JMIR PUBLIC HEALTH AND SURVEILLANCE Sheehy

Viewpoint

Considerations for Postacute Rehabilitation for Survivors of

COVID-19

Lisa Mary Sheehy, PT, PhD

Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Corresponding Author:
Lisa Mary Sheehy, PT, PhD
Bruyère Research Institute
43 Bruyère St
Ottawa, ON, K1N5C8
Canada
Phone: 1 6135626262 ext 1593
Email: lsheehy@bruyere.org

Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was
first reported on December 31, 2019. Because it has only been studied for just over three months, our understanding of this disease
is still incomplete, particularly regarding its sequelae and long-term outcomes. Moreover, very little has been written about the
rehabilitation needs of patients with COVID-19 after discharge from acute care. The objective of this report is to answer the
question “What rehabilitation services do survivors of COVID-19 require?” The question was asked within the context of a
subacute hospital delivering geriatric inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation services. Three areas relevant to rehabilitation after
COVID-19 were identified. First, details of how patients may present have been summarized, including comorbidities, complications
from an intensive care unit stay with or without intubation, and the effects of the virus on multiple body systems, including those
pertaining to cardiac, neurological, cognitive, and mental health. Second, I have suggested procedures regarding the design of
inpatient rehabilitation units for COVID-19 survivors, staffing issues, and considerations for outpatient rehabilitation. Third,
guidelines for rehabilitation (physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech-language pathology) following COVID-19 have been
proposed with respect to recovery of the respiratory system as well as recovery of mobility and function. A thorough assessment
and an individualized, progressive treatment plan which focuses on function, disability, and return to participation in society will
help each patient to maximize their function and quality of life. Careful consideration of the rehabilitation environment will ensure
that all patients recover as completely as possible.

(JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020;6(2):e19462) doi: 10.2196/19462

KEYWORDS
covid-19; rehabilitation; subacute care; inpatient rehabilitation; public health; infectious disease; virus; patient outcome; geriatric;
treatment; recovery

The objective of this report was to answer the question “What

Introduction
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the infection caused by severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was
first reported on December 31, 2019. Because it has only been
studied for just over three months, our understanding of this
disease is still incomplete, particularly its sequelae and long-term
outcomes. Knowledge about COVID-19, including its
presentation and treatment, is changing very rapidly, and
guidelines are quickly being created and updated. Therefore, it
is important to remain current by engaging in frequent reviews
of new research.
rehabilitation services do survivors of COVID-19 require?” The
question was asked within the context of a subacute hospital
delivering geriatric inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation
services. As of April 14, 2020, very little has been written about
the rehabilitation needs or outcomes for patients with COVID-19
after discharge from acute care. Upon thoughtful consideration
of the question, it appears that the topics of greatest importance
to allied health professionals treating patients with COVID-19
are the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial presentation of
survivors, the procedures that would be required within a
rehabilitation department, and the treatment that should be
provided. These three topics are discussed in order below.

