* Appendices

A. Alphabets

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 B. Numbers

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 Cardinal numbers from 1 through 1,000,000
1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty-one 31 thirty-one
2 two 12 twelve 22 twenty-two 40 forty
3 three 13 thirteen 23 twenty-three 50 fifty
4 four 14 fourteen 24 twenty-four 60 sixty
5 five 15 fifteen 25 twenty-five 70 seventy
6 six 16 sixteen 26 twenty-six 80 eighty
7 seven 17 seventeen 27 twenty-seven 90 ninety
8 eight 18 eighteen 28 twenty-eight 100 a/one hundred
9 nine 19 nineteen 29 twenty-nine 1,000 a/one thousand
10 ten 20 twenty 30 thirty 1,000,000 a/one million

Separation between hundreds and tens

Hundreds and tens are usually separated by 'and' (in American English 'and' is not
necessary).
110 - one hundred and ten
1,250 - one thousand, two hundred and fifty
2,001 - two thousand and one

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 Hundreds
∑ Use 100 always with 'a' or 'one'.
100 - a hundred / one hundred

∑ 'a' can only stand at the beginning of a number.

100 - a hundred / one hundred
2,100 - two thousand, one hundred

Thousands and Millions

∑ Use 1,000 and 1,000,000 always with 'a' or 'one'.
1,000 - a thousand / one thousand
201,000 - two hundred and one thousand

∑ Use commas as a separator.

57,458,302

The Number 1,000,000,000

In English this number is a billion. This is very tricky for nations where 'a billion' has 12
zeros. 1,000,000,000,000 in English, however, is a trillion.
But don't worry, these numbers are even a bit problematic for native speakers: for a long
time the British 'billion' had 12 zeros (a number with 9 zeros was called 'a thousand
million'). Now, however, also in British English 'a billion' has 9 zeros. But from time to time
this number still causes confusion (just like this paragraph, I'm afraid). ;o)

Singular or Plural?
∑ Numbers are usually written in singular.
two hundred Euros
several thousand light years
∑ The plural is only used with dozen, hundred, thousand, million, billion, if they are
not modified by another number or expression (e.g. a few / several).
hundreds of Euros
thousands of light years

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 C. Singular and Plural Nouns
Grammar Lessons (http://www.talkenglish.com)
A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns give names of concrete or abstract
things in our lives. As babies learn "mom," "dad," or "milk" as their first word, nouns
should be the first topic when you study a foreign language.

For the plural form of most nouns, add s.

• bottle – bottles
• cup – cups
• pencil – pencils
• desk – desks
• sticker – stickers
• window – windows

For nouns that end in ch, x, s, or s sounds, add es.

• box – boxes
• watch – watches
• moss – mosses
• bus – buses

For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v and add es.

• wolf – wolves
• wife – wives
• leaf – leaves
• life – lives

Some nouns have different plural forms.

• child – children
• woman – women
• man – men
• mouse – mice
• goose – geese

Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules.

• baby – babies
• toy – toys
• kidney – kidneys
• potato – potatoes
• memo – memos
• stereo – stereos

A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.

• sheep – sheep
• deer – deer
• series – series
• species – species

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Exercise: Choose the correct form of the noun in each sentence.
1) I have three (child, children).
2) There are five (man, men) and one (woman, women).
3) (Baby, Babies) play with bottles as toys.
4) I put two big (potato, potatoes) in the lunch box.
5) A few men wear (watch, watches).
6) I put a (memo, memos) on the desk.
7) I saw a (mouse, mice) running by.
8) There are few (bus, buses) on the road today.

D. Count Nouns vs. Non-Count Nouns

Count nouns can be counted as one or more.
• pen, computer, bottle, spoon, desk, cup, television, chair, shoe, finger, flower,
camera, stick, balloon, book, table, comb, etc.
Take an s to form the plural.
• pens, computers, bottles, spoons, desks, cups, televisions, chairs, shoes, fingers,
flowers, cameras, sticks, balloons, books, tables, combs, etc.
Work with expressions such as (a few, few, many, some, every, each, these, and the
number of).
• a few pens, a few computers, many bottles, some spoons, every desk, each cup,
these televisions, the number of chairs, a few shoes, a few fingers, many flowers,
some cameras, every stick, each balloon, these books, the number of tables, many
combs, etc.
Work with appropriate articles (a, an, or the).
• a pen, the computer, a bottle, the spoon, a desk, the cup, a television, the chair, a
shoe, the finger, a flower, the camera, a stick, the balloon, a book, the table, a comb,
etc.
Do NOT work with much (for example, you would never say much pens or much
computers).

Non-count nouns cannot be counted. They usually express a group or a type.

