AP CHEM – Thermodynamics

Peterson’s
1. (Chem II no) When a system experiences the following conditions,
the ∆E is always negative.
(A) absorbs heat and does work
(B) absorbs heat and has work done on it
(C) releases heat and does work
(D) releases heat and has work done on it
(E) because energy is always conserved, ∆E is always 0

2. The specific heat of lead is 0.127 J g-1 oC-1. How many joules of heat
would be required to raise the temperature of a 5.0 g sample from
25 oC to 35 oC?
(A) 2.5 x 10-3
(B) 0.127
(C) 6.4
(D) 16.1
(E) 394

CH4(g) + O2(g)
2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

3. For the complete combustion of methane gas, CH4, represented

above, ∆H is –802 kJ. What is the value of ∆H if the combustion
produced liquid water rather than water vapor?
(∆H for the H2O(g)
H2O(l) = -44kJ mol-1)
(A) -714 kJ
(B) –758 kJ
(C) –802 kJ
(D) –846 kJ
(E) –890 kJ

4. Use the information shown in the table below to determine the

standard enthalpy change for the formation of nitrogen dioxide
shown in the reaction below
2NO(g) + O2(g)
2NO2(g)

Substance ∆Hof(kJ mol-1)

NO(g) 90.37
O2(g) 0
NO2(g) 33.84
(A) -113.06 (D) 90.37
(B) -56.53 (E) 124.21
(C) 56.53

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 C2H4(g) + 6F2(g)
2CF4(g) + 4HF(g)

5. For the equation shown above, which material in the reaction has a ∆Hof = 0?
(A) C2H4
(B) F2
(C) CF4
(D) HF
(E) None, all substances have nonzero values for ∆Hof

6. For which of the following processes would ∆S have a negative value?

I. CaCO3(s)
CaO(s) + CO2(g)
II. H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
HCl(s)
III. N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II and III

7. When solid ammonium nitrate is placed into a flask of room

temperature water and swirled, the solid dissolves and the flask gets
noticeably colder. What conclusions can you make about the
values of ∆H and ∆S for this process?
(A) ∆H is negative, and ∆S is negative
(B) ∆H is negative, and ∆S is positive
(C) ∆H is positive, and ∆S is negative
(D) ∆H is positive, and ∆S is positive
(E) not enough information is provided to make a valid
conclusion

8. Which of the following reactions involves the largest increase in entropy?

(A) AgNO3(aq) + HCl(aq)
AgCl(s) + HNO3(aq)
(B) N2(g) + O2(g)
2NO(g)
(C) 2NO(g) + O2(g)
2NO2(g)
(D) 2KClO3(s)
2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
(E) 2SO2(g) + O2(g)
2SO3(g)

9. A reaction is spontaneous only at high temperatures. The signs of

∆Ho and ∆So must be
(A) ∆H = +, and ∆S = +
(B) ∆H = +, and ∆S = -
(C) ∆H = -, and ∆S = +
(D) ∆H = -, and ∆S = -
(E) you can’t answer this without knowing the free energy

2
 Substance ∆S(J mol-1 K-1)
N2(g) 191.5
H2(g) 130.6
NH3(g) 192.5

10. Based on the information above, what is the ∆So for the reaction
shown below?
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)

(A) -129.6 J K-1

(B) –198. 3 J K-1
(C) 192.5 J K-1
(D) 585.3 J K-1
(E) 968.3 J K-1

2N2 + O2
2N2O
11. The reaction indicated above is thermodynamically
nonspontaneous at 298 K, but becomes spontaneous at higher
temperatures. Which of the following is true at 298 K?

∆G ∆H ∆S
(A) + + +
(B) - - -
(C) - - +
(D) - + -
(E) + + -

12. If the free energy, ∆Go, for a reaction is negative, what must the
value of the equilibrium constant, k, be for that reaction?

(A) k>1
(B) k<1
(C) k=1
(D) k=0
(E) k and ∆G are not related

Peterson’s Answers
1. C 5. B 9. A
2. C 6. D 10. B
3. E 7. D 11. A
4. A 8. D 12. A

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 Princeton Review

Questions 1 – 4

(A) Free energy change (∆G)

(B) Entropy change (∆S)
(C) Heat of vaporization (∆Hvap)
(D) Heat of fusion (∆Hfus)
(E) Heat capacity (C)

1. If this has a negative value for a process, then the process occurs spontaneously.

2. This is a measure of how the disorder of a system is changing

3. This is the energy given off when a substance condenses

4. This is the energy taken in by a substance when it melts

5.
2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g)
2AlCl3(s)

The reaction above is not spontaneous under standard conditions but

becomes spontaneous as the temperature decrease towards absolute
zero. Which of the following is true at standard conditions?
(A) ∆S and ∆H are both negative
(B) ∆S and ∆H are both positive
(C) ∆S is negative ∆H is positive
(D) ∆S is positive ∆H is negative
(E) ∆S and ∆H are both equal to zero

4
6.