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Much of what has been published is based on expert opinion
but not on direct observation of the actual trajectories of patients
with COVID-19. Many of the early papers came from China
and Italy , the locations that had the earliest experience with
COVID-19; these can potentially provide insight into
longer-term outcomes and ongoing patient needs. Organizations
such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and
physiotherapy organizations have also written acute-care clinical
practice guidelines for patients with COVID-19 [1,2]. Some
authors have extrapolated based on postacute patient
presentations and the rehabilitation needs of patients with similar
conditions, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS),
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and sepsis, and
from those requiring intensive care unit (ICU) care and assisted
mechanical ventilation for other reasons [1-7]. These suggestions
have been included here, and research on these conditions has
informed what follows here regarding patient presentation and
rehabilitation. However, the physical presentations of SARS
and MERS are different than that of COVID-19, and the
experiences of patients with these diseases are not necessarily
the same as those of COVID-19 patients. SARS mainly causes
respiratory symptoms along with diarrhea, while MERS causes
more gastrointestinal and kidney symptoms along with
respiratory symptoms [4,8]. COVID-19 appears to cause a wider
variety of symptoms that are related to many body systems (eg,
cardiac, kidney, and nervous systems) [4,9-12]. SARS and
MERS are more lethal than COVID-19, with fatality rates of
approximately 10% and 36%, respectively, and patients with
both diseases are more likely to be hospitalized and require
mechanical ventilation [8].
Patient Presentation For COVID-19
Survivors in the Rehabilitation Unit
Comorbidities, direct lung damage from COVID-19, and
concurrent injuries to other organs and systems due to
COVID-19 are all important considerations when creating a
rehabilitation treatment plan for patients recovering from
COVID-19. The information below presents several
comorbidities and features of COVID-19; however, this
knowledge continues to evolve.
Comorbidities
The leading comorbid conditions of patients with COVID-19
are hypertension (55%), coronary artery disease and stroke
(32%), and diabetes (31%) [10]. Patients with COVID-19 are
less likely to have the following chronic illnesses: liver diseases
(9%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (7%), malignancy
(6%), chronic renal failure (4%), gastrointestinal diseases (3%),
central nervous system diseases (<1%), and immunodeficiency
(1%) [10]. Therefore, survivors requiring prolonged
rehabilitation are more likely to be older and to have preexisting
cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, which may influence
their rehabilitation and outcomes.
Complications of Severe COVID-19
The most likely early complications are acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis/septic shock, multi-organ failure,
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acute kidney injury, and cardiac injury [2,10,13]. These
complications contribute to the need for ICU admissions [10].
Critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) is a mixed sensorimotor
neuropathy that leads to axonal degeneration; it may occur after
COVID-19 [5,14-16]. In one study of patients hospitalized in
the ICU with ARDS, up to 46% of patients presented with CIP
[15]. CIP causes difficulty weaning from mechanical ventilation,
generalized and symmetrical weakness (distal greater than
proximal, but including diaphragmatic weakness), distal sensory
loss, atrophy, and decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes
[15,16]. It is associated with pain, loss of range of motion,
fatigue, incontinence, dysphagia, anxiety, depression,
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and cognitive loss [15].
Muscle biopsies and electromyographic testing can be diagnostic
[15,16]; however, it is unclear how often these tests are
performed in acute care settings post–COVID-19.
Critical illness myopathy (CIM), which presents in 48%-96%
of ICU patients with ARDS, is a non-necrotizing diffuse
myopathy with fatty degeneration, fiber atrophy, and fibrosis
[5,15,16]. It is associated with exposure to corticosteroids,
paralytics, and sepsis. The clinical presentation is similar to CIP
but with more proximal than distal weakness and sensory
preservation [15,16]. For both CIP and CIM, the cranial nerves
and facial muscles are preserved [16]. Patients recover from
myopathy more completely and quickly than from
polyneuropathy; however, with both conditions, weakness, loss
of function and quality of life, and poor endurance may persist
for up to two years or even longer [15,16]. These prolonged
changes are out of proportion with any residual loss of
pulmonary function. Research studies on the effects of postacute
care rehabilitation are inconclusive but suggest that
comprehensive integrated inpatient rehabilitation is required
[14].
Post–intensive care syndrome is described separately from CIP
and CIM; it is associated with reduced pulmonary function
