语法基础

句子成分（ 10 ）及五大基本句型
 10 大句子成分
主语 宾补

谓语 定语

宾语 状语

系动词 同位语

表语 插入语
 五大基本句型

1 主 + 谓 （ S+V ）

2 主 + 谓 + 宾（ S+V+O ）

3 主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾（ S+V+O1+O2 ）

4 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 补（ S+V+O+C ）

5 主 + 系 + 表（ S+LV+P ）
 主语（ S ）
概念
01
动作的发出者

如何识别
02 谓语动词前

哪些成分做主语
03 ①. The villagers didn't realize how serious the pollution was 名词
②. Ten plus ten is twenty. 数词
③. Seeing is believing. 动名词
④. To do morning exercises this morning is not good for your health. 不定式
⑤. What we will do next is not decided. 主语从句
⑥. This is a book written by Jane. 代词
找主语练习

• These include many important agricultural crops.

• To have a long vacation is my dream. to do(have) sth.(vocation)
• Running is a good way to lose weight.
• Where you live is a beautiful village.
• It is a good habit to do morning exercise.

• 主语从句（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语） + 谓语 + 宾语
形式主语
概念
形式上的主语，而真正的主语往往在句子的靠后位置。常用作形式主语的是代词 it 。
原因
主语会比较长，而主语以外的部分又相对较短，于是句子就容易出现“头重脚轻”的不平衡现象。
例子

1. To spend the whole winter in Hawaii with my family is one of my dreams.=

It is one of my dream to spend the whole winter in Hawaii with my family.

2. To get to school takes me thirty minutes.=

It takes me thirty minutes to get to school.

主语从句

• Whatever you did is right.

• What we need are good doctors.
• What we need is time.
• Whether we will go out tomorrow is unknown.
• It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.

• 主语从句 + 谓语动词 + 宾语
• （句子 = 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语）
 谓语（ V ）
概念
01
谓语表述主语的动作或状态特征。

02 哪些成分做谓语
动词
I study every day.

You just stay away from me please. 动词短语

You are looking slim! 动词的时态结构

I can do it well. 情态动词 + 动词

动词
谓语动词不能表达完整的意思
及物动词
主 + 谓语 + 宾语
是否跟宾
语
不及物动词 谓语动词能表达完整的意思。
动词
主 + 谓语 + 宾

实义动词 有实际含义，能独立做谓语
功能

有实际含义，但不能单独作谓语，要跟
系动词
表语构成主系表结构。 主系表

表示情绪和态度的 , 有实际含义 , 要跟
情态动词 实义动词一起构成谓语。
can / must / should / could / may / might /
will / would

助动词
帮助构成疑问、否定等情况的词类。无
实际意义，跟实义动词一起构成谓语
• 主语 + 谓语 ( 及物动词） + 宾语（ English ） 4 主语 + 谓语 ( 不及物
动词）
实义动词 实义动词 + 助动 情态动词 + 实义动词 实义动词 实义动词 + 助动
study 词 I can study run 词
I don’t study. I don’t run.
情态动词 + 实义动
词
及物动词 I can run

不及物动词

变化系动词
主语 + 系动词become,
+ 表语
grow, turn, get
感官系动词 feel, smell, sound, taste
be 动词 am/ is / are / was / were
持续系动词 keep, remain, stay
找谓语
、
• By far the most numerous and smallest of the plants living in
soil are bacteria.
• A soil scientist can tell a great deal about the attributes of
the soil.
• I stay away from the animals.
• I will go to Shanghai next week.
• I am studying English.
• The woman, studying English in my classroom, is my mother.
找谓语

The girl wearing jeans teaches us English.

A teacher writing English looks beautiful.
The boy sleeping in that bed is Bob.
A man living in the village never sees subways.
The man standing by the window is my teacher.
时态框架
一般现在时 主语（非三单） + do
主语（三单） + does
一般过去时 主语 + did

一般将来时 主语 + am/is/are going to; will do

过去将来时 主语 + was/were going to; would do
现在进行时 主语 + am/is/are doing …
过去进行时 主语 + was/were doing…

现在完成时 主语 + have/has done …

过去完成时 主语 + had done …
被动语态
1. 概念 : 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者
2. 形式 : be 动词 + 动词的过去分词
sing-be sung
The song is sung by children.
被动语态
B
1. The tall building____10 years ago.
A. built B. was built C. is built D. builds