Which of the following is true of the reaction shown in the diagram above?
(A) The reaction is endothermic because the reactants are at a higher
energy level than the products
(B) The reactions is endothermic because the reactants are at a lower
energy level than the products
(C) The reaction is exothermic because the reactants are at a higher
energy level than the products.
(D) The reaction is exothermic because the reactants are at a lower
energy level than the products
(E) The reaction is isothermic because the reactants are at the same
energy level as the products.

7. (Chem II no)
2H2(g) + O2(g)
2H2O(g)

Based on the information given in the table below, what is ∆Ho for the
above reaction?
Bond Average bond energy
(kJ/mol)
H-H 440
O=O 500
O-H 460

(A) –2200 kJ
(B) -460 kJ
(C) 460 kJ
(D) 1840 kJ
(E) 2220 kJ

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8. Which of the following is true of a reaction that is spontaneous at 298 K
but becomes nonspontaneous at a higher temperature?
(A) ∆S and ∆H are both negative
(B) ∆S and ∆H are both positive
(C) ∆S is negative ∆H is positive
(D) ∆S is positive ∆H is negative
(E) ∆S and ∆H are both equal to zero

9. Which of the following will be true when a pure substance in liquid phase
freezes spontaneously?
(A) ∆G, ∆H and ∆S are all positive
(B) ∆G, ∆H, and ∆S are all negative
(C) ∆G and ∆H are negative, but ∆S is positive
(D) ∆G and ∆S are negative, but ∆H is positive
(E) ∆S and ∆H are negative, but ∆G is positive

10. Which point on the graph shown above corresponds to activated

complex, or transition state?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
(E) 5

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11.
C(s) + O2(g)
CO2(g) ∆Ho = -390 kJ/mol

H2(g) + ½O2(g)
H2O(l) ∆Ho = -290 kJ/mol

2C(s) + H2(g)
C2H2 (g) ∆Ho = +230 kJ/mol

Based on the information given above, what is ∆Ho for the following reaction?

C2H2(g) + 5/2 O2(g)
2CO2(g) + H2O(l)

(A) -1300 kJ
(B) –1070 kJ
(C) –840 kJ
(D) –780 kJ
(E) –680 kJ

12. If an endothermic reaction is spontaneous at 298 K, which of the

following must be true for the reaction?
I. ∆G is greater than zero
II. ∆H is greater than zero
III. ∆S is greater than zero
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III

13. The addition of a catalyst will have which of the following effects on a
chemical reaction?
I. The enthalpy change will decrease
II. The entropy change will decrease
III. The activation energy will decrease

(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only
(E) I and III only

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14.
C(s) + 2H2(g)
CH4(g) ∆Ho = x

C(s) + O2(g)
CO2(g) ∆Ho = y

H2(g) + 1/2O2(g)
H2O(l) ∆Ho = z

Based on the information given above, what is ∆Ho for the following reaction?

CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

(A) x+y+z
(B) x+y–z
(C) z + y – 2x
(D) 2z + y – x
(E) 2z + y – 2x

15. For which of the following processes will ∆S be positive

I. NaCl(s)
Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

II. 2H2(g) + O2(g)
2H2O(g)
III. CaCO3(s)
CaO(s) + CO2(g)

(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) I and III only
(E) I, II, and III

Princeton Review Answers

1. A 6. C 11. A
2. B 7. B 12. D
3. C 8. A 13. C
4. D 9. B 14. D
5. A 10. C 15. D

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 Barron’s
1. When 0.400 g of CH4 is burned in excess oxygen in a bomb calorimeter
that has a heat capacity of 3245 J oC-1, a temperature increase of 6.795
oC is observed. What is the value of qv?

