Coordinates: 17°10′N 121°10′E

Cordillera Administrative Region

Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR), also known as Cordillera Region (Ilocano: Rehion/Deppaar
Administratibo ti Kordiliera; Tagalog: Rehiyong Pampangasiwaan ng Cordillera), is an administrative region in Cordillera Administrative Region
the Philippines, situated within the island of Luzon. The only landlocked region in the insular country, it is CAR
bordered by the Ilocos Region to west and southwest, and by the Cagayan Valley Region to the north, east, and Region
southeast. It is the least populous region in the Philippines, with a population less than that of the City of Manila.

The region comprises six provinces: Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga and Mountain Province. The
regional center is the highly urbanized city of Baguio.

The region, officially created on July 15, 1987,[3] covers most of the Cordillera Central mountains of Luzon, and
is home to numerous ethnic peoples. The Nueva Vizcaya province has a majority-Igorot population, but was
placed by the American colonial government in the Cagayan Valley region instead during the early 20th century.

Contents
History
Background
Creation of the region
Modern history
Geography
Administrative divisions
From top, left to right: Batad Rice Terraces;
Demographics
Tayum Church; Lubuagan, Kalinga; Colors of
Ethnic groups StoBoSa, Hanging coffins of Sagada
Languages
Religion
Economy
Infrastructure
Flag
Roads and Bridges Seal

Culture
Tourism
See also
References
External links

History

Background

Colonial Era

During the Spanish occupation of the Philippines, Christianization and eventual

subjugation of the mountain region proved difficult for the Spanish colonial Location in the Philippines
government.[4] Several comandancias were established by the Spanish colonial Coordinates: 17°10′N 121°10′E
government in strategic areas of the mountain region. Among them were
Country Philippines
Amburayan, Cabugaoan, Kayapa, Quiangan, Itaves, Apayaos, Lepanto, Benguet,
Island group Luzon
Bontoc, Banaue, and Tiagan.[5][6][7]
Regional center Baguio
On August 18, 1908 during the American regime, Mountain Province was Area
established by the Philippine Commission with the enactment of Act No. 1876. • Total 19,422.03 km2
An old U.S. Army map
Ifugao, which was part of Nueva Vizcaya province,[8] and the former Spanish (7,498.89 sq mi)
showing Mountain
comandancias of Amburayan, Apayao, Benguet, Bontoc, Kalinga and Lepanto,
province covering the Population (2015 census) [2]
present areas of were annexed to the newly created province as sub-provinces.[9][10] Amburayan was
• Total 1,722,006
Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga later abolished in 1920 and its corresponding territories were transferred to the
• Estimate (2020) 1,807,758[1]
and Apayao provinces of Ilocos Sur and La Union. Lepanto was also reduced in size and its
towns were integrated into the sub-provinces of Bontoc and Benguet, and to the • Density 89/km2 (230/sq mi)
province of Ilocos Sur.[4][11][12] Time zone UTC+8 (PST)
ISO 3166 code PH-15
After Philippine Independence Provinces 6
Abra
On June 18, 1966, Republic Act No. 4695 was enacted to split Mountain Province and create four separate and Apayao
independent provinces namely Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao, and Mountain Province.[13][14] Ifugao and Benguet
Kalinga-Apayao were placed under the jurisdiction of the Cagayan Valley region,[15] with Benguet and Mountain
Ifugao
Province placed under the Ilocos Region.
Kalinga
Cordilleran history during Martial law Mountain Province
Cities 2
After the declaration of Martial law by Ferdinand Marcos in 1972, the region became the focus of militarization as Baguio
a result of local objections to the government's push for the Chico River Dam Project near Sadanga, Mountain
Tabuk
Province and Tinglayan, Kalinga.[16][17][18] Frustrated by the project delays caused by the opposition, Ferdinand
Municipalities 75
Marcos issued Presidential Decree no. 848 in December 1975, constituting the municipalities of Lubuagan,
Barangays 1,176
Tinglayan, Tanudan, and Pasil into a "Kalinga Special Development Region" (KSDR),[19] in an effort to
Cong. districts 7
neutralize opposition to the Chico IV dam.[18]
Languages Ilocano · Ibaloi ·
Empowered by Martial Law to conduct warrantless arrests, the 60th PC Brigade had arrested at least 150 locals by Kankanaey · Kalanguya
April 1977, accusing them of supposed subversion and of obstructing government projects, and various other · Kalinga · Ifugao · Itneg
offenses such as boycotting the October 1976 Constitutional Referendum. Individuals arrested included tribal · Isneg · Pangasinan ·
Filipino · English ·
papangat (leaders/elders), young couples, and in at least one case, a 12-year-old child.[18](p9) By December 1978, others
parts of the Chico IV area had been declared "free fire zones", no-man's-land areas where the army could freely
fire on any animals or permit-less humans at will.[18]

