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Aerodynamic Performance Prediction of SpaceShipTwo

Technical Report · December 2012

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3540.4885

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The Prediction of Aerodynamic Performance and
Handling Quality of SpaceShipTwo Based on the
Analysis of SpaceShipOne Flight Test Data
Amanda Deng
December 24th, 2012

Mass does not affect motion. Shape does not affect motion. All objects fall at the same rate in a
vacuum.

Galileo

Introduction

Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo has caught the world’s attention on its mission to be the first generation of
Commercial Space liner. Inherited from the design of the X-Prize winning SpaceShipOne, the vehicle is intended
to give ordinary citizens a chance to obtain astronaut wings and gives the government opportunities to launch and
perform research in sub-orbital altitude on a moderate budget. Nevertheless, the challenges of manned space
flight remain the same. This paper analyzes the performance of SpaceShipTwo with available research data and
provides an operational plan to ensure mission objectives.

The SpaceShipTwo (SS2) mission objectives and profile is described in Section I, where a comparison of SS2
and other manned rocket planes is also shown. The flight dynamics and force analysis of different phases of the
flight is given in Section II. Section III includes the derivation and calculation of the important properties of the
flight. Section IV is the analysis for the SpaceShipOne (SS1) powered missions flight test data. Section V is a
discussion of some concerns or potential problems for the SS2 project and proposed solutions. Finally, a sample
SS2 powered mission flight card can be found in section VI.

A table of flight test data and calculations from the SS1 missions are included in Appendix I. Appendix II shows
the calculations based on SS2 glide flight test data and theory, followed by references.

1
 List of Parameters

Acceleration
Reference area perpendicular to direction of air flow
Ballistic coefficient
Coefficient of drag
Coefficient of drag contributed by miscellaneous components
Coefficient of drag by leakage and perturbation
Coefficient of drag caused by wave drag
Supersonic skin-friction coefficient for turbulent flow
Aerodynamic drag
∑ Summation of all external forces applied to the vehicle
Local acceleration of gravity, .
Net acceleration experienced by the vehicle
Coast distance to apogee
Specific impulse
Skin roughness
Characteristic length
Mass of the vehicle
Propellant flow rate
Mass at time step n
Empty mass of the rocket
Instantaneous final mass of the rocket
Initial total mass, including propellant
Maximum radius of a Sears–Haack body
Cut-off Reynolds number for transonic or supersonic flight
Air density
Wetted area
Reference area that is the perpendicular to the direction of air flow
Thrust
Thrust at time step n
Time increment
Pull-up angle/ flight path angle
Velocity of the vehicle
Velocity at burnout
Effective exhaust velocity
Velocity at time step n
Rate of change of velocity with respect to time
Change in velocity from the ideal rocket equation
Weight

2
 List of Governing Equations

Newton’s Second Law ∑

Coefficient of Drag, Supersonic ∑

( ) ( )
Assumptions for Supersonic Drag
Coefficient ( )

Drag

Equation of Motion during Glide Flight

Equation of Motion at Boost Phase

Assumptions for Rocket Equation

Equation of Motion for Coast Phase

Energy Equation at Burnout

Equation of Motion at Re-entry

Euler’s Ordinary Time Step

3
I. SS2 Mission Objectives and Flight Profile

SpaceShipTwo is designed to provide the following mission objectives:

a. Reach 361,000 feet altitude

b. Experience weightlessness
c. Comfort and safety of six passengers on board

With a very similar mission profile to SS1, an illustration of the SS2 mission profile is shown in Figure 1.

1) Takeoff/ Captive Carry/ Air Launch: The WhiteKnightTwo (WK2) carries SS2 to approximately 50,000 ft
before releasing it.

2) Boost: The Rocket motor ignites and the craft follows a pull-up schedule to ensure energy efficiency,
passenger comfort as well as stability and controllability of the plane.

3) Coast: After 90s the rocket finishes firing and the plane begins to coast upward. Before apogee, the “feather”
system is deployed to ensure working condition during a “carefree” re-entry. The plane reaches apogee and it is
maneuvered by the reaction control system (RCS).

4) Re-entry: The RCS remains the control until descending to about 100,000 ft, where aerodynamic surfaces
start to re-gain control. At about 70,000 ft, the SS2 begins gliding back to the Spaceport to approach and land.

4
A comparison of the X-15, SS1, SS2 and the Space Shuttle is shown in Table 1 below. The main source for the
data is Wikipedia.com.

Table 1 A Comparison of the Rocket-Propelled Planes

SS2 SS1 X-15 Space Shuttle
Body Shape Blunt, bullet Blunt, Bullet Long bullet Blunt, Boxy, Delta wing
Control System Manual Manual Manual Fly-by-wire
Length 60 ft 28 ft 50 ft 9 in 122.17 ft
Height 18 ft 8 ft 9 in 13 ft 6 in 56.58 ft
Wing Span 27 ft 16 ft 5 in 22 ft 4 in 78.06 ft
Wing Area 507 ft^2* 161.4 ft^2 200 ft^2 2960 ft^2
Aspect Ratio 1.62 1.6 2.5 2.06
Wing loading 49.07 lbs / ft^2 170 lbs / ft^2 120 lbs/ft^2
Empty Weight 5000 lbs ** 2640 lbs 14600 lbs 172000 lbs
Loaded Weight 7920 lbs 34000 lbs 295000 Lbs
Thrust to
weight ratio 2.08 2.08 2.07 1.5
Suborbital, Suborbital, Alt/Spd
Mission Space tourism Winning X Prize record Orbital, docking with ISS
Target Altitude 361000 ft 367360 ft 354330 ft 3168000 ft
Rate of climb 1367 ft/s 1000 ft/s 770 ft/s
Target Speed 3813.33 ft/s 2336.905 ft/s 7502.46 ft/s 25403 ft/s
Re-entry
environment 6G 5.4G/M3.25 8G 5G/M23
Engine Type Hybrid Hybrid Liquid Solid/liquid
2 x 2800000 lbf (0 stage)/1225704
Engine Thrust 60000 lbf 16600 lbf 70400 lbf (1st stage)/12000lbf (2nd Stage)
Specific
Impulse 250s 250s 276s 269s/455s/316s
Burn Time 87s 87s 86s 124s/480s/1250s

*The dimensional and propulsion data for the SS2 is a best estimate from available sources.
** Calculation shown in section 3.3

There are significant differences among the four. For example, the Shuttle is designed to cruise in orbit and re-
enter with a much higher Mach number and heating load than the other aircraft. The X-15 is designed to meet
both high speed and high altitude mission objectives.

Nonetheless, there are enough similarities among these vehicles that the historical test data of the other three
vehicles can be beneficial to SpaceShipTwo development. All are manned rocket planes, all are exposed to
subsonic-transonic-supersonic regimes as altitude increases; all have to deal with controlling at a near vertical
pull-up flight; all experience weightlessness, all have a reaction control system for use in low-density air of the
upper atmosphere; and finally, all face re-entry heating, controlling and energy management.

Because the SS2 is developed from SS1, they share the most commonality: comparable mission profile,
propulsion and control system, etc. In fact, the same specific impulse, burn time and rate of change for propellant
mass of SS1 are used for SS2 in this analysis.

5
II. Flight Dynamics and Force Analysis of the Three Phases of SS2 Missions

The SS2 flight profile is categorized into three stages: boost, coast and re-entry. The basic equation of rocket
motion during thrusting and coasting is obtained from Newton's Second Law of Motion
∑ .

Where, ∑ is the summation of all external forces applied to the rocket, is the mass of the rocket and its
acceleration. The acceleration is also expressed as or the rate of change of velocity with respect to time.
The forces acting on a rocket during the thrusting phase of flight are its weight (W), thrust (T), and aerodynamic
drag ( ). The weight is changing instantaneously due to the decrease of the rocket fuel. Depending on the angle
of the flight path, or pull-up angle θ, the effectiveness of the thrust varies as only the vertical component propels
the vehicle to the target altitude. At the supersonic regime of the flight, the gravitational component in the
opposite direction of the thrust has more effects in opposing the thrust (than the aerodynamic drag), and is
considered to be the “gravity drag”, that is also dependent on θ.

1. Boost Phase

Figure 2a is the force diagram of SS2 during the boost phase. The equation of
motion in the y-direction is given by,

(1)

The pull-up angle is related to each component of force by,

The discretized equation of motion in the y-direction can be written as; where for
brevity the subscript y is dropped,

(2)

where is mass at time step n, is the thrust at time step n; the rates
of change of mass and thrust are further discussed in section 3.6. is the
Velocity at time step n,

6
 (3)

The velocity and altitude at the ( ) time level can be determined from,

(4)

(5)

Initial conditions are, at t0  0 s, from SS1 flight test data (Appendix I)

The altitude can be found by numerical integration of the preceding equations (2) thru (5), for example, by the
Euler method or ordinary time stepping.

The rocket acceleration is estimated using the following equation, where is velocity, is the time increment,

(6)
The resultant plots of the altitude, velocity and G-loading versus time after launch for SS2 can be found in section
3.7.

2. Coast Phase

7
During the coast phase of flight, as illustrated in Figure 2b, the forces acting on the rocket are only the weight and
aerodynamic drag, where T= 0 as the rocket motor is no longer operating. Newton's equation of motion for the
coast phase is:

(7)

The energy equation is used to provide an estimate of apogee altitude by knowing the burnout velocity. The
“energy predictor” of SS1 is designed based on the following equation (Linehan), to be able to tell the pilot a
particular time to shut down the engine and coast to the targeted altitude. In this analysis, equation 8 is used to
extrapolate and complete the data table of SS1 mission17P (Section IV).

(8)

where is the vertical component of velocity at burnout and is the coast distance to apogee.

3. Re-Entry Phase

A most clever design feature of SS1, is that the “feather” configuration increases drag (and the ballistic
coefficient ), that resolved the concern of aerodynamic heating on re-retry. The feather increases the wetted
area of the vehicle by deploying a very “dirty” configuration. It also acts like a shuttlecock in badminton that
enables the pilot to relax the control (the feather trims the aircraft to fly belly first) as the plane enters the
atmosphere at an optimal angle of orientation.

During re-entry, the reaction control system (RCS) remains working to about 150, 000 ft. At that altitude, the
combination of the feather and RCS works like a balloon with thrusters on the sides (Flanagan), that is highly
“dragged”, yet stable.

8
The feather is locked into place by a set of latches that is driven by pneumatic pistons. The pneumatic system
extends the feather from 0 degrees to full extension of 60 degrees as shown in Figure 3.

To simplify the analysis, the drag is analyzed as a flat plate, where the equation for ballistic coefficient (BC) used
for the calculation is given in section 3.4. Blunt bodies have higher BCs compared to sharp-nosed airplanes. This
explains SS1 being a low-aspect ratio, stubby plane. It was designed to have maximum drag with just enough lift
to perform required maneuvers. The BC of SS2 is expected to be lower because of a more oblong fuselage.
Nevertheless, it is assumed that the feather increases similar percentages of drag for SS1 and SS2.

III. Derivation and Calculation of Parameters

1. Drag Coefficient Calculation

To account for the drag force during flight, the drag coefficient is estimated, primarily based on the geometry
of the aircraft.

The supersonic parasite drag equation (Raymer, 445) is used to calculate the drag coefficient for SS2.
∑
(9)
where for Cf is the supersonic skin friction coefficient for turbulent flow (Raymer, 433),

( ) ( )
(10)
and the Reynolds number is cut-off Reynolds number for transonic or supersonic flight (Raymer, 434),
( )
(11)
Here l is the characteristic length and k is the skin roughness, where for smooth molded composites
(Raymer, 435).

is drag contributed by miscellaneous components, and is drag by leakage and perturbation

that has been ignored here.