(A) 220 kJ
(B) –882 kJ
(C) 477 kJ
(D) –22.05 kJ
(E) 8,820 kJ

2. Using the data in question 1, determine ∆Ho for the molar combustion of methane.
(A) -22.05 kJ mol-1
(B) –882 kJ
(C) +22.05 kJ
(D) –8.820 kJ
(E) This value cannot be determined because w is not known

3. Which of the following describes a system that CANNOT be spontaneous?

(A) ∆H is positive, ∆S is negative
(B) ∆H is positive, ∆S is positive
(C) ∆H is negative, ∆S is negative
(D) ∆H is negative, ∆S is positive
(E) ∆H is 0, ∆S is positive

4. Which of the following explains the fact that, when KCl is dissolved, water
condenses on the outside of the beaker?
(A) ∆H is positive, ∆S is negative
(B) ∆H is positive, ∆S is positive
(C) ∆H is negative, ∆S is negative
(D) ∆H is negative, ∆S is positive
(E) ∆H is 0, ∆S is negative

5. The reaction with the greatest expected entropy decrease is

(A) CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
(B) CH4(l) + 2O2(g)
CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
(C) CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(D) CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
CO2(s) + 2H2O(g)
(E) CH4(l) + 2O2(g)
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

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6. Water boils at 100 oC with a molar heat of vaporization of +43.9 kJ/mol
What is the entropy change when
H2O(g)
H2O(l)
at 100 oC?
(A) Problem cannot be solved; ∆G must also be known
(B) Problem cannot be solved; this is not a chemical reaction
(C) –439 J K-1
(D) +0.439 J K-1
(E) –118 J K-1

7. (Chem II no) The law of Dulong and Petit says that the molar heat
capacity of metals is approximately 25 J mol-1 K-1. This suggests that
(A) the heat absorbed depends only on the number of atoms
(B) the heat absorbed depends on the volume change with temperature
(C) the heat absorbed can be calculated from the first law of
thermodynamics
(D) potential energy and heat energy are inversely related
(E) this law is an oddity since it does not apply to elements that are
liquids or gases

8. A gas is allowed to expand from an initial volume of 5.00 L and a pressure of 3.00
atm to a volume of 15.0 L and pressure of 1.00 atm. What is the value of w?
(A) 30.0 L atm
(B) 10.0 L atm
(C) 45.0 L atm
(D) 15.0 L atm
(E) –10.0 L atm

9. (Chem II no) In question 8 the units of work are given as L atm. To convert
L atm to the metric unit of joules, we need to know
(A) Avogadro’s constant and Planck’s constant
(B) The universal gas law constant in units of L atm mol-1 K-1
(C) The universal gas law constant in units of J mol-1 K-1
(D) Both B and C
(E) A, B, and C

10. Which of the following is the LEAST probable for a combustion reaction?
(A) ∆G is a large negative number
(B) ∆S is a large negative number
(C) ∆H is a large negative number
(D) keq is a large positive number
(E) Q, the reaction quotient, is a small number

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11. Of the following, which can be precisely determined for a chemical
substance?
(A) entropy, S
(B) enthalpy, H
(C) free energy, G
(D) internal energy, E
(E) all of these

12. The heat of formation of CH3OH(l) = -238.6 kJ mol-1, of CO2(g) = -393.5 kJ

mol-1, and of H2O(g) = -241.8 kJ mol-1. What is ∆H for the heat of
combustion of 2 mol of methanol?
(A) -396.7 kJ
(B) –1277 kJ
(C) –638.5 kJ
(D) +396.7 kJ
(E) This value cannot be calculated without the heat of formation for O2(g)

13. The rate of reaction will be large if

(A) ∆G is a large negative number
(B) ∆S is a large negative number
(C) ∆H is a large negative number
(D) keq is a large positive number
(E) None of the above can be used to estimate reaction rates

14. Given the following thermochemical data:

N2O4(g)
2NO2(g) ∆H = +57.93 kJ

2NO(g) + O2(g)
2NO2(g) ∆H = -113.14 kJ

determine the heat of the reaction

2NO(g) + O2(g)
N2O4(g)

(A) 171.07 kJ
(B) –55.21 kJ
(C) –171.07 kJ
(D) +55.21 kJ
(E) –85.54 kJ

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15. Which of the following can change the value of ∆G for a chemical reaction?
(A) changes in the total pressure
(B) changes in the pressures of the reactants
(C) changes in the concentrations of the reactants
(D) changes in the temperature in oC
(E) the presence of a catalyst

16. At what temperature is keq=1.00 if ∆S = 22.6 J K-1 and ∆H =15.3 kJ for a

chemical reaction?
(A) 404 oC
(B) 677 oC
(C) 0.67 oC
(D) 1477 oC
(E) 1204 oC

17. The standard heat of formation of SO3(g) is –396 kJ mol-1. The standard
entropies of S(s), O2(g), and SO3(g) are 31.8, 205.0, and 256 J mol-1 K-1,
respectively. Calculate the free energy for the decomposition of SO3 in
the reaction.

