SOLUTION

CONCENTRATIONS
 % = x 100

•  
and

% = x 100

Percentage by Mass
Calculate the percent of the solution that contains 20
grams of sugar in 250 grams of water.
Given: mass of sugar = 20 g
mass of solvent = 250 g
Find: % soln
•  
Solution: % = x 100
= x 100
= x 100
= 0.074 x 100
= 7.41 % soln

Example 1
 % = x 100

and
•  
% = x 100

Percentage by Volume
If 15 mL of alcohol is added to 50 mL of water, what is
the concentration of the solution.
Given: volume of alcohol = 15 mL
volume of water = 50 mL
Find: % concn soln
•  
Solution: % = x 100
= x 100
= x 100
= 0.231 x 100
= 23.08 % concn soln

Example 2
• Parts per million
1ppm = 1 mg of solute / 1L of solution

• Parts per billion

1ppb = 1 μg of solute / IL of solution

Percentage by mass-volume
Express the concentration of the solution in ppm that
contains 5 mg of Mercury in 2 L of water.
Given: mass of Hg = 5 mg
vol of H2O = 2 L
ppm =
•  
Find: ppm soln
Solution: ppm =
=
= 2.5 or 2.5 ppm soln

Example 3
• Infant formula is often prepared from
evaporated milk. In 1972, it was re
imported that canned evaporated milk
contained up to 3.2 ppm of Lead. At
this concentration. How many grams of
Lead are present in 8 oz (470 mL) of
evaporated milk.

Example 4
Given: 3.2 ppm Pb
470 mL milk
1ppm =
1L = 1000 mL
•   1g = 1000 mg
Find: g Pb
Solution: 3.2 ppm Pb or

470 mL milk x x
= 470 mL milk x x
=
=
•=  1.504 mg Pb x
=
= 1.50 x 10-3 g Pb
 M=
•  

Mole of solute (n) =

Molarity
Calculate the molarity of the solution that contains
26.70 grams of glucose, C6H12O6 in 150 mL of solution.
Given: mass of C6H12O6 = 26.70 g
•   Volume of soln = 150 mL x = 0.15 L
1L = 1000 mL
Find: M
Solution: M =

Example 5
MM: C = 6 x 12 = 72
H = 12 x 1 = 12
O = 6 x 16 = 96
180 g/mol

•  
mole C6H12O6 =
=
=
= 0.15 mol
M=

=
•  
=

=1M
How many grams of methanol (CH3OH) are added to water
to prepare a 1.2 molar in 500 mL solution.
Given: Volume of soln = 500 mL x = 0.5 L
1.2 M soln
1L = 1000 mL
•Find:
  g CH3OH
Solution: MM:
C = 1 x 12 = 12
H=4x1 = 4
O = 1 x 16 = 16
32 g/mol

Example 6
M=

mol solute = M · L soln

•n  = M · L soln
= 1.2 x 0.5 L
= (1.2) (0.5)
= 0.6 mol CH3OH
Mass of solute = moles of solute x Molecular Mass

g CH3OH = mol CH3OH x MM CH3OH

•   = 0.6 mol CH3OH x 32
= (0.6) (32)
= 19.2 g CH3OH
1.) Determine the amount of Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) dissolved in 400 grams of solution that is
1.25% concentrated.
2.) How many mL of water (H2O) is needed to
prepare 400 mL of HCl solution that yields 12%
concentration by volume?
3.) If a 25 ppm Nitrogen dioxide in the air contains 25
mg of the compound in every liter of solution. How
many milligrams are contained in 2.5 L sample of
the air?

Activity
4.) What is the molarity of each of the following
solutions?
a.) 3.6 g of HCl in enough water to make 500 mL
of solution

b.) 160 g of NaOH in enough water to make 6.0 L

of solution
5.) Suppose you have a supply of 3.0 M NaOH
solution in your laboratory. You take 200 mL of
this solution and evaporate this to dryness. How
many grams of solid do you end up with?
Molality
A solution contains 15 grams of Silver
Nitrate, AgNO3 in 200 grams of water.
What is the molality of the solution?
Given:

Example 7
If a 1.8 molal solution of nitric acid is needed
in the experiment and 25 grams of the solute
are available. How many grams of water must
be added?

Example 8
Normality
• A solution is prepared by adding 18 grams
of Hydrochloric Acid to make 300 mL of the
solution. What is its concentration in
Normality?

• What is the normality of a solution prepared

by dissolving 196 grams of H2SO4 in
enough water to make 100 mL of solution?
What is the molarity of the solution?

Example 4 and 5
Exercises
END…