Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

2. CONCRETE DAMS
2.1. Forces Acting & Load combination on dams
Loads can be classified in terms of applicability or relative importance as primary loads,
secondary loads, & Exceptional loads.

i) Primary loads: are identified as those of major importance to all dams

irrespective of type. Example self weight, water & related seepage loads.
ii) Secondary loads: are universally applicable although of lesser magnitude (e.g.
Silt load) or alternatively are of major importance only to certain types of dam
(e.g. thermal effects with in concrete dams).
iii) Exceptional loads: are so designed on the basis of limited general applicability
of occurrence ( e.g. tectonic effects, or the inertia loads associated with seismic
activity)

Gravity dam Loads

a) Primary Loads

i. Water Load

Hydrostatic distribution of pressure with horizontal resultant force P 1 (Note also a vertical
component exists in the case of an u/s batter, and equivalent tail water may operate in the
d/s face)
Refer figure 2.1a,b & c
𝑃 ℎ = w 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡

Where w unit weight of water =9.81 KN/m3 Z1 W1

Pwv =w (area A1) KN/ m W2
Acting through centroid of A1

Pressure of any permanent tail water above the plane considered is :

𝑃 =
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑃 = 𝛾 (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴 )
ii. Self weight load:

Determined w.r.t an appropriate unit weight of the material

Pm=c Ap KN/m
acts through the centroid of x- sectional area A P.
(c 23.5 KN/m3)
Where crest gates & other ancillary structures of considerable weight exist they must also
be considered in determining Pm & their appropriate position of line of action.

1
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

iii. Seepage & uplift load:

Equilibrium seepage patterns will establish within & under a dam eg. with resultant forces
identified as P3 & P4.

Pu =  Ah (Uw ,avg)

= 𝜂. 𝐴ℎ . 𝛾 if no drain functioning.

 is area reduction factor

Ah nominal plane area at a section considered.

If no drains functioning

𝑃 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑌 = m

In modern dams internal uplift is controlled by the provision of vertical relief drains close
behind the u/s face. Mean effective head @ the line of drains, Zd can be expressed as

Zd = Z2+Kd(Z1-Z2)m

Kd is function of drain geometry (i.e. diameter, special & relative

location with u/s face.)
Kd= 0.33 , (USBR)
Kd = 0.25 , Tennase valley Authority
Kd= 0.25-0.5 , appropriate to the site by the U.S crops of Eng’g

The standard provision of deep grout curtain below the u/s face intended to limit seepage
also serves to inhibit pressure within the foundation. However, less certain than efficient
draw system & its effect is commonly disregarded in uplift reduction.

b. Secondary loads
i. Sediment load:

Accumulated silt etc, generates a horizontal thrust, P s. the magnitude additional to Pwh is a
function of sediment depth, Z3, submerged unit weight s’ & active lateral pressure
coefficient. Ka:

.
𝑃 =𝐾 & acting @ Z3/3 above plane
s’ = s-w where s is sediment saturated unit weight.

𝐾 = , where s is angle of shearing resistance.

2
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

For representative values of s 18-20KN/m3

s 300
𝑃 ≈

iii. Hydrodynamic wave Load

Transient load, Pwave, generated by wave action against the dam. It is not normally
significant & depends on the fetch & wind velocity.

F
H

Dam

Pwave =2w Hw2

Where HW - significant wave height (is the mean height of the highest third of
the wave in train)

Hw range from 0.75 HW for concrete dams to 1.3HW for earth dams.

𝐻 = 0.032√𝐹𝑈 + 0.763 − 0.271 √𝐹 , if F ≤ 32km

𝐻 = 0.032√𝐹𝑈 , if F >32km
Where: U= wind speed in km/hr
F= Fetch length in km
Hw=wave height in m
Free Board Allowance, FB
Adjusted wind speed , U=0.589*U1.23 ,where U=wind speed (mph)
(wind stress factor)

Δ
Wind se-up, 𝑆 = or 𝑆 = (Eng.units)
, * *
U=in km/hr , F=in km, Dave=Average Depth (m) (SI )

U=in mph , F=mile, Dave=Average Depth (ft) (Eng.units )

3
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

Wave run-up, =
.

