Lecture: 04 Date: 28 Feb 2021 preyanka.nath@northsoutWater e Water: Polar covalent bonds gives Water is water its unique properties that cohesive/a make life possible Water evapo e Water is an excellent solvent » Hydrophilic substances BB » Hydrophobic substances Cohesion e Water is stable in high temperature e Energy of molecular motion Adhesion Component of homeostasisFunction » Provides the aqueous medium to the organism whi essential for the biochemical reactions to occur | > Directly participates as a reactant in several meta reactions \ > Serves as a vehicle for transport of solutes > Closely associated with the regulation of body temperatureDistribution in bet body ANS) ea) 9 (elation ol 0) ° ae of the body ar weight in adult Adipose men, and 50-55% _. ‘Ny Taal} SU MMOLE.) in blood to only 10% in adipose La isSIUl 2dye molecules water molecule les ‘equilibrium Diffusion- Dae eres Nari oa) Pile Caret0 | (rds coe Tce east princi ae of CM me enacl ae eno movement ENCE R aaa nse iDiffusion Ifa substance can If the membrane is permeate the membrane: impermeable to a substance: Membrane 20068 ee,eo! ' seo sete "Si—— 8 8 @, ee @ @ oe Pe of e? 2 1 ° e eo o @ eos eee ? @ eS eevee ee, © 2 ° © - eo“) ne @ @ eo Peete” 8 eee | @ — (a) Diffusion occurs (b) No diffusion occurs KEY @ = Penetrating solute @ = Nonpenetrating soluteCharacteristics happens in liquids and gases because their particles rate oM ale (Olt Og from place to teem Liem ano substances move in and out of cells- Respiration Water, carbon dioxide, and yeti)oY O)} bs} The diffusion of water (across a membrane). Water will move in the Celie a ALN como) concentration of solute (and hence a lower concentration of water). Tay Cronin FAS = Hp MC LoCo,OSMOSIS > Water diffuses into plants through their root hair cells. The water moves from an area of high concentration (in the soil) to an area of lower concentration (in the root hair cell). This is because root hair cells are partially permeableDiffusion vs. Osmosis Diffusion Solvent and solute particles move to equalize Only solvent particles move. Solute particles dq concentr concetrations. ation of No two not move. i 7 The movement is throug! semipermeable solutions brane in a semipermeable mem involved. membrane.Tonicity ° The effect of a solution on the osmotic movement of H,0. * The tonicity of a solution has no units \ ¢ Reflection of its concentration of non-penetrating solutes r the cell’s concentration of non-penetrating solutes \ « lsotonic If the concentration of solute (salt) is equal on both sides, the wats move Back and orth but i tesa Bate any result on the overall am water on either side « Hypotonic Th d "HYPO" in thi th \ lute (: Motecales oucsicle Hie cele Since salt Racker waterewil move into ° Hypertonic Theword, HYPER’ ang more, in this case there are ore les outs) é cell, which causes the water e SU rection.Tonicity and living cells Hypotonic solution —_Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution _ 4,0 HQ _H,0 H,0 lysed Normal Shriveled H,0 Turgid (normal) Flaccid PlasmolyzedTransports P Xela ome (Ol kan ag oe to spend energy, usually ima om come transport of large molecules (non-lipid soluble) and the sodium-potassium pump Passive- requires no eV Mme diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide, osmosis of water, and facilitated diffusion.Acids and Bases » Acids > molecule or ion capable of donating a proton (hydrogen i H*), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair » Fossil fuel, Nz containing fertilizers, Acid rain, > Bases é » Hydrogen ions contribute to pH. Acids release hydrogen ions in water; bases accept them. Salts release ions other than A H* and OH’. \ > AMINOACIDS, NUCLEIC ACID, LACTIC ACID, ASCORBIC ACID Hp ———» Ht + OH” H20 water hydrogen hydroxide water ions ionsbattery acia gastric fluid ancien Sl lemon juice cot Vinegar = S = @ orange iuice S= a Sananas 17? Zt - beer 7 = Eioec = =| — Black coffee = Shine, tea. typical rain —— corm = Sutter = aris = 7 pure water = blood. tears soo white ——= Seawater - baking soda =e Sotergonts is Toms - tootnpaste 10 nang soap mikormagnesia pe household ammonia 12 hair remover bleach 13 414 adres sxieemerreeeA figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acid, and higher values more alkaline. The pH is equal to -logig c, where c is the hydrogen ion oda concentration in moles per liter. pH = -log[H+] blood is normally slightly basic, with a pH range of 7.35 to 7.45Buffers A solution that resists c PH when acid or alkali i: to it. Buffers typically in weak acid or alkali toget! one of its salts. Buffers keep the pH of bod fluids stable. They are part homeostasis. a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate -pH of about a mixture of ammonium chlo and ammonium hydroxide -pH about 9.25.Buffers in Kidney human body Metabolic component Bicarbonate Buffer Phosphate Buffer (HCO;) 6 ~ Protein Buffer, Hemoglobin Buffer pCO, Lungs Respiratory componentCae Sone Sar Thank you. | Any Questions?