For supersonic flight, CDWave becomes the main contributor to the total parasite coefficient that is determined by
the aircraft total volume distribution. A Sears–Haack body or von Kármán ogive is a perfect cross-sectional (thus
minimum wave drag) shape for any given internal volume. They are shapes for bodies with a blunt end, such as a
missile. Both are based on long narrow shapes with pointed ends, the main difference being that the ogive is
pointed on only one end. Given maximum diameter and length, the wave drag coefficient can be calculated via
the following equation (Stanford website),

(12)

where =7.5 ft and =60 ft, thus, =0.1538

Figure 4 shows the three-view drawing of SS2 with an estimation of dimensions from available sources. Let the
wetted area, , be 507 (calculated by CATIA software) and be the 2D projected area in the direction of
air flow, and is same as , which is approximately 63 .
9
Therefore, from equation (9) through (12),

2. Drag Force at Specific Time Intervals (e.g. at a Specific Altitude and Velocity)

Drag can be calculated by the following equation,

.
(13)

where is the drag coefficient , is the air density. is the velocity of the object relative to the fluid and is the
reference area of the vehicle, the 2D projection facing the free stream airflow. The isothermal portion of the
atmosphere, the Standard Atmosphere table from 40,000 ft to 370,000ft in Appendix A of Anderson’s book, is
used for this analysis.

Figure 5 is the plot of drag vs Mach number during SS1 flight 17P (from data table shown in Appendix I).

10
The flight test result shows the drag force reaches a maximum during the transonic region where the wave drag is
dominant. As the altitude increases, the air density is lower; and despite an increasing speed, the influence of
drag decreases drastically (by a factor of 30 at the minimum) as the spaceship passes through the M= 1.0 region.
This result is consistent with the prediction in Anderson’s textbook. In fact, the aerodynamic drag is considered
negligible in the rocket equation, i.e. equation (2) and (3); as the gravity drag has a larger effect in opposing the
rocket motion.

3. Estimating the Empty Mass of SS2

A table of data taken from the four glide flights of SS2 (41, 42, 44, and 47, wikipeida.com) is given in Appendix II.
The empty weight of the vehicle can be estimated using the following equation,

(14)

where is the net acceleration experienced by the vehicle. It was recorded as flight test data. In the case of glide
flight (free falling), is only influenced by weight and aerodynamic drag, , and is
assumed to be the frontal area that enters the atmosphere. Let the area be from the geometry,
which is approximately the area of the bottom of the airplane. During these glide flights, it is unknown if the
feather had been deployed which introduces uncertainty in predicted drag.

The empty mass of the rocket, is calculated by averaging the values of the weight from four flights,

This value is used in the remainder of the calculations.

11
4. Ballistic Coefficient
The ballistic coefficient is given by,

(15)

where, M is the empty mass of the vehicle, is the drag coefficient, A is the reference frontal cross-sectional
area. In this case, the “feathered” portion of the wing is considered as a flat plate entering the atmosphere at 60
degrees to the horizon. The reference area A can be estimated via the geometry shown in Figure 4,
. Thus,

In comparison, by using SS1 data from Table 1 in Section I and equation 15, The BC for SS1 is 3.73 for the
feathered configuration.

5. Rocket Engine Characteristics

is the effective exhaust velocity given by,

(16)

is the specific impulse that is related to mass flow rate, or the rate of change of propellant mass, and engine
thrust by the following equation

(17)
Because the engines are both hybrid and are developed by Sierra Nevada Corporation, this analysis assumes
that SS2 and SS1 have the same specific impulse, , total burn time and . The thrust for SS1 is 74 ,
or , from equation 18,

The empty mass of SS2 has been estimated via glide test data from section 3.3. .

According to SS1 mission 17P, t the total burn time is 87s and it will be the value used in calculations in section
3.6 and 3.7.

6. Parametric Study of Pull-Up Angle and Power Required for Maximum Altitude and G-loading

Intuitively, the steeper the climb angle, the more Gs the pilot and passengers are going to experience, but the
better utilized the rocket thrust with a steeper angle. A good balance between the two, to get to the altitude
required for least discomfort for the aircrew and passengers, is the object of this study.

12
The thrust of the rocket is, at any time t,

(18)
where

(19)

is the vehicle mass after firing for time t

is the initial vehicle mass,i.e. mass at time t=0
is propellant flow rate
Note: = if all of the fuel is expended in time t, e.g. burnout time, and,

The mass at time step (n+1) is,

(20)

From equation 3 and in the vertical direction,

( )

To relate to the empty mass of the vehicle,

(21)
Table 2. Assumptions for Parametric Study of SS2 missions
155.38 lbs
2.068 lbs/s
335.296 lbs
87 sec
670.8851 lbf/s
0.1662
63 ft^2
( ) 1.7139
546.22 ft^2
200 ft/s
47,000 ft
65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 ˚
45,000
50,000
lbf
55,000
60,000

Table 2 lists the parameters used. The engine burn rate is assumed to be constant for sake of simplifying the
calculations. The air density values are taken from the standard air density table from launch altitude to 380,000 ft.
Example tabulated data is shown in Appendix II. Thrust ranges from 45,000 lbf to 60,000 lbf and pull-up angles of
from 60 to 90 degrees are used for the analysis.

The velocity, altitude and G-loading at each time step can be calculated using equation (3)-(5). After 87s of burn,
the mass becomes constant, i.e. thrust becomes absent from equation 3. Equation 7 becomes the governing
equation of motion after burnout.

13
The plot of altitude and G-loading vs. time after launch at each thrust/pull-up combination is shown in figure 6a
and 6b respectively.

While the top portion of Figure 6a shows, that with the same thrust of 55,000lbf, a steeper pull-up angle enables
the vehicle to reach a higher altitude. With the same pull-up angle, more power is needed to reach a higher
altitude. Nevertheless, the maximum altitude is more sensitive to pull-up angle. Because thrust is an engine
property, it is relatively easier to increase the pull-up angle.

The inaccuracy of Figure 6a, i.e. a maximum altitude higher than 400,000 ft can be contributed to the following
factors:

1) The air density is maximum at the launch altitude of 47,000 ft. and gets lower as the altitude increases.
Therefore the aerodynamic drag has less negative impact on the propulsion efficiency. The air density,
however, may not be accurate at a particular altitude.
2) The propellant is assumed to burn at a linear rate, ; but it is actually not linear. The hybrid engine uses
solid fuel and liquid oxidizer; thus, throttling is possible through the oxygen pumps, which varies
the rate propellant burn. Assuming full-throttle, the solid rocket burn pattern (double anchor
pattern) enables a regressive thrust curve: it’s burned faster at the beginning of ignition and
diminishes with time therefore a greater amount of the propulsion is needed to power against the larger
drag at the initial stage of the burn.
3) Many similarities are assumed for SS1 and SS2 rocket engines. Nevertheless, because of the vehicle
engine size difference between the two, the propellant flow rate is different, which also contributes to the
inaccuracies.

14
 4) It is assumed that the rocket engine fires immediately after launch. In reality, the delay between firing and
launch and firing will lower the maximum predicted altitude.

Figure 6b shows that the maximum G-loading the aircrew and passenger experience increases with the increase
of pull-up angle as well as thrust. For each pull-up angle/ thrust combination, the maximum G-loading comparison
is consistent to the altitude comparison, i.e. 90 degree/ 55,000 lbf is the combination that has the biggest
maximum G-load and altitude, followed by the 85degree/ 55,000 lbf and 75 degree/ 60,000 lbf, etc. The
weightlessness occurs between around 65s to 75s after the engine ignition; the gravitational acceleration
resumes at around 85s after ignition.

Aside from the maximum altitude prediction, the inaccuracies in G-loading prediction can be caused by,

1) The path of re-entry is assumed to be at the same angle of pulling-up. In fact, SS1 re-enters with the
feather deployed and generally at about 60 degrees (Linehan); if SS2 re-enters at 60 degrees, the values
of drag will be higher than entering at a steeper angle. The flat plate assumption of the feather only gives
an approximate value of ballistic coefficient to calculate for drag during re-entry.
2) The values predicted are of the same time range (0s to 150s) with the maximum altitude prediction. The
maximum G-load may occur sometime after 150s.

15
7. Prediction of SS2 Mission with Planned Pull-up Schedule

An optimal combination of pull-up angle and thrust is chosen from the parametric study in section 3.6. Similarly to
SS1 flight 17P (the last powered flight of the program), a pull-up schedule is planned to balance the effective
usage of engine power and passenger comfort. It was also proven during SS1 flight tests, that a planned pull-up
schedule decreases the instability of the vehicle.

The parameters used are shown in Table 3. Similar to the calculations generated with Euler’s ordinary time
stepping method in section 3.6, equation (3) to (5) are used to calculate the data and is given in Appendix II. The
plots of altitude, Mach number and G-loading vs. time after launch are shown in Figure 7. A sample flight card of
this mission is given in section VI.

Table 3. Optimized SS2 Power Mission

155.38 lbs
2.068 lbs/s
335.296 lbs
87 sec
55000 lbf
632.1839 lbf/s
0.1662
63 ft^2
( ) 1.7139
546.22 ft^2

at 0-2s 65 ˚
at 2-20s 70 ˚
at 21-40s 75 ˚
at 0-50s 80 ˚
at 50-60s 83 ˚
at 60-70s 86 ˚
at 70s+ 89 ˚
200 ft/s
47,000 ft

16
17
At about 107 seconds, SS2 reaches the target altitude of 361,000 ft. The maximum altitude is about 380,000 ft at
about 120s after launch. The maximum Mach number during boost is about 2.7 at 70 seconds after launch. The
G-loading decreases to zero after apogee (weightlessness) and increases to over 5 at re-entry, which confirms
the values in Table 1.

The inaccuracy of the results in Figure 7 can also be accounted for by the reasons that are stated in section 3.6,
for figure 6a.

IV. SpaceShipOne Powered Mission Analysis

Given that SS2 is developed from SS1 with a comparable mission profile, propulsion and control system, etc., the
analysis of SS1 flight test data is highly valuable, especially for designing a piloting technique suitable to the
handling qualities of SS2. Out of seventeen SS1 flights in total, six of them are powered flights. The data are
collected from the book by Linehan and Scaled Composite website. The missing data are calculated for plotting.
The plots then are superimposed in Figure 8 to show trends of the flight pattern. The data table of each flight of
SS1 can be found in Appendix I.

In the last powered flight, 17P; SS1 reached its speed and altitude record as well as yielding some valuable
handling data. The figure below is the plot of altitude, Mach number and G-loading against time. The calculation is
based on a “second-by-second” control room log (given in Appendix I, along with sample calculations).

It is shown that SS1 reaches apogee within three minutes after launch during each flight. It has a comparable
rate of climb (the slope of the curve) for all flights. The flight test results can be considered applicable to the SS2
missions.

Figure 9 below shows the plots of altitude versus time, Mach number versus time and G-load versus time of SS1
flight 17P. The Mach number reaches the maximum at burnout and the velocity is zero at apogee. The G-load
18
decreases to zero during weightlessness in the coast stage, which is not represented in Figure 8 because of the
uncertainty in the exact time that it occurs.

19
V. Concerns About SS2 and Potential Solutions

1. Roll/Yaw Coupling During Pull-Up

During flight 15L, Pilot Mike Melville entered an abnormal rolling moment. The roll lasted until SS1 approached
the upper atmosphere because of the moment of inertia with the diminished aerodynamic control in the low-
density air. . Melville eventually broke the roll by using yaw trim (controlled by the lower half of the rudder) rather
than the roll trim (Linehan). Nonetheless, the rolling was detrimental for the safety and comfort of the flight. The
SS1 flight simulator data (Davisson) also shows the spacecraft enters a “Dutch roll” motion upon initial release. At
the time, it was also more effective to use rudder control to break the roll/yaw couple.