Where, Ru=Wave run-up (ft)

Hw=Wave height (ft) 
Lw=Wave length (ft)
=D/S inclination angle with the horizontal

Wave length, Lw=1.56*T2 (m) or LW=5.12*T2 (ft)

Wave period, T=0.32*U0.44 *F0.28 (SI units)

T=0.46* U0.44 *F0.28 (Eng. units)

Hence,Free board allowance, FB=SU + RU

Conversion units , 1m/s = 3.6km/hr
1mile =1.6093km
1ft = 0.3048m
iii) Wind load: when the dam is full, wind acts only on the d/s side thus contribute
to stability. When empty the wind can act on the u/s face but in significant
compared to hydrostatic load. For buttress dams load on the exposed surface
has to be considered.

iv) Ice load: Not a problem in Ethiopia. It can be significant where ice sheets form
to appreciable thickness & persist for lengthy periods.
Pice =145 KN/m2 for ice > 0.6m thick, otherwise neglected

v) Thermal & dam /foundation interaction effect: Cooling of large pours of

mass concrete following the exothermic hydration of cement & the subsequent
variation in ambient & water temperatures combine to produce complex & time
dependent temp. Gradients within the dam equally. Complex interaction
develops as a result of foundation deformation.

C. Exceptional Loads
Seismic load: Horizontal & vertical inertia loads, are generated with respect to the dam &
the retained water by seismic disturbance. Horizontal & vertical accelerations are not equal,
the former being of grater in density. For design purposes both should be considered
operative in the sense last favorable to stability of the dam, under reservoir full conditions
the most adverse seismic loading will then occur when the ground shock is associated with.

1) Horizontal foundation acceleration operating u/s, and

2) Vertical foundation acceleration operating downwards and vice-verse for reservoir
empty condition

Seismic coefficient analysis

4
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

Seismic acceleration coefficient. h for horizontal

v =0.5h for vertical

Representative seismic coefficient applied in design

Coff. h Modified mercali scale General damage level U.S seismic zone
0.0 - Nil 0
0.25 VI Minor 1
0.10 VII Moderate 2
0.15 VIII-IX Major 3
0.20 great 4

For more extreme circumstances eg. h=0.4 has been employed for dams in high risk region
in Japan, h =0.5 & h =0.6-0.8 damaged Koyna gravity dam, India ( 1967) & Pacima arch
dam USA (1971) respectively.

Inertia forces: Mass of dam

Horizontal Pemh =  h Pm
Vertical Pemv =  v Pm operating through centroid of the dam
Hydrodynamic forces: water action

Relative to any elevation @ depth Z1 below the water surface, the pressure pewh

pewh = Ceh.w Z1. KN/m

Z1= Max. Water depth

Z = the depth @ section considered
Ce= dimensionless pressure factor
= f (Z/Z1 , u ) where u -inclination of u/s face to vertical
Total hydrodynamic load is given by.

Pewh = 0.66 Ce h Z1 w 𝑍 𝑍𝒎𝒂𝒙. & acts @ 0.4 Z above section

pressure factor Ce.

Ratio z/z1 u =00 u = 1500
0.2 0.35 0.29
0.4 0.53 0.45
0.6 0.64 0.55
0.8 0.71 0.61
1.0 0.73 0.63

5
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

Zanger’s eqn , 𝑃 = 𝐶𝛼ℎ 𝛾 𝐻 , 𝐶 = 0.735 1 −

𝐶= 2− + 2−
Vankorman’s eqn , 𝐹 = 0.555𝛼ℎ 𝛾 𝐻

The vertical hydrodynamic load, Pewv ,is

Pewv = v Pwv

Uplift load is assumed unaltered.