2SO3(g)
2S(s) + 3O2(g)

at 25 oC.

(A) 396 kJ
(B) 446 kJ
(C) 346 kJ
(D) –346 kJ
(E) 742 kJ

18. The reaction

2C6H6(l) + 15O2(g)
12CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

is expected to have
(A) a positive ∆H and a negative ∆S
(B) a negative ∆H and a negative ∆S
(C) a positive ∆H and a positive ∆S
(D) a negative ∆H and a positive ∆S
(E) These predictions cannot be made

12
19. The evaporation of any liquid is expected to have
(A) a positive ∆H and a negative ∆S
(B) a negative ∆H and a negative ∆S
(C) a positive ∆H and a positive ∆S
(D) a negative ∆H and a positive ∆S
(E) These predictions cannot be made

20. Which of the following is most likely to be true?

(A) No products are formed in a nonspontaneous reaction
(B) A positive ∆G indicates a spontaneous reaction
(C) A positive ∆S always means that the reaction goes to completion
(D) A spontaneous reaction always goes to completion
(E) Combustion of organic compounds has a negative ∆H

Barron’s Answers
1. D 8. E 15. D
2. B 9. D 16. A
3. A 10. B 17. E
4. B 11. A 18. B
5. C 12. B 19. C
6. E 13. E 20. E
7. A 14. C

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 Cliff’s Thermochemistry

1. Given the following information:

Reaction 1: H2(g) + ½ O2(g)
H2O(l) ∆H = -286 kJ
Reaction 2: CO2(g)
C(s) + O2(g) ∆H = 394 kJ
Reaction 3: 2CO2(g) + H2O(l)
C2H2(g) + 5 O2(g) ∆H = 1300 kJ
2

Find ∆H for the reaction C2H2(g)
2C(s) + H2(g)

(A) -226 kJ
(B) –113 kJ
(C) 113 kJ
(D) 226 kJ
(E) 452 kJ

2. A piece of metal weighing 500. grams is put into a boiling water bath.
After 10 minutes, the metal is immediately placed in 250. grams of water
at 40. oC. The maximum temperature that the system reaches is 50. oC.
What is the specific heat of the metal? (The specific heat of water is 1.00
cal/g oC.)

(A) 0.010 cal/g oC

(B) 0.050 cal/g oC
(C) 0.10 cal/g oC
(D) 0.20 cal/g oC
(E) 0.50 cal/g oC

3. (Chem II no) Given the following heat of reaction and the bond energies
listed in the accompanying table, calculate the energy of the C=O bond.
All numerical values are in kilocalories per mole, and all substances are in
the gas phase.

CH3CHO + H2
CH3CH2OH ∆H = -17 kcal/mol

Bond 0-H C-H C-C C-O H-H

Bond Energy (kcal/mol) 111 99 83 84 104

(A) 79 kcal
(B) 157 kcal
(C) 173 kcal
(D) 190 kcal
(E) 277 kcal

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4. Given the following heats of formation:

Substance ∆Hof
Acetic acid -120 kcal/mol
Carbon dioxide -95 kcal/mol
Water -60 kcal/mol

Find ∆H of combustion for acetic acid (CH3COOH)

(A) -430 kcal/mol
(B) –190 kcal/mol
(C) –45 kcal/mol
(D) 45 kcal/mol
(E) 190 kcal/mol

5. (Chem II no) For C2H4(g) + H2(g)
C2H6(g), predict the change in

enthalpy given the following bond dissociation energies:

H-C 413 kJ/mol

C=C 614 kJ/mol
H-H 436 kJ/mol
C-C 348 kJ/mol

(A) -656 kJ/mol

(B) –343 kJ/mol
(C) –289 kJ/mol
(D) –124 kJ/mol
(E) –102 kJ/mol

6. (Chem II no) According to the law of Dulong and Petit, the best
prediction for the specific heat of technetium (Tc), MM = 100, is

(A) 0.10 J/g oC

(B) 0.25 J/g oC
(C) 0.50 J/g oC
(D) 0.75 J/g oC
(E) 1.0 J/g oC

15
7. How much heat is necessary to convert 10.0 grams of ice at –10.0 oC to
steam at 150 oC? The specific heat capacity of ice is 0.500 cal/g oC. The
heat of fusion of ice is 76.4 cal/g. The specific heat capacity of water is
1.00 cal/g oC. The heat of vaporization of water is 539 cal/g. The specific
heat capacity of steam is 0.482 cal/g oC.