There are four possible causes for this roll/yaw coupling moment:
1) An unbalanced thrust system, possibly caused by nozzle erosion.
2) The combination of a swept leading edge and high-wing configuration intensified the “pendulum effect”
and damping.
3) The pull-up angle was too steep and flying near vertically near hypersonic speed caused an “overshoot”
in SS1 control. At a 90 degree straight pull-up, the wing could not create lift and the control surfaces got
less effective.
4) Wind shear and shock waves. Because of the fact there has been little study done in the transonic region
(Redd), the rolling could be from the control surfaces not functioning as intended during the transonic
regime under the influence of wake and wind shear. And this rolling moment gets carried to the upper
thinner atmosphere where the aerodynamic surfaces become less effective.

Therefore, to avoid the rolling problem during SS2 flight, the following are suggested:

A. A planned pull-up schedule (see section V flight card). Gradually increase the pull-up angle to avoid
“overshooting”,,i.e. to avoid the control surface not being effective in the upper atmosphere.
B. A low and slight dihedral wing to add stability
C. A modified engine design that is less probable to cause thrust imbalance, i.e. change the solid fuel burn
pattern. The SS1 may have used the “double anchor” pattern where the thrust curve appears to be
regressive (the thrust decreases exponentially with time) while a “star pattern” is not as efficient yet less
prone to the imbalance.
D. Pilot simulator training in dealing with emergency situations and handling procedures.
E. More CFD analysis for stability and control with the following to be conducted for all flight modes:

a. Subsonic for launch, pull-up, glide and landing.

b. Transonic and supersonic for boost.
c. High angle of attack and separated supersonic flow for reentry.
d. Control system failure modes.

2. Human Factor in Flying a Manual Controlled Rocket Plane

A smaller pull-up angle can be beneficial for the human factor aside from the control during boost; a less steep
angle poses a lower G force on the human body. The higher the pull-up angle, the less visual reference there is
for the pilot. With rapid acceleration of the rocket plane, one second of burn time at a wrong heading could mean
miles away from the target. Not having a good visual reference has been historically intimidating for even the
most experienced test pilots, e.g. the elites from the X-15 programs (Flanagan).

20
3. Need For a Robust Feather Mechanism

The robustness of the feather mechanism needs to be validated. Because the feather is pneumatically actuated, it
can either stay at normal position or go full extension. Since the aerodynamic control surfaces do not work during
feather mode, it becomes a critical task for pilots to use the RCS to orient for the glide flight before resuming to
normal position at 100,000 ft. As SS2 is larger in size and heavier than SS1, with the given thrust, the
hinge/locking feature will have to sustain more load to ensure a proper working condition. Nevertheless, since the
feather is experiencing more loads in the lower atmosphere than the upper atmosphere, the fact that it had been
validated through glide testing proves the validity of it working at higher altitude.

VI. Sample SS2 Powered Mission Flight Card

SS2 Powered Mission 24P

Mission objective:
1) To test the SS1 Handling condition after release from the mothership and during pull-up
2) To test feather mechanism during coast and re-entry
3) Practice gliding pattern back to base

Test Procedure:
-Trim a/c 10 degree nose up
-Separation from WKII
-Rocket motor arm
-Rocket motor fire
-Apply pitching force to align the current heading to the locations of optimal trajectory
-Pitch angle target Θ=65˚ at 1s, Θ=65-82˚ from 2-50s, Θ=82-88˚ from 51-85s or motor burn out
-Punch the upper rudder to break the rolling
-Yaw trim up to 35 ˚ to assist stabilization
-VSI/Altimeter readout passes energy for altitude requirement
-Deploy RCS
-Deploy feather after Engine burn out
-Weightlessness
-Retract feather at 70,000 ft
-Gliding RTB at 130 knots

Conclusion

Despite the challenges in SpaceShipTwo testing and development, the analysis based on available information
shows that it has a very good potential of meeting the mission objectives and on its way to becoming the first
commercial space liner.

21
 Appendix I – Flight Test Data, SpaceShipOne

A table of parameters recorded in a second-by-second control room log of flight 11P, 13P, 14P, 15P, 16P and
17P is given in the following table. The bold characters are data collected from Linehan’s book and the Scaled
Composite website.

Powered flight 11P

Time from launch (s) Alt (ft) Spd (knots) Spd (ft/s) Spd (M) Note
0.000 47900.000 112.000 189.035 0.195
10.673 44400.000 315.463 532.442 0.550
19.673 49033.662 968.076 1.000
Burn out Alt. (ft), Top
25.673 53901.834 1161.691 1.200 Speed (Mach)
38.953 67800.000 0.000 0.000 Max Alt. (ft)
98.953 35000.000 Glide Alt. (ft)

Powered flight 13P

Time from launch (s) Alt (ft) Spd (knots) Spd (ft/s) Spd (M) Note
0.000 45600.000 125.000 210.976 0.218
21.302 38300.000 406.074 685.376 0.708
Burn out Alt. (ft), Top
61.302 67715.911 1548.921 1.600 Speed (Mach)
110.455 105000.000 0.000 0.000 Max Alt. (ft)
137.527 96681.198 871.268 0.900 Glide Alt. (ft)

Powered flight 14P

Time from launch (s) Alt (ft) Spd (knots) Spd (ft/s) Spd (M) Note
0.000 46000.000 120.000 202.537 0.209
10.000 44391.300 190.626 321.740 0.332
65.000 150000.000 2682.469 2.500 Burn out Alt. (ft), Top
Speed (Mach)
114.152 211400.000 0.000 0.000 Max Alt. (ft)
171.321 222447.588 1839.344 1.900 Glide Alt. (ft)

Powered flight 15P

Time from launch (s) Alt (ft) Spd (knots) Spd (ft/s) Spd (M) Note
0.000 47000.000 120.000 202.537 0.209
10.000 45391.300 190.626 321.740 0.332
86.000 180000.000 3082.259 2.900 Burn out Alt. (ft), Top
Speed (Mach)
135.152 328491.000 0.000 0.000 Max Alt. (ft)
57000.000 Glide Alt. (ft)

22
 Powered flight 16P
Time from launch (s) Alt (ft) Spd (knots) Spd (ft/s) Spd (M) Note
0 46500 120 202.5372 0.209216
70 2.7
147 180000 3188.543 3 Burn out Alt. (ft), Top Speed (Mach)
196.1523 337000 0 0 Max Alt. (ft)
249.329 105000 2982.554 3 Glide Alt. (ft)

Powered flight 17P

Time from Vel. Vel. ρ
launch (s) Alt. (ft) (ft/s) (M) (slugs/ft^3) θ (˚) Drag Acceleration(ft/s^2) Verbal Remarks
0 47000 202.54 0.209 4.201E-04 0 148.298
1 47000 202.54 4.201E-04 65 74.149 28.802
lateral oscillation,
28 57510.54 806.46 1.040E-04 65 290.958 26.812 Trim
50 66211.19 1340.63 3.919E-06 81 30.308 35.953
52 145682 1869.56 1.931 3.456E-06 81 51.974 35.907 200000 ft energy
Liquid to gas
61 147227.9 2190.34 9.008E-07 87.5 18.5955 38.170 transition
67 198360.1 2557.41 2.640 3.330E-07 87.5 9.372 38.860 300000 ft energy
72 206343.6 2797.92 2.878 1.799E-07 87.5 6.059 39.510 328000 ft energy
81 190831.2 3200.34 3.271 1.454E-07 87.5 6.408 40.974 350000 ft energy
Burn out Alt. (ft),
84 213000 3441.79 3.199E-07 87.5 16.308 41.482 max G 2.28
89 Feather unlock
97 RCS on
139 367500 0.00 0 Max Alt. (ft)
184 350000 5.133E-08
265 260000 1.843E-08
302 150000 3.456E-06
308 1243.02 1.284 -64.348 max G 3
314 3146.25 3.25 Top Speed (Mach)
319 1843.69 1.904 -141.566 Max G 5.4
336 75000 1.091E-04
360 70000 1.392E-04
378 63000 1.955E-04
391 RCS off
401 54000 3.006E-04
410 51000 1 3.469E-04 re-tract feather

23
Extrapolation is used to fill in other information in the table. The following values are used for the SS1 calculations:

(aerorocket.com)

The total thrust, (Wikipedia.org)

The empty weight and the loaded weight is

Specific Impulse

Total Burn time 84s

Propellant Mass flow rate

The reference area for re-entry,

1) For example, at 319s after launch, knowing the max G-load is 5.4, the instantaneous velocity is calculated.
From equation 14,

Knowing the previous velocity data point and the time in between, the altitude can be estimated.

2) Another example is the altitude estimation from the control room data with the energy equation.
The energy equation measures the appropriate engine shut-down speed to get to the target altitude. At the
coasting stage of the flight, kinematic energy and potential energy can be related through equation 8.

At 52 s after launch, SS1 has the potential of reaching 200,000 ft altitude; the velocity at that instant can be
calculated.

24
 Appendix II – Calculated Data, SpaceShipTwo

1. Below is a table of data taken from the four glide flights of SS2 (41, 42, 44, and 47).

Glide Speed Speed air density Drag Mass (lbs), Weight (lbf),
flights (knots) (ft/s) (lbf)
47 / GF04 250 421.952464 3.8 0.000363918 5384.654 59.77158197 1923.090878
45 / GF03 246 415.201225 3.5 0.00038175 5469.19 67.99514705 2187.675861
44 / GF02 230 388.196267 3 0.000400457 5015.167 77.93819135 2507.583369
41 / GF01 180 303.805774 2 0.000440672 3380.139 105.0580877 3380.138915

This is used to calculate the empty weight of the aircraft.

2. Below are the flight path and altitude prediction of a SS2 powered mission using the 55,000 lbf of thrust,
averaged constant mass and a planned pull-up angle schedule.

t Mn Vn Vn+1 rho ΔV/Δt ΔV Hn Hn+1 G Mach #

0 335.3 200.0 216.8 4.2008E-04 55.89 16.77 47000 47060 1.7 0.21
0.3 334.7 216.8 233.5 4.0046E-04 55.74 16.72 47060 47168 1.7 0.23
0.6 334.1 233.5 250.2 3.8175E-04 55.58 16.68 47168 47285 1.7 0.24
0.9 333.4 250.2 266.8 3.6392E-04 55.43 16.63 47285 47410 1.7 0.26
1.2 332.8 266.8 283.4 3.4692E-04 55.28 16.58 47410 47544 1.7 0.28
1.5 332.2 283.4 299.9 3.3072E-04 55.13 16.54 47544 47685 1.7 0.30
1.8 331.6 299.9 316.4 3.1528E-04 54.98 16.49 47685 47835 1.7 0.31
2.1 331.0 316.4 332.9 3.0055E-04 54.83 16.45 47835 47993 1.7 0.33
2.4 330.3 332.9 349.3 2.8652E-04 54.67 16.40 47993 48160 1.7 0.35
2.7 329.7 349.3 365.6 2.7315E-04 54.52 16.36 48160 48335 1.7 0.36
3 329.1 365.6 381.9 2.6040E-04 54.37 16.31 48335 48517 1.7 0.38
3.3 328.5 381.9 398.2 2.4824E-04 54.21 16.26 48517 48708 1.7 0.40
3.6 327.9 398.2 414.4 2.3666E-04 54.06 16.22 48708 48907 1.7 0.42
3.9 327.2 414.4 430.6 2.2561E-04 53.91 16.17 48907 49115 1.7 0.43
4.2 326.6 430.6 446.7 2.1509E-04 53.75 16.13 49115 49330 1.7 0.45
4.5 326.0 446.7 462.8 2.0505E-04 53.60 16.08 49330 49553 1.7 0.47
4.8 325.4 462.8 478.8 1.9548E-04 53.44 16.03 49553 49785 1.7 0.48
5.1 324.7 478.8 494.8 1.8636E-04 53.29 15.99 49785 50024 1.7 0.50
5.4 324.1 494.8 510.7 1.7767E-04 53.14 15.94 50024 50271 1.7 0.52
5.7 323.5 510.7 526.6 1.6934E-04 52.98 15.89 50271 50527 1.6 0.53
6 322.9 526.6 542.5 1.6123E-04 52.83 15.85 50527 50790 1.6 0.55
6.3 322.3 542.5 558.3 1.5351E-04 52.67 15.80 50790 51061 1.6 0.57
6.6 321.6 558.3 574.0 1.4618E-04 52.52 15.76 51061 51340 1.6 0.58
6.9 321.0 574.0 589.8 1.3920E-04 52.36 15.71 51340 51628 1.6 0.60
7.2 320.4 589.8 605.4 1.3257E-04 52.21 15.66 51628 51922 1.6 0.62
7.5 319.8 605.4 621.0 1.2626E-04 52.05 15.62 51922 52225 1.6 0.63
7.8 319.2 621.0 636.6 1.2026E-04 51.90 15.57 52225 52536 1.6 0.65
8.1 318.5 636.6 652.1 1.1456E-04 51.74 15.52 52536 52854 1.6 0.67
8.4 317.9 652.1 667.6 1.0913E-04 51.58 15.47 52854 53180 1.6 0.68
8.7 317.3 667.6 683.0 1.0397E-04 51.42 15.43 53180 53514 1.6 0.70
9 316.7 683.0 698.4 9.9057E-05 51.27 15.38 53514 53855 1.6 0.71
9.3 316.1 698.4 713.7 9.4385E-05 51.11 15.33 53855 54204 1.6 0.73
9.6 315.4 713.7 729.0 8.9939E-05 50.95 15.29 54204 54561 1.6 0.75
9.9 314.8 729.0 744.3 8.5709E-05 50.79 15.24 54561 54926 1.6 0.76
10.2 314.2 744.3 759.4 8.1684E-05 50.63 15.19 54926 55298 1.6 0.78
10.5 313.6 759.4 774.6 7.7853E-05 50.47 15.14 55298 55678 1.6 0.79
10.8 313.0 774.6 789.7 7.4207E-05 50.31 15.09 55678 56065 1.6 0.81