Resonance: results when period vibrations of the structure & earth quake period are equal.
For a concrete gravity dam of triangular X- section base thickness T

𝐹 ≈ 𝐻𝑍𝑜𝑟 ≈ 𝐻𝑍(𝐸 = 14𝐺𝑁/𝑚 )

ℎℎ . ℎ
As an example, the natural frequency of vibration of monolithic gravity profiles with
nominal height of 20m & 50m are 15-25 & 6-9 HZ respectively ( if major seismic shock
frequency of 1-10 HZ). Thus it is only of concern for large dams & vulnerable portion of
the dam.

Load combinations
Different design authorities have differing load combinations. A concrete dam should be
designed with regard to the most rigorous groupings or combination of loads which have a
reasonable probability of simultaneous occurrence.

Three nominated load combinations are sufficient for almost all circumstances. In
ascending order of severity, we can have normal, unusual & extreme load combination
(NLC, ULC, ELE respectively) (see table). With probability of simultaneous occurrence
of load combination decreases, factor of safety should also decrease.

2.2 GRAVITY DAM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

Criteria & Principles

The conditions essential to structural equilibrium & stability can be summarized as:

∑𝐻 = ∑𝑉 = 𝑜 &

∑𝑀 = 𝑜

Assessed in relation to all probable conditions of loading, including reservoir empty

conditions the profile must have sufficient safety factor w.r.t:
a) Rotation & overturning.
b) Translation & sliding and
c) Overstress & material failure
6
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

Over turning

Sliding

X Stres X
s

a) Overturning stability
Factor of safety against over farming, Fo, in terms of moment about the d/s toe of the dam

∑
𝐹 =∑ ∑𝑀 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡)

Fo > 1.25 may be acceptable, but Fo > 1.5 is desirable.

b) sliding stability
Factor of safety against sliding, Fs, estimated using one of the three definitions:

1) Sliding factor, FSS;

2) Shear friction factor, FSF or
3) Limit equilibrium factor, FLE.

The resistance to sliding or shearing which can be mobilized across a plane is expressed
through parameters C & tan.

1) 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐹

∑
𝐹 = ∑

If the foundation plane inclined @ small angle o

∑
∑
𝐹 = ∑
∑
.

Fss should not permitted to exceed 0.75, but under ELC up to 0.9 is acceptable.

7
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

2) shear friction factor, FSF.

It is the ratio of total resistance to shear & sliding which can be mobilized on a plane to
the total horizontal load.

s
Fsf  
H
CAh
s  V tan(   ) KN / m.
cos  (1  tan  tan  )kN / m
forhoriontalplane(  0)
s  cAh  V tan  .
CS h  V tan 
 Fsf 
 H.

PH
W

In some cases, it may be appropriate to include d/s passive wedge resistance, p p, as a further
component of the resistance to sliding which can be mobilized.

8
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

PH

WW
Pp
Rw

Ww =weight of passive wedge.

Rw = sliding resistance in inclined plane.
=CAAB + (Ww cosα+Hsinα) tan

This is affected by modifying the above equation, hence,

𝐹 = ∑
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 = + 𝑊 𝑡𝑎𝑛( 𝜑 + 𝛼
( )

In the presence of horizon with low shear resistance it may be advisable to make S=0.

Recommended shear friction factor, FSF (USBR 1987)

Load combination
Location of sliding plane Normal Unusual Extreme
Dam concrete, base interface 3.0 2.0 >1.0
Foundation rock 4.0 2.7 1.3

C. Limit equilibrium factor, FLE.

This follows conventional soil mechanics logic in defining F LE , as the ratio of shear
strength to mean applied stress across a plane i.e.

FLE =

𝜏 is expressed by Mohr coulomb failure criteria, accordingly

9
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

𝐹 = 𝜎 . is stress acting normal to plane of sliding

æ
Referring the above figure, for single plane sliding mode.

𝐶𝐴ℎ + [∑ 𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + ∑ 𝐻 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