(A) 2500 cal

(B) 4433 cal
(C) 7445 cal
(D) 8255 cal
(E) 9555 cal

8. Given these two standard enthalpies of formation:

Reaction 1: S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g) ∆H = -295 kJ/mol

Reaction 2: S(s) + 3/2 O2(g) SO3(g) ∆H = -395 kJ/mol

What is the reaction heat for 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) under the
same conditions?

(A) -1380 kJ/mol

(B) –690. kJ/mol
(C) –295 kJ/mol
(D) –200. kJ/mol
(E) –100. kJ/mol

9. In expanding from 3.00 to 6.00 L at a constant pressure of 2.00 atm, a gas

absorbs 100.0 cal (24.14 cal = 1 L atm). The change in energy, ∆E, for the
gas is

(A) -600. cal

(B) –100. cal
(C) –44.8 cal
(D) 44.8 cal
(E) 100. cal

10. A gas which initially occupies a volume of 6.00 L at 4.00 atm is allowed to
expand to a volume of 14.00 L at a pressure of 1.00 atm. Calculate the
value of work, w, done by the gas on the surroundings.

(A) -8.00 L atm

(B) –7.00 L atm
(C) 6.00 L atm
(D) 7.00 L atm
(E) 8.00 L atm

16
11. The molar heat of sublimation for molecular iodine is 62.30 kJ/mol at 25 oC
and 1.00 atm. Calculate the ∆H in J mol-1 for the reaction

I2(s)
I2(g) R = 8.314 J/mol K

62.30
(A)
(8.314)(298)
(B) 62.30 – (8.314)(298)
(C) 62.30 + (8.314)(298)
(D) 62.30(1000) + 1(8.314)(298)
(E) none of the above are correct

Cliff’s Thermochemistry Answers

1. A 5. D 9. C
2. C 6. B 10. A
3. C 7. C 11. D
4. B 8. D

Cliff’s Energy and Spontaneity

1. Given the following standard molar entropies measured at 25 oC and 1
atm, calculate ∆S in J/K for the reaction

2Al(s) + 3MgO(s)
3Mg(s) + Al2O3(s)

Al(s) = 28.0 J/K

MgO(s) = 27.0 J/K
Mg(s) = 33.0 J/K
Al2O3(s) = 51.0 J/K

(A) -29.0 J/K

(B) –13.0 J/K
(C) 13.0 J/K
(D) 69.0 J/K
(E) 139 J/K

17
2. For the given reaction and the following information at 25 oC and 1 atm,
calculate ∆Go.
2PbO(s) + 2SO2(g)
2PbS(s) + 3O2(g)

Species ∆Ho (kJ/mol) ∆So J/mol K

PbO(s) -218.0 70.0
SO2(g) -297.0 248.0
PbS(s) -100.0 91.0
O2(g) - 205.0

(A) 273.0 kJ
(B) 438. 0 kJ
(C) 634.0 kJ
(D) 782.0 kJ
(E) 830.0 kJ

3. For the given reaction and the following information at 25 oC and 1 atm,
calculate ∆Go.

CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
2H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Species ∆Ho (kJ/mol) ∆Go (kJ/mol)

CH4(g) -75.00 -51.00
O2(g) 0 0
H2O(l) -286.0 -237.0
CO2(g) -394.0 -394.0

(A) -919.0 kJ/mol

(B) –817.0 kJ/mol
(C) –408.5 kJ/mol
(D) 459.5 kJ/mol
(E) 919.0 kJ/mol

4. (Chem II no) Calculate the approximate standard free energy change

for the ionization of hydrofluoric acid, HF (ka = 1.0 x 10-3) at 25 oC.
(A) -9.0 kJ
(B) –4.0 kJ
(C) 0.050 kJ
(D) 4.0 kJ
(E) 17 kJ

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5. Arrange the following reactions from most negative ∆S to the most positive ∆S.

I. H2O(g)
H2O(l)
II. 2HCl(g)
H2(g) + Cl2(g)
III. SiO2(s)
Si(s) + O2(g)

(A) I < II < III

(B) II < III < I
(C) III < I < II
(D) I < III < II
(E) III < II < I

6. Given for the reaction Hg(l)
Hg(g) that ∆Ho = 63.0 kJ/mol and ∆So = 100
J/K mol, calculate the normal boiling point of Hg.

