in the vapour pressure over the solution containing a
nonvolatile solute is equal to the mole fraction of the solvent.
b) At the same temperature, the vapor pressure of the solvent in the solution is
always lower than that of the pure solvent.
c) The vapor pressure of the solvent in the solution is directly proportional to the
mole fraction of the solute.
d) The vapor pressure of a dilute solution is independent of the nature of the solute.
8.18. Choose the correct answer. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which:
a) The vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the surrounding atmospheric
pressure.
b) The vapor pressure of the liquid is 760 mmHg.
c) The vapor pressure of the liquid is higher than 760 mmHg.
d) The vapor pressure of the liquid is lower than 760 mmHg.
8.19. The vapor pressure of a solution containing 53.6 g glycerin (C3H8O3, 92.10 g/mol
nonvolatile, covalent compound) in 133.7 g ethanol (C2H5OH, 46.07 g/mol) is 113
 torr at 40°C. Calculate the vapor pressure of pure ethanol at 40°C. Assume ideal
behavior.
a) 172 torr b) 136 torr c) 760 torr d) 215 torr
8.20. Choose the correct description about the factor K in the formula Raoult’s second law,
i.e., ∆T = K.m:
a) K is a constant that depends on the solute concentration, temperature, and the
solvent’s nature.
b) K is a constant that depends on temperature and the solvent’s nature.
c) K is a constant that depends only on the solvent’s nature.
d) K is a constant that depends on both the solute’s and solvent’s natures.
8.21. Choose all of the correct statement(s). At a constant atmospheric pressure, the
concentration of a dilute solution, which contains a nonvolatile solute and does not
form a solid solution with the solvent, is greater, then the solution has:
1) a higher boiling temperature.
2) a lower boiling temperature.
3) a lower freezing temperature.
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 1, 3
8.22. Dissolve 5 grams of each nonvolatile substance, i.e., C6H12O6, C12H22O11 and
C3H5(OH)3, in 500 grams of water. According to the increasing boiling point of the
solution, which order is correct: (given C = 12, O = 16 and H = 1)
a) C12H22O11 < C6H12O6 < C3H5(OH)3 b) C3H5(OH)3= C6H12O6<C12H22O11
c) C3H5(OH)3 < C6H12O6 < C12H22O11 d) C12H22O11<C3H5(OH)3< C6H12O6
8.23. Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution which contains 5g of the solute in 100g of
water at 25°C. Given that pure water has a vapor pressure of 23.76 mmHg at this
temperature and the molecular mass of the solute is 62.5g.
a) 23.4 mmHg b) 0.34 mmHg
c) 22.6 mmHg d) 19.0 mmHg
8.24. At 25oC, the vapor pressure of pure water is 23.76 mmHg. When 2.7 mol of glycerin
is dissolved in 100 mol of H2O at the above temperature, the lowering vapor pressure
of the solution is equal to:
a) 23.13 mmHg b) 0.64 mmHg
c) 0.62 mmHg d) 23.10 mmHg
8.25. Compare the boiling point of each solution of CH3OH (T1), CH3CHO (T2) and
C2H5OH (T3), which contains B grams of solute in 1000g of water: (given that these
substances also evaporate with water)
a) T3 > T2 > T1 b) T1 > T2 >T3
c) T2 > T1 > T3 d) Insufficient data to compare
8.26. An aqueous solution of a non-electrolyte solute boils at 373.52 K. The molality of this
solution is: (Kb = 0.52 K/m):
a) 0.01 b) 1.0 c) 10 d) 0.1
8.27. In 200g of solvent, it contains A g of glucose with molecular mass M. The molal
freezing point depression constant of the solvent is Kf. The equation describing the
change in freezing point from pure solvent to solution is:
a) Tf = 5Kf.(A/M) b) Tf = Kf.(A/M)
c) Tf = 1/5Kf.(A/M) d) Tf = Kf.A
8.28. A solution of a non-volatile solute in water freezes at −0.30 oC. The vapour pressure
of pure water at 298 K is 23.51 mmHg and Kf for water is 1.86 K/m. The vapour
pressure of this solution at 298 K is:
a) 22.15 mmHg b) 0.07 mmHg
c) 23.44 mmHg d) 1.36 mmHg
8.29. An aqueous solution of a non-electrolyte volatile solute boils at 100.26 °C. The
molality of this solution is: (given that the molal boiling point elevation constant of
water is Kb = 0.52 K/m)
a) 0.75 b) 1 c) 0.5 d) Insufficient data to calculate
8.30. Dissolve 0.4g of an organic compound X in 25g of acetic acid. The solution begins to
solidify at 16.15 oC. Given that pure acetic acid freezes at 16.60 oC and the compound
X forms a solid solution with acetic acid. The molal freezing point depression constant
of acetic acid is 3.6 oC/m. Calculate the molecular mass of X.
a) 228g b) 256g c) 128g d) Insufficient data to calculate
8.31. Choose the correct statement(s):
1) The osmotic pressure of a solution is equal to the pressure exerted by the solute if it
is an ideal gas, occupying a volume equal to the volume of the solution at the same
temperature.
