LAGUNA UNIVERSITY

Laguna Sports Complex, Bubukal,

Santa Cruz,4009, Laguna

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

The research methodology and procedures used in the current study are

systematically presented and discussed in this chapter. This includes details on

different processes that would be used in order to develop the design project.

Likewise in this section, different developmental phases of the study are shown.

Furthermore, thorough discussion of the project’s design and development

procedures are included in this chapter. This also contains explanations of the

several evaluation and consistency tests that the project would undergo to

ensure design stability and reliability.

A. General Method Used

Discuss what method(s) you will use in your study.

This study used descriptive method of research. Discuss how descriptive

method will be used. How descriptive method will be used goes here.

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 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY
Laguna Sports Complex, Bubukal,
Santa Cruz,4009, Laguna

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Fig. 4 Design Project Model

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 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY
Laguna Sports Complex, Bubukal,
Santa Cruz,4009, Laguna

figure here. Place your paragraph here. Place your paragraph here. Place your

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B. Procedure

To obtain the best possible result for the research Converting Salt Water Into

Potable Water Via Desalination Process, the researcher have conceptualized the

possible design of the prototype by the help of the existing design. After this, the

researcher gathered and canvass the needed supplies and materials for the

construction of the converter. To perform the process required in making the

converter, proper tools and equipment were also gathered.

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 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY
Laguna Sports Complex, Bubukal,
Santa Cruz,4009, Laguna

Requirement Specification

To convert salt water into potable water, it needs to be heated and reach

the boiling point to generate steam which is harness by the use of the copper

tube, it travels all the way through the cooling chamber, then it turns into tiny

droplets of potable water, then it is collected in the container. The converter can

be operated by one worker. The worker (i) needs to keep the temperature inside

the boiler maintained, (ii) keep the salt-water level right, (iii) so that it will be

refilled again to maximize the amount of potable water gathered, in order the

converter will be efficient for the eight (8) hour working hours in a day, (IV) The

boiler must be check for leakage after the refilling of salt water and empty the

ashtray of the burner.

The salt-water converter boiler is only capable of 200 liters of salt water

and should be refilled only by 200 liters only.

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 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY
Laguna Sports Complex, Bubukal,
Santa Cruz,4009, Laguna

Fig 1. General System of Converting Salt Water Into Potable Water

The figure represents the general system how salt water is converted

inside the power plants. First the salt-water goes through the evaporator. Second

it splits into the two tanks to another evaporator (bottom) and the other one is the

condenser (top). Third the condenser tank put outs water which will go to the

membrane, then the second evaporator (bottom) output splits into two tanks, the

vapor goes to the second condenser (bottom) and the other is to the waste tank.

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 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY
Laguna Sports Complex, Bubukal,
Santa Cruz,4009, Laguna

Fourth, the membrane tank output is also slit into two the clean water tank and

the waste tank.

Fig. 2 Specific System of Converting Salt Water Into Potable Water.

The figure represents how the salt water is converted into potable water.

First the boiler is filled up of 200 liters of salt water which is the maximum

capacity of the system. Second boiler water inlet is closed up is, so that no steam

will come out of it to maximize the efficiency of the system. Third the burner is

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 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY
Laguna Sports Complex, Bubukal,
Santa Cruz,4009, Laguna

feed up of dry leaves and wood branches, as the burning is happening the

generated smoke enters the exhaust, then through the filters and become filtered

smoke so that it will not be harmful for the environment and toxic for people

around the area. Fourth, once the water level is critical the worker will drain the

boiler to collect the accumulated salt around the area of the drain plug. Fifth the

potable water is gathered. Sixth it is then refilled again of 200 liters of salt water

and the cycle is repeated for eight (8) hours.

TABLE I
REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION OF SALT WATER CONVERTER
Marketing

Requiremen Engineering Requirement Justification

t
1 Securing the microbial safety of

drinking-water supplies is based

on the use of multiple barriers,

from catchment to consumer, to

prevent the contamination of

drinking-water or to reduce

contamination to levels not

injurious to health.
2 Disinfection is of

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 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY
Laguna Sports Complex, Bubukal,
Santa Cruz,4009, Laguna

unquestionable importance in

the supply of safe drinking-

water. The destruction of

microbial pathogens is essential

and very commonly involves the

use of reactive chemical agents

such as chlorine. Disinfection is

an effective barrier to many

pathogens (especially bacteria)

during drinking-water treatment

and should be used for surface

waters and for groundwater

subject to faecal contamination.

