All of Which Clauses

Express a quantity in a modifying clause

Modifying Clauses with Quantity Expressions

[QUANTITY] OF WHICH
A quantity phrase with which is placed at the front of the modifying clause and then the
clause is placed directly after the noun it modifies.
              
Disneyland, all of which belongs to the Disney Company, is located in Anaheim.
               
Disneyland, some of which is crowded with people, is a favorite tourist site.
                                        
Sleeping Beauty's Castle, all of which is half-scale, is located in Fantasyland.  
[QUANTITY] OF WHOM
A quantity phrase with whom is placed at the front of the modifying clause and then the
clause is placed directly after the noun it modifies.
                                             
California has a lot of visitors, most of whom visit Disneyland.
                                                            
Walt Disney was devoted to his children, all of whom adored their father.
                
Disney fans, many of whom Mr. Disney met personally, praised his projects.  
 

 The quantifying expression [quantity] of whom is used as the subject or object of the
modifying clause. Whom (not who) is used because it is the object of the prepositional phrase
of.

Examples of Quantity Phrase Pronouns 

many of most of whose none of

some of  which two of who(m)
who(m) (cars) who(m)
all of whose
half of who(m) both of which neither of who(m) each of which
(money)
both of whose several of a little of a number of
a few of which
(names) which which who(m)

Quantity Phrases can be used before  which, whom or whose +noun. 

 

Modifying Quantity Clauses

Quantifier — All of Which
 

All of Which in a Modifying Clause

IN SUBJECT POSITION  OF CLAUSE

Which replaces an object noun in a quantity phrase of a modifying clause. The modifying
clause is placed after the noun it modifies.  Below, all of which serves as the subject of the
modifying clause.
The Disney Company has several parks. All of the parks / All of them are run by Disney.
  SUBJECT of MOD CLS
All of them are run by Disney. 
The Disney Company has several parks.
       
  all of which
The Disney Company has several parks, all of which are run by Disney.
IN OBJECT POSITION  OF CLAUSE
Which replaces an object noun in a quantity phrase of a modifying clause. The modifying
clause is placed after the noun it modifies.  Below, all of which serves as the object of the
modifying clause.
The Disney Company has several parks. Disney runs all of the parks / all of them.
  OBJECT of MOD CLS
Disney runs all of them.
The Disney Company has several parks.
                 
  all of which
The Disney Company has several parks, all of which Disney runs.
 

All of which, most of which, many of which, much of which, some of which, a few of which,
a little of which, none of which, etc.

Commas are added when the clause adds extra information, "nice to know", but not essential
to identifying the noun. See punctuation below.

Modifying Quantity-Clauses
Specifying "Be" Exception
 

Specifying (identifying) "be" vs. Ascriptive (describing) "be"

"BE" – SPECIFYING
When be is specifying, it is followed by a definite noun (NP, Ger/Infclause) that identifies
the subject noun (NP).  The elements before and after "be" may be interchanged without
affecting meaning.  "reciprocal property"
SUBJECT BE – SPEC NP  COMPLEMENT
one park.
Disneyland is
my favorite park.
One park
is   Disneyland. (reciprocal)
My favorite park
"BE" – ASCRIPTIVE
When be is ascriptive, it is followed by an adjective (AdjP) or an indefinite noun that
describes the quality or character of the subject-noun before it.   The elements before and
after "be" cannot be exchanged.
 BE –
SUBJECT MOD COMPLEMENT
DESC
large.
Disneyland is
a fun place. 
*Large
is   Disneyland. (not reciprocal)
*A fun place
 

*not used  /  NP (noun phrase) / MOD – takes a modifier as its complement

a — any (unspecific-indefinite) / one — a particular one (specific-definite)

Specifying "be" with Clauses

Also see:  Specifying / Ascriptive "be" , The reason is – "Be" and Pop-Q – Specifying "be".

Word Order with Specifying "be" in a Modifying Clause

QUANTIFIER AS THE SUBJECT  OF THE CLAUSE

When adding a clause in which "be" specifies (identifies) the subject noun, word order
follows the usual rules. A quantifying phrase with (quantity) of which is added as usual.
California has several amusement parks.  One of them is Disneyland.
  SUBJECT of MOD CLS
One of them is Disneyland. 
California has several amusement parks.
     
  one of which
California has several amusement parks, one of which is Disneyland.
QUANTIFIER AS THE COMPLEMENT  OF THE CLAUSE
However, in a clause in which "be" identifies the complement-noun, the complement-noun is
repositioned (reworded) as the subject of the clause.  In this way, "be" is not stranded at the
end of the identifying clause.
California has several amusement parks.  Disneyland is one of them.
  COMPLEMENT of MOD CLS
 Disneyland is one of them.
California has several amusement parks.
                    
  one of which
EXCEPTION: We avoid placing "be" at the end one of which Disneyland *is.
of a clause when "be" specifies (identifies) the
noun in the quantity phrase.
                          

one of which is Disneyland.