(restrictive pattern), reduced inspiratory muscle strength, poor
knee extension, poor upper extremity and grip strength, and low
functional capacity [17]. Improvement occurs over a year or
more [17].
Potential Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 Virus
Patients with COVID-19 who have physically recovered and
have tested negative for the virus twice are deemed to be cured
and noninfectious. However, there are reports of such patients
subsequently testing positive 5-13 days later using a different
manufacturer’s test kit [18]. The virus may also persist in a
patient’s oropharyngeal cavity and stools for up to 15 days after
they are declared cured of COVID-19 (no fever, no respiratory
symptoms, 2 negative swab tests) [19]. This is of particular
concern for patients who are intended to be discharged to
rehabilitation facilities or long-term care because they may still
be able to transmit disease, potentially infecting other patients
or residents. Because of this, an additional 14 days in quarantine
or discharge to a dedicated COVID-19 step-down unit has been
recommended [18,20].
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Cardiac Sequelae
In one study [13], 20% of hospitalized patients in China with
COVID-19 had associated cardiac injury. These patients were
more likely to have comorbidities, require mechanical
ventilation, and have other complications (eg, ARDS 59%, acute
kidney injury 9%, electrolyte disturbances 16%,
hypoproteinemia 13% and coagulation disorders 7%) [13]. They
also had much higher mortality (51% vs 5%) [13]. The
mechanism of cardiac injury is uncertain [13]. Presentations
can include arrhythmia, cardiac insufficiency, ejection fraction
decline, troponin I elevation, and severe myocarditis with
reduced systolic function [4,11]. One brief report profiled a
woman with acute myopericarditis/heart failure post–COVID-19
[9]. As the research investigating cardiac injury included either
cross-sectional studies or cohort studies with short-term
follow-up (4 weeks), long-term outcomes are unknown [4,21].
Persistent tachycardia was common after SARS; however, it
tended to resolve itself and was not associated with increased
risk of death [4,13]. The presence of cardiac injury and
accompanying comorbidities must be taken into consideration
for patients entering rehabilitation.
Neurological Sequelae
Acutely, 36.4% of patients with COVID-19 develop neurological
symptoms, including headaches, disturbed consciousness,
seizures, absence of smell and taste, and paresthesia [5,21].
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, which causes
headache, confusion, seizures and visual loss, is a potential
complication of COVID-19 [5]. Viral encephalitis has been
reported to be caused by COVID-19, and brain tissue edema
and partial neuronal degeneration have been found in deceased
patients [12,22]. It is hypothesized that COVID-19 can increase
one’s risk for acute cerebrovascular events [12]. At least one
person has had Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with
COVID-19; however, no causal relationship was determined
[23].
SARS can induce neurological diseases such as polyneuropathy,
viral encephalitis, and aortic ischemic stroke [24]. In MERS,
almost one-fifth of patients showed neurological symptoms
(altered consciousness, paralysis, ischemic stroke, Guillain-Barré
syndrome, infectious neuropathy, or seizures) [25,26].
Other Body Systems
Patients severely affected by COVID-19 are more likely to have
acute kidney injury as well as secondary infection [10,11].
Survivors of ARDS with mechanical ventilation have reported
complications such as tracheal stenosis, heterotopic ossification,
contractures, adhesive capsulitis, decubitus ulcers, hoarseness,
tooth loss, sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, brachial plexus
injuries, and entrapment neuropathies (peroneal and ulnar)
[7,15]. They also had concerns regarding scarring and changes
in appearance due to a variety of causes [15].
Osteoporosis and avascular necrosis have been reported as
sequelae of SARS [27]. These conditions may have arisen due
to the use of corticosteroids, which are not a suggested treatment
for COVID-19 [10]. The prevalence of the use of corticosteroids
to treat COVID-19 in different cities and countries is unknown.
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Cognitive Sequelae
In one study of patients with respiratory failure or shock, after
ICU admission (91% were mechanically ventilated), median
global cognition scores (measured by the Repeatable Battery
for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status) were an
average of 1.5 SD below the age-adjusted population mean and
similar to those of patients with mild cognitive impairment [28].
Among these patients, 26% had scores 2 SD below the
population mean, similar to scores for patients with mild
Alzheimer disease [28]. Repeat testing at 12 months did not
show much change [28]. The trend was the same for patients
regardless of their age [15,28]. Cognitive impairment can persist
[15,28]. Cognitive impairment can affect 70%-100% of patients
at discharge; 46%-80% still have it one year later, and 20% still
have it after 5 years [15]. All components of cognition can be
affected, including attention, visual-spatial abilities, memory,