2) The osmotic pressure is proportional to the temperature of the solution.
3) The osmotic pressure of an electrolyte and a non-electrolyte solution at the same
temperature and at the same molarity is different.
4) Van’t Hoff’s law, i.e., for osmotic pressure, is correct for solutions at any
concentrations.
5) The osmotic pressure is expressed as the gram-equivalent concentration (or
normality) the solution.
a) 1, 2, 3 b) 3, 5 c) All of the above d) 2, 4, 5
8.32. The mathematical expression of Raoult’s 2nd law has the form:
a) T = K.M , where K is molal boiling-point-elevation (or molal freezing-point-
depression) constant of solution, and M is molarity.
b) T = K.N , where K is molal boiling-point-elevation (or molal freezing-point-
depression) constant of solution, N is normality.
c) T = K.m , where K is molal boiling-point-elevation (or molal freezing-point-
depression) constant of solution, m is molality.
d) T = K.C , where K is molal boiling-point-elevation (or molal freezing-point-
depression) constant of solution C is percentage concentration.
8.33. Dextran is a polymeric carbohydrate produced by certain bacteria. It is used as a blood
plasma substitute. An aqueous solution contains 0.582 g of dextran in 106 mL of
 solution at 21oC. It has an osmotic pressure of 1.47 mmHg. What is the average
molecular mass of the dextran?
a) 6.85×104 g/mol b) 1.85×103 g/mol
c) 2.57×105 g/mol d) 7.85×102 g/mol

Answers for Chapter 8

Question 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10
Answer D B C B A D D D D A
Question 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20
Answer C A B A D C B A B C
Question 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 8.29 8.30
Answer D A A C D B A C D D
Question 8.31 8.32
Answer A C
 Chapter 9. DISSOCIATION OF SOLUTION
9.1. A moderate electrolyte at 25 oC has the degree of dissociation  with:
a) 0.03 <  < 0.3 at a solution concentration of 0.1 N.
b) 0.03 <  < 0.3 at a solution concentration of 1 N.
c) 0.03 <  < 0.3 at a solution concentration of 0.1 M.
d) 0.03 <  < 0.3 at a solution concentration of 1 M.
9.2. Choose the correct statement(s):
1) Only ionic compounds dissociate when they dissolve in water.
2) The dissociation constant is not changed when varying the concentration.
3) The dissociation constant is a factor that depends on the natures of the electrolyte
and solvent, and the temperature.
4) The dissociation constant is an equilibrium constant that obeys the rate law of a
simple reaction.
a) 2, 3, 4 b) 1, 2, 4 c) 1, 3, 4 d) All of the above
9.3. The dissociation ability in aqueous solution of the compounds with nonpolar covalent
bonds (1), strongly polar covalent bonds (2), ionic (3), and weakly polar covalent
bonds (4), changes in the following order:
a) (1) < (2) < (3) < (4) b) (1) > (2) > (3) > (4)
c) (1) < (2) < 4) < (3) d) (1) < (4) < (2) < (3)
9.4. In 0.1 M HF solution, 8% HF is dissociated. Which value is the dissociation constant
of HF at the same conditions?
a) 7.0x10-4 b) 7.0x10-2 c) 6.4x10-2 d) 6.4x10-4
9.5. Choose the correct statement(s):
1) The degree of dissociation () of an electrolyte increases by increasing the
concentration of the solution.
2) The degree of dissociation () of an electrolyte cannot be more than 1.
3) The degree of dissociation of an electrolyte increases by increasing the temperature.
 4) A weak electrolyte is a substance that has  < 0.03.
a) All of the above b) 1, 2, 3 c) 3, 4 d) 2, 3
9.6. Choose the correct comment. The degree of dissociation () of an electrolyte:
a) Increases by increasing the temperature and decreasing the concentration.
b) Increases by decreasing the temperature and increasing the concentration.
c) Is a constant at a given temperature.
d) Is independent with the concentration of the solution.
9.7. Choose the incorrect statement.
a) The degree of dissociation () of a weak electrolyte becomes larger as its
dissociation constant is greater.
b) If a weak electrolyte at a concentration of 0.01 M has a degree of dissociation
of 0.01, its degree of dissociation will be greater than 0.01 at a concentration of
0.001 M.
c) The degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte is always less than 1.
d) When a strong acid is added to a solution of a weak acid, the degree of
dissociation of the weak acid increases.
9.8. The electrolyte solution AB2 has the isotonic coefficient (or Vant Hoff’s factor) i =
1.84. The degree of dissociation  of the substance in the solution is:
a) 0.44 b) 0.84 c) 0.42 d) 0.28
9.9. Dissolve 155 mg of a monoacidic organic base (M = 31 g/mol) in 50 ml of water, the
resulting solution has a pH = 10. The degree of dissociation of this base is:
a) 5% b) 0.1% c) 1% d) 0.5%
9.10. A solution of 0.5 mole of KNO3 in 500g of water lowers the freezing point by 3.01 oC.
The molal freezing point depression constant of water is 1.86 oC/m. The apparent
degree of dissociation of KNO3 in the above solution is:
a) 52.0% b) 5.2% c) 61.8% d) 6.2%
9.11. Which of the following aqueous solutions has the lowest osmotic pressure?
a) 0.15 M NaCl b) 0.10 M CaCl2
c) 0.15 M Ba(NO3)2 d) 0.2 M NH3
9.12. Choose the correct statement.
Under the same conditions, the electrolyte solution compared with the molecular
solution has:
a) The vapor pressure is lower, but the boiling point is higher.
b) Both the vapor pressure and the boiling point is higher.
c) Both the freezing point and the vapor pressure is higher.
d) The vapor pressure is lower, but the freezing point is higher.
9.13. The solution contains 20 g NaOH and 400 ml of water, Kb = 0.52 oC/m, and Kf = 1.86
o
C/m. NaOH is a strong base and completely ionized.
Choose the incorrect statement about this solution.
a) In this solution, water is solvent and NaOH is solute.
b) pH of solution is higher than 7.
c) This solution will boil at a 90 oC at 1 atm.
d) This solution is homogenous mixture of solvent and solute.
9.14. The vapour pressure of a dilute solution of a solute is not influenced by:
a) melting point of solute b) temperature of solution
c) mole fraction of solute d) degree of dissociation of solute
9.15. Dissolve 0.585 grams of NaCl in 1 liter of water. The osmotic pressure of this solution
at 25 °C is: (Given that MNaCl = 58.5 g/mol, R = 0.082 Lit.atm/mol. K, and the degree
of dissociation  = 1)
a) 0.488 atm b) 0.244 atm c) 0.041 atm d) 0.0205 atm
9.16. Choose the incorrect statement(s):
1) Only strong electrolytes need to use activity to replace concentration in the equation
of the law of mass action.
 2) As diluting the solution, the activity coefficient increases.
3) Weak electrolyte solutions always have the activity coefficient of 1.
a) 1, 2, b) 1, 2 c) 2, 3 d) 1, 3
9.17. Choose the incorrect statement:
a) The activity of a substance is its apparent molarity in the solution.
b) The activity coefficient of an ion depends on the ionic strength of the solution.
c) The dissociation constant of a subtance varies with the concentration of ions in
the solution.
d) The concentration of an ion in the solution is usually less than its activity.
9.18. Aqueous solutions of C6H12O6, NaCl, and MgCl2, Na3PO4 are dilute. Given that they
have the same molality, and the degrees of dissociation of NaCl, MgCl2 and Na3PO4
are all equal to 1. According to the order of the above solutions, how does the vapor
pressure lowering of solutions change?
a) Equa b) Discrease c) Increase d) There are no rules
9.19. Which arrangement of the 0.01 M solutions of the substances given below are
consistent with decreasing osmotic pressure? Given that NaCl and CaCl2 are
completely dissociated.
a) CaCl2 – NaCl – CH3COOH – C6H12O6
b) CH3COOH – NaCl– C6H12O6 - CaCl2
c) C6H12O6 - CH3COOH– NaCl - CaCl2
d) CaCl2 - CH3COOH– C6H12O6 – NaCl
9.20. Choose the correct statement.
The dissolution process of KOH crystals in water occurs with the entropy changes in
phase transition (Strans) and solvation (Ssol) as follows:
a) Strans > 0, Ssol < 0 b) Strans < 0, Ssol < 0
c) Strans < 0, Ssol > 0 d) Strans > 0, Ssol > 0
 Answers for Chapter 9
Question 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10
Answer A A D A D A D C B C
Question 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20
Answer D B C A B D D C A A