25
11.1 312.3 789.7 804.7 7.0737E-05 50.15 15.05 56065 56460 1.6 0.83
11.4 311.7 804.7 819.7 6.7433E-05 49.99 15.00 56460 56862 1.6 0.84
11.7 311.1 819.7 834.7 6.4289E-05 49.83 14.95 56862 57272 1.5 0.86
12 310.5 834.7 849.6 6.1295E-05 49.67 14.90 57272 57689 1.5 0.87
12.3 309.9 849.6 864.4 5.8445E-05 49.51 14.85 57689 58114 1.5 0.89
12.6 309.2 864.4 879.2 5.5731E-05 49.34 14.80 58114 58546 1.5 0.90
12.9 308.6 879.2 894.0 5.3147E-05 49.18 14.75 58546 58986 1.5 0.92
13.2 308.0 894.0 908.7 5.0686E-05 49.02 14.70 58986 59433 1.5 0.93
13.5 307.4 908.7 923.4 4.8342E-05 48.85 14.66 59433 59887 1.5 0.95
13.8 306.8 923.4 938.0 4.6110E-05 48.69 14.61 59887 60349 1.5 0.96
14.1 306.1 938.0 952.5 4.3984E-05 48.52 14.56 60349 60818 1.5 0.98
14.4 305.5 952.5 967.0 4.1959E-05 48.35 14.51 60818 61294 1.5 1.00
14.7 304.9 967.0 981.5 4.0030E-05 48.19 14.46 61294 61778 1.5 1.01
15 304.3 981.5 995.9 3.8192E-05 48.02 14.41 61778 62269 1.5 1.03
15.3 303.7 995.9 1010.2 3.6440E-05 47.85 14.36 62269 62767 1.5 1.04
15.6 303.0 1010.2 1024.5 3.4772E-05 47.68 14.30 62767 63272 1.5 1.06
15.9 302.4 1024.5 1038.8 3.3182E-05 47.51 14.25 63272 63784 1.5 1.07
16.2 301.8 1038.8 1053.0 3.1667E-05 47.34 14.20 63784 64303 1.5 1.09
16.5 301.2 1053.0 1067.1 3.0223E-05 47.17 14.15 64303 64830 1.5 1.10
16.8 300.6 1067.1 1081.2 2.8847E-05 47.00 14.10 64830 65363 1.5 1.12
17.1 299.9 1081.2 1095.3 2.7535E-05 46.83 14.05 65363 65904 1.5 1.13
17.4 299.3 1095.3 1109.3 2.6285E-05 46.65 14.00 65904 66452 1.4 1.14
17.7 298.7 1109.3 1123.2 2.5065E-05 46.48 13.94 66452 67006 1.4 1.16
18 298.1 1123.2 1137.1 2.3876E-05 46.30 13.89 67006 67568 1.4 1.17
18.3 297.5 1137.1 1151.0 2.2748E-05 46.13 13.84 67568 68136 1.4 1.19
18.6 296.8 1151.0 1164.7 2.1676E-05 45.95 13.79 68136 68712 1.4 1.20
18.9 296.2 1164.7 1178.5 2.0659E-05 45.77 13.73 68712 69294 1.4 1.22
19.2 295.6 1178.5 1192.2 1.9694E-05 45.60 13.68 69294 69884 1.4 1.23
19.5 295.0 1192.2 1205.8 1.8776E-05 45.42 13.63 69884 70480 1.4 1.25
19.8 294.3 1205.8 1219.4 1.7905E-05 45.24 13.57 70480 71083 1.4 1.26
20.1 293.7 1219.4 1232.9 1.7077E-05 45.06 13.52 71083 71692 1.4 1.27
20.4 293.1 1232.9 1246.3 1.6290E-05 44.88 13.46 71692 72309 1.4 1.29
20.7 292.5 1246.3 1259.7 1.5542E-05 44.70 13.41 72309 72932 1.4 1.30
21 291.9 1259.7 1273.1 1.4831E-05 44.51 13.35 72932 73562 1.4 1.32
21.3 291.2 1273.1 1286.4 1.4155E-05 44.33 13.30 73562 74198 1.4 1.33
21.6 290.6 1286.4 1299.6 1.3512E-05 44.15 13.24 74198 74841 1.4 1.34
21.9 290.0 1299.6 1312.8 1.2900E-05 43.96 13.19 74841 75491 1.4 1.36
22.2 289.4 1312.8 1326.0 1.2319E-05 43.78 13.13 75491 76148 1.4 1.37
22.5 288.8 1326.0 1339.0 1.1765E-05 43.59 13.08 76148 76811 1.4 1.39
22.8 288.1 1339.0 1352.1 1.1238E-05 43.40 13.02 76811 77480 1.3 1.40
23.1 287.5 1352.1 1365.0 1.0736E-05 43.21 12.96 77480 78156 1.3 1.41
23.4 286.9 1365.0 1377.9 1.0259E-05 43.02 12.91 78156 78839 1.3 1.43
23.7 286.3 1377.9 1390.8 9.8039E-06 42.83 12.85 78839 79528 1.3 1.44
24 285.7 1390.8 1403.6 9.3708E-06 42.64 12.79 79528 80223 1.3 1.45
24.3 285.0 1403.6 1416.3 8.9583E-06 42.45 12.73 80223 80925 1.3 1.47
24.6 284.4 1416.3 1429.0 8.5652E-06 42.26 12.68 80925 81633 1.3 1.48
24.9 283.8 1429.0 1441.6 8.1907E-06 42.06 12.62 81633 82348 1.3 1.49
25.2 283.2 1441.6 1454.2 7.8338E-06 41.87 12.56 82348 83068 1.3 1.51
25.5 282.6 1454.2 1466.7 7.4936E-06 41.67 12.50 83068 83795 1.3 1.52
25.8 281.9 1466.7 1479.1 7.1692E-06 41.47 12.44 83795 84529 1.3 1.53
26.1 281.3 1479.1 1491.5 6.8600E-06 41.28 12.38 84529 85268 1.3 1.55
26.4 280.7 1491.5 1503.8 6.5650E-06 41.08 12.32 85268 86014 1.3 1.56
26.7 280.1 1503.8 1516.1 6.2837E-06 40.88 12.26 86014 86766 1.3 1.57
27 279.5 1516.1 1528.3 6.0154E-06 40.68 12.20 86766 87524 1.3 1.58
27.3 278.8 1528.3 1540.4 5.7593E-06 40.48 12.14 87524 88288 1.3 1.60
27.6 278.2 1540.4 1552.5 5.5150E-06 40.28 12.08 88288 89058 1.3 1.61
27.9 277.6 1552.5 1564.5 5.2818E-06 40.07 12.02 89058 89835 1.2 1.62
28.2 277.0 1564.5 1576.5 5.0592E-06 39.87 11.96 89835 90617 1.2 1.63
28.5 276.4 1576.5 1588.4 4.8467E-06 39.66 11.90 90617 91405 1.2 1.65
28.8 275.7 1588.4 1600.2 4.6437E-06 39.46 11.84 91405 92199 1.2 1.66
29.1 275.1 1600.2 1612.0 4.4499E-06 39.25 11.77 92199 92999 1.2 1.67