executive function, and working memory [15,28]. However,
there is a great deal of variation in these effects.
Psychological Sequelae
In research regarding ICU admissions for ARDS, adverse
psychological impacts have been reported [15]. Even after 2
years, PTSD (22%-24%), depression (26%-33%), and general
anxiety (38%-44%) are prevalent [15]. These have been reported
as concerns post–COVID-19 as well, accompanied by a severe
reduction in quality of life and function [7]. One of the greatest
risk factors for post-ARDS mood disturbances is premorbid
psychiatric illness [15]. Other risks include younger age, female
sex, unemployment, alcohol use, and greater use of opioid
sedation [15]. Family members may also suffer from PTSD,
anxiety, and depression, and they may have difficulty managing
their new caregiver roles [15].
Suggested Procedures for
Post–COVID-19 Rehabilitation
After discharge from acute care, some patients who have
recovered from the acute respiratory effects of COVID-19 will
need further rehabilitation. How many of these patients may
need postacute care? In one study, 30% of patients hospitalized
with sepsis (which has a similar mortality rate to COVID-19)
required facility-based care; another 20% required home health
care [29].
Design and Procedures for an Inpatient Rehabilitation
Unit
These suggestions regarding the design of an inpatient
rehabilitation unit in this time of COVID-19, and the procedures
to be followed, are mostly based on the experiences of China
and Italy, who are ahead of Canada on the COVID-19 trajectory
[5,21,29-31]. Experience during the SARS epidemic has also
informed these suggestions on the provision of rehabilitative
care [32]. Considerations for the design and procedures for
inpatient rehabilitation after COVID-19 will become more
refined as more survivors are treated and facilities learn from
experience. Each suggestion from the literature [5,21,29-31],
stated below, needs to be evaluated based on the unique
circumstances of each rehabilitation unit as well as the needs
of the patients and the greater health care community.
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• A separate unit or area is suggested for the rehabilitation
of patients post–COVID-19 and other patients arriving on
the unit.
• Depending on need, it has been suggested that dedicated
facilities should be used to treat patients post–COVID-19;
examples may include underutilized rural hospitals or
retrofitted unused buildings, such as university dormitories.
• It may be necessary to receive patients from acute care
earlier than is generally done.
• Patients should stay in their rooms.
• Group therapy and therapy in rehabilitation gyms should
be prohibited; therapy should be provided one-on-one in
patients’ rooms.
• Patients may be discharged to home sooner than usual (as
soon as the family is able to take care of the patient) to free
space.
• It may be difficult to discharge some patients because
long-term care facilities and retirement homes may not be
accepting new residents.
• Shared equipment must be decontaminated between
patients; single-use equipment should be used where
possible (eg, TheraBands rather than hand weights).
Particular attention should be paid to electrode sponges,
hydrocollator heat packs, gels, topical lotions, items for
training manual dexterity, etc.
• Plan therapeutic activities to minimize the number of
personnel involved when possible (eg, one therapist with
a gait aid rather than a therapist and an assistant).
• Minimize the number of personnel entering a patient’s
room. Have a single staff member perform most (if not all)
of the care and duties for a particular patient (eg, deliver
food trays, make the bed, give medication, help with
morning care).
• Walking practice should be done in parts of the hospital
that are not commonly used.
• Surgical masks should be worn by the patients and the
therapists.
• Patients should be kept at least 2 meters apart and avoid
talking or eating while facing each other.
Personnel Considerations
Several suggestions for how allied health care professionals can
adapt to working with COVID-19 rehabilitation patients are
provided here. These suggestions have been informed by early
COVID-19 reports and adapted from acute care guidelines
[5,21,30,31].
• Health checks for personnel should be done frequently.
• There may be personnel shortages due to staff illness, staff
in isolation, or redeployment.
• There may be changes in staff/patient ratios due to the
increased number of one-on-one treatments (due to patients
not being seen in the rehabilitation gyms).
• Continuous staff training will be required due to changing
protocols/guidelines.
• Time should be taken to train and retrain personnel in the
use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
• Physiotherapists and speech-language pathologists should
wear higher levels of PPE if they may be exposed to
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aerosols from post–COVID-19 patients (eg, chest
physiotherapy and swallowing assessments).
• It is important to seek ongoing input from front line staff
to inform others. One group of rehabilitation professionals
in Italy has been holding weekly webinars to stay up-to-date