C every day.
2. The trees ____
A. water B. must watered
C. must be watered D. has watered
 五大基本句型

1 主 + 谓 （ S+V ）

2 主 + 谓 + 宾（ S+V+O ）

3 主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾（ S+V+O1+O2 ）

4 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 补（ S+V+O+C ）

5 主 + 系 + 表（ S+LV+P ）
 宾语（ O ）
概念
01
宾语表示动作的对象。

哪些成分做宾语
02
名词

不定式

3. She didn't say anything. 代词

4. I study what you teach me. 句子

5. I enjoy studying English. 现在分词

 五大基本句型

1 主 + 谓 （ S+V ）

2 主 + 谓 + 宾（ S+V+O ）

3 主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾（ S+V+O1+O2 ）

4 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 补（ S+V+O+C ）

5 主 + 系 + 表（ S+LV+P ）
宾语分类

He often gives a boy some money.

双宾语：直接宾语和间接宾语
I tell you a story.
Age changes a boy into a man.
I buy you a flower.
 Please give me
间接宾语 & 直接宾语
crayfish.

直接宾语 直接宾语：物 ，表示动作 口诀：直物间人

的直接承受者

VS

间接宾语：人，表示动作 间接宾语
的间接承受者
间接宾语 & 直接宾语
Exercise: 找出直接宾语和间接宾语

01 They gave a watch to him.

直宾 间宾
02 Mother cooks breakfast for us every day.
直宾 间宾

03 She passed him the salt.

间宾 直宾

哪些动词用 to 哪些又用 for 呢？

 可接双宾的动词
可以接双宾的动词 : 抢答告诉大家两种结
构 bring sb. sth.
tell sb. sth. show sb. sth.
tell
tell sth. to sb.. show
show sth. to sb. bring
bring sth. to
sb.
teach sb. sth.
give sb. sth. send sb. sth.
teach
teach sth. to give
give sth. to sb. send
send sth. to sb..
sb..
cook sb. sth.
pass sb. sth. buy sb. sth.
passpass cook buy
cook sth. for
sth. to sb.. buy sth. for sb.
sb..

to 类： bring, give, lend, offer, pass, return, send, show, teach, tell 等
双宾结构改写
Princess gives her a kiss.
Princess gives a kiss to her.

Harry buys her a ring.

Harry buys a ring for her.

主语 + 谓语 +
间接宾语（人） +直接宾语（物）
改写句子
主语 + 谓语 + 直接宾语（物） + 介词 + 间接宾语
双宾结构改写
01 On the bus, he often gives his seat to an old person.
On the bus, he often gives an old person his seat.
02 Please give the watch to that boy.
Please give that boy the watch.
03 Her uncle bought her an English-Chinese dictionary yesterday.
Her uncle bought an English-Chinese dictionary for her
yesterday.
 五大基本句型

1 主 + 谓 （ S+V ）

2 主 + 谓 + 宾（ S+V+O ）

3 主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾（ S+V+O1+O2 ）

4 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 补（ S+V+O+C ）

5 主 + 系 + 表（ S+LV+P ）
 宾补：补充说明宾语的状态
宾语补足语

The spicy crayfish made my lips painful.

 pink 修饰 it
pink 为宾补
rather difficult 修饰 English
rather difficult 为宾补
up and down 修饰
kite
up and down 为宾补
cry 修饰 the
girl
cry 为宾补
a good teacher 修饰
him
a good teacher 为宾补
 五大基本句型

1 主 + 谓 （ S+V ）

2 主 + 谓 + 宾（ S+V+O ）

3 主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾（ S+V+O1+O2 ）

4 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 补（ S+V+O+C ）

5 主 + 系 + 表（ S+LV+P ）
主系表
I am fine. （ fine 是形容词，作表语）
He is a boy. （ boy 是名词，作表语）
Five plus two is seven. （ seven 是数词，作表语）
We are here. （ here 是副词，作表语）
He is not at home. （ at home 是介词短语，作表语）
My hobby is reading. （ reading 是动名词，作表语）
Our duty is to make our environment better.
（ to make 是不定式，作表语）
 定语
● 概念：用来修饰名词或代词。

● 分类：用在所修饰词之前的叫前置定语，用在所修饰词之后的叫后置定语。

前置定语：形容词、分词、动名词和名词性定语。

后置定语

哪些成分

● 1. 现在分词 the boy standing under the tree

● 2. 过去分词 the house bought last year

● 3. 形容词 something important

● 4. 副词 good enough

● 5. 介词短语 the book on the table

1. It is an expensive cell phone
①. 形容词作定语

2. The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours .

②. 介词短语作定语
③. 名词所有格作定语
in the classroom 为定语，修饰名词 boy ； of yours 为定语，修饰名词 pen
3. The boy needs a ball pen .
4. ④.
The名词作定语
smiling boy needs a pen bought by his
mother.
⑤. 分词作定语
找定语

The pretty girl in red standing in the classroom is our teacher.