26
29.4 274.5 1612.0 1623.7 4.2648E-06 39.04 11.71 92999 93805 1.2 1.68
29.7 273.9 1623.7 1635.4 4.0880E-06 38.83 11.65 93805 94617 1.2 1.70
30 273.3 1635.4 1646.9 3.9190E-06 38.62 11.59 94617 95435 1.2 1.71
30.3 272.6 1646.9 1658.5 3.7576E-06 38.41 11.52 95435 96258 1.2 1.72
30.6 272.0 1658.5 1669.9 3.6032E-06 38.20 11.46 96258 97088 1.2 1.73
30.9 271.4 1669.9 1681.3 3.4558E-06 37.99 11.40 97088 97923 1.2 1.75
31.2 270.8 1681.3 1692.7 3.3147E-06 37.77 11.33 97923 98763 1.2 1.76
31.5 270.2 1692.7 1703.9 3.1799E-06 37.56 11.27 98763 99610 1.2 1.77
31.8 269.5 1703.9 1715.1 3.0510E-06 37.34 11.20 99610 100462 1.2 1.78
32.1 268.9 1715.1 1726.3 2.9277E-06 37.12 11.14 100462 101319 1.2 1.79
32.4 268.3 1726.3 1737.3 2.8097E-06 36.91 11.07 101319 102182 1.1 1.80
32.7 267.7 1737.3 1748.3 2.7021E-06 36.69 11.01 102182 103051 1.1 1.82
33 267.1 1748.3 1759.3 2.6016E-06 36.47 10.94 103051 103925 1.1 1.83
33.3 266.4 1759.3 1770.2 2.5049E-06 36.24 10.87 103925 104805 1.1 1.84
33.6 265.8 1770.2 1781.0 2.4117E-06 36.02 10.81 104805 105690 1.1 1.85
33.9 265.2 1781.0 1791.7 2.3220E-06 35.80 10.74 105690 106580 1.1 1.86
34.2 264.6 1791.7 1802.4 2.2357E-06 35.57 10.67 106580 107476 1.1 1.87
34.5 264.0 1802.4 1813.0 2.1526E-06 35.35 10.60 107476 108377 1.1 1.88
34.8 263.3 1813.0 1823.5 2.0726E-06 35.12 10.54 108377 109284 1.1 1.89
35.1 262.7 1823.5 1834.0 1.9955E-06 34.89 10.47 109284 110196 1.1 1.91
35.4 262.1 1834.0 1844.4 1.9214E-06 34.66 10.40 110196 111113 1.1 1.92
35.7 261.5 1844.4 1854.7 1.8500E-06 34.43 10.33 111113 112035 1.1 1.93
36 260.8 1854.7 1865.0 1.7812E-06 34.20 10.26 112035 112962 1.1 1.94
36.3 260.2 1865.0 1875.2 1.7150E-06 33.97 10.19 112962 113895 1.1 1.95
36.6 259.6 1875.2 1885.3 1.6531E-06 33.74 10.12 113895 114832 1.0 1.96
36.9 259.0 1885.3 1895.3 1.5965E-06 33.50 10.05 114832 115775 1.0 1.97
37.2 258.4 1895.3 1905.3 1.5416E-06 33.27 9.98 115775 116723 1.0 1.98
37.5 257.7 1905.3 1915.2 1.4885E-06 33.03 9.91 116723 117675 1.0 1.99
37.8 257.1 1915.2 1925.1 1.4371E-06 32.79 9.84 117675 118633 1.0 2.00
38.1 256.5 1925.1 1934.8 1.3873E-06 32.55 9.77 118633 119595 1.0 2.01
38.4 255.9 1934.8 1944.5 1.3391E-06 32.31 9.69 119595 120563 1.0 2.02
38.7 255.3 1944.5 1954.1 1.2924E-06 32.07 9.62 120563 121535 1.0 2.03
39 254.6 1954.1 1963.7 1.2472E-06 31.83 9.55 121535 122512 1.0 2.04
39.3 254.0 1963.7 1973.2 1.2035E-06 31.58 9.47 122512 123494 1.0 2.05
39.6 253.4 1973.2 1982.6 1.1611E-06 31.34 9.40 123494 124480 1.0 2.06
39.9 252.8 1982.6 1991.9 1.1201E-06 31.09 9.33 124480 125472 1.0 2.07
40.2 252.2 1991.9 2001.1 1.0805E-06 30.84 9.25 125472 126468 1.0 2.08
40.5 251.5 2001.1 2010.3 1.0421E-06 30.59 9.18 126468 127468 1.0 2.09
40.8 250.9 2010.3 2019.4 1.0050E-06 30.34 9.10 127468 128473 0.9 2.10
41.1 250.3 2019.4 2028.4 9.6911E-07 30.09 9.03 128473 129483 0.9 2.11
41.4 249.7 2028.4 2037.4 9.3438E-07 29.84 8.95 129483 130497 0.9 2.12
41.7 249.1 2037.4 2046.3 9.0079E-07 29.58 8.88 130497 131516 0.9 2.13
42 248.4 2046.3 2055.1 8.6831E-07 29.33 8.80 131516 132539 0.9 2.14
42.3 247.8 2055.1 2063.8 8.3690E-07 29.07 8.72 132539 133567 0.9 2.15
42.6 247.2 2063.8 2072.4 8.0653E-07 28.81 8.64 133567 134599 0.9 2.16
42.9 246.6 2072.4 2081.0 7.7717E-07 28.56 8.57 134599 135635 0.9 2.17
43.2 246.0 2081.0 2089.5 7.4879E-07 28.29 8.49 135635 136675 0.9 2.17
43.5 245.3 2089.5 2097.9 7.2136E-07 28.03 8.41 136675 137720 0.9 2.18
43.8 244.7 2097.9 2106.2 6.9485E-07 27.77 8.33 137720 138769 0.9 2.19
44.1 244.1 2106.2 2114.5 6.6923E-07 27.50 8.25 138769 139822 0.9 2.20
44.4 243.5 2114.5 2122.7 6.4448E-07 27.24 8.17 139822 140879 0.8 2.21
44.7 242.9 2122.7 2130.7 6.2057E-07 26.97 8.09 140879 141941 0.8 2.22
45 242.2 2130.7 2138.8 5.9747E-07 26.70 8.01 141941 143006 0.8 2.23
45.3 241.6 2138.8 2146.7 5.7515E-07 26.43 7.93 143006 144075 0.8 2.24
45.6 241.0 2146.7 2154.5 5.5360E-07 26.16 7.85 144075 145149 0.8 2.24
45.9 240.4 2154.5 2162.3 5.3280E-07 25.89 7.77 145149 146226 0.8 2.25
46.2 239.8 2162.3 2170.0 5.1270E-07 25.61 7.68 146226 147307 0.8 2.26
46.5 239.1 2170.0 2177.6 4.9330E-07 25.34 7.60 147307 148392 0.8 2.27
46.8 238.5 2177.6 2185.1 4.7458E-07 25.06 7.52 148392 149481 0.8 2.28
47.1 237.9 2185.1 2192.5 4.5650E-07 24.78 7.43 149481 150574 0.8 2.28
47.4 237.3 2192.5 2199.9 4.3906E-07 24.50 7.35 150574 151670 0.8 2.29

27
47.7 236.7 2199.9 2207.2 4.2223E-07 24.22 7.27 151670 152770 0.8 2.30
48 236.0 2207.2 2214.3 4.0598E-07 23.94 7.18 152770 153873 0.7 2.31
48.3 235.4 2214.3 2221.4 3.9031E-07 23.65 7.10 153873 154981 0.7 2.31
48.6 234.8 2221.4 2228.4 3.7520E-07 23.37 7.01 154981 156091 0.7 2.32
48.9 234.2 2228.4 2235.4 3.6062E-07 23.08 6.92 156091 157205 0.7 2.33
49.2 233.6 2235.4 2242.2 3.4656E-07 22.79 6.84 157205 158323 0.7 2.34
49.5 232.9 2242.2 2249.0 3.3300E-07 22.50 6.75 158323 159444 0.7 2.34
49.8 232.3 2249.0 2255.6 3.1993E-07 22.21 6.66 159444 160569 0.7 2.35
50.1 231.7 2255.6 2262.2 3.0733E-07 21.91 6.57 160569 161697 0.7 2.36
50.4 231.1 2262.2 2268.7 2.9518E-07 21.62 6.49 161697 162828 0.7 2.36
50.7 230.4 2268.7 2275.1 2.8347E-07 21.32 6.40 162828 163962 0.7 2.37
51 229.8 2275.1 2281.4 2.7219E-07 21.02 6.31 163962 165100 0.7 2.38
51.3 229.2 2281.4 2287.6 2.6132E-07 20.72 6.22 165100 166240 0.6 2.38
51.6 228.6 2287.6 2293.7 2.5085E-07 20.42 6.13 166240 167384 0.6 2.39
51.9 228.0 2293.7 2299.8 2.4076E-07 20.12 6.04 167384 168531 0.6 2.40
52.2 227.3 2299.8 2305.7 2.3105E-07 19.81 5.94 168531 169681 0.6 2.40
52.5 226.7 2305.7 2311.6 2.2169E-07 19.50 5.85 169681 170834 0.6 2.41
52.8 226.1 2311.6 2317.3 2.1268E-07 19.20 5.76 170834 171989 0.6 2.42
53.1 225.5 2317.3 2323.0 2.0401E-07 18.89 5.67 171989 173148 0.6 2.42
53.4 224.9 2323.0 2328.6 1.9565E-07 18.57 5.57 173148 174310 0.6 2.43
53.7 224.2 2328.6 2334.0 1.8762E-07 18.26 5.48 174310 175474 0.6 2.43
54 223.6 2334.0 2339.4 1.7988E-07 17.94 5.38 175474 176641 0.6 2.44
54.3 223.0 2339.4 2344.7 1.7244E-07 17.63 5.29 176641 177811 0.5 2.44
54.6 222.4 2344.7 2349.9 1.6528E-07 17.31 5.19 177811 178983 0.5 2.45
54.9 221.8 2349.9 2355.0 1.5839E-07 16.99 5.10 178983 180158 0.5 2.46
55.2 221.1 2355.0 2360.0 1.5177E-07 16.66 5.00 180158 181335 0.5 2.46
55.5 220.5 2360.0 2364.9 1.4540E-07 16.34 4.90 181335 182515 0.5 2.47
55.8 219.9 2364.9 2369.7 1.3927E-07 16.01 4.80 182515 183698 0.5 2.47
56.1 219.3 2369.7 2374.4 1.3338E-07 15.69 4.71 183698 184883 0.5 2.48
56.4 218.7 2374.4 2379.0 1.2772E-07 15.36 4.61 184883 186070 0.5 2.48
56.7 218.0 2379.0 2383.5 1.2222E-07 15.02 4.51 186070 187259 0.5 2.49
57 217.4 2383.5 2387.9 1.1687E-07 14.69 4.41 187259 188451 0.5 2.49
57.3 216.8 2387.9 2392.2 1.1174E-07 14.35 4.31 188451 189645 0.4 2.50
57.6 216.2 2392.2 2396.4 1.0682E-07 14.02 4.20 189645 190841 0.4 2.50
57.9 215.6 2396.4 2400.5 1.0211E-07 13.68 4.10 190841 192039 0.4 2.50
58.2 214.9 2400.5 2404.5 9.7590E-08 13.34 4.00 192039 193240 0.4 2.51
58.5 214.3 2404.5 2408.4 9.3260E-08 12.99 3.90 193240 194442 0.4 2.51
58.8 213.7 2408.4 2412.2 8.9112E-08 12.65 3.79 194442 195646 0.4 2.52
59.1 213.1 2412.2 2415.9 8.5137E-08 12.30 3.69 195646 196852 0.4 2.52
59.4 212.5 2415.9 2419.5 8.1330E-08 11.95 3.58 196852 198060 0.4 2.52
59.7 211.8 2419.5 2423.0 7.7683E-08 11.60 3.48 198060 199270 0.4 2.53
60 211.2 2423.0 2426.4 7.4190E-08 11.24 3.37 199270 200481 0.3 2.53
60.3 210.6 2426.4 2429.6 7.0845E-08 10.89 3.27 200481 201695 0.3 2.54
60.6 210.0 2429.6 2432.8 6.7642E-08 10.53 3.16 201695 202909 0.3 2.54
60.9 209.4 2432.8 2435.8 6.4576E-08 10.17 3.05 202909 204126 0.3 2.54
61.2 208.7 2435.8 2438.8 6.1641E-08 9.81 2.94 204126 205344 0.3 2.55
61.5 208.1 2438.8 2441.6 5.8831E-08 9.44 2.83 205344 206563 0.3 2.55
61.8 207.5 2441.6 2444.3 5.6142E-08 9.08 2.72 206563 207784 0.3 2.55
62.1 206.9 2444.3 2446.9 5.3569E-08 8.71 2.61 207784 209006 0.3 2.55
62.4 206.3 2446.9 2449.4 5.1107E-08 8.34 2.50 209006 210230 0.3 2.56
62.7 205.6 2449.4 2451.8 4.8752E-08 7.96 2.39 210230 211454 0.2 2.56
63 205.0 2451.8 2454.1 4.6499E-08 7.59 2.28 211454 212680 0.2 2.56
63.3 204.4 2454.1 2456.3 4.4344E-08 7.21 2.16 212680 213907 0.2 2.56
63.6 203.8 2456.3 2458.3 4.2283E-08 6.83 2.05 213907 215135 0.2 2.57
63.9 203.2 2458.3 2460.3 4.0313E-08 6.45 1.93 215135 216365 0.2 2.57
64.2 202.5 2460.3 2462.1 3.8429E-08 6.06 1.82 216365 217595 0.2 2.57
64.5 201.9 2462.1 2463.8 3.6628E-08 5.68 1.70 217595 218826 0.2 2.57
64.8 201.3 2463.8 2465.4 3.4906E-08 5.29 1.59 218826 220058 0.2 2.57
65.1 200.7 2465.4 2466.8 3.3261E-08 4.89 1.47 220058 221290 0.2 2.58
65.4 200.0 2466.8 2468.2 3.1689E-08 4.50 1.35 221290 222524 0.1 2.58
65.7 199.4 2468.2 2469.4 3.0187E-08 4.10 1.23 222524 223758 0.1 2.58