with the changing needs of rehabilitation during this time.
These are available for an international audience.
• All nonrequired therapies and services should be cancelled,
or telecommunication should be used to deliver them.
• The time taken to don PPE and perform infection control
measures may decrease work efficiency.
• Allied health professionals should wear scrubs and a T-shirt
at work and shower and change into street clothes before
going home.
• Rehabilitation staff may be divided into two teams who
work independently of each other. If several members of
one team become ill, the other team can take over.
• Meetings should be held virtually when possible.
Home-Based Rehabilitation
If patients can be managed at home, this may be a good option,
even for patients who might have been admitted to inpatient
rehabilitation in the past [29,32]. Isolation is easier at home,
and the burden on inpatient services would be lessened [29,32].
However, for this to be a viable choice, enhanced homecare
services and outpatient rehabilitation must be available and able
to provide a level of care on par with inpatient rehabilitation.
This mode of delivery may be difficult to institute if home care
staff are restricted from entering patients’ homes [33]. However,
given the right precautions, home-based care may be safer for
patients who have recovered from COVID-19 and for other
patients in a rehabilitation unit [33]. Home-based therapy can
be provided over the internet and telephone via telerehabilitation
[28]. Both assessment and treatment may be provided, either
synchronously (ie, in real time) or asynchronously (eg, a
prerecorded customized exercise plan). It is important that
processes are put in place to ensure that patients and therapists
can use this method successfully, given the rehabilitation needs
and comfort with technology of the individual patient. One or
more in-person visits may be required as well. Telerehabilitation
may also be a good choice for patients being discharged from
inpatient rehabilitation to continue their treatment and promote
further recovery [30,32].
Rehabilitation Guidelines After COVID-19
The importance of rehabilitation after COVID-19 has been
emphasized according to the framework of the International
Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health [34,35].
The WHO does not have rehabilitation guidelines for patients
post–COVID-19 [2]; however, the situation is evolving quickly.
Each patient should be fully assessed by all health care staff
(physicians, nursing, and allied health care workers), and a
suitable treatment plan should be created in conjunction with
the patient and the team while considering the patient’s wishes
and goals. The direct impact of COVID-19 (eg, on the
respiratory system and other systems), its sequelae (eg, ICU
stay, mechanical ventilation), and its comorbidities (eg,
hypertension, diabetes) will inform the treatment plan [3]. The
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 JMIR PUBLIC HEALTH AND SURVEILLANCE
discharge destination and estimated discharge date will also
affect the plan. What follows are some guidelines suggested by
health care professionals in China, Italy, and other areas based
on their experiences and expert opinions [3,6]. The guidelines
are influenced by the prevailing rehabilitation in the regions;
however, there is very little actual research on the impact of
rehabilitation after COVID-19, with only one randomized
controlled trial published to date [36].
Respiratory Rehabilitation
Recommendations from both China and Italy state that to avoid
aggravating respiratory distress or dispersing the virus
unnecessarily, respiratory rehabilitation should not begin too
early [3,37,38]. In the acute phase, diaphragmatic breathing,
pursed lip breathing, bronchial hygiene, lung expansion
techniques (positive expiratory pressure), incentive spirometry,
manual mobilization of the ribcage, respiratory muscle training,
and aerobic exercise are not recommended [37]. Secretions are
not commonly a problem after COVID-19; however, comorbid
conditions such as bronchiectasis, secondary pneumonia, or
aspiration may increase secretions [7]. Postural drainage and
standing (for gradually increasing periods of time) are suggested
for secretion management [39].
In inpatient rehabilitation, respiratory assessment should include
dyspnea, thoracic activity, diaphragmatic activity and amplitude,
respiratory muscle strength (maximal inspiratory and expiratory
pressures), respiratory pattern, and frequency [38,39]. Cardiac
status should also be assessed [39].
In the postacute phase, inspiratory muscle training should be
included if inspiratory muscles are weak. Deep, slow breathing,
thoracic expansion (with shoulder elevation), diaphragmatic
breathing, mobilization of respiratory muscles, airway clearance
techniques (as needed), and positive expiratory pressure devices
can be added based on assessed needs [38,39]. Care must be
taken to avoid overloading the respiratory system and causing
distress [7]. One randomized controlled trial showed a
significant improvement in respiratory function, endurance,
quality of life, and depression from 2 sessions of 10 minutes of
respiratory rehabilitation per week for 6 weeks following
discharge from acute care [36]. Rehabilitation included