On April 24, 1980, Marcos-controlled military forces assassinated Macli-ing Dulag a pangat (leader) of the Butbut tribe of
Kalinga.[20] The assassination became a watershed moment, marking the first time the mainstream Philippine press could be
openly critical against Marcos and the Military, and building up a sense of Igorot identity which eventually led to cordillera
autonomy.[21]

After the end of the Marcos administration due to the 1986 People Power Revolution, the succeeding government under
President Corazon Aquino secured a ceasefire with the main indigenous armed group in the Cordilleras, the Cordillera
People's Liberation Army led by Conrado Balweg. The Aquino government made a sipat or indigenous treaty, which would
Detail of the Wall of Remembrance
be known as the Mount Data Peace Accord, with the CPLA on September 13, 1986 ending hostilities. at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani in
Quezon City, showing names from
the first batch of Bantayog
Creation of the region Honorees, including that of Macli-ing
Dulag.
On July 15, 1987, President Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order 220 which created the Cordillera Administrative
Region. The provinces of Abra, Benguet and Mountain Province (of the Ilocos Region), and Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao (of
the Cagayan Valley) were annexed as part of the newly created region. Nueva Vizcaya was not included in the region despite
having an Igorot majority at the time.[3][22]

Modern history

On February 14, 1995, Kalinga-Apayao, one of the five provinces of the region was split into two separate and independent provinces of Apayao and Kalinga with
the enactment of Republic Act No. 7878.[23][24]

Several attempts at legalizing autonomy in the Cordillera region have failed in two separate plebiscites.[25][26] An affirmative vote for the law on regional autonomy is
a precondition by the 1987 Philippine Constitution to give the region autonomy in self-governance much like the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (now the
BARMM) in southern Philippines. The first law Republic Act No. 6766, took effect on October 23, 1989[27] but failed to muster a majority vote in the plebiscite on
January 30, 1990.[25][26] The second law, Republic Act No. 8438 passed by Congress of the Philippines on December 22, 1997,[28] also failed to pass the approval of
the Cordillera peoples in a region-wide plebiscite on March 7, 1998.[25][26]

At present, a third organic act of the Cordillera is in the offing supported by the Cordillera Regional Development Council.

Recent events

In September 2000, the municipal council of Itogon, Benguet, withdrew support for the San Roque Dam project. The project had met a lot of resistance, because of
the reported failure of its proponents to update its Environmental Certificate of Compliance (ECC) and to submit a watershed management plan required for a project
of that magnitude. The San Roque Dam was to become one of the biggest dams in the world and would threaten the living environment of the Igorot.

The Cordillera Peoples Alliance (CPA), an indigenous rights organization in the region, in co-operation with other organizations, had highly resisted this project and
thus booked a little victory. However, in May 2001, president Arroyo declared that the San Roque Dam project would continue anyway because it had already started
and therefore was difficult to stop. At the same time she promised to not sacrifice the environment, to resettle the people who will lose their houses, to compensate
other people, and to initiate no other large-scale irrigation projects in the future.

In December 2000, the Supreme Court of the Philippines dismissed a petition that questioned the constitutional legality of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA),
and act which came into existence in 1997 giving the peoples of the Cordillera decisive influence over the establishment of foreign mining companies. In this act,
ownership over the lands was regarded as communal, rather than individual and thus coincided more with the view on ownership of the Igorot. The IPRA was totally
different in tone than the 1995 Mining Code.

Without consultation from the people of the Cordilleras, the Mining Code gave companies the freedom to devastate tribal lands, allowed 100% foreign ownership, and
gave companies the right to displace and resettle people within their concessionary areas. Some influential people filed a lawsuit with the Supreme Court against the
IPRA, because it contradicted with the Mining Code and would therefore be unlawful. The petition was dismissed in a 7–7 vote by the Supreme Court.

A bill creating an autonomous Cordillera was filed in Congress in 2014, but it was not backed by strategic politicians in the region due to lack of support from the
national government. However, in 2017, all provincial congressmen within the CAR jointly filed a new Bill creating an autonomous Cordillera, the first time in three
decades where all provincial district representatives called in unison for autonomy. The move was made due to the election win of President Duterte, who publicly
supported the creation of an autonomous Cordillera. However, questions lingered on the issue of Nueva Vizcaya's exclusion from the proposed region, despite being
culturally and geographically part of the Cordilleras, leaving Nueva Vizcaya Igorots left out from the proposal.[29][30]

Geography
The region is the only landlocked region in the Philippines, bounded on the northeast and east by the Cagayan Valley, and on the southwest and west by the Ilocos
Region.
The region is primarily mountainous, positioned in the Cordillera Central mountain range, which
includes Mount Pulag, the highest mountain in Luzon.[31]

Within the region are several streams and rivers including the Chico River, which is a tributary of the
Cagayan River. Other major rivers include[32][33]

Abra
Abulog
Agno
Ahin
Amburayan
Apayao
Bued
Siffu

Relief map Political map

Administrative divisions

Cordillera Administrative Region is politically subdivided into 6 provinces. It has 2 cities; the highly
urbanized city of Baguio, and the component city of Tabuk. There are 1,176 barangays in the region.
Geographically, the western half of Nueva Vizcaya is part of the main Cordilleras, while its eastern
half is part of the Caraballos, the meeting point of the Cordilleras and the Sierra Madre. There have
been moves to reunify Nueva Vizcaya with the Cordilleras, however, no such legislation has yet been
introduced in Congress.

