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Stress intensity factors of slanted cracks in round bars subjected to mode I

tension loading

Conference Paper · May 2015

DOI: 10.1063/1.4915745

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 Stress intensity factors of slanted cracks in round bars subjected to mode I tension
loading
A. E. Ismail, A. L. M. Tobi, and N. H. M. Nor

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1660, 070027 (2015); doi: 10.1063/1.4915745

View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4915745
View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/proceeding/aipcp/1660?ver=pdfcov
Published by the AIP Publishing

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 Stress Intensity Factors of Slanted Cracks in Round Bars
Subjected to Mode I Tension Loading
A. E. Ismail, A. L. M. Tobi and N. H. M. Nor

Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,
86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia

Abstract. This paper presented a numerical solution of stress intensity factors (SIF) for slanted cracks in round bar
subjected to mode I loading. According to the literature survey, most of the SIFs were extracted from perpendicular
cracks and the behaviors of such cracks were well understood. However, the SIFs for slanted cracks were difficult to
obtain. Therefore, it is a crucial task to solve these problems related with slanted cracks. Three important parameters were
used such as crack aspect ratio, a/b, relative crack depth, a/D and slanted angle,T. It is found that such parameters played
an important role in determining the SIFs where if a/b and a/D were increased, the SIFs increased. However, when the
slanted crack planes were introduced, the SIFs decreased when compared with the SIFs obtained from normal cracks.
However, two type of failure modes were produced when slanted cracks were used. Therefore, the reliability of
components contained slanted cracks must not be underestimated.
Keywords: Stress intensity factor; slanted cracks, mode I loading; round bars.
PACS: 62.20.mm

INTRODUCTION
The present of cracks in any mechanical components can have detrimental effects on the reliability and integrity
during services. Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) is generally used to analyze the behavior of these cracks
and it is has a great interest in the last several decades [1, 2]. All the works reported in [1, 2] considered mainly on
the normal or transverse cracks subjected to mode I loading. The solution of stress intensity factor (SIF) for various
crack geometries are summarized by Murakami & Tsuru [3]. However, lacks of solutions of SIFs especially for
slanted cracks are available. Carpinteri [4], Shin & Cai [5], Fonte & Freitas [6] and Ismail et al. [7] studied the
transverse surface cracks in round bars and the behavior of such cracks are almost established. In other papers,
transverse cracks are also subjected to combined loadings [8, 9]. In this paper, the solution of SIFs for slanted
surface cracks is analyzed and discussed. The slanted surface crack is modeled using ANSYS finite element analysis
program. There are four important parameters are considered such as crack aspect ratio, a/b, relative crack
depth, a/D, slanted angle, T and normalized coordinate, x/h. Then, the SIFs along the crack front are related with
such parameters.

METHODOLOGY
The calculation of stress intensity factor (SIF) for the surface crack geometry has received much attention due to
its frequent use in analyzing linear elastic fracture mechanics problems [4-7]. ANSYS finite element analysis is used
to numerically model the cracks shown in FIGURE 1 where there are two cracks to be considered, normal and
slanted cracks. As show in FIGURES 1(a) and 1(b) depicted the nomenclature of surface cracks used in this work. A
special attention is given to the crack tip by employing 20-node iso-parametric quadratic brick elements. The square-
root singularity of stresses and strains is modeled by shifting the mid-point nodes to the quarter-point locations
around the crack-tip region. The finite element model used in this work is revealed in FIGURE 2.
There are four important parameters used in this work, crack aspect ratio, a/b, relative crack depth, a/D, slanted
angle, T and normalized coordinate, x/h, where, a and b are the minor and major ellipse, respectively. The symbol
of a is also called crack depth and D is a shaft diameter. Crack width, h and x is a arbitrary point along the crack
front as in FIGURE 1(c). Tension stress, V is applied at one end and other end is constrained accordingly. In order to
calculate the SIFs along the crack front, J-integral based on the domain integral method is used [10]. Then the
calculated J-integral is converted into SIFs using interaction integral formulation. The chosen of energy based

International Conference on Mathematics, Engineering and Industrial Applications 2014 (ICoMEIA 2014)
AIP Conf. Proc. 1660, 070027-1–070027-6; doi: 10.1063/1.4915745
© 2015 AIP Publishing LLC 978-0-7354-1304-7/$30.00

070027-1
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 method to determine SIFs rather than traditional technique which is displacement extrapolation method [11] due to
ease of implementation in numerical model. The values of SIFs are then normalized into dimensionless SIFs or
geometrical correction factor, F according to Equations (1) and (2):

KI
FI (1)
V Sa

K II
FII (2)
V Sa

where, F is geometrical correction factor, K is a stress intensity factor, V is a applied stress and a is a crack depth.
Subscript I and II represent type of failure mode I and II. Then, F is plotted against x/h for differentT, a/b and a/D.
Before any further analysis, the present numerical model shown in FIGURE 2 is validated with the existing
model [5]. However, the validation is performed only for normal cracks since there are no SIFs for slanted surface
crack available in open literature. FIGURE 3 depicted the SIF comparisons between present and existing crack
models. It is showed that both models are well agreed with each others for two crack aspect ratios, a/b.

