Definitions of Ns, Vs, Adjectives, Adverbs

I. What is Noun? A noun is a word that identifies a person, animal, place, thing, or

idea. For example, my friend keeps dogs in his house. “Friend”, “dogs”, and “house”

are nouns in this sentence.

II. About Noun There are some of nouns forms, such as proper nouns, common
nouns, countable and uncountable nouns, collective nouns, concrete nouns and

abstract nouns, and alienable inalienable nouns.

III. Ns in morphological Nouns may be formed from verbs, adjectives or other

nouns, like arrive(v.) – arrival (n.), establish(v.) + -ment (suffix) → establishment.

Some of suffix：
-AL -ANCE / -ENCE -ATION / -TION -SION -URE
denial insurance reference station condition section picture
-ING -ERY -MENT -AGE -ER -Y
writing bakery employment message teacher privacy

IV. Ns in syntactic
Subject Object Complement
[N] + V … (1) Vt + [N] (1) S + Be + [N]

(2) prep. + [N] (2) S + Vt + O + [N]

(art.) : a / an / the
(possessive) : my / our / his / your
her / our / their …
(demonstrative adjective) : this / these + n.
that / those
（Infinitives） : no / any / all

some / every …

V. Vs in semantic
Place, location, materials, time, purpose, properties

Compound Noun
A. Definition A noun synthesized by two or more nouns。Sometimes, nouns have hyphe,
 but these situations are fewer.

B. Single-word compound noun

(1) Noun + Noun → cupboard, typewriter, newspaper, snowstorm…

(2) Adj. + Noun → greenhouse, bluebeard…

(3) Noun → Ving Noun e.g. drinking water → water for drinking

I. What is Verb? The verb signals an action, an occurrence, or a state of being.

Whether mental, physical, or mechanical, verbs always express activity.

II. About Verb There are some of verbs forms, such as transitive verbs,
intransitive verbs, stative verbs, linking verbs, and auxiliary verbs.

III. Vs in morphological
For instance, these words ”teach”, “teaches”, ”taught” have the same meanings,

but they are influenced by the subject of a sentence and temporal.

Regular verbs can be added “d” or “ed”,and then the sentences will represent

the past meanings, such as ”Deliver”, “Kiss”, “Kick”.

Irregular verbs can’t be just added “d” or “ed”. These kinds of verbs have their

rules, such as “Eat”, “Drive”, “Go”.

IV. Vs in syntactic
在主詞之後 在助動詞之後 在不定詞之後 祈使句
S+[V] 助動詞 + [原形 V ] to + [原形 V ] [原形 V ]….
V. Vs in semantic Action, condition

VI. Vs in functional terms

A. Aux.+ VR
B. passive voice → beV + Vpp
C. beV + V-ing
D. have/has/had + Vpp
E. Imperative sentence
I. What is Adjective? Adjectives are used to identify or quantify individual people
and unique things, so they are usually positioned before the noun or pronoun that they

modify.

II. Adj's in morphological

-AL -ARY -FUL -IC -ISH -ICAL
person–personal honor–honorary wonder–wonderful base–basic child – childish logic – logical

-LIKE -LY -OUS -Y -LESS

spring–springlike friend–friendly courtesy –courteous rain – rainy use – useless

III. Adj's in syntactic

SC OC 修飾語
S + Be /連綴 V + [Adj] （1）S + V + O + [Adj] [Adj] + [名詞]
（1）Be：is/am/are/was/were
（2）S + V + it + [Adj] + to + V
（2）似乎：seem/appear
（3）感覺：look/sound/smell/taste/feel
（4）變成： make, take, think, find, keep,

come/become/go/get/grow/run/turn/fall consider, believe…

（5）保持/仍然/繼續：
keep/stay/remain/continue

IV. Adj's in semantic Abstract, Keywords

V. Adj's in functional terms

A. 出現於名詞前方：(冠詞)+(副詞)+形容詞+名詞

Travelers will receive the final confirmation for their trip on Monday.

B. 形容詞也可能出現在複合名詞前方：形容詞+複合名詞(名詞+名詞)

John was praise for his incredible job performance during the campaign.

C. 出現在 be 動詞後方：beV + adj.

It’s necessary to finish the project on time.

D. 出現在名詞後方(較少見)：(n.)+(adj.)

The bank makes every effort possible to ensure the safety of the cashiers.
E. 有時形容詞不會緊鄰它修飾的名詞

Listening to live music is fascinating.

I. What is Adverb? An adverb is a part of speech that modifies verbs, adjectives,

and other adverbs.

II. Adv's in morphological

ADJ. FORM + LY –Y to – ILY – LE  to – LY – IC to – iCALLY

late – lately angry – angrily able – ably academic – academically

right – rightly busy – busily capable – capably acoustic – acoustically

hopeful – hopefully easy – easily idle – idly artistic – artistically

complete – completely happy – happily noble – nobly classic – classically

III. Adv's in syntactic

前位副詞 中位副詞
(1)[Adv], S + V… (1) S + Be + [Adv] + Adj
(2)[Adv] + speaking , S +V… (2) S + Be + [Adv] + SC
(3) S + Be + [Adv] + Ving
(4) S + Be + [Adv] + P.P.
(5) S + have + [Adv] + P.P.
後位副詞
(1) S + V + [Adv]
(2) S + Vi + 介 + O + [Adv]
(3) S + Vt + O + [Adv]

(6) S + 助 V + [Adv] + 原 V
VI. Adv's in semantic
A. TIME: now, sometimes, yesterday

B. LOCATION OR MOVEMENT: around

C. MANNER: slowly, well

D. DEGREE: extremely, rather

E. CAUSE: consequently, therefore

F. MODAL: probably, evidently
VII. Adv's in functional terms
Examples of Adverbs Modifying Verbs
 David quickly

“Quickly” is an adverb modifying the verb, “walked.” This adverb tells how David

walked.

Examples of Adverbs Modifying Adjectives

 Kate is a stunningly beautiful girl.

“Stunningly” is an adverb modifying the adjective, “beautiful.” This adverb further

describes Kate’s beauty.

Examples of Adverbs Modifying Adverbs

 I nearly always agree with the local newspaper’s position.

“Nearly” is an adverb modifying the adverb “always.” This adverb along with the

adverb “always” modifies the extent to which “I” agree with the newspaper.