Electric lighting

Evolution of lighting
ƒ Ancient times: fire, torches, candles
ƒ Greeks and Romans: bronze and pottery lamps with (olive) oil
ƒ Middle Ages: oil lamps (with reflectors)
ƒ 1784: hollow wick, glass cylinder (Argand, Switzerland)
ƒ end XVIIIth: kerosene
ƒ 1800s: gas street lamps (London)
ƒ 1879: Edison’s patent on incandescent lamps
ƒ XXth: mercury vapor lamps in 30ies, fluorescent lamps in 1939,
tungsten-halogen lamps in 50ies, metal halide + high pressure
sodium in 60ies, electrodeless lamps in 90ies
 Electric lighting
Light emission
ƒ Incandescence
­ Filament lamps
­ Pyroluminescence
­ Candoluminescence
­ Carbon arc radiation
ƒ Luminescence
­ Photoluminescence (fluo/phosphorescent lamps, Laser)
­ Electroluminescence (LEDs, cathodoluminescence)
­ Other luminescence phenomena
 Electric lighting
lm/W

Lamp types
200

ƒ Incandescent (classic, halogen) 180

160
ƒ Discharge (fluorescent tubes) 140
7 8
ƒ Electrodeless (induction-based) 120

100

80 6
8 Natural light 5
60 3 4
7 Low pressure sodium
40
6 High pressure sodium 20 1
5 Mercury vapor 0

}
}
4 Fluorescence

Incandescent
lamps

lamps

Natural light
Discharge
3 Metal halide
2 Halogen
1 Classic incandescent
Image by MIT OCW.
 Electric lighting
Incandescent lamps (color °T = 2500 °K)
ƒ Classic incandescence
­ 15 to 500 W
­ 6 to 17 lm/W
 Electric lighting
Incandescent lamps (color °T = 2500 °K)
ƒ Classic incandescence
ƒ Halogen incandescence
­ 25 to 2000 W
­ 10 to 22 lm/W
 Electric lighting
Incandescent lamps
Visible Light

Discharge lamps Lamp Bulb Wall

ƒ Fluorescent tubes Ultraviolet

Phosphor Crystals

Radiation
­ 18, 36 or 58 W Point of Impact

­ 53 to 89 lm/W -
Path of Conduction Electron Cloud of
­ color °T between 3000 Electron Single Mercury Atom

and 6000 °K +
-

­ poor to pretty good After Impact

color rendering
Valence Electron

Image by MIT OCW.

 Electric lighting
Incandescent lamps
Discharge lamps
ƒ Fluorescent tubes
ƒ Compact fluorescents
­ 3 to 23 W
­ 33 to 65 lm/W
­ 3000 to 3500 °K
­ pretty good color rendering
 Electric lighting
Incandescent lamps
Discharge lamps
ƒ Fluorescent tubes
ƒ Compact fluorescents
ƒ Metal halides
­ 40 to 150 W for HQI, 250 to 3500 W for HQI-T
­ 85 lm/W for HQI, 80 to 91 lm/W for HQI-T
­ 3500 to 4000 °K for HQI, 3000 °K for HQI-T
­ pretty good color rendering for both
 Electric lighting
Incandescent lamps
Discharge lamps
ƒ Fluorescent tubes
ƒ Compact fluorescents
ƒ Metal halides
ƒ Mercury vapor
­ 50 to 1000 W
­ 35 to 60 lm/W
­ 3000 °K
­ pretty good color rendering
 Electric lighting
Incandescent lamps
Discharge lamps
ƒ Fluorescent tubes
ƒ Compact fluorescents
ƒ Metal halides
ƒ Mercury vapor
ƒ Sodium
­ High pressure: 50-1000 W, 70-130 lm/W, 3000 °K, poor to fair color °T
 Electric lighting
Incandescent lamps
Discharge lamps
ƒ Fluorescent tubes
ƒ Compact fluorescents
ƒ Metal halides
ƒ Mercury vapor
ƒ Sodium
­ High pressure: 50-1000 W, 70-130 lm/W, 3000 °K, poor to fair color °T
­ Low pressure: 18-185 W, 100-200 lm/W, no color rendering (one λ)
 Electric lighting
Incandescent lamps
Visible light

Discharge lamps
Molecule of
Induction lamps (electrodeless) metallic vapor
UV
Fluorescent
ƒ EM induction → discharge powder

­ 70 to 150 W
­ 65 lm/W
Induction
­ 3000 °K coil

­ pretty good color rendering

Image by MIT OCW.

 Electric lighting
Kinds of luminaires
ƒ Direct extensive
ƒ Direct intensive
ƒ Direct indirect
ƒ Indirect Image by MIT OCW.

ƒ Asymmetrical

Image by MIT OCW.

 Electric lighting
Kinds of luminaires
Reflectors

Image by MIT OCW.

Image by MIT OCW.

 Electric lighting
Kinds of luminaires
Reflectors
Emitted flux control Images by MIT OCW. None

Louver
No cover down + Diffuser up Diffuser up + Down Diffuser up + Louvres down

No cover up and down No cover up + Diffuser down No cover up + Louvres down Diffuser
 Electric lighting
Intensity distributions
ƒ IES 01
ƒ IES12
ƒ IES 06
ƒ IES 15
ƒ IES 02
 Electric lighting
Intensity distributions
ƒ Which luminaire should I choose to illuminate my desk efficiently?

60 cm
1 m 90

30°

1m 2 m 40

80 cm
 Electric lighting
Intensity distributions
ƒ Which of these luminaires should I choose to optimize my desk’s
illumination?
180 180
195 180 165 195 200 165
215 150 145 215 160 145

235 120 125 235 120 125

90
80
255 60 105 255 105
30 40

270 90 270 0 90

285 75 285 75

305 55 305 55

345 35 325 35
345 15 345 15
0 0

Images by MIT OCW.

 Electric lighting
Intensity distributions
ƒ Which of these luminaires should I choose to optimize my desk’s
illumination?

60 cm 175 Cd 60 cm
1 m 90 45°
70 ° 1 m 90
70 Cd 50 °
30 °

110 Cd 140 Cd

2 m 40 2 m 40
1m
1m
80 cm 80 cm
 Electric lighting
Types of luminaires
ƒ built-in
ƒ apparent
ƒ on rail
ƒ suspended
ƒ wall lamps
ƒ standing
ƒ table lamps
ƒ projector
 Electric lighting
Types of luminaires
Examples in-situ
ƒ direct lighting
­ with diffuser
­ with grate
­ no protection
 Electric lighting
Types of luminaires
Examples in-situ
ƒ direct lighting
ƒ direct-indirect
­ suspended
­ standing
 Electric lighting
Types of luminaires
Examples in-situ
ƒ direct lighting
ƒ direct-indirect
ƒ indirect
­ suspended
 Electric lighting
Types of luminaires
Examples in-situ
ƒ direct lighting
ƒ direct-indirect
ƒ indirect
ƒ pseudo-indirect
­ coffer
­ suspended
­ combined
 Electric Lighting
Reading assignment from Textbook:
ƒ “Introduction to Architectural Science” by Szokolay: § 2.5

Additional readings relevant to lecture topics:

ƒ "How Buildings Work" by Allen: pp. 120-123 in Chap 13
ƒ "Heating Cooling Lighting" by Lechner: Chap 14