28
 66 198.8 2469.4 2470.5 2.8752E-08 3.70 1.11 223758 224993 0.1 2.58
66.3 198.2 2470.5 2471.5 2.7381E-08 3.30 0.99 224993 226228 0.1 2.58
66.6 197.6 2471.5 2472.4 2.6072E-08 2.90 0.87 226228 227464 0.1 2.58
66.9 196.9 2472.4 2473.1 2.4822E-08 2.49 0.75 227464 228700 0.1 2.58
67.2 196.3 2473.1 2473.8 2.3629E-08 2.08 0.62 228700 229936 0.1 2.58
67.5 195.7 2473.8 2474.3 2.2489E-08 1.67 0.50 229936 231173 0.1 2.59
67.8 195.1 2474.3 2474.6 2.1401E-08 1.25 0.38 231173 232410 0.0 2.59
68.1 194.5 2474.6 2474.9 2.0363E-08 0.84 0.25 232410 233648 0.0 2.59
68.4 193.8 2474.9 2475.0 1.9372E-08 0.42 0.13 233648 234885 0.0 2.59
68.7 193.2 2475.0 2475.0 1.8427E-08 -0.01 0.00 234885 236123 0.0 2.59
69 192.6 2475.0 2474.9 1.7525E-08 -0.43 -0.13 236123 237360 0.0 2.59
69.3 192.0 2474.9 2474.6 1.6665E-08 -0.86 -0.26 237360 238598 0.0 2.59
69.6 191.4 2474.6 2474.2 1.5845E-08 -1.29 -0.39 238598 239835 0.0 2.59
69.9 190.7 2474.2 2473.7 1.5063E-08 -1.72 -0.52 239835 241072 0.1 2.59
70.2 190.1 2473.7 2473.1 1.4317E-08 -2.16 -0.65 241072 242309 0.1 2.59
70.5 189.5 2473.1 2472.3 1.3605E-08 -2.60 -0.78 242309 243545 0.1 2.58
70.8 188.9 2472.3 2471.4 1.2825E-08 -3.04 -0.91 243545 244782 0.1 2.58
71.1 188.3 2471.4 2470.3 1.2079E-08 -3.49 -1.05 244782 246017 0.1 2.58
71.4 187.6 2470.3 2469.2 1.1333E-08 -3.94 -1.18 246017 247252 0.1 2.58
71.7 187.0 2469.2 2467.8 1.0587E-08 -4.39 -1.32 247252 248487 0.1 2.58
72 186.4 2467.8 2466.4 9.8410E-09 -4.84 -1.45 248487 249721 0.2 2.58
72.3 185.8 2466.4 2464.8 9.0951E-09 -5.30 -1.59 249721 250954 0.2 2.58
72.6 185.2 2464.8 2463.1 8.3492E-09 -5.76 -1.73 250954 252186 0.2 2.58
72.9 184.5 2463.1 2461.2 7.6032E-09 -6.22 -1.87 252186 253418 0.2 2.57
73.2 183.9 2461.2 2459.2 6.8573E-09 -6.69 -2.01 253418 254649 0.2 2.57
73.5 183.3 2459.2 2457.0 6.1114E-09 -7.16 -2.15 254649 255878 0.2 2.57
73.8 182.7 2457.0 2454.8 5.3654E-09 -7.63 -2.29 255878 257107 0.2 2.57
74.1 182.1 2454.8 2452.3 4.6195E-09 -8.11 -2.43 257107 258334 0.3 2.57
74.4 181.4 2452.3 2449.8 3.8736E-09 -8.59 -2.58 258334 259560 0.3 2.56
74.7 180.8 2449.8 2447.0 3.1277E-09 -9.07 -2.72 259560 260785 0.3 2.56
75 180.2 2447.0 2444.2 2.3817E-09 -9.55 -2.87 260785 262009 0.3 2.56
75.3 179.6 2444.2 2441.2 1.6358E-09 -10.04 -3.01 262009 263231 0.3 2.55
75.6 179.0 2441.2 2438.0 8.8987E-10 -10.54 -3.16 263231 264451 0.3 2.55
75.9 178.3 2438.0 2434.7 1.4394E-10 -11.03 -3.31 264451 265670 0.3 2.55
76.2 177.7 2434.7 2431.2 -6.0199E-10 -11.53 -3.46 265670 266888 0.4 2.54
76.5 177.1 2431.2 2427.6 -1.3479E-09 -12.03 -3.61 266888 268103 0.4 2.54
76.8 176.5 2427.6 2423.8 -2.0938E-09 -12.54 -3.76 268103 269317 0.4 2.54
77.1 175.9 2423.8 2419.9 -2.8398E-09 -13.05 -3.92 269317 270529 0.4 2.53
77.4 175.2 2419.9 2415.9 -3.5857E-09 -13.57 -4.07 270529 271739 0.4 2.53
77.7 174.6 2415.9 2411.6 -4.3316E-09 -14.08 -4.22 271739 272947 0.4 2.52
78 174.0 2411.6 2407.3 -5.0776E-09 -14.60 -4.38 272947 274153 0.5 2.52
78.3 173.4 2407.3 2402.7 -5.8235E-09 -15.13 -4.54 274153 275356 0.5 2.52
78.6 172.8 2402.7 2398.0 -6.5694E-09 -15.66 -4.70 275356 276558 0.5 2.51
78.9 172.1 2398.0 2393.2 -7.3153E-09 -16.19 -4.86 276558 277757 0.5 2.51
79.2 171.5 2393.2 2388.1 -8.0613E-09 -16.73 -5.02 277757 278953 0.5 2.50
79.5 170.9 2388.1 2383.0 -8.8072E-09 -17.27 -5.18 278953 280147 0.5 2.50
79.8 170.3 2383.0 2377.6 -9.5531E-09 -17.81 -5.34 280147 281339 0.6 2.49
80.1 169.6 2377.6 2372.1 -1.0299E-08 -18.36 -5.51 281339 282528 0.6 2.48
80.4 169.0 2372.1 2366.4 -1.1045E-08 -18.91 -5.67 282528 283714 0.6 2.48
80.7 168.4 2366.4 2360.6 -1.1791E-08 -19.47 -5.84 283714 284897 0.6 2.47
81 167.8 2360.6 2354.6 -1.2537E-08 -20.03 -6.01 284897 286077 0.6 2.47
81.3 167.2 2354.6 2348.4 -1.3283E-08 -20.59 -6.18 286077 287255 0.6 2.46
81.6 166.5 2348.4 2342.1 -1.4029E-08 -21.16 -6.35 287255 288429 0.7 2.45
81.9 165.9 2342.1 2335.6 -1.4775E-08 -21.73 -6.52 288429 289600 0.7 2.45
82.2 165.3 2335.6 2328.9 -1.5521E-08 -22.31 -6.69 289600 290768 0.7 2.44
82.5 164.7 2328.9 2322.0 -1.6266E-08 -22.89 -6.87 290768 291932 0.7 2.43
82.8 164.1 2322.0 2314.9 -1.7012E-08 -23.48 -7.04 291932 293093 0.7 2.43
83.1 163.4 2314.9 2307.7 -1.7758E-08 -24.07 -7.22 293093 294250 0.7 2.42
83.4 162.8 2307.7 2300.3 -1.8504E-08 -24.66 -7.40 294250 295404 0.8 2.41
83.7 162.2 2300.3 2292.7 -1.9250E-08 -25.26 -7.58 295404 296554 0.8 2.40
84 161.6 2292.7 2285.0 -1.9996E-08 -25.87 -7.76 296554 297701 0.8 2.40

29
 84.3 161.0 2285.0 2277.0 -2.0742E-08 -26.48 -7.94 297701 298843 0.8 2.39
84.6 160.3 2277.0 2268.9 -2.1488E-08 -27.09 -8.13 298843 299982 0.8 2.38
84.9 159.7 2268.9 2260.6 -2.2234E-08 -27.71 -8.31 299982 301116 0.9 2.37
85.2 159.1 2260.6 2252.1 -2.2980E-08 -28.33 -8.50 301116 302247 0.9 2.36
85.5 158.5 2252.1 2243.4 -2.3726E-08 -28.96 -8.69 302247 303373 0.9 2.35
85.8 157.9 2243.4 2234.5 -2.4472E-08 -29.59 -8.88 303373 304494 0.9 2.34
86.1 157.2 2234.5 2225.5 -2.5218E-08 -30.23 -9.07 304494 305612 0.9 2.34
86.4 156.6 2225.5 2216.2 -2.5964E-08 -30.87 -9.26 305612 306724 1.0 2.33
86.7 156.0 2216.2 2206.8 -2.6709E-08 -31.52 -9.46 306724 307833 1.0 2.32
87 155.4 2206.8 2197.1 -2.7455E-08 -32.17 -9.65 307833 308936 1.0 2.31
87.3 155.4 2197.1 2187.3 -2.8201E-08 -32.83 -9.85 308936 310034 1.0 2.30
87.6 155.4 2187.3 2177.2 -2.8947E-08 -33.48 -10.05 310034 311128 1.0 2.29
87.9 155.4 2177.2 2167.0 -2.9693E-08 -34.14 -10.24 311128 312217 1.1 2.28
88.2 155.4 2167.0 2156.5 -3.0439E-08 -34.80 -10.44 312217 313300 1.1 2.26
88.5 155.4 2156.5 2145.9 -3.1185E-08 -35.45 -10.64 313300 314378 1.1 2.25
88.8 155.4 2145.9 2135.1 -3.1931E-08 -36.11 -10.83 314378 315451 1.1 2.24
89.1 155.4 2135.1 2124.0 -3.2677E-08 -36.76 -11.03 315451 316519 1.1 2.23
89.4 155.4 2124.0 2112.8 -3.3423E-08 -37.42 -11.23 316519 317581 1.2 2.22
89.7 155.4 2112.8 2101.4 -3.4169E-08 -38.07 -11.42 317581 318637 1.2 2.21
90 155.4 2101.4 2089.8 -3.4915E-08 -38.73 -11.62 318637 319688 1.2 2.20
90.3 155.4 2089.8 2078.0 -3.5661E-08 -39.39 -11.82 319688 320733 1.2 2.18
90.6 155.4 2078.0 2065.9 -3.6407E-08 -40.04 -12.01 320733 321772 1.2 2.17
90.9 155.4 2065.9 2053.7 -3.7152E-08 -40.70 -12.21 321772 322805 1.3 2.16
91.2 155.4 2053.7 2041.3 -3.7898E-08 -41.35 -12.41 322805 323832 1.3 2.15
91.5 155.4 2041.3 2028.7 -3.8644E-08 -42.01 -12.60 323832 324852 1.3 2.13
91.8 155.4 2028.7 2015.9 -3.9390E-08 -42.67 -12.80 324852 325867 1.3 2.12
92.1 155.4 2015.9 2002.9 -4.0136E-08 -43.32 -13.00 325867 326875 1.3 2.11
92.4 155.4 2002.9 1989.7 -4.0882E-08 -43.98 -13.19 326875 327876 1.4 2.09
92.7 155.4 1989.7 1976.3 -4.1628E-08 -44.63 -13.39 327876 328871 1.4 2.08
93 155.4 1976.3 1962.8 -4.2374E-08 -45.29 -13.59 328871 329859 1.4 2.07
93.3 155.4 1962.8 1949.0 -4.3120E-08 -45.94 -13.78 329859 330841 1.4 2.05
93.6 155.4 1949.0 1935.0 -4.3866E-08 -46.60 -13.98 330841 331815 1.4 2.04
93.9 155.4 1935.0 1920.8 -4.4612E-08 -47.26 -14.18 331815 332783 1.5 2.02
94.2 155.4 1920.8 1906.4 -4.5358E-08 -47.91 -14.37 332783 333743 1.5 2.01
94.5 155.4 1906.4 1891.9 -4.6104E-08 -48.57 -14.57 333743 334696 1.5 1.99
94.8 155.4 1891.9 1877.1 -4.6850E-08 -49.22 -14.77 334696 335642 1.5 1.98
95.1 155.4 1877.1 1862.1 -4.7595E-08 -49.88 -14.96 335642 336581 1.6 1.96
95.4 155.4 1862.1 1847.0 -4.8341E-08 -50.54 -15.16 336581 337512 1.6 1.95
95.7 155.4 1847.0 1831.6 -4.9087E-08 -51.19 -15.36 337512 338435 1.6 1.93
96 155.4 1831.6 1816.1 -4.9833E-08 -51.85 -15.55 338435 339351 1.6 1.91
96.3 155.4 1816.1 1800.3 -5.0579E-08 -52.50 -15.75 339351 340259 1.6 1.90
96.6 155.4 1800.3 1784.4 -5.1325E-08 -53.16 -15.95 340259 341159 1.7 1.88
96.9 155.4 1784.4 1768.2 -5.2071E-08 -53.81 -16.14 341159 342051 1.7 1.86
97.2 155.4 1768.2 1751.9 -5.2817E-08 -54.47 -16.34 342051 342936 1.7 1.85
97.5 155.4 1751.9 1735.3 -5.3563E-08 -55.13 -16.54 342936 343811 1.7 1.83
97.8 155.4 1735.3 1718.6 -5.4309E-08 -55.78 -16.73 343811 344679 1.7 1.81
98.1 155.4 1718.6 1701.7 -5.5055E-08 -56.44 -16.93 344679 345538 1.8 1.80
98.4 155.4 1701.7 1684.6 -5.5801E-08 -57.09 -17.13 345538 346389 1.8 1.78
98.7 155.4 1684.6 1667.2 -5.6547E-08 -57.75 -17.32 346389 347232 1.8 1.76
99 155.4 1667.2 1649.7 -5.7293E-08 -58.41 -17.52 347232 348065 1.8 1.74
99.3 155.4 1649.7 1632.0 -5.8038E-08 -59.06 -17.72 348065 348890 1.8 1.72
99.6 155.4 1632.0 1614.1 -5.8784E-08 -59.72 -17.92 348890 349706 1.9 1.71
99.9 155.4 1614.1 1596.0 -5.9530E-08 -60.37 -18.11 349706 350513 1.9 1.69
100.2 155.4 1596.0 1577.7 -5.9530E-08 -61.03 -18.31 350513 351311 1.9 1.67
100.5 155.4 1577.7 1559.1 -5.9530E-08 -61.68 -18.51 351311 352100 1.9 1.65
100.8 155.4 1559.1 1540.4 -5.9530E-08 -62.34 -18.70 352100 352879 1.9 1.63
101.1 155.4 1540.4 1521.5 -5.9530E-08 -63.00 -18.90 352879 353650 2.0 1.61
101.4 155.4 1521.5 1502.4 -5.9530E-08 -63.65 -19.10 353650 354410 2.0 1.59
101.7 155.4 1502.4 1483.2 -5.9530E-08 -64.31 -19.29 354410 355162 2.0 1.57
102 155.4 1483.2 1463.7 -5.9530E-08 -64.96 -19.49 355162 355903 2.0 1.55
102.3 155.4 1463.7 1444.0 -5.9530E-08 -65.62 -19.69 355903 356635 2.0 1.53