This is the book which I bought in Paris.
There is nothing to do today.
The watch which my father bought is great.
The beautiful girl with long hair who teaches me English is my
teacher.
The boy named Ted is my friend.
一、定从概念
I have an apple. The apple is red.
定语从句
I have an ____
apple【that/which is red.】
先行词 关系词
先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词 / 代
词
that, which, who, whom, whose …
关系词： (1) 关系代词：
(2) 关系副词：where, when, why …
二、定从的判断

判定句子类型并划出从句起始位置。

He has the company which makes him rich.

He has the company 【 which makes him rich 】 .

句型一：主谓宾 + 【定语从句】
二、定从的判断
判定句子类型并划出从句起始位置。
Women who drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a great
chance of having heart disease.

Women 【 who drink more than two cups of coffee a day 】 have a
great chance of having heart disease.

主语 + 【 定语从句】 + 谓语动词 + 其他
到第二个谓语动词前结束
二、定从的判断 - 练习
划出下列从句的起始位置：
【that they are considering】is that students should learn
1. The suggestion
something practical.
2. Do you know the man【who is standing over there?
】

【that we had spent all the money.

3. We must face the fact 】

【that students should learn something practical】

4. The suggestion is worth
considering.
二、定从的判断 - 练习
划出下列从句的起始位置：
1. Beijing is the place【where (in which) I was born.】
【that Jack bought】
2. The house is red.
【when you come to Shenzhen. 】
3. You will never forget the day
4. The book【which/that you borrowed me yesterday】
is interesting.
二、定从的判断 - 练习
划出下列从句的起始位置：
【that I have ever seen.】
1. This is the most beautiful city
【who plays basketball very well】
2. He is playing the piano.
3. The student【who likes English very much】
passes the exam.
4. This is a book
【whose owner is one of my friends.】
在“介词 + 关系代词”结构引导的定语从句中，关系代词指物时用
which ；指人时用 whom ，而不能用 that 或 who 代替。

例如： There comes the girl, for whom I have been waiting around an
hour.

wait for 是固定搭配，介词 for 提到关系代词的前面，以构成“介

词
+ 关系代词”的搭配

This is the house in which I live.(I live in the house)

 状语
概念
01 说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随。作用是
来修饰动词，形容词，副词。

哪些成分做状语
02 副词
1. He speaks English very well.
2. I come specially to see you. 不定式

3. She usually gets up at seven in the morning. 介词短语

句子
4. When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.
5. Faced with the situation, what are we supposed to do? 过去分词
1 . We w o r k h a r d ， f ro m M o n d a y t o F r i d a y.
①. 副词作状语
2 . I s t u d y E n g l i s h i n t h e c l a s s ro o m .
②. 介词短语作状语
3. I come specially to see you.
③. 不定式作状语

4. When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Shenzhen.

④. 状语从句作状语

5 . G ro w n i n r i c h s o i l , t h e s e s e e d s c a n g ro w f a s t .
⑤. 过去分词作状语
6 . H e j u m p e d w i t h j o y, h e a r i n g t h i s g o o d n e w s .
⑥. 现在分词作状语
找状语
• Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.

• When the bell rang, I left school.

• I saw him at the airport.

• A lot of students missed my lecture yesterday.

• They lived many miles from the town.

• She is very weak in English.

• He succeeded by hard work.

• They went out for a walk.

• I don’t like coffee very much.

• We came on the bus.

• He lives over the mountain.

• I live each day in a free way.
• Seeing his mother, the baby smiled.
• He earns a living driving a taxi.
• She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.
• He is playing under the tree.
• With more money I would be able to buy it.
• I watched the game on television.
 状语从句 表时
01 He will smile when you see him. 间

表原
因
02 One day, he came late because it was raining.

