A Lesson Plan on Mathematics in the Modern World

I. Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. define simple statement and compound statement;
2. write compound statements using connectives;
3. express simple and compound statements symbolically and
4. write the negation of a qualified statement.

II. Subject Matter

Topic: Lesson 3 Elementary Logic: Connectives, Variables,

Quantifiers, and Negation
Duration: 3 hours
References: ● A Course Module for Mathematics in the Modern World
By: Esmeralda A. Manlulu; pp:29-37
● Mathematics in The Modern World; pp:164-174
● http://sites.math.washington.edu/~aloveles/Math300Winter
2011/m300Quantifiers.pdf
●https://www.cimt.org.uk/projects/mepres/allgcse/bkb12.pdf

III. Procedure:

A. Motivation/Initiating Activity

Introduction

Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to discriminate correct from
incorrect reasoning. As tertiary students, you must know how to reason out logically and
test the validity of an argument about any matter. You will learn about connectives,
quantifiers, negations, and variables which are essentials to modern logic and its
symbolic language. There is a separate chapter for other topics under Logic.

B. Presenting the Material (Discussion)

Terms to remember:

Statement - a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both true or
false

Simple statement - a statement that conveys a single idea

Compound statement - a statement that conveys two or more ideas

The truth value of a simple statement is either true(T) or (F).

The truth value of a compound statement depends on the truth values of its simple
statements and its connectives.

A truth table is a table that shows the truth value of a compound statement for all
possible values of its simple statements.

Connectives

A declarative sentence is a sentence whose main verb is indicative. A statement

is a declarative sentence that is either true or false but cannot be both. A statement can
be simple or compound. Below are examples of simple and compound statements.
 Simple Statement
The highest mountain in the Philippines is
Mt. Apo.
Cebu is the Oldest City in the Philippines.
Compound Statement
The highest mountain in the Philippines is
Mt. Apo, and the second highest mountain
is Mt. Pulag.
We will go to Camiguin island or we will go
to Mactan island.

To create a compound statement, connectives like and, or, if…then, and if and
only if are used for connectives.

Connective Symbols Type of Statement

and ˄ conjunction
or ˅ disjunction
If…then → conditional
If and only if ↔ biconditional

The first example of compound statement which is “The highest mountain in the
Philippines is Mt. Apo, and the second highest mountain is Mt. Pulag.” may be written
using the following symbols.

Statement Symbol
The highest mountain in the Philippines is Mt. Apo. p

The second highest mountain is Mt. Pulag. q

The highest mountain in the Philippines is Mt. Apo, p˄q

and the second highest mountain is Mt. Pulag.

Write the second example of compound statement which is “We will go to

Camiguin island or we will go to Mactan island.” using symbols.

Statement Symbol

Quantifiers and Negations

“All freshmen students are graduates of the K-12 curriculum.” is a quantified

statement which is a statement containing quantifiers. The words like “all”, there exists”,
and “none” are examples of quantifiers. Existential quantifiers like “there exists” and “at
least one” are used to emphasize the existence of something. Words like “none” and
“no” deny the existence of something, and words like “all” and “every” stress out that
every element satisfies a condition. These words are called universal quantifiers.

Every variable in a mathematical statement has a corresponding quantifier. The

quantifiers are “for all” and “there exists”.
 The negation of the statement “All freshmen students are graduates of the K-12
curriculum” is “Some freshmen students are not graduates of the K-12 curriculum”.

Quantified Statement Negation

No Y are Z. Some Y are Z.
Some Y are Z. No Y are Z.
Some Y are not Z. All Y are Z.
All Y are Z. Some Y are not Z.

Write the negation of the statements.

1. All school gates are open.

Negation: ________________________________________________________
2. Some drinks in the school canteen are espresso-based.
Negation: ________________________________________________________
3. No students are wearing their uniforms.
Negation: ________________________________________________________

C. ELICITING PERFORMANCE (Practice) AND PROVIDING FEEDBACK

1. Activity (Collaboration) and Analysis (Communication)

Write five examples of simple statements and five examples of compound
statements about the Philippines. These can be trivia or recent news.

Simple statement Compound statement

2. Abstraction (Critical Thinking)

Write the compound statements on the activity using the correct symbols.

Compound statement Symbols

 D. Enhancing Retention and Transfer (Assignment)

Write five (5) quantified statements together with its negation regarding the latest
news/issue/trends in our countries.

Quantified Statement Negation

Summary:

● The study of the methods and principles used to discriminate correct from incorrect
reasoning is called logic.
● Compound statements have connectives like and, or, if…then, and if and only if.

Connective Symbols Type of Statement

˄ Conjunction
and
˅ Disjunction
or
→ Conditional
If…then
↔ Biconditional
If and only if

● To emphasize the existence of something, existential quantifiers like “there exists”

and “ at least one” are used. Universal quantifiers are words like “none” and “no” which
deny the existence of something, and words like “all” and “every” point out that every
element satisfies a condition.

Quantified Statement Negation

No Y are Z. Some Y are Z.
Some Y are Z. No Y are Z.
Some Y are not Z. All Y are Z.
All Y are Z. Some Y are not Z.
● The quantifier “for all” or “for every” is represented by the symbol “ɏ”, and “for some x”
or “there exist” is expressed as Ǝ.
 Prepared by:

Richel L. Lozano