Regional Divisions

A view of Baguio City as seen in

November 2012

Province or HUC Capital Population (2020 estimate)[34] Area[35] Density Cities Muni. Barangay
km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
Abra Bangued 13.7% 247,802 4,165.25 1,608.21 59 150 0 27 303
Apayao Kabugao 6.9% 123,848 4,413.35 1,704.00 28 73 0 7 133
Benguet La Trinidad 46.8% 846,552 2,769.08 1,069.15 310 800 1 13 140
Ifugao Lagawe 11.7% 210,669 2,628.21 1,014.76 80 210 0 11 175
Kalinga Tabuk 12.2% 220,229 3,231.25 1,247.59 68 180 1 7 152
Mountain Province Bontoc 8.7% 156,988 2,157.38 832.97 73 190 0 10 144
Baguio † — 20.5% 370,218 57.51 22.20 6,400 17,000 — — 129
Total 1,722,006 19,422.03 7,498.89 89 230 2 75 1,176

† Baguio is a highly-urbanized city; figures are excluded from Benguet.

Cities and Municipalities

† Regional center
City/Municipality Population (2015) [2] Area[36] Density Class Income class Province
km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
Aguinaldo 19,408 538.05 207.74 36 93 Municipality 2nd Ifugao
Alfonso Lista 32,119 347.46 134.16 92 240 Municipality 3rd Ifugao
Asipulo 15,261 182.87 70.61 83 210 Municipality 5th Ifugao
Atok 19,668 214.99 83.01 91 240 Municipality 4th Benguet
† Baguio City 345,366 57.51 22.20 6,000 16,000 Highly Urbanized City 1st Benguet
Bakun 15,357 286.91 110.78 54 140 Municipality 3rd Benguet
Balbalan 12,195 542.69 209.53 22 57 Municipality 3rd Kalinga
Banaue 21,837 191.20 73.82 110 280 Municipality 4th Ifugao
Bangued 48,163 105.70 40.81 460 1,200 Municipality 1st Abra
Barlig 4,819 228.64 88.28 21 54 Municipality 5th Mountain Province
Bauko 31,065 153.00 59.07 200 520 Municipality 4th Mountain Province
Besao 7,040 173.62 67.04 41 110 Municipality 5th Mountain Province
Bokod 13,756 274.96 106.16 50 130 Municipality 4th Benguet
Boliney 3,573 216.92 83.75 16 41 Municipality 5th Abra
Bontoc 24,643 396.10 152.94 62 160 Municipality 2nd Mountain Province
Bucay 17,115 102.16 39.44 170 440 Municipality 5th Abra
Bucloc 2,501 63.77 24.62 39 100 Municipality 6th Abra
Buguias 43,627 175.88 67.91 250 650 Municipality 3rd Benguet
Calanasan 12,604 1,256.15 485.00 10 26 Municipality 1st Apayao
Conner 26,051 694.30 268.07 38 98 Municipality 2nd Apayao
Daguioman 2,088 114.37 44.16 18 47 Municipality 5th Abra
Danglas 4,192 156.02 60.24 27 70 Municipality 5th Abra
Dolores 11,315 47.45 18.32 240 620 Municipality 5th Abra
Flora 17,391 324.40 125.25 54 140 Municipality 3rd Apayao
Hingyon 9,227 62.02 23.95 150 390 Municipality 5th Ifugao
Hungduan 9,400 260.30 100.50 36 93 Municipality 4th Ifugao
Itogon 59,820 449.73 173.64 130 340 Municipality 1st Benguet
Kabayan 15,260 242.69 93.70 63 160 Municipality 4th Benguet
Kabugao 15,537 935.12 361.05 17 44 Municipality 1st Apayao
Kapangan 19,361 164.39 63.47 120 310 Municipality 4th Benguet
Kiangan 17,048 200.00 77.22 85 220 Municipality 4th Ifugao
Kibungan 17,292 254.86 98.40 68 180 Municipality 4th Benguet
La Paz 15,437 51.41 19.85 300 780 Municipality 5th Abra
La Trinidad 129,133 70.04 27.04 1,800 4,700 Municipality 1st Benguet
Lacub 3,403 295.30 114.02 12 31 Municipality 5th Abra
Lagangilang 14,255 101.44 39.17 140 360 Municipality 5th Abra
Lagawe 19,333 208.91 80.66 93 240 Municipality 4th Ifugao