30
102.6 155.4 1444.0 1424.1 -5.9530E-08 -66.28 -19.88 356635 357357 2.1 1.51
102.9 155.4 1424.1 1404.0 -5.9530E-08 -66.93 -20.08 357357 358069 2.1 1.49
103.2 155.4 1404.0 1383.7 -5.9530E-08 -67.59 -20.28 358069 358771 2.1 1.47
103.5 155.4 1383.7 1363.3 -5.9530E-08 -68.24 -20.47 358771 359463 2.1 1.45
103.8 155.4 1363.3 1342.6 -5.9530E-08 -68.90 -20.67 359463 360145 2.1 1.42
104.1 155.4 1342.6 1321.7 -5.9530E-08 -69.55 -20.87 360145 360816 2.2 1.40
104.4 155.4 1321.7 1300.7 -5.9530E-08 -70.21 -21.06 360816 361477 2.2 1.38
104.7 155.4 1300.7 1279.4 -5.9530E-08 -70.87 -21.26 361477 362127 2.2 1.36
105 155.4 1279.4 1258.0 -5.9530E-08 -71.52 -21.46 362127 362767 2.2 1.34
105.3 155.4 1258.0 1236.3 -5.9530E-08 -72.18 -21.65 362767 363396 2.2 1.31
105.6 155.4 1236.3 1214.5 -5.9530E-08 -72.83 -21.85 363396 364014 2.3 1.29
105.9 155.4 1214.5 1192.4 -5.9530E-08 -73.49 -22.05 364014 364621 2.3 1.27
106.2 155.4 1192.4 1170.2 -5.9530E-08 -74.15 -22.24 364621 365217 2.3 1.25
106.5 155.4 1170.2 1147.7 -5.9530E-08 -74.80 -22.44 365217 365802 2.3 1.22
106.8 155.4 1147.7 1125.1 -5.9530E-08 -75.46 -22.64 365802 366376 2.3 1.20
107.1 155.4 1125.1 1102.2 -5.9530E-08 -76.11 -22.83 366376 366939 2.4 1.18
107.4 155.4 1102.2 1079.2 -5.9530E-08 -76.77 -23.03 366939 367490 2.4 1.15
107.7 155.4 1079.2 1056.0 -5.9530E-08 -77.43 -23.23 367490 368030 2.4 1.13
108 155.4 1056.0 1032.6 -5.9530E-08 -78.08 -23.42 368030 368558 2.4 1.10
108.3 155.4 1032.6 1008.9 -5.9530E-08 -78.74 -23.62 368558 369074 2.4 1.08
108.6 155.4 1008.9 985.1 -5.9530E-08 -79.39 -23.82 369074 369578 2.5 1.05
108.9 155.4 985.1 961.1 -5.9530E-08 -80.05 -24.01 369578 370071 2.5 1.03
109.2 155.4 961.1 936.9 -5.9530E-08 -80.70 -24.21 370071 370551 2.5 1.00
109.5 155.4 936.9 912.5 -5.9530E-08 -81.36 -24.41 370551 371020 2.5 0.98
109.8 155.4 912.5 887.9 -5.9530E-08 -82.02 -24.60 371020 371476 2.5 0.95
110.1 155.4 887.9 863.1 -5.9530E-08 -82.67 -24.80 371476 371920 2.6 0.93
110.4 155.4 863.1 838.1 -5.9530E-08 -83.33 -25.00 371920 372352 2.6 0.90
110.7 155.4 838.1 812.9 -5.9530E-08 -83.98 -25.20 372352 372771 2.6 0.88
111 155.4 812.9 787.5 -5.9530E-08 -84.64 -25.39 372771 373177 2.6 0.85
111.3 155.4 787.5 761.9 -5.9530E-08 -85.30 -25.59 373177 373571 2.7 0.82
111.6 155.4 761.9 736.1 -5.9530E-08 -85.95 -25.79 373571 373952 2.7 0.80
111.9 155.4 736.1 710.1 -5.9530E-08 -86.61 -25.98 373952 374320 2.7 0.77
112.2 155.4 710.1 684.0 -5.9530E-08 -87.26 -26.18 374320 374675 2.7 0.74
112.5 155.4 684.0 657.6 -5.9530E-08 -87.92 -26.38 374675 375017 2.7 0.71
112.8 155.4 657.6 631.0 -5.9530E-08 -88.57 -26.57 375017 375346 2.8 0.69
113.1 155.4 631.0 604.2 -5.9530E-08 -89.23 -26.77 375346 375661 2.8 0.66
113.4 155.4 604.2 577.3 -5.9530E-08 -89.89 -26.97 375661 375963 2.8 0.63
113.7 155.4 577.3 550.1 -5.9530E-08 -90.54 -27.16 375963 376252 2.8 0.60
114 155.4 550.1 522.8 -5.9530E-08 -91.20 -27.36 376252 376527 2.8 0.57
114.3 155.4 522.8 495.2 -5.9530E-08 -91.85 -27.56 376527 376788 2.9 0.55
114.6 155.4 495.2 467.5 -5.9530E-08 -92.51 -27.75 376788 377036 2.9 0.52
114.9 155.4 467.5 439.5 -5.9530E-08 -93.17 -27.95 377036 377270 2.9 0.49
115.2 155.4 439.5 411.4 -5.9530E-08 -93.82 -28.15 377270 377490 2.9 0.46
115.5 155.4 411.4 383.0 -5.9530E-08 -94.48 -28.34 377490 377695 2.9 0.43
115.8 155.4 383.0 354.5 -5.9530E-08 -95.13 -28.54 377695 377887 3.0 0.40
116.1 155.4 354.5 325.7 -5.9530E-08 -95.79 -28.74 377887 378064 3.0 0.37
116.4 155.4 325.7 296.8 -5.9530E-08 -96.44 -28.93 378064 378227 3.0 0.34
116.7 155.4 296.8 267.7 -5.9530E-08 -97.10 -29.13 378227 378375 3.0 0.31
117 155.4 267.7 238.3 -5.9530E-08 -97.76 -29.33 378375 378509 3.0 0.28
117.3 155.4 238.3 208.8 -5.9530E-08 -98.41 -29.52 378509 378628 3.1 0.25
117.6 155.4 208.8 179.1 -5.9530E-08 -99.07 -29.72 378628 378733 3.1 0.22
117.9 155.4 179.1 149.2 -5.9530E-08 -99.72 -29.92 378733 378822 3.1 0.19
118.2 155.4 149.2 119.1 -5.9530E-08 -100.38 -30.11 378822 378897 3.1 0.16
118.5 155.4 119.1 88.8 -5.9530E-08 -101.04 -30.31 378897 378956 3.1 0.12
118.8 155.4 88.8 58.3 -5.9530E-08 -101.69 -30.51 378956 379001 3.2 0.09
119.1 155.4 58.3 27.5 -5.9530E-08 -102.35 -30.70 379001 379030 3.2 0.06
119.4 155.4 27.5 -3.4 -5.9530E-08 -103.00 -30.90 379030 379044 3.2 0.03
119.7 155.4 -3.4 -34.4 -5.9530E-08 -103.66 -31.10 379044 379042 3.2 0.00
120 155.4 -34.4 -65.7 -5.9530E-08 -104.31 -31.29 379042 379025 3.2 0.04
120.3 155.4 -65.7 -97.2 -5.9530E-08 -104.97 -31.49 379025 378992 3.3 0.07
120.6 155.4 -97.2 -128.9 -5.9530E-08 -105.63 -31.69 378992 378943 3.3 0.10