3 . There are few chemical

constituents of water that can

lead to health problems

resulting from a single

exposure, except through

massive accidental

contamination of a drinking-

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 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY
Laguna Sports Complex, Bubukal,
Santa Cruz,4009, Laguna

water supply. Moreover,

experience shows that in many,

but not all, such incidents, the

water becomes undrinkable

owing to unacceptable taste,

odour and appearance

4 Water should be free of tastes

and odours that would be

objectionable to the majority of

consumers. In assessing the

quality of drinking-water,

consumers rely principally upon

their senses. Microbial,

chemical and physical water

constituents may affect the

appearance, odour or taste of

the water, and the consumer

will evaluate the quality and

acceptability of the water on the

basis of these criteria

5 Preventive management is the

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 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY
Laguna Sports Complex, Bubukal,
Santa Cruz,4009, Laguna

preferred approach to drinking-

water safety and should take

account of the characteristics of

the drinking-water supply from

catchment and source to its use

by consumers. As many

aspects of drinking-water quality

management are often outside

the direct responsibility of the

water supplier, it is essential

that a collaborative multiagency

approach be adopted to ensure

that agencies with responsibility

for specific areas within the

water cycle are involved in the

management of water quality

6 Air filter units should be The filters to be used are a

selected on the basis of the HEPA and VOC air purifier.

following items: particulate and non-particulate

level of filtration needed,filter pollution require two very

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 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY
Laguna Sports Complex, Bubukal,
Santa Cruz,4009, Laguna

classification requirements, different processes to remove

cost-effectiveness ,stable them from the air. Firstly,

collection efficiency,dust particulate impurities are

storage capability at a low removed by a HEPA filtration

pressure differential level system, which will eliminate

99.7% of all particles greater

than 0.3 microns in diameter

7,8 The final design has only a

capacity of 200 liters salt water

once this salt water is

desalinated it will be gathered

up and will produce 79. 3365

liters of potable water per hour

Marketing Requirements
1 Microbial aspects
2 Disinfection
3 Chemical Aspects

4 Acceptability Aspects
5 Roles and responsibilities in drinking-water safety management
6 Filters
7 System has a capacity of 200 liters of salt water.
8 Can produce 79.3365 liters per hour of potable water.

Table I shows the requirements specification of Converting Salt Water Into Potable

Water via Desalination process… The marketing requirement refers to the 1 (Microbial

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 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY
Laguna Sports Complex, Bubukal,
Santa Cruz,4009, Laguna

Aspects), 2 (Disinfection), 3 (Chemical Asppects), 4 (Acceptability Aspects), 5 ( Roles

and responsibilities in drinking-water safety management), 6 (Filters), 7 (System

has a capacity of 200 liters of salt water), 8 (Can produce 79.3365 liters per hour

of potable water).

The engineering requirements provide approach to address the needs of the

marketing requirement.

The first engineering requirement describes an approach of selecting air filter

units on the basis of the following items; level of filtration needed,filter

classification requirements,

cost-effectiveness ,stable collection efficiency,dust storage capability at a low

pressure differential level. These parameters is taken and considered in choosing

the suited air flter for the system, HEPA and VOC air purifier

1) Design

Design refers to…

a. Establish how you would identify design requirements.

b. Discuss how you choose your solution that really meets your

design requirements.

c. Discuss how you provide the general framework of your design or

the overall system configuration (what kind of schematics and

diagraming tools, etc...).

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 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY
Laguna Sports Complex, Bubukal,
Santa Cruz,4009, Laguna

The researchers come up with the design requirements by consulting the

thesis adviser. The capacity will not matter at all as long as the production of

potable water from salt water will not take too long, in any case that the

production is low and takes too long the system will be inefficient and the study

will not be valued and meaningless at all. The first desired capacity of the

researcher for the boiler is 1000 liters of salt water, due to the cost of materials

for the boiler, the researchers cut it to only 200 liters, in that way it will be efficient

and cost effective for the design and system.