Lagayan 4,499 215.97 83.39 21 54 Municipality 5th Abra
Lamut 25,279 159.65 61.64 160 410 Municipality 4th Ifugao
Langiden 3,198 116.29 44.90 28 73 Municipality 5th Abra
Licuan-Baay 4,689 256.42 99.00 18 47 Municipality 5th Abra
Luba 6,339 148.27 57.25 43 110 Municipality 5th Abra
Lubuagan 8,733 234.20 90.43 37 96 Municipality 4th Kalinga
Luna 19,063 606.04 233.99 31 80 Municipality 2nd Apayao
Malibcong 3,428 283.17 109.33 12 31 Municipality 5th Abra
Manabo 10,761 110.95 42.84 97 250 Municipality 5th Abra
Mankayan 35,953 130.48 50.38 280 730 Municipality 1st Benguet
Mayoyao 17,331 238.05 91.91 73 190 Municipality 4th Ifugao
Natonin 10,272 252.00 97.30 41 110 Municipality 4th Mountain Province
Paracelis 28,121 570.16 220.14 49 130 Municipality 2nd Mountain Province
Pasil 9,644 189.00 72.97 51 130 Municipality 5th Kalinga
Peñarrubia 6,640 38.29 14.78 170 440 Municipality 6th Abra
Pidigan 12,185 49.15 18.98 250 650 Municipality 5th Abra
 Pilar 10,223 66.10 25.52 150 390 Municipality 5th Abra
Pinukpuk 32,026 743.56 287.09 43 110 Municipality 1st Kalinga
Pudtol 14,925 401.02 154.83 37 96 Municipality 4th Apayao
Rizal 17,038 231.00 89.19 74 190 Municipality 4th Kalinga
Sabangan 9,315 72.04 27.81 130 340 Municipality 5th Mountain Province
Sablan 11,457 105.63 40.78 110 280 Municipality 5th Benguet
Sadanga 8,799 83.30 32.16 110 280 Municipality 5th Mountain Province
Sallapadan 6,622 128.62 49.66 51 130 Municipality 5th Abra
San Isidro 4,574 48.07 18.56 95 250 Municipality 5th Abra
San Juan 9,867 64.08 24.74 150 390 Municipality 5th Abra
San Quintin 5,438 66.59 25.71 82 210 Municipality 5th Abra
Santa Marcela 13,613 196.32 75.80 69 180 Municipality 4th Apayao
Tadian 19,389 145.20 56.06 130 340 Municipality 4th Mountain Province
Tanudan 9,534 307.55 118.75 31 80 Municipality 4th Kalinga
Tayum 14,467 61.14 23.61 240 620 Municipality 5th Abra
Tineg 5,097 744.80 287.57 6.8 18 Municipality 2nd Abra
Tinglayan 12,868 283.00 109.27 45 120 Municipality 4th Kalinga
Tinoc 16,559 239.70 92.55 69 180 Municipality 4th Ifugao
Tuba 47,648 295.97 114.27 160 410 Municipality 1st Benguet
Tublay 17,892 102.55 39.59 170 440 Municipality 5th Benguet
Tubo 5,699 409.87 158.25 14 36 Municipality 4th Abra
Villaviciosa 5,392 102.93 39.74 52 130 Municipality 5th Abra
Tabuk City 110,642 700.25 270.37 160 410 Component City 5th Kalinga

Demographics
Population census of
Cordillera Administrative Region Ethnic groups
Year Pop. ±% p.a. Year Pop. ±% p.a.
1903 145,186 — 1980 914,432 +2.43% Cordillera is home to many ethnic tribes living on the Cordillera
1918 267,041 +4.15% 1990 1,146,191 +2.29% mountain range. They are commonly referred to as the Igorot.
1939 384,654 +1.75% 1995 1,254,838 +1.71%
1948 364,720 −0.59% 2000 1,365,220 +1.82% Ethnic people of Abra
1960 551,032 +3.50% 2007 1,520,847 +1.50%
1970 730,906 +2.86% 2010 1,616,867 +2.25% The Tingguians are composed of sub-groups known as the Itneg tribes
1975 811,103 +2.11% 2015 1,722,006 +1.21% which includes Adasen, Balatok, Banaw, Belwang, Binungan, Gubang,
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[37] Inlaud, Mabaka, Maeng, Masadiit, and Muyadan or Ammutan.:[38] Their
places in Abra are as follows:

1. Adasen — Lagayan, Lagangilang, San Juan and Tineg

2. Banaw — Daguioman, Malibcong, also found in Balbalan, Kalinga
3. Binungan — Baay-Licuan and Lacub A man from Tinglayan
4. Balatok — in the villages of Amti, Kilong-olaw, & Danak, all in Boliney vested in traditional garb
holding a handcrafted
5. Belwang — in the village of Dao-angan in Boliney
weapon first produced
6. Gubang — Malibcong during the Second World
7. Inlaud — Lagangilang and Peñarrubia, in Lumaba village of Villaviciosa, in the villages of Abang and Patoc in War; traditional Kalinga
Bucay, in Langiden, San Isidro, San Quintin, Danglas (also found in some parts of Nueva Era) cloth is draped over
8. Mabaka — Lacub and Malibcong Orthodox icons in the
manner of Russian
9. Maeng — Luba, Tubo and Villaviciosa, (also found in San Emilio, Ilocos Sur, Banayoyo and other towns in Ilocos
nabozhnyks.
Sur)
10. Masadiit — Sallapadan, Bucloc and in the village of Sapdaan in Manabo, and in barangays Poblacion, Bawiyan, and
Dumagas in Boliney
11. Ammutan a.k.a. Muyadan tribe — in Manabo

Ethnic people of Apayao

1. Isnag tribe — also known as Isneg comprising the sub-groups known 2. Ymandaya (Isnag) — Calanasan (Bayag)
as the Ymandaya and Imallod (Isnag refers to the people, while Isneg 3. Imallod (Isnag) — Kabugao, Conner, Pudtol, and some parts of Luna
refers to the dialect). Isnags are found not only in Apayao but also in (Macatel)
the eastern section of Ilocos Norte and northwestern portion of
4. Malaweg — Conner
Cagayan. Their places of abode in Apayao are as follows:

Ethnic people of Benguet

1. Ibaloi
2. Kankanaey
 3. Kalanguya[39]
4. Karao Tribe

Ethnic People of Ifugao

1. Tuwali
2. Ayangan
3. Kalanguya
4. Ifannawer - Banaue

Ethnic people of Kalinga

1. Tubog A Bontoc woman with a
2. Banao snake skeleton in her hair.
Skeletons serve as a
3. Tanudan
charm against lightning.
4. Tanudan
5. Tongrayan
6. Ifutfut: Fugnay, Ngifat, Lacnog, Tabuk
7. Iterkaw: Nambaran, Tabuk
8. Ifasao: Isla, Appas Tabuk
9. Ichananaw: Lacnog, Tabuk
10. Itongrayan: Luprupa, Ifunug, Amfato, Damsite, Tabuk
11. Isumacher: Sumacher, Filong, Man-ufer, Mallango, Fangad, Madopdop, Lacnog, Ipil, Bayabat, Tannubong, Bulo.
Tabuk
12. Ylubuagen: Lubuagan
13. Ipinukpuk
14. Kankana-ey
15. Bagbag-o
16. Ifontok
17. Ilocano

Ethnic people of Mountain Province

1. Bontoc — Bontoc 3. Baliwon — Paracelis
2. Balangao — Natonin 4. Applai: Bauko, Besao, Sabangan and Sagada

Languages

The region has been called "the most diversified ethno-linguistic regionin the Philippines"[31] with the many "sub-dialect variations" of its major languages.[31] This
diversity has been attributed to the mountainous topology of the region.[31] However, this did not lead to variations in "cultural development", and the majority of the
people share a "similar cultural identity".[31]

Balangao, spoken in Natonin, Mountain Province.

Bontoc, spoken in Bontoc, Mountain Province.
Ibaloi, spoken in Benguet.
Ifugao, spoken in Ifugao.
Ilocano, spoken in Apayao, Abra, Kalinga, Mountain Province, Benguet, and Ifugao. It is the regional lingua franca.
Isnag, spoken in Apayao.
Itneg, spoken in Abra.
Kalinga, spoken in Kalinga.
Kalanguya, spoken in some parts of Benguet.
Kankanaey, spoken in western Mountain Province and some parts of Benguet.

Religion

Like most other regions of the Philippines, Roman Catholicism is the single largest denomination in this region, however, a slightly lower (around 60–70% of the
population) adhere to the faith, while Protestants, mostly Anglicans and Evangelicals forming a large minority at about 20–30% of the population.[40][41] The
traditional animist religions maintain a significant presence in the region and are still practiced by the tribal people.

Economy
Poverty Incidence of
Cordillera Administrative
Region

Source: Philippine Statistics

Authority[42][43][44][45][46][47][48]
Infrastructure

Roads and Bridges

Apayao – Ilocos Norte Road – As a lateral road, the highway is a significant element of the Cordillera Roads Improvement Project (CRIP),
connecting Northern Cordillera to the Ilocos Region. It traverses Apayao's Kabugao and Calanasan municipalities and turns west to Ilocos Norte's
This road project was started on January 7, 2013 and will be completed around December 2020.[49]

Culture
The Cordillera region is known for its unique musical instruments including the gangsa kalinga, nose flute, bamboo flute,
buzzer, bangibang, tongatong, diwdiw-as, saggeypo, and bamboo zither. The region is also known for their dance, arts, and
crafts like wood-carving, ibaloi basket, loom weaving, tinalik, loinclothes called ikat, amulets, tattoo, akob, bobo, suklang and
ikat weaving.