03 If he doesn’t come, I will be happy. 表条

件
I will be happy if he doesn’t come.

当充当状语的部分是一个句子时，我们叫它 ________
状语从句

状语从句在句子里位置 可前可后
___________ 。
 让步状语
从句 时间状语
结果状语 从句
从句
目的状语
原因状语 从句
从句 条件状语
从句
 让步状语
时间状语
从句
结果状语 从句
从句
目的状语
原因状语 从句
从句 条件状语
从句
原因状语从句
 连接词—原因状语从句

—Why don’t you go there? because 用法最广。

回答由 why 提出的问
— _______
Because I don’t want to.
题

She didn’t go to school, for 用于句中，

__________
for she was ill. 前面有逗号隔开

_____________ the weather is since=as=now that

Since/As/Because
引导从句多放在句首
so bad, we have to stay at “ 既然，由于”
home.
 连接词—时间状语从句 P124

I feel sleepy ___________

when/ while I read history books. when/while 当 ......
当我看历史书时，我就想睡觉。
______
As I grow up, I eat more and more food. as 一边 ...... 一边 ......; 随
随着我长大，我吃得越来越多。 着 ......
I won’t regret ______
until I lose it. until/ not until/till 直到
直到失去了我才后悔。
We will leave ______________
as soon as/ once it stops raining. as soon as/ once 一 ...... 就
雨一停，我们就走。
She usually takes a walk ______
after she has dinner.. before/after 在 ...... 之前 / 后
她经常在晚饭后散步。
Great changes have taken plcae here ______
since you left. since 自从
自从你离开之后这里发生了很大变化。
结果状语从句
 区分 so...that... 和 such...that... 如此……以至于

I work so hard that I get a high mark in mid-term exam.

Li Jiaqi is so clever that he sells many things

on Double Eleven.
名词 such 形副 so
so+ adv./adj. + that + 从句
Li Jiaqi is such a clever man that he sells many
things on Double Eleven.
such+a/an + (adj.) + 单 n. + that + 从句
多多少少还用 so
①You give me so many presents that I can’t carry them.
②You have so much money that my family depend on you.
③You have so little money that you can’t afford a car.
让步状语从句
引导词

“ 虽然”
__________,____________,
though although _________________________
even though/even if
 “ 虽然” though 和 although

X he still went out. （X ）

Though it was raining hard, but

Though it was raining hard, he still went out. （ ）

注意： although(though) 与 but 不能用在同一个句子中。

时间状语从句
 连接词—时间状语从句
I feel sleepy ___________
when/ while I read history books. when/while 当 ......
当我看历史书时，我就想睡觉。
______
As I grow up, I eat more and more food. as 一边 ...... 一边 ......; 随
随着我长大，我吃得越来越多。 着 ......
I won’t regret ______
until I lose it. until/ not until/till 直到
直到失去了我才后悔。
We will leave ______________
as soon as/ once it stops raining. as soon as/ once 一 ...... 就
雨一停，我们就走。
She usually takes a walk ______
after she has dinner.. before/after 在 ...... 之前 / 后
她经常在晚饭后散步。
Great changes have taken plcae here ______
since you left. since 自从
自从你离开之后这里发生了很大变化。
目的状语从句
 连接词—目的状语从句
“ 为了” in order that ； so
that
in order that+ 句子 = in order to do sth.

so that+ 句子= so as to do sth.

我活着是为了别人活的更好。

in order that/ so that

I live in the world __________________others can live better.
= I live in the world in order/so as _________
to make (make) others live better.
条件状语从句
 引导词—条件状语从句
if 如果
unless （ =if not ）除非
as long as 只要
1. ______
If you study hard, I will give you a little red flower as an award.
如果你学习努力，我将给你一朵小红花作为奖励。

2. ______
Unless you study hard, I will not give you a little red flower as an award.
除非你学习认真，否则我将不会给你小红花作为奖励。

As long as you study hard, I will give you a little red flower as an award.
3. _________
只要你学习认真，我就将给你小红花作为奖励。
二、状从的判断 - 练习
划出下列从句的起始位置：
1.【While John was watching TV,】his wife was cooking.

2. He got up so early【that he caught the first bus.】

3. You will certainly succeed【as long as you keep on trying.】
4. The old man always enjoys swimming【though the weather is rough.】
5.【Since you are a student,】you are not allowed to break the school rules.

6.【Unless you study hard,】

you will not pass the exam.