 

Note that the object of the quantier phrase "one of them" modifies "parks"; therefore, we
cannot simplify "one of which" to just "which".

Quantity Phrase—Many of Whom

As Subject or Object of the Modifying Clause
 

Many of Whom in a Modifying Clause

IN SUBJECT POSITION OF CLAUSE
Whom replaces a personal object noun in a quantity phrase of a modifying clause. The
modifying clause is placed after the noun it modifies.  Below, many of whom serves as the
subject of the modifying clause.
California has a lot of visitors. Many of the visitors / Many of them come to Disneyland.
  SUBJECT of MOD CLS
Many of them go to Disneyland. 
California has a lot of visitors.
       
  many of whom
California has a lot of visitors, many of whom go to Disneyland.
IN OBJECT POSITION  OF CLAUSE
Whom replaces a personal object noun in a quantity phrase of a modifying clause. The
modifying clause is placed after the noun it modifies.  Below, many of whom serves as the
object of the modifying clause.
The Disney Company has several parks.  Disney hosts many of the visitors / many of them.
  OBJECT of MOD CLS
Disneyland welcomes many of them.
California has a lot of visitors.
                 
  many of whom
California has a lot of visitors, many of whom Disneyland welcomes.
 

All of whom, most of whom, many of whom, much of whom, some of whom, a few of
whom, a little of whom, none of whom, etc.
Most of whom – the object of a preposition is replaced by whom.  Most of who is very
informal.

host (n./ v.) – a person, place, company, or the like, that provides services, resources, etc., as
for a convention or event: Our city would like to serve as host for the next Winter Olympics. 
(opens its doors,  provides services or accommodations)

Add commas if the clause adds extra information that is not essential to identifying the noun.
See below punctuation.

Forming the Clause

Quantity Phrase — Most of Whose
 

Most of Whose in a Modifying Clause

IN SUBJECT POSITION OF CLAUSE
Whose replaces a possessive personal  noun in a quantity phrase of a modifying clause. The
modifying clause is placed after the noun it modifies.  Below, most of whose + noun serves
as the subject of the modifying clause.
We admired Walt Disney. Most of Disney's / Most of his cartoons were wonderful.
  SUBJECT of MOD CLS
Most of his cartoons were wonderful. 
We admired Walt Disney.
       
  most of whose cartoons
We admired Walt Disney, most of whose cartoons were wonderful.
IN OBJECT POSITION  OF CLAUSE
Whose replaces a possessive personal noun in a quantity phrase of a modifying clause. The
modifying clause is placed after the noun it modifies.  Below, most of whose + noun serves
as the object of the modifying clause.
We admired Walt Disney. We enjoyed most of Disney's cartoons / most of his cartoons.
  OBJECT of MOD CLS
We enjoyed most of his cartoons.
We admired Walt Disney.
                 
  most of whose cartoons.
We admired Walt Disney, most of whose cartoons we enjoyed.
 

All of whose, most of whose, many of whose, much of whose, some of whose, a few of
whose, a little of whose, none of whose, etc.
used to (semi-modal v.) – a past habit that has stopped   See Used to.
Add commas if the clause adds extra information that is not essential to identifying the noun.
See below punctuation.

"Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color" 1954 – 1992  IMDB

Modifying Clause
Punctuation
 
 

An identifying vs. Nonidentifying Clause

IDENTIFYING CLAUSE

A clause that identifies the noun before it (tells you which ones) is  an identifying
clause. No commas are used.
The kids all of whom go to my school won the biking race. 
The biking trophy was given to the kids (all of whom) you just met.
NONIDENTIFYING CLAUSE

A clause that adds extra, nonidentifying information is set off with comma(s).  The
pronoun in the quantity phrase cannot be omitted.
The Jaguars, all of whom go to my school, won the biking race. 
The biking trophy was given to the Jaguars, all of whom you just met.
 

An identifying clause adds information or narrows (limits) the noun to a specific one, group
or lot.  The clause helps by telling us which one. No commas are used.  It is also called
restrictive, essential , or necessary clause. See That vs. Which   Some or All.

A nonidentifying clause adds extra information about a noun already identified by other
means, for example, by name, by shared knowledge or context. The clause, a comment, is set
off with commas (before and, if necessary, after the clause). It is also called nonrestrictive,
nonessential,  or unnecessary clause. See Commas – comments.

¹An object relative pronoun cannot be omitted from (left out of) a nonidentifying clause.

Common Mistakes
Errors and Solutions
 

Error and Solution

ERROR
*On my trip, there were forty people, most of who were from Italy.
*There were a lot of kids in my class who most were from China.
 
SOLUTION
On my trip, there were forty people, most of whom were from Italy.
Whom (not who) is used because it is the object of the prepositional phrase of.
In my class were a lot of kids who were mostly from China.

In my class were a lot of kids most of whom were from China.