(A) 6.30 K
(B) 63.0 K
(C) 630 K
(D) 6.30 x 103 K
(E) cannot be determined from the information provided

7. Given the following data:

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g)
2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) ∆H = -27 kJ/mol

3Fe2O3(s) + CO(g)
2Fe3O4(s) + CO2(g) ∆H = -61 kJ/mol
Fe3O4(s) + CO(g)
3FeO(s) + CO2(g) ∆H = 38 kJ/mol

Species ∆So (J K-1 mol-1)

Fe2O3(s) 87.0
CO(g) 190.0
Fe(s) 27.0
CO2(g) 214.0
Fe3O4(s) 146.0
FeO(s) 61.0

Calculate the approximate ∆Go (at 25 oC) for the reaction

FeO(s) + CO(g)
Fe(s) + CO2(g)

(A) -26 kJ/mol

(B) –13 kJ/mol
(C) 13 kJ/mol
(D) 26 kJ/mol
(E) 39 kJ/mol

19
8. Given the balanced equation

H2(g) + F2(g) 2HF(g) ∆Go = -546 kJ/mol

Calculate ∆G if the pressures were changed from the standard 1 atm to

the following and the temperature was changed to 500 oC.

H2(g) = 0.50 atm

F2(g) = 2.00 atm
HF(g) = 1.00 atm

(A) -1090 kJ/mol

(B) –546 kJ/mol
(C) –273 kJ/mol
(D) 546 kJ/mol
(E) 1090 kJ/mol

9. If ∆Ho and ∆So are both negative, then ∆Go is

(A) always negative
(B) always positive
(C) positive at low temperatures and negative at high temperatures
(D) negative at low temperatures and positive at high temperatures
(E) zero

10. Determine the entropy change that takes place when 50.0 grams of
compound x are heated from 50. oC to 2,957 oC. It is found that 290.7 kJ of
heat are absorbed.
(A) -461 J/K
(B) 0.00 J/K
(C) 230 J/K
(D) 461 J/K
(E) 921 J/K

Cliff’s Energy and Spontaneity Answers

1. C 5. A 9. D
2. D 6. C 10. C
3. B 7. B
4. E 8. B

20
 Kaplan’s Thermodynamics I

1. Lead (II) oxide is reduced with carbon to produce metallic lead, with the
thermochemical equation:

PbO(s) + C(s)
Pb(s) + CO(g) ∆H = +106.8 kJ/mol

This is _____________________ reaction, which _________________ heat

(A) a formation; absorbs

(B) an exothermic; absorbs
(C) an exothermic; releases
(D) an endothermic; absorbs
(E) an endothermic; releases

2. Lead has been known and used for centuries. The first step to obtain the
metal is to roast the mineral containing lead (II) sulfide in air to form lead
(II) oxide.

PbS(s) + 3/2 O2(g)
PbO(s) + SO2(g) ∆H = -414kJ/mol

What is the enthalpy change for the burning of 1.00 kg of solid lead (II) sulfide?
(A) -1730 kJ
(B) –414 kJ
(C) –1.73 kJ
(D) +414 kJ
(E) +1730 kJ

3. Solid sulfur can be burned to produce sulfur dioxide gas, with the following
thermochemical equation:

S8(s) + 8O2(g)
8SO2(g) ∆H = -2368 kJ/mol

The burning of 1.00 kg of solid sulfur is used to heat 250.0 L of water.

Assuming all of the energy is used to heat the water, and none is lost to the
surroundings, what will the final temperature of the water be in Kelvin, if the
initial temperature is 25.0 oC? The specific heat for water is 4.184 J/g K.
(A) 33.8 K
(B) 239.4 K
(C) –239.4 K
(D) 25.0 K
(E) 307.0 K

21
4. As a solid carbon sample burns completely it produces carbon dioxide
gas, with the thermochemical equation:

C(s) + O2(g)
CO2(g) ∆H = -293.5 kJ/mol

What is the relationship between the enthalpy change and the heat of
reaction for the burning of solid carbon at atmospheric pressure?
(A) the enthalpy change is less than the heat of reaction at
atmospheric pressure
(B) the enthalpy change is equal to the heat of reaction at
atmospheric pressure
(C) the enthalpy change is greater than the heat of reaction at
atmospheric pressure
(D) the enthalpy change is equal to the internal energy change, but
not to the heat of reaction
(E) any thermodynamic relationship must be determined at constant
volume, not at constant pressure

5. (Same as question # 3 except answer in oC) Solid sulfur can be burned to

produce sulfur dioxide gas, with the following thermochemical equation:

S8(s) + 8O2(g)
8SO2(g) ∆H = -2368 kJ/mol

The burning of 1.00 kg of solid sulfur is used to heat 250.0 L of water.