V V V V

(a) (b)

(c)

FIGURE 1. Crack geometries used in this work, (a) normal, (b) slanted cracks and (c) arbitrary crack shape.

(a)

(b)
FIGURE 2. (a) Finite element model of slanted crack and (b) crack tip of the slanted crack (enlarged of area A).

070027-2
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 (a) (b)
FIGURE 3. Crack model validations for two crack aspect ratio, a/b, (a) a/b = 0.2 and (b) a/b = 0.5.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this paper, three type of slanted angles are considered; 0, 15 and 30 0 and two type of crack aspect ratios, a/b
are emphasized due to similar SIFs patterns. FIGURE 4 shows the crack behavior of a/b = 0.2 where it is also
considered as nearly straight fronted crack. Additionally, full ranges of SIFs for slanted cracks are listed in
TABLE 1.

(a) (b)

(c)
FIGURE 4. SIFs along the crack front, x/h for a/b = 0.2 of different slanted angle, T, (a) 0, (b) 150 and (c) 300.

070027-3
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 TABLE 1. Stress intensity factor for different crack aspect ratio (a/b), relative crack depth (a/D) and
slanted angle (T) at x/h = 0.0.
Relative crack Geometrical correction factor, F
Crack aspect ratio, a/b Slanted angle, T
depth, a/D FI FII
0.1 1.0253
0.2 1.0225
0.3 00 1.0136 -
0.4 0.9895
0.5 0.9457
0.1 0.9108 0.0112
0.2 1.0969 0.0251
0.2 150
0.3 1.3462 0.0293
0.4 1.7691 0.0382
0.5 2.4765 0.0654
0.1 0.9362 0.0527
0.2 1.0725 0.0757
0.3 300 1.3098 0.0987
0.4 1.7131 0.1324
0.5 2.3948 0.2083
0.1 0.7592
0.2 0.7582
0.3 00 0.7565 -
0.4 0.7558
0.5 0.7570
0.1 0.7561 0.0135
0.2 0.7618 0.0024
0.8 0.3 150 0.7810 0.0044
0.4 0.8191 0.0049
0.5 0.8949 0.0542
0.1 0.7272 0.0044
0.2 0.7310 0.0128
0.3 300 0.7449 0.0190
0.4 0.7705 0.0296
0.5 0.8364 0.0548

070027-4
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 (a) (b)

(c)

FIGURE 5. SIFs along the crack front, x/h for a/b = 0.8 of different slanted angle, T, (a) 0, (b) 150 and (c) 300.

As expected, the SIFs increased when x/h approached the outer surfaces. In this work, the outer point is not taken
into accounts due to the singularity problem. FIGURE 5 revealed the crack behavior of a/b = 0.8. The changing
of a/b from 0.2 to 0.8 indicated that the curvature of crack front increased from semi-elliptical shape into circular
shape. Therefore, it is also significantly affected the SIFs along the crack front when compared with lower value
of a/b.
The reduction of SIFs along the crack front when slanted angle is increased can be fully understood by observing
the crack behavior as shown in FIGURE 6. It is indicated that when slanted angle is introduced, the crack length is
become longer and deeper. If there is insignificant deformation around the crack front, the amount of energy
calculated around the specified points is reduced. However, the distances between the cracks faces are decreased
leading to the lack of crack deformation around the crack front. The calculations of SIFs are based on the energy
method (J-integral) around the crack front. Similar patterns of crack deformations can be observed for a/b = 0.8
crack aspect ratio as in FIGURE 7. It is also depicted that the crack face distances are wider than when compared
with the slanted cracks leading to decrease the SIFs. Even though the SIFs for slanted cracks are lower than normal
cracks but there are another type of failure mode existed which is mode II failure mechanisms. Therefore, the
formation of slanted cracks should not be underestimated in determining the structural reliability.

070027-5
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 (a) (b) (c)
FIGURE 6. Surface crack behavior (a/b = 0.2) of different slanted angle, T (a) 00, (b) 150 and (c) 300.

(a) (b) (c)

FIGURE 7. Surface crack behavior (a/b = 0.0) of different slanted angle, T (a) 0 , (b) 150 and (c) 300.
0

CONCLUSION
This paper discussed numerically the stress intensity factor (SIF) for normal and slanted surface cracks in round
bars. ANSYS finite element program is used to model the crack. The present model is first validated with the
previous model and it is found that the present model is well agreed with the existing model. It is found that the
introductions of slanted surface cracks have reduced the SIFs along the crack front. Even though lower values of
SIFs are obtained for slanted cracks compared with normal cracks, but the present of mode II SIFs should not be
underestimated the structural reliability.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Authors acknowledged Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) for providing a financial support in
presenting this paper.

REFERENCES
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