• water, wood, ice, air, oxygen, English, Spanish, traffic, furniture, milk, wine, sugar,
rice, meat, flour, soccer, sunshine, etc.
Generally cannot be pluralized.
Work both with and without an article (a, an, or the), depending on the context of the
sentence.
• Sugar is sweet.
• The sunshine is beautiful.
• I drink milk.
• He eats rice.
• We watch soccer together.
• The wood is burning.

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 Work with expressions such as (some, any, enough, this, that, and much).
• We ate some rice and milk.
• I hope to see some sunshine today.
• This meat is good.
• She does not speak much Spanish.
• Do you see any traffic on the road?
• That wine is very old.
Do NOT work with expressions such as (these, those, every, each, either, or neither).
Exercise: Choose all of the non-count nouns in the following list:
wine, student, pen, water, wind, milk, computer, furniture, cup, rice, box, watch,
potato, wood

E. Possessive Nouns

Possessive nouns are used to indicate ownership.

Possessive nouns usually are formed by adding an apostrophe (') and s.

• John's book
• Kerry's car
• Grandma's mirror
When a noun is plural and ends in s, just add an apostrophe (').
• The kids' toys
• My parents' house
• The teachers' lounge
If two people own one thing, add the apostrophe and s to the second person only.
• John and Mary's new house
• David and Sue's wedding
• Tom and Doug's car
If two people own separate things, add the apostrophe and s for each person.
• Susan's and Beth's books
• Jean's and Dan's pants
• Ben's and Jim's offices

Exercise: Which of the following is not correct?

1) Dr. Hunts has a new computer.
2) Dr. Hunts's new computer is working well.
3) Dr. Hunts' computer is new.

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F. Pronouns
A pronoun takes the place of a noun.
Example story:
Mary is one of the heads of the ToJi Corporation. Mary works with Mr. James and Mr.
James' son Tom. Mr. James and Mr. James' son Tom are experts in biochemistry. Mary,
Mr. James, and Tom researched and invented a drug for cancer treatment.

If the story above is written using pronouns:

Mary is one of the heads of the ToJi Corporation. She works with Mr. James and his son
Tom. He and his son Tom are experts in biochemistry. They researched and invented a
drug for cancer treatment.

G. Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns refer to a person:
• I go to school.
• You are a student.
• They are Koreans.
• He works here.
• We gave her food.

The word ‘it' refers to an object:

• I drank it.
• It is big.
• They cut it into halves.

Memorize the personal pronouns:

Exercise: Write the correct pronoun in each blank.

1) I ate an apple. was delicious.

2) You look tired. should rest.
3) She is a teacher. I gave a book.
4) They are my friends. I like very much.
5) He saw the movie. was fun.

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 H. Be' Verbs
A verb shows action or a state of being.

I go home. Home is my place to rest. I like the smell of my house. I feel totally relaxed.
Home refreshes me. At home, I get ready for a new day.

"Be" verbs indicate a state of being. Verbs must match subjects.

• I am a doctor.
• He is sleepy.
• We are here.
Negative sentences need ‘not' after the verb.
• I am not a doctor; He is not sleepy; We are not there.
The verb comes first in interrogative sentences.
• Am I a doctor?
• Is he sleepy?
• Are we there?
"Are not" (is not) can be shortened to "aren't" (isn't).
• He isn't sleepy. We aren't there.

Exercise: Which of the following sentences are written correctly?

1) I am thirsty.
2) You are kind.
3) He am not sad.
4) She are not tall.
5) It is not moving.
6) We aren't tired.
7) Is they running?
8) Are you ready?

I. List of irregular verbs

Infinitive Simple Past Tense Past Participle

Awake Awoke awoken

Be was, were been

Bear Bore born

Beat Beat beat

Become Became become

begin Began begun

bend Bent bent

beset Beset beset

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 bet bet bet

bid bid/bade bid/bidden

bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken

breed bred bred

bring brought brought

broadcast broadcast broadcast

build built built

burn burned/burnt burned/burnt

burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

cling clung clung

come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug

dive dived/dove dived

do did done

draw drew drawn

dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt

drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

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 eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

fit fit fit

flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown

forbid forbade forbidden

forget forgot forgotten

forego (forgo) forewent foregone

forgive forgave forgiven

forsake forsook forsaken

freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown

hang hung hung

hear heard heard

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

knit knit knit

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 know knew know

lay laid laid

lead led led

leap leaped/leapt leaped/leapt

learn learned/learnt learned/learnt

leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain

light lighted/lit lighted

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met

misspell misspelled/misspelt misspelled/misspelt
mistake mistook mistaken

mow mowed mowed/mown

overcome overcame overcome

overdo overdid overdone

overtake overtook overtaken

overthrow overthrew overthrown

pay paid paid

plead pled pled

prove proved proved/proven

put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

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 rise rose risen

run ran run

saw sawed sawed/sawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold

send sent sent

set set set

sew sewed sewed/sewn

shake shook shaken

shave shaved shaved/shaven

shear shore shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone

shoe shoed shoed/shod

shoot shot shot

show showed showed/shown

shrink shrank shrunk

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slain

slide slid slid

sling slung slung

slit slit slit

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sowed/sown

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speak spoke spoken
speed sped sped