Assuming all of the energy is used to heat the water, and none is lost to the
surroundings, what will the final temperature of the water be in degrees
Celsius, if the initial temperature is 25.0 oC? The specific heat for water is
4.184 J/g K.
(A) 16.2 oC
(B) 25.0 oC
(C) 33.8 oC
(D) 154.0 oC
(E) 179.0 oC

6. Enthalpy changes are determined experimentally for these reactions:

Pb(s) + 2Cl2(g)
PbCl4(l) ∆H = -329.3 kJ

PbCl2(s) + Cl2(g)
PbCl4(l) ∆H = +30.1 kJ

What is the enthalpy change for the reaction of lead with chlorine to give
lead (II) chloride?
(A) -359.4 (D) +30.1
(B) –329.3 (E) +359.4
(C) –299.2

22
7. The specific heat capacity of ethanol is 2.4 J/g K and its density is 0.789
g/mL. A 250.0 mL sample of ethanol is heated from 25.0 oC to 47.0 oC at
constant pressure. How much energy was added to the sample of
ethanol?
(A) 1.3 x 104 J
(B) 1.0 x 104 J
(C) 2.2 x 104 J
(D) 2.8 x 104 J
(E) 4.3 x 103 J

8. Hydrogen gas is burned to form steam:

H2(g) + ½ O2(g)
H2O(g) ∆Ho = -241.8 kJ

The heat capacity, cp, of aluminum is 0.90 J/g K. How many grams of
hydrogen gas is burned in the production of enough energy to raise the
temperature of a 15.0 kg sample of aluminum by 6.5 oC?
(A) 0.36 g
(B) 0.73 g
(C) 0.88 g
(D) 0.90 g
(E) 2.8 g

9. The combustion of gaseous diborane, B2H6, proceeds according to the

equation:

B2H6(g) + 3O2(g)
B2O3(s) + 3H2O(g) ∆Ho = -1941 kJ

What is the enthalpy change for the reaction of boron oxide with water
vapor to produce diborane gas and oxygen gas?
(A) -3882 kJ
(B) –1941 kJ
(C) +970.5 kJ
(D) +1941 kJ
(E) +3882 kJ

23
10. The thermochemical equation for the combustion of hydrogen gas to
form water vapor is:

H2(g) + ½ O2(g)
H2O(g) ∆Ho = -241.8 kJ

How many grams of hydrogen gas are consumed in the release of 3,580
kJ of energy?
(A) 7.33 g
(B) 7.40 g
(C) 14.8 g
(D) 15.0 g
(E) 29.8 g

Kaplan’s Thermodynamics I Answers

1. D 5. C 9. D
2. A 6. A 10. E
3. E 7. B
4. B 8. B

Kaplan’s Thermodynamics II

1. A reaction with a negative ∆G is

(A) spontaneous
(B) nonspontaneous
(C) exothermic
(D) endothermic
(E) isothermic

2. Which processes are spontaneous?

I. A scoop of ice cream melting on a hot summer day
II. A snowball rolling up a hill
III. NaCl(s) dissolving into Na+(aq) and Cl-(aq) ions when
added to water
IV. A book falling off a shelf
V. Water freezing at 1 atm and –5 oC

(A) I and II only

(B) I and IV only
(C) I, III, and V
(D) I, III, IV, and V
(E) I, III and IV

24
3. For the reaction 2C(s) + 3H2(g)
C2H6(g) the entropy change at 25 oC
(J/mol K) is:
So (J/mol K)
C(s) 5.74
C2H6(g) 229.5
H2(g) 130.6

(A) -173.8
(B) –162.3
(C) –150.9
(D) 93.2
(E) 229.5

4. What is the standard enthalpy change for the reaction of methane with
oxygen to form carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and steam?

4CH4(g) + 7O2(g)
2CO2(g) + 2CO(g) + 8H2O(g)

∆Hf (kJ/mol)
CH4(g) -74.9
O2(g) 0
CO2(g) -393.5
CO(g) -110.5
H2O(g) -241.8

(A) -2642.8 kJ
(B) –3242.0 kJ
(C) 2,200 .8 kJ
(D) 9.82 kJ
(E) 1.02 x 10-1 kJ

5. (Chem II don’t do) For a reaction, ∆S is positive and ∆H is positive. In what

temperature range is the reaction spontaneous?
(A) the reaction is always spontaneous
(B) the reaction is never spontaneous
(C) the reaction is spontaneous at T > ∆H/∆S
(D) the reaction is spontaneous at T < ∆H/∆S
(E) the reaction is spontaneous at T = ∆H/∆S

25
6. For the reaction HBr(g)
½ H2(g) + ½ Br2(g), calculate the free-energy
change, ∆Go, in kJ. The free energy of formation of HBr is –53.43 kJ/mol
and Br2(g) is 3.144 kJ/mol
(A) -51.86
(B) –50.29
(C) +53.43
(D) +55.00
(E) +56.57

7. Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to produce sulfur trioxide. At what

temperature is the reaction spontaneous?