The symbol of the tattoo of the Bontocs is about being brave(because of the pain while inking), a talisman or a good luck charm
against evil forces(about their religion), or a symbol of a status or position (ex. Chief captain, Leader, Mayor). They also use
tattoos as a decoration and clothes to their body using arts by drawing or placing inks with a pattern or abstract on their skin.
The Bontoc Museum, run by the
I observed that the people in Cordillera make arts based on their emotions and belief. They use their talents in making arts and Sisters of the Immaculate Heart
crafts as a source of income like wood-carving, basket-weaving, weaving clothes, amulets and ikat weaving. They have different of Mary, hosts many of the
patterns in weaving and they also have their own God that is called "Bulul", it is the God of the rice That is made and materials used by the different
worshipped by the Ifugaos. Aside from their tattoo art, the Bontocs are also known for their excellence in making different Ethnic Tribes in the Mountain
baskets for storage and rice. Province.

Tourism
Banaue Rice Terraces which is part of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (World Heritage site)
Cassamata Hill National Park
Kabayan Mummies
Mount Data, Balbalasang-Balbalan National Park
Mount Pulag, the highest mountain in Luzon at 2,922 metres (9,587 ft) above sea level
Baguio Sites which includes Burnham Park, Minesview Park, The Mansion, Lion's Head, Camp John Hay
Philippine Military Academy, Bell Church, Wright Park, Baguio Garden, and Centermall

See also Maligcong Rice Terraces in Bontoc,

Mountain Province
Cordillera Central (Luzon)
Luzon tropical pine forests
Cordillera autonomy movement