The researcher choose the solution by simply using the Heat transfer rate

equation.

Q = mass of salt water x Specific heat of salt water x Change in temperature

Q = (m)(Cp)( T)

T = T2 – T1

T2= Boiling point of salt water

Solving for Boiling point of salt water

i. There are 35 g of salt in a liter of salt water/seawater.

ii. 20 grams of salt increases the boiling point of 0.04 degree celsius

200 L x (35g / 1 L) = 7000 grams / 20 grams

= 350 x 0.04

= 14 degree celsius ( added boiling point )

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 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY
Laguna Sports Complex, Bubukal,
Santa Cruz,4009, Laguna

T2 = 214 degree celcius

T1 = normal room temerature of tap water

Cp = 3.85 KJ/ kg-K

m = 200 kg

Q = (200)(3.85)(214-14)

Q = 154,000 KJ

Assuming 1 hour to reach boiling point and evaporation occurs

Power generated is

P = Q/t

t = 3600 seconds

P = 154,000 / 3600

P= 42.78 KW

Solving for Pressure

PV= mRT

V = volume of the boiler

m = Mass of salt water

R = Universal Gas constant

T = Change in temperature

P = [(200)(8.3145)(214-14)] / 0.2

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 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY
Laguna Sports Complex, Bubukal,
Santa Cruz,4009, Laguna

P = 1.55 Mpa

From Steam Table at Saturation Pressures P= 1.55 Mpa and 200 Celsius

hfg = 1941. 2 KJ/kg

Amount of potable water per hour

m = P/hfg

m = amount ppf potable water per hour

P = power generated

hfg = enthalphy difference between gas and fluid

m = 42. 78 / 1941. 2

m = 0.02204 kg/s x 3600 s/ hour

m = 79.3365 kg/ hr

1 kg = 1 liter

M = 79.3365 liter / hr

If the machine is operated for 8 hours a day it will produce

m = 79.3365 liters/ hour ( 8 hr / day)

m= 632 liters of potable water a day.

The formulas used is essential for the requirements needed to satisfy the criteria

for a efficient and cost effective sytem for converting salt water into potable

water. This helps the researchers to get desirable and possible outcomes.

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 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY
Laguna Sports Complex, Bubukal,
Santa Cruz,4009, Laguna

The general framework of the design is just innovated from the existing one

where it uses LPG as the heating medium for the boiler. The researchers think of

a way to remove because it cost too much, it is replaced by burning dry leaves

and wood branches as a heat source for the boiler. Smoke is not avoidable for

the design the researchers come up with, so the researcher will filter the smoke

of for it not to be harmful to the environment and toxic for the people around it.

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 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY
Laguna Sports Complex, Bubukal,
Santa Cruz,4009, Laguna

Constructing the prototye is dependent upon the boiler size the larger the boiler

capacity the larger the supporting frame will be and. Since the boiler is only 200

lites in capacity the frame will be not be too big in size, hence it will cost much

cheaper.

Fig. 3 Block Diagram and Flow Chart of Converting Salt Water Into

Potable Water

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 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY
Laguna Sports Complex, Bubukal,
Santa Cruz,4009, Laguna

Fig. 3 illustrates the block diagram and flow chart of the system. The boiler

is filled up by salt water. Once the boiler is sealed after the filling the burner will

then heat it up so that the salt water will reach its boiling point and evaporate

generating steam that will travel through the copper tube and cooled by the

cooling chamber and will be formed into tiny droplets of potable water which will

be gathered by a container. The smoke generated by burning of plastic leaves

and wood branches is the filtered so that it will not be harmful for the environment

and toxic for the people around. Once the temperature Gauge drop in the

temperature gauge sensor a worker needs to feed the burner by dry leaves and

wood branches to maintain the salt water inside boiling and generating steam . A

water level sensor is present to check the level of salt water inside once the salt

water is at a critical level the worker needs to drain the boiler to gather the

remained salt by the us of a drain plug. The process is then repeated for eight (8)

hours in a day to maximize the potable water collected.

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