CITATION : A citation tells the readers where the information came from.

In your writing, you

cite or refer to the source of information. (in text).

REFRENCE : A reference gives the readers details about the source so that they have a good
understanding of what kind of source it is and could find the source themselves if necessary.

what is apa?

The APA is the American Psychological Association.

about apa style
There are two parts to referencing:
1. the citations within the text of your paper and
2. the reference list at the end of your paper.

1. in case of an article from a journal :Author's Name , Year of Publication ,Article title
followed by a dot/fullstop ,Name of the Journal (in italics) ,Volume of the journal (followed by
comma) ,Page Number

2. in case of an article from database/archive :Author's Name ,Year of Publication ,Article

title followed by dot/fullstop ,Name of the Journal (in italics) ,Volume of the journal (followed
by comma) , Page Number . DOI:

3. in case of an article from website/online :Author's Name ,Date of Publication ,Title of the
article ( followed by a dot/fullstop) , Retrieved from

4. how to cite magazine articles in print or ecologist online in apa format: Author surname,
initial(s). (Year, month day). Title. Title of the Magazine, pp.

5. citing a newspaper article found online apa format structure: Author, A. (Year, Month
Date of Publication). Article title. Newspaper Title, Retrieved from newspaper homepage URL

6. citing a newspaper article found online with no author :Title of article in sentence case.
(Year, Month Day). Title of Magazine, Newspaper or News Website in Mixed Case and Italics.

APA STYLE CITATIONS ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF AUTHORS:

two authors :The surname of both authors is stated with either 'and' or an ampersand between.

More than two . :further cites can be shorted to the first name author’s name followed by et al.

APA STYLE REFERENCING ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF AUTHORS:

three to twenty authors :List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while
the last author name is preceded again by ampersand.

7. HOW TO CITE A BOOK (TITLE, NOT CHAPTER) IN APA FORMAT

Title Rules:

1. It is italicised

2. The first letter of the first word,

the first letter of the first word after a :' or -' and the first letter of proper nouns are capitalised
(ed.)=edition This is not included for 1 edition books Author surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title
(ed.). Publisher location.

8. HOW TO CITE AN E-BOOK IN APA FORMAT GEOECOLOGIST

The basic structure is as follows: Author surname, initial(s) (Ed(s).). (Year). Title (ed.).
Retrieved from URL