PHYTOCHEMISRY I

DESCRIPTIONS
The definition of phytochemistry, general
biosynthesis of secondary metabolites;
polarity and extraction methode; definition
of polarity and identification of chemical
constituents in plant (simple phenol,
polyphenol, flavonoid, antraquinone,
alkaloid, terpenoid, volatile oil); unknown
compound screening.
 Lecturers
1. Zainab, M.Si., Apt.
2. Dr. Nanik Sulistyani, M.Si., Apt.
3. Dr. Ichwan Ridwan Rais, M.Sc., Apt.
 Assessment
Assessment factors
Prosentase
• Presence 10%
• Mid Term Grades 35%
• Final Term Grades 35%
• Assignment, Quis 20%
Total 100 %
JADWAL PERTEMUAN KULIAH FITOKIMIA
1
DOSEN
ZAINA
MGU TOPIK PEMBELAJARAN B NANIK ICHWAN S : sinkron
1 PENDAHULUAN S A : Asinkron
METABOLIT, POLARITAS, T : Tugas
2 TEKNIK EKSTRAKSI A terstruktur
3 FENOL SEDERHANA T
4 POLIFENOL A
5 ALKALOID S
6 ALKALOID T
7 ANTRAKINON A
8 FLAVONOID S
9 FLAVONOID A
10 TERPENOID T
11 TERPENOID A
12 MINYAK ATSIRI A
13 SKRINING FITOKIMIA A
14 SKRINING FITOKIMIA A
 DEFINITION
Phytochemistry is the study of phytochemicals,
which are derived from plants.
Phytochemicals is a broad term meaning plant
(phyto) chemical referring to a wide variety of
compounds that occur naturally in plants.
 PHYTOCHEMICALS
• carotenoids, triterpenoids, steroids,
Non polar volatile oil, fat, fatty acid.

• Alkaloids, phenol aglicon, certain

Semi polar volatile oils.

• Glycoside, alkaloid salt, anthocian,

Polar saponins, tannin, sugar
The Principle of extraction method

Polarity Solvent
Active
compounds
Stability Method
 The Choice of solvent
As a general empirical rule:

❖ Non polar solvents (petroleum ether and hexane) will dissolve

non-polar compounds (fats and waxes).

While polar solvents (methanol, ethanol and water)

dissolve polar compound (alkaloid salts and sugars).
(that mean like dissolve like)

❖ The affinity of the solute for the organic phase may be

greatly increased by using mixture of solvents instead
of single ones (sometimes used mixtures of solvent to
increase the solubility).
Example: solublization of an aliphatic carboxylic acid in
ethanol, acetone and a mixture of both.

Hydrogen bond

Hydrogen bond

In a mixture of acetone and ethanol

 Extraction Method
Extraction: is the separation of chemical active constituent from
plants or animal tissues through the use of
selective solvent and suitable methods extraction.

The methods of extraction are:

1- Maceration
2- Percolation
3- Infusion
4- Decoction
5- Digestion
6- Continuous hot extraction technique (Soxhlet extraction
process).
7- Liquid-liquid extraction
8- Distillation
Continuous hot extraction technique
(Soxhlet extraction process)
Non polar
Semi polar
Polar
 ASSIGNMENT
Next week presentation and discussion about
extraction technique below:
No. Extraction technique discuss
1 Maceration • Definition
• Tools used
2 Percolation
• Advantage
3 Soxhlet • Disadvantage
4 Infundation • The type of material used

5 Digestion
6 Liquid-liquid extraction
7 Destillation
 Reference
• Farmakope Herbal Indonesia
• Sediaan Galenik
• DepKes RI, 2000, Parameter Standarisasi
Simplisia dan Ekstrak
• Shah B and Seth, A.K., 2010, Text Book of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.