respiratory muscle training with a positive expiratory pressure
device, cough exercises, diaphragmatic training (using 1 to 3
kilograms of weight on the abdomen in supine), chest stretching,
and pursed-lip breathing. Patients should be monitored closely
for shortness of breath, decreased SaO2 (<95%), blood pressure
<90/60 or >140/90, heart rate >100 beats per minute,
temperature >37.2 ºC, excessive fatigue, chest pain, severe
cough, blurred vision, dizziness, heart palpitations, sweating,
loss of balance, and headache [3,38].
Mobility and Functional Rehabilitation
Functional assessment should include muscle joint range of
motion, strength testing, and balance (use of the Berg Balance
Scale is suggested) [3,7,38]. Exercise capacity can be assessed
Acknowledgments
The research was unfunded.
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with the 6-minute walk test (with continuous oxygen saturation
monitoring) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Function
and disability can be measured with the International Physical
Activity Questionnaire, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly,
and the Barthel Index to measure activities of daily living
(ADLs).
Physiotherapy should begin in the acute inpatient setting and
continue after transfer to inpatient rehabilitation [3,38]. Early
mobilization should include frequent posture changes, bed
mobility, sit-to-stand, simple bed exercises, and ADLs, while
respecting the patient’s respiratory and hemodynamic states
[1,7]. Active limb exercises should be accompanied by
progressive muscle strengthening (suggested program: 8-12
repetition-maximum load for 8-12 repetitions, 1 to 3 sets with
2 minutes rest between sets, 3 sessions a week for 6 weeks)
[3,38]. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation can be used to
assist with strengthening. Aerobic reconditioning can be
accomplished with overland walking, cycle or arm ergometry,
or a NuStep cross trainer [7]. Initially, aerobic activity should
be kept to less than 3 metabolic equivalents of task. Later,
progressive aerobic exercise should be increased to 20-30
minutes, 3-5 times a week. Balance work should be
incorporated. Studies on the effectiveness of exercise
interventions after SARS showed benefits for endurance,
maximum oxygen consumption, and strength [40].
Occupational therapy should focus on ADL and instrumental
ADL guidance as well as targeted interventions to facilitate
functional independence and prepare patients for discharge [41].
Speech-language pathologists should assess and treat dysphagia
and voice impairments resulting from prolonged intubation and
may also address respiratory strength and coordination [41].
Occupational therapists should also address cognitive changes,
while speech-language pathologists should address
communication issues [41]. Chinese medicine techniques such
as tai chi, the Qigong 6-character mnemonic, guided breathing,
and Baduanjin qigong have been suggested by the Chinese
[3,38]. Education on the importance of a healthy lifestyle and
participation in family and social activities should be included.
Psychological interventions delivered by occupational therapists,
social workers or rehabilitation psychologists may be required
for patients with depression, anxiety, or PTSD [41].
Conclusions
Rehabilitation after COVID-19 is similar to that provided for
many patients in geriatric rehabilitation units who have been
affected by illness or injury. Some may present with a variety
of sequelae associated with the viral illness and with a prolonged
stay in the ICU, possibly including mechanical ventilation.
Many will have preexisting comorbidities. A thorough
assessment and an individualized, progressive treatment plan
which focuses on function, disability, and return to participation
in society will help each patient to maximize their function and
quality of life.
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Authors' Contributions
LS researched and wrote the paper.

Conflicts of Interest
None declared.

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Abbreviations
ADL: activity of daily living
ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome
CIM: critical illness myopathy
CIP: critical illness polyneuropathy
COVID-19: coronavirus disease
ICU: intensive care unit
MERS: Middle East respiratory syndrome
PPE: personal protective equipment
PTSD: posttraumatic stress disorder
SARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome
SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
WHO: World Health Organization

Edited by T Sanchez, G Eysenbach; submitted 18.04.20; peer-reviewed by M Janssen, E Da Silva; comments to author 27.04.20;
revised version received 03.05.20; accepted 04.05.20; published 08.05.20
Please cite as:
Sheehy LM
Considerations for Postacute Rehabilitation for Survivors of COVID-19
JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020;6(2):e19462
URL: http://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/2/e19462/
doi: 10.2196/19462
PMID:

©Lisa Mary Sheehy. Originally published in JMIR Public Health and Surveillance (http://publichealth.jmir.org), 08.05.2020.
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must be included.

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