2SO2(g) + O2(g)
2SO3(g) ∆H = -198 kJ/mol; ∆S = -187 J/mol

(A) The reaction is always spontaneous

(B) The reaction is never spontaneous
(C) The reaction is spontaneous at temperatures above 1,060 K
(D) The reaction is spontaneous at temperatures below 1,060 K
(E) The reaction is spontaneous at temperatures below room
temperature

8. Which describes the equilibrium constant for a spontaneous reaction?

(A) k = 0
(B) k < 0
(C) k = 1
(D) k < 1
(E) k > 1

9. Which is true at equilbrium?

(A) Q = 0
(B) k = 0
(C) Q = k
(D) ∆G > 0
(E) ∆G = 1

10. For which reaction is ∆So < 0?

(A) C6H6(s)
C6H6(l)
(B) 2 IBr(g)
I 2(s) + Br2(l)
(C) 2NO2(g)
N2(g) + 2O2(g)
(D) NH4Cl(s)
NH3(g) + HCl(g)
(E) (NH4)2CO3(s)
2NH3(g) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)

26
14.Which set must be true for a reaction to be spontaneous?
a. ∆G0 < 0 and E0 > 0
b. ∆G0 < 0 and E0 < 0
c. k > 1 and E0 < 0
d. k < 1 and E0 > 0
e. k > 1 and E0 < 0

Kaplan’s Thermodynamics II Answers

1. A 5. C 9. C
2. D 6. D 10. B
3. A 7. D 14. A
4. A 8. E

Fast Track to a Five

1. The standard enthalpy of formation of nitrogen dioxide is the enthalpy
change of the reaction
(A) ½ N2O4(g)
NO2(g)
(B) ½ N2(g) + O2(g)
NO2(g)
(C) N2(g) + 2O2(g)
N2O4(g)
(D) N2(g) + 2O2(g)
2NO2(g)
(E) NO(g) + ½ O2(g)
NO2(g)

2. Which of the following has a standard enthalpy of formation which is not zero?
(A) Na(s)
(B) Hg(l)
(C) H2O(l)
(D) N2(g)
(E) C(s)

3. For endothermic reactions at constant pressure

(A) ∆H < 0
(B) ∆H > 0
(C) ∆G < 0
(D) ∆S > 0
(E) ∆S < 0

27
4. At a certain temperature C(s) + O2(g)
CO2(g) has a ∆G of –339.4
kJ/mol. This means that at this temperature
(A) the system is at equilibrium
(B) gaseous carbon dioxide is unstable
(C) gaseous carbon dioxide spontaneously forms
(D) this system has a high reaction rate
(E) the system will not react

For questions 5, 6 and 7, consider four separate situations

∆H ∆S
I + +
II + -
III - -
IV - +

5. Which processes are spontaneous at all temperatures?

(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) IV only
(E) I and IV

6. The process which must be nonspontaneous at all values of temperature is

(A) I
(B) II
(C) III
(D) IV
(E) Impossible to identify without more data

7. Which of these four processes is improbable at a low temperature but

becomes more probable as the temperature rises.
(A) I
(B) II
(C) III
(D) IV
(E) Impossible to identify without more data

28
8. In which of the following four processes is there an increase in entropy?

I. 2SO2(g) + O2(g)
2SO3(g)

II. H2O(g)
H2O(s)
III. Hg(l)
Hg(g)
IV. H2O2(l)
H2O(l) + ½ O2(g)

(A) all of the above

(B) I, and II
(C) I, and IV
(D) III, and IV
(E) II, II and IV

For questions 9 and 10 refer to the following exothermic reactions involving

gases.

I. CH4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2H2O

II. ½C + ½ O2
½ CO2
III. CH4 + O2
C + 2H2O
IV. C + O2
CO2

9. According to the data given, which reaction, which liberates the most
energy?
(A) I
(B) II
(C) III
(D) IV
(E) This cannot be determined without more data

10. According to the data given, which reaction liberates the least energy?

(A) I
(B) II
(C) III
(D) IV
(E) This cannot be determined without more data

Fast Track to a Five Answers

1. B 5. D 9. A
2. C 6. B 10. E
3. B 7. A
4. C 8. D

29