31
120.9 155.4 -128.9 -160.8 -5.9530E-08 -106.28 -31.88 378943 378879 3.3 0.13
121.2 155.4 -160.8 -192.9 -5.9530E-08 -106.94 -32.08 378879 378798 3.3 0.17
121.5 155.4 -192.9 -225.2 -5.9530E-08 -107.59 -32.28 378798 378702 3.3 0.20
121.8 155.4 -225.2 -257.6 -5.9530E-08 -108.25 -32.47 378702 378589 3.4 0.24
122.1 155.4 -257.6 -290.3 -5.9530E-08 -108.91 -32.67 378589 378461 3.4 0.27
122.4 155.4 -290.3 -323.2 -5.9530E-08 -109.56 -32.87 378461 378315 3.4 0.30
122.7 155.4 -323.2 -356.2 -5.9530E-08 -110.22 -33.07 378315 378154 3.4 0.34
123 155.4 -356.2 -389.5 -5.9530E-08 -110.87 -33.26 378154 377976 3.4 0.37
123.3 155.4 -389.5 -423.0 -5.9530E-08 -111.53 -33.46 377976 377781 3.5 0.41
123.6 155.4 -423.0 -456.6 -5.9530E-08 -112.18 -33.66 377781 377569 3.5 0.44
123.9 155.4 -456.6 -490.5 -5.9530E-08 -112.84 -33.85 377569 377341 3.5 0.48
124.2 155.4 -490.5 -524.5 -5.9530E-08 -113.50 -34.05 377341 377096 3.5 0.51
124.5 155.4 -524.5 -558.8 -5.9530E-08 -114.15 -34.25 377096 376834 3.5 0.55
124.8 155.4 -558.8 -593.2 -5.9530E-08 -114.81 -34.44 376834 376554 3.6 0.58
125.1 155.4 -593.2 -627.8 -5.9530E-08 -115.46 -34.64 376554 376258 3.6 0.62
125.4 155.4 -627.8 -662.7 -5.9530E-08 -116.12 -34.84 376258 375944 3.6 0.66
125.7 155.4 -662.7 -697.7 -5.9530E-08 -116.77 -35.03 375944 375612 3.6 0.69
126 155.4 -697.7 -732.9 -5.9530E-08 -117.43 -35.23 375612 375263 3.6 0.73
126.3 155.4 -732.9 -768.4 -5.9530E-08 -118.09 -35.43 375263 374897 3.7 0.77
126.6 155.4 -768.4 -804.0 -5.9530E-08 -118.74 -35.62 374897 374513 3.7 0.80
126.9 155.4 -804.0 -839.8 -5.9530E-08 -119.40 -35.82 374513 374111 3.7 0.84
127.2 155.4 -839.8 -875.8 -5.9530E-08 -120.05 -36.02 374111 373691 3.7 0.88
127.5 155.4 -875.8 -912.0 -5.9530E-08 -120.71 -36.21 373691 373253 3.8 0.92
127.8 155.4 -912.0 -948.5 -5.9530E-08 -121.37 -36.41 373253 372797 3.8 0.95
128.1 155.4 -948.5 -985.1 -5.9530E-08 -122.02 -36.61 372797 372323 3.8 0.99
128.4 155.4 -985.1 -1021.9 -5.9530E-08 -122.68 -36.80 372323 371830 3.8 1.03
128.7 155.4 -1021.9 -1058.9 -5.9530E-08 -123.33 -37.00 371830 371319 3.8 1.07
129 155.4 -1058.9 -1096.1 -5.9530E-08 -123.99 -37.20 371319 370790 3.9 1.11
129.3 155.4 -1096.1 -1133.5 -5.9530E-08 -124.64 -37.39 370790 370242 3.9 1.15
129.6 155.4 -1133.5 -1171.0 -5.9530E-08 -125.30 -37.59 370242 369675 3.9 1.18
129.9 155.4 -1171.0 -1208.8 -5.9530E-08 -125.96 -37.79 369675 369090 3.9 1.22
130.2 155.4 -1208.8 -1246.8 -5.9530E-08 -126.61 -37.98 369090 368485 3.9 1.26
130.5 155.4 -1246.8 -1285.0 -5.9530E-08 -127.27 -38.18 368485 367862 4.0 1.30
130.8 155.4 -1285.0 -1323.4 -5.9530E-08 -127.92 -38.38 367862 367219 4.0 1.34
131.1 155.4 -1323.4 -1361.9 -5.9530E-08 -128.58 -38.57 367219 366558 4.0 1.38
131.4 155.4 -1361.9 -1400.7 -5.9530E-08 -129.23 -38.77 366558 365877 4.0 1.42
131.7 155.4 -1400.7 -1439.7 -5.9530E-08 -129.89 -38.97 365877 365176 4.0 1.46
132 155.4 -1439.7 -1478.8 -5.9530E-08 -130.55 -39.16 365176 364456 4.1 1.50
132.3 155.4 -1478.8 -1518.2 -5.9530E-08 -131.20 -39.36 364456 363717 4.1 1.55
132.6 155.4 -1518.2 -1557.8 -5.9530E-08 -131.86 -39.56 363717 362958 4.1 1.59
132.9 155.4 -1557.8 -1597.5 -5.9530E-08 -132.51 -39.75 362958 362179 4.1 1.63
133.2 155.4 -1597.5 -1637.5 -5.9530E-08 -133.17 -39.95 362179 361380 4.1 1.67
133.5 155.4 -1637.5 -1677.6 -5.9530E-08 -133.82 -40.15 361380 360562 4.2 1.71
133.8 155.4 -1677.6 -1718.0 -5.9530E-08 -134.48 -40.34 360562 359723 4.2 1.75
134.1 155.4 -1718.0 -1758.5 -5.9530E-08 -135.14 -40.54 359723 358864 4.2 1.80
134.4 155.4 -1758.5 -1799.2 -5.9530E-08 -135.79 -40.74 358864 357984 4.2 1.84
134.7 155.4 -1799.2 -1840.2 -5.9530E-08 -136.45 -40.93 357984 357085 4.2 1.88
135 155.4 -1840.2 -1881.3 -5.9530E-08 -137.10 -41.13 357085 356165 4.3 1.92
135.3 155.4 -1881.3 -1922.6 -5.9530E-08 -137.76 -41.33 356165 355224 4.3 1.97
135.6 155.4 -1922.6 -1964.2 -5.9530E-08 -138.42 -41.52 355224 354263 4.3 2.01
135.9 155.4 -1964.2 -2005.9 -5.9530E-08 -139.07 -41.72 354263 353281 4.3 2.05
136.2 155.4 -2005.9 -2047.8 -5.9530E-08 -139.73 -41.92 353281 352278 4.3 2.10
136.5 155.4 -2047.8 -2089.9 -5.9530E-08 -140.38 -42.11 352278 351254 4.4 2.14
136.8 155.4 -2089.9 -2132.2 -5.9530E-08 -141.04 -42.31 351254 350209 4.4 2.18
137.1 155.4 -2132.2 -2174.7 -5.9530E-08 -141.69 -42.51 350209 349143 4.4 2.23
137.4 155.4 -2174.7 -2217.4 -5.9530E-08 -142.35 -42.70 349143 348055 4.4 2.27
137.7 155.4 -2217.4 -2260.3 -5.9530E-08 -143.01 -42.90 348055 346947 4.4 2.32
138 155.4 -2260.3 -2303.4 -5.9530E-08 -143.66 -43.10 346947 345817 4.5 2.36
138.3 155.4 -2303.4 -2346.7 -5.9530E-08 -144.32 -43.29 345817 344665 4.5 2.41
138.6 155.4 -2346.7 -2390.2 -5.9530E-08 -144.97 -43.49 344665 343492 4.5 2.45
138.9 155.4 -2390.2 -2433.9 -5.9530E-08 -145.63 -43.69 343492 342296 4.5 2.50

32
139.2 155.4 -2433.9 -2477.8 -5.9530E-08 -146.28 -43.89 342296 341079 4.5 2.54
139.5 155.4 -2477.8 -2521.9 -5.9530E-08 -146.94 -44.08 341079 339841 4.6 2.59
139.8 155.4 -2521.9 -2566.2 -5.9530E-08 -147.60 -44.28 339841 338580 4.6 2.64
140.1 155.4 -2566.2 -2610.6 -5.9530E-08 -148.25 -44.48 338580 337297 4.6 2.68
140.4 155.4 -2610.6 -2655.3 -5.9530E-08 -148.91 -44.67 337297 335991 4.6 2.73
140.7 155.4 -2655.3 -2700.2 -5.9530E-08 -149.56 -44.87 335991 334664 4.6 2.77
141 155.4 -2700.2 -2745.2 -5.9530E-08 -150.22 -45.07 334664 333313 4.7 2.82
141.3 155.4 -2745.2 -2790.5 -5.9530E-08 -150.87 -45.26 333313 331941 4.7 2.87
141.6 155.4 -2790.5 -2836.0 -5.9530E-08 -151.53 -45.46 331941 330546 4.7 2.92
141.9 155.4 -2836.0 -2881.6 -5.9530E-08 -152.18 -45.66 330546 329128 4.7 2.96
142.2 155.4 -2881.6 -2927.5 -5.9530E-08 -152.84 -45.85 329128 327687 4.8 3.01
142.5 155.4 -2927.5 -2973.5 -5.9530E-08 -153.50 -46.05 327687 326223 4.8 3.06
142.8 155.4 -2973.5 -3019.8 -5.9530E-08 -154.15 -46.25 326223 324736 4.8 3.11
143.1 155.4 -3019.8 -3066.2 -5.9530E-08 -154.81 -46.44 324736 323226 4.8 3.16
143.4 155.4 -3066.2 -3112.8 -5.9530E-08 -155.46 -46.64 323226 321693 4.8 3.20
143.7 155.4 -3112.8 -3159.7 -5.9530E-08 -156.12 -46.84 321693 320137 4.9 3.25
144 155.4 -3159.7 -3206.7 -5.9530E-08 -156.77 -47.03 320137 318557 4.9 3.30
144.3 155.4 -3206.7 -3253.9 -5.9530E-08 -157.43 -47.23 318557 316954 4.9 3.35
144.6 155.4 -3253.9 -3301.4 -5.9530E-08 -158.09 -47.43 316954 315327 4.9 3.40
144.9 155.4 -3301.4 -3349.0 -5.9530E-08 -158.74 -47.62 315327 313676 4.9 3.45
145.2 155.4 -3349.0 -3396.8 -5.9530E-08 -159.40 -47.82 313676 312002 5.0 3.50
145.5 155.4 -3396.8 -3444.8 -5.9530E-08 -160.05 -48.02 312002 310303 5.0 3.55
145.8 155.4 -3444.8 -3493.0 -5.9530E-08 -160.71 -48.21 310303 308581 5.0 3.60
146.1 155.4 -3493.0 -3541.4 -5.9530E-08 -161.36 -48.41 308581 306834 5.0 3.65
146.4 155.4 -3541.4 -3590.0 -5.9530E-08 -162.02 -48.61 306834 305064 5.0 3.70
146.7 155.4 -3590.0 -3638.8 -5.9530E-08 -162.68 -48.80 305064 303269 5.1 3.75
147 155.4 -3638.8 -3687.8 -5.9530E-08 -163.33 -49.00 303269 301449 5.1 3.80
147.3 155.4 -3687.8 -3737.0 -5.9530E-08 -163.99 -49.20 301449 299605 5.1 3.85
147.6 155.4 -3737.0 -3786.4 -5.9530E-08 -164.64 -49.39 299605 297737 5.1 3.91
147.9 155.4 -3786.4 -3836.0 -5.9530E-08 -165.30 -49.59 297737 295843 5.1 3.96
148.2 155.4 -3836.0 -3885.8 -5.9530E-08 -165.95 -49.79 295843 293925 5.2 4.01
148.5 155.4 -3885.8 -3935.8 -5.9530E-08 -166.61 -49.98 293925 291983 5.2 4.06
148.8 155.4 -3935.8 -3986.0 -5.9530E-08 -167.26 -50.18 291983 290015 5.2 4.11
149.1 155.4 -3986.0 -4036.3 -5.9530E-08 -167.92 -50.38 290015 288022 5.2 4.17

33
 Acknowledgement

I would like to thank Prof. Penko for his technical advice and editing.

References
Books

1. Anderson, John. “Introduction to flight”. McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math. 7th edition. March 7, 2011.

2. Linehan, Dan. “SpaceShipOne: An illustrated history”. Zenith Press. 1st edition. May 15, 2008

3. Raymer, Dan. “Aircraft Design: a conceptual approach”. AIAA. 5th edition. August 2012.

Interviews

Flanagan, Bill (Retired USAF Lt. Col. Former SR-71 and U-2 pilot). Phone interview. Nov 20th, 2012.

Penko, Paul F. (NASA Glenn. Professor of Rocket Propulsion at the Ohio State University, Department of
Aerospace Engineering). Phone interview, Dec 10th, 2012.

Redd, Bass. (Head of Conceptual Design and the Chief of Flight Performance for the Space Shuttle Program).
Phone interview. Nov 24th, 2012

Websites

Aerorocket Simulation Software. http://www.Aerorocket.com

Aircraft Aerodynamics and Design Group, Stanford University's Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
“Volume Wave Drag”. http://adg.stanford.edu/aa241/drag/volumedrag.html.

Scaled Composite LLC. http://www.scaled.com

The SpaceShip Company. http://www.thespaceshipcompany.com

Virgin Galactic. http://www.virgingalactic.com

“SpaceShipOne and Me:We Make a Couple of Digital Trips to Space in the SS1 Simulator”. Budd Davisson.
http://www.airbum.com/pireps/PirepSS1.html, 2004

“SpaceShipTwo”. http://www.Wikipedia.org

34

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