spend spent spent

spill spilled/spilt spilled/spilt

spin spun spun

spit spit/spat spit

split split split

spread spread spread

spring sprang/sprung sprung

stand stood stood

steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk

stride strod stridden

strike struck struck

string strung strung

strive strove striven

swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept

swell swelled swelled/swollen

swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

tell told told

think thought thought

thrive thrived/throve thrived

throw threw thrown

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 thrust thrust thrust

tread trod trodden

understand understood understood

uphold upheld upheld

upset upset upset

wake woke woken

wear wore worn

weave weaved/wove weaved/woven

wed wed wed

weep wept wept

wind wound wound

Win won won

withhold withheld withheld

withstand withstood withstood

Wring wrung wrung

Write wrote written

J. Vocabulary: Go, do, or play sports?

How do you know when to use go, do, or play when you talk about sports? Are these
sentences correct? Look at them and try to guess.

1. I like to play bowling. (correct/ not correct)

2. Jim likes to play basketball. (correct/ not correct)
3. Mary likes to go skiing. (correct/ not correct)
4. We like to play hiking. (correct/ not correct)
5. They usually do golf. (correct/ not correct)
6. Mike and Carol play karate. (correct/ not correct)

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Look at the white board.

Here are the correct answers :

Here are the correct answers :

1. I like to go bowling.

2. Jim likes to play basketball. (correct above)

3. Mary likes to go skiing. (correct above)

4. We like to go hiking.

5. They usually play golf.

6. Mike and Carol do karate.

H. Question words (http://www.myenglishpages.com)

Question words are also called wh questions because they include the letters 'W' and 'H'.

Question
Meaning Examples
words

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 who person Who's that? That's Nancy.

where place Where do you live? In Boston

Why do you sleep early? Because I've got to

why reason
get up early

when time When do you go to work? At 7:00

how manner How do you go? By car

object, idea or
what What do you do? I am an engineer
action

which choice Which one do you prefer? The red one.

whose possession Whose is this book? It's Alan's.

whom object of the verb Whom did you meet? I met the manager.

What kind of music do you like? I like quiet

what kind description
songs

what time time What time did you come home?

How many students are there? There are

how many quantity (countable)
twenty.

amount, price
how much How much time have we got? Ten minutes
(uncountable)

How long did you stay in that hotel? For two

how long duration, length
weeks.

How often do you go to the gym? Twice a

how often frequency
week.

how far distance How far is your school? It's one mile far.

how old age How old are you? I'm 16.

how come reason How come I didn't see at the party?

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 References

∑ Chris Gunn http://www.englishlanguageworld.com

∑ Darwis,Jamaludin.1995. English for Islamic Studies. PT. RajaGrafindo.
∑ Ellis,M and Nina O’Drsiscoll.1992. Socializing. Longman Group Ltd.
∑ http://www.myenglishpages.com
∑ http://www.bogglesworldesl.com)
∑ http://www.learnenglish.de/vocabulary/shopping.html
∑ http://www.eslpartyland.com/quiz-center/foodcross.html
∑ http://www.talkenglish.com/Speaking/Regular/College1.aspx
∑ http://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/education-vocabulary
∑ http://www.5minuteenglish.com
∑ http://www. listenaminute.com/e/education.html
∑ http://www.voanews.com/classroom
∑ http://bogglesworldesl.com/doctor
∑ www.esl-video.com
∑ http://esl.about.com/od/beginnerpronunciation/a/greetings.htm
∑ Madwick,M and Yvonne Ware.1994. Speaking Australian English. Radio Australia,
Melbourne.
∑ Richards J.C. 2001. Curriculum Development in Language Teaching. Cambridge
University Press.

∑ Richards J.C, et al. 1997. New Interchange. Cambridge University Press.

∑ Rost, M, et al.2005.English Express. Pearson Education Inc., Hongkong.
∑ Senduk, Anneke, el al.1995. General English-Basic I.LBPP-LIA,Jakarta.
∑ Walter Teresa.2004. The How to Handbook-Teaching English Language
Learners. Person Education Inc.

∑ Werner ,Patricia K.1996. A Communicative Grammar-Interactions 2. McGraw

Hill.

∑ Yudistira,Ahmad, et al.2005. Encounter 3. LBPP-LIA,Jakarta.

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