References
1. "POPULATION PROJECTIONS BY REGION, PROVINCE, CITIES
AND MUNICIPALITIES, 2020-2025" (https://www.doh.gov.ph/node/1
5619). www.doh.gov.ph. Department of Health. August 27, 2020.
Retrieved October 16, 2020.
2. Census of Population (2015). "Cordillera Administrative Region
(CAR)" (https://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pr
essrelease/CAR.xlsx). Total Population by Province, City,
Municipality and Barangay. PSA. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
3. "Regional Profile: Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20141022184555/http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/?c
ont=16&r=14). CountrySTAT Philippines. Archived from the original
(http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/?cont=16&r=14) on October 22, 2014.
Retrieved September 18, 2014.
4. "Mt. Province" (http://www.visitmyphilippines.com/index.php?title=Mt.
Province&func=all&pid=415). VisitMyPhilippines.com The Ultimate
Travel Guide for Tourists. Department of Tourism. Retrieved
December 23, 2013.
5. Keesing, Felix Maxwell; Keesing, Marie Margaret; Keesing, Marie
Martin; Institute of Pacific Relations (contributor); International
Research Committee (contributor) (1934). Taming Philippine
Headhunters: A Study of Government and of Cultural Change in
Northern Luzon (https://books.google.com/books?id=A0OsAAAAIAA
J). Stanford University Press. pp. 67–69. ISBN 9780804721103.
Retrieved January 2, 2015.
6. "Benguet History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141019211257/htt
p://www.benguet.gov.ph/index.php?Itemid=268). Province of Benguet
(official website). Archived from the original (http://www.benguet.gov.
ph/index.php?Itemid=268) on October 19, 2014. Retrieved
October 22, 2014. "Benguet was once part of Mountain Province."
7. "Historical Background" (https://web.archive.org/web/201501040317
09/http://apayao.gov.ph/home/index.php/layout/2013-04-08-02-30-50/
2013-04-08-02-34-10). Provincial Government of Apayao. Archived
from the original (http://apayao.gov.ph/home/index.php/layout/2013-0
4-08-02-30-50/2013-04-08-02-34-10) on January 4, 2015. Retrieved
January 3, 2015.
8. National Historical Institute (Philippines) [contributor] (1978).
Kasaysayan, Volume 3, Issues 1–4 (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=9MbjAAAAMAAJ) (Digitized by Google on September 26,
2009). National Historical Institute. p. 16. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
"(Original file from the University of Michigan)"
9. Ingles, Raul Rafael (2008). 1908 :The Way it Really was : Historical
Journal for the UP Centennial, 1908–2008 (https://books.google.com/
books?id=lGHghPeg7qIC). Diliman, Quezon City: University of the
Philippines Press. pp. 330, 339. ISBN 9715425801. Retrieved
January 2, 2015.
10. Worcester, Dean C.; Philippine Commission (1908). Seventh Annual
Report of the Secretary of the Interior to the Philippine Commission
for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1908 (https://archive.org/stream/re
port00integoog/report00integoog_djvu.txt) (Digitized by Google on
November 23, 2005 (Original file from the University of Michigan)).
Manila: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 17–19. Retrieved
January 2, 2015. "(Google Books link (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=68VyqI5KpVsC)"
11. Philippines. Census Office; Buencamino, Felipe; Villamor, Ignacio
(1920). Census of the Philippine Islands Taken Under the Direction
of the Philippine Legislature in the Year 1918, Volume 1 (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=BZ8wAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA68). Bureau of
printing. p. 68.
12. "Cordillera Administrative Region History" (http://cordilleraconnectio
n.blogspot.com/2009/08/cordillera-administrative-region.html).
Cordillera Connection (Blogspot). August 14, 2009. Retrieved
October 22, 2014.
13. "Republic Act No. 4695: An Act Creating the Provinces of Benguet,
Mountain Province, Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao" (http://www.chanrob
les.com/republicacts/republicactno4695.html). Chan Robles Virtual
Law Library. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
14. "Facts & Figures: Ifugao Province" (http://www.nscb.gov.ph/rucar/fnf_i
fugao.htm). Philippine Statistics Authority – National Statistical
Coordination Board. Department of the Interior and Local
Government – Cordillera Administrative Region. Retrieved
January 2, 2015.
15. "Historical Background" (https://web.archive.org/web/201501040317
09/http://apayao.gov.ph/home/index.php/layout/2013-04-08-02-30-50/
2013-04-08-02-34-10). Provincial Government of Apayao. April 15,
2013. Archived from the original (http://apayao.gov.ph/home/index.ph
p/layout/2013-04-08-02-30-50/2013-04-08-02-34-10) on January 4,
2015. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
16. "DULAG, Macli-ing – Bantayog ng mga Bayani" (http://www.bantayo
g.org/dulag-macli-ing/). Bantayog ng mga Bayani. Bantayog
Memorial Center. October 15, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
17. Doyo, Ma. Ceres P. (2015). Macli-ing Dulag: Kalinga Chief, Defender
of the Cordillera. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines
Press. ISBN 978-971-542-772-2.
18. Cariño, Joanna K. (April 22–27, 1980). "The Chico River Basin
Development Project: A Case Study of National Development
Policy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180414233857/http://116.50.2
42.171/PSSC/index.php/agt01/article/download/1601/1536). Paper
Presented at the Third Annual Conference of the Anthropological
Association of the Philippines. Manila. Archived from the original (htt
p://116.50.242.171/PSSC/index.php/agt01/article/download/1601/15
36) on April 14, 2018.
19. Marcos, Ferdinand E. (December 12, 1975). "Presidential Decree No
848 ONSTITUTING CERTAIN MUNICIPALITIES WITHIN THE
PROVINCE OF KALINGA-APAYAO INTO A SPECIAL
DEVELOPMENT REGION TO BE KNOWN AS KALINGA SPECIAL
DEVELOPMENT REGION" (http://www.chanrobles.com/presidential
decrees/presidentialdecreeno848.html#.WtF3z8gRW9Y). CHAN
ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
20. Catajan, Maria Elena (April 22, 2017). "Chico hydro project opposed"
(http://www.sunstar.com.ph/baguio/local-news/2017/04/22/chico-hydr
o-project-opposed-537853). SunStar. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20170422143113/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/baguio/local-ne
ws/2017/04/22/chico-hydro-project-opposed-537853) from the
original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
21. Aureus, Leonor J., ed. (1985). The Philippine Press Under Siege II.
22. "The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)" (http://ati.da.gov.ph/ca
r/about/cordillera-administrative-region-car). Department of
Agriculture. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
23. "R.A. No. 7878: An Act Converting the Sub-Provinces of Kalinga and
Apayao into Regular Provinces to be Known as the Province of
Kalinga and the Province of Apayao, Amending for the Purpose
Republic Act No. 4695" (http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/rep
ublicactno7878.html#.VKkdrckpo7Q). Chan Robles Virtual Law
Library. February 14, 1995. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
24. "Facts & Figures: Apayao Province" (http://www.nscb.gov.ph/rucar/fnf
_apayao.htm). Philippine Statistics Authority – National Statistical
Coordination Board. April 19, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
25. Ferrer, Miriam Coronel (September 4, 2010). "Cordillera autonomy –
Miriam Coronel Ferrer" (http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/insights/04/08/
10/cordillera-autonomy-miriam-coronel-ferrer). ABS-CBN News.
Retrieved January 4, 2015.
26. "Cordillera Autonomy" (https://www.scribd.com/doc/44273115/Cordill
era-Autonomy). Scribd Inc. Dona Dee Lacdao. Retrieved January 4,
2015.
27. "R.A. No. 6766: An Act Providing for an Organic Act for the Cordillera
Autonomous Region" (http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/
ra_6766_1989.html). The LawPhil Project. Congress of the
Philippines. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
28. "R.A. No. 8438: An Act to Establish the Cordillera Autonomous
Region" (http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1997/ra_8438_19
97.html). The LawPhil Project. Congress of the Philippines.
Retrieved January 4, 2015.
29. http://www.albeebenitez.ph/news/creation-cordillera-autonomous-
region-pushed
30. "Mayor Domogan optimistic on OK of Cordillera Autonomous Region
bill with P75B investments" (https://northluzon.politics.com.ph/mayor-
domogan-optimistic-on-ok-of-cordillera-autonomous-region-bill-with-
p75b-investments/). July 2, 2017.
31. http://blgf.gov.ph/regional-offices/car-2
32. Cordillera People's Alliance, Public Information Commission
(January 1, 2001). "Dams In the Cordillera" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20150104133727/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/attached-
files/021214.corddams.pdf) (PDF). International Rivers. Archived
from the original (http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/attached-file
s/021214.corddams.pdf) (PDF) on January 4, 2015. Retrieved
January 4, 2015.
33. "Cordillera's Water Resources" (http://www.cpaphils.org/cordillera/wa
tersources.htm). Cordillera Peoples Alliance. Retrieved January 4,
2015.
34. "POPULATION PROJECTIONS BY REGION, PROVINCE, CITIES
AND MUNICIPALITIES, 2020-2025" (https://www.doh.gov.ph/node/1
5619). www.doh.gov.ph. Department of Health. August 27, 2020.
Retrieved October 16, 2020.
35. "PSGC Interactive; List of Provinces" (https://www.webcitation.org/6D
pMOBTiK?url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asp).
Philippine Statistics Authority. Archived from the original (http://www.
nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asp) on January 21, 2013.
Retrieved March 29, 2016.
36. "PSGC Interactive; List of Cities" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110
429190752/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listcity.asp).
Philippine Statistics Authority. Archived from the original (http://www.
nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listcity.asp) on April 29, 2011. Retrieved
March 29, 2016.
37. "Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its
Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities" (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20130928012059/http://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/fil
es/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Population%20and%20Annual%20
Growth%20Rates%20for%20The%20Philippines%20and%20Its%20
Regions%2C%20Provinces%2C%20and%20Highly%20Urbanize
d%20Cities%20Based%20on%201990%2C%202000%2C%20an
d%202010%20Censuses.pdf) (PDF). 2010 Census and Housing
Population. Philippine Statistics Authority. Archived from the original
(https://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressr
elease/Population%20and%20Annual%20Growth%20Rates%20fo
r%20The%20Philippines%20and%20Its%20Regions%2C%20Provi
nces%2C%20and%20Highly%20Urbanized%20Cities%20Based%2
0on%201990%2C%202000%2C%20and%202010%20Censuses.pd
f) (PDF) on September 28, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
38. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111116221423/http://
library.thinkquest.org/C003235/tingguian.html). Archived from the
original (http://library.thinkquest.org/C003235/tingguian.html) on
November 16, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
39. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150115075903/http://
www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.ph
p?igm=4&i=227). Archived from the original (http://www.ncca.gov.ph/
about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=4&i=227) on
January 15, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
40. "Intriguing Patterns in Scolbert08's Map of Religion in Insular
Southeast Asia" (http://www.geocurrents.info/cultural-geography/relig
ion/intriguing-patterns-in-scolbert08s-map-of-religion-in-insular-south
east-asia). GeoCurrents. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
41. "Philippine Church National Summary" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20171010144551/http://philchal.org/dawn/nationalsum.asp).
philchal.org. Archived from the original (http://philchal.org/dawn/natio
nalsum.asp) on October 10, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
42. "Poverty incidence (PI):" (https://psa.gov.ph/content/poverty-incidenc
e-pi). Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
43. https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/NSCB_LocalPovertyPhilippines_0
publication date: 29 November 2005; publisher: Philippine Statistics
Authority.
44. https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2009%20Poverty%20Statistics.pd
publication date: 8 February 2011; publisher: Philippine Statistics
Authority.
45. https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Table%202.%20%20Annual%20P
%202006%2C%202009%2C%202012%20and%202015.xlsx;
publication date: 27 August 2016; publisher: Philippine Statistics
Authority.
46. https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Table%202.%20%20Annual%20P
%202006%2C%202009%2C%202012%20and%202015.xlsx;
publication date: 27 August 2016; publisher: Philippine Statistics
Authority.
47. https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Table%202.%20%20Annual%20Per%20Capita%20Poverty%20Threshold%2C%20Poverty%20Incidence%2
48. https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Table%202.%20%20Updated%20
%202006%2C%202009%2C%202012%20and%202015.xlsx; publication date: 4 June 2020; publisher: Philippine Statistics
publication date: 27 August 2016; publisher: Philippine Statistics Authority.
Authority. 49. "Apayao – Ilocos Norte Road" (http://build.gov.ph/Home/Project_Det
ails/67?Agency=DPWH). "http://build.gov.ph". Retrieved August 9,
2019.

External links
Media related to Cordillera Administrative Region at Wikimedia Commons
Cordillera Administrative Region travel guide from Wikivoyage

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cordillera_Administrative_Region&oldid=1009790012"

This page was last edited on 2 March 2021, at 09:04 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.