FORMULA SHEET FOR SPECIAL RELATIVITY
In the formulae below the primed reference frame S is moving with velocity +V with
respect to the unprimed reference frame S.
x ! Vt
x'+Vt'
m0c 2
2
x'=
x
=
TOTAL__
ENERGY
__E
=
m
c
+
K.E.
=
0
2
2
2
1! V 2
1! V 2
1! v 2
c
c
c
ct ! Vx c
ct'=
2
1! V
2
1" V
c!t'=
v x '=
v y '=
v z '=
1" V
1! v xV
v z 1! V
v xV
!E = !mc 2
c!t =
vx =
vy =
c2
2
c
c
vz =
p=
c2
The invariant quantity is
(!s) 2 = (c!t) 2 " (!x) 2
c2
c!t'+ V!x' c
1" V
vx ! V
1! v xV 2
c
v y 1! V
1" V
E 2 = p 2c 2 + m0 c 4
!x'+V!t'
!x =
c!t " V!x c
1!
2
1! V
c2
!x " V!t
!x'=
ct'+ Vx' c
ct =
v x '+V
1+ v x 'V
c2
c2
v y ' 1! V
1+ v x 'V
v z ' 1! V
1+
If (!s)2 >0, the events are time-like
If (!s)2 <0, the events are space- like
v x 'V
c2
c2
2
c2
c2
m0v
1! v
c2
"
$
1
Kinetic _ energy = m0c 2 $
2
$# 1! V
!1
c2
USEFUL NUMBERS : Speed of light c= 3 X 108 m/sec
1 amu=1.66 X 10-27 kg
1 eV=1.6 X 10-19 J
Mass of an electron =9.11 X 10-31 kg
Rest energy of an electron 0.511MeV
Plancks constant: h=6.626 X 10-34 J-s=4.136 X 10 -15 eV-s
!=1.054 X 10-34 J-s=6.582 X10-16 eV-s
WAVES BEHAVING AS PARTICLES
E=hf
p=E/c=h/"
Photoelectric effect
eV0=hf-#
Bremsstrahlung eVAC=hfMAX=hc/"MIN
Compton Scattering
"-"=h/mc [1-cos$]
Uncertainty Principal: !x!p x " ! / 2
!E!t " ! / 2
PARTICLES BEHAVING AS WAVES
de Broglie waves ! = h / p = h / mv
potential difference
Diffraction: Peaks occur when 2d Sin%=n"
= h / 2meV ab
where Vab is the
Rutherford Scattering formula:
Bohr model of the hydrogen atom:
h
L = mv n rn = n
2!
1 e2
vn =
! 0 2nh
the Rydberg constant
n 2h 2
2
=
n
a0
2
"me
hcR
13.60eV
En = ! 2 = !
n
n2
rn = ! 0
where R is
Blackbody Radiation :
Total radiation over all wavelengths I=&T4 (Stefan
Boltzmann Law) where &=5.67 X 10 -8 W/m2K4
"MAX T=2.90X 10-3 m.K
Emittance (intensity per wavelength)
I (! ) =
2"hc 2
hc
(Plancks radiation Law)
! 5 (e !kT # 1)
where k is the Boltzmann constant=1.38 X 10 -23J/K
QUANTUM MECHANICS IN ONE DIMENSION
! 2 " 2# (x,t)
"#
Schrodingers equation: !
+U
(x)
#
(x,t)
=
i!
2m "x 2
"t
For a free particle, Schrodingers equation becomes:
! 2 " 2# (x,t)
"#
!
=
i!
2m "x 2
"t
and the wave function for a free particle is
E
2mE
E
2mE
"i( t "
x)
"i( t +
x)
!
!
!
!
= Ae
+ Be
For particles in energy eigen states (also called stationary states) we can separate out the
time and space dependence. The space dependence is given by
! = Ae
!
i(
2mE
2mE
x)
"i(
x)
!
!
and time dependence by
+ Be
E
"i( t)
=e !
For a particle in a 1 dimensional box, the energy eigen values are
p n 2 n 2! 2 ! 2
En =
=
2m
2mL2
And the energy eigen functions are ! n
2
e
L
"i
En t
! Sin( n#x )
In the presence of a potential U0 the spatial part of the wave function of a particle with
E>U0 is written as
! = Ae
"i(
2m(E "U 0 )
!
x)
+ Be
+ i(
2m(E "U 0
!
x)
For a particle with E<U0, the spatial part can be written as
! = Ae
"(
2m(U 0 " E )
!
x)
+ Be
+(
2m(U 0 " E )
!
x)
TUNNELING:
Tunneling probability for a tunnel barrier of height U0 and width L
T=Ge-'L
where
G = 16
E "
E%
1
!
$
'
U0 # U0 &
and !
2m(U 0 " E)
!
HARMONIC OSCILLATOR;
2
Harmonic oscillator potential U=(kx where k=m)2
Energy levels En=(n+()!)
THREE DIMENSIONAL SCHROEDINGER EQUATION:
! 2 $" 2# " 2# " 2# '
"#
!
& 2 + 2 + 2 ) +U# = i!
2m &% "x
"t
"y
"z )(
For a particle in a 3 dimensional box, the energy levels are given by
2
nz 2 %
! 2! 2 " nx 2 ny
$ 2 + 2 + 2 ' where nx, ny, nz =1,2,3,..
E n x ,n y ,n z =
2m $ L x
Ly
L z '&
#
and the wave function is given by
n y "y
n z "z
n x "x
! n x ,n y ,n z (x,y,z) = C sin
sin
sin
Lx
Ly
Lz
HYDROGEN ATOM
En = !
me 4
=!
2
2 2
(4"# 0 ) 2! n
13.60eV
n2
Orbital angular momentum L=(*l(l+1))!, where l=0,1,2 (n-1)
Lz=ml! where ml=0, 1,2,.l
Probability that the electron is at a distance between r and r+dr is given by
P(r) dr=|+|2dV==|+|24,r2dr
Bohr radius
a0 =
4!" 0 ! 2
me 2
= 5.29X10 #11 meters
Electron spin angular momentum : S=*-! SZ=(!, spin quantum number
s=1/2
Total
! angular
! ! moment J=*j(j+1)! where j ranges from |l+s|..|l-s| and
J = L+S
Splitting in a magnetic field
Normal Zeeman effect: For magnetic quantum number ml, energy splitting
in a B field is given by U=-uzB=mlBB
where B is the Bohr magneton=e!/2m and ml=0, 1,2l
Spin splitting in a magnetic field is U=(2.00232) (e/2m)Sz=(2.00232) B(1/2)
where 2.00232 is the Lande g factor.
Hence the gyromagnetic ratio for spin angular momentum is twice as great
as for orbital angular momentum.
Selection rules for transitions: .l=1, .ml=0, 1
MANY ELECTRON ATOMS:
Z eff 2
n/1, 00l0(n-1), same rule for ml and ms. E n ! "
(13.6eV ) .
2
X_RAY SPECTRA:
K1, K2 etc are transitions to the 1s level
L1, L2 etc are transitions to the 2s level.
Moseleys law for the K1 x-ray lines
:
1&
#1
!E = (13.6eV )(Z " 1) 2 % 2 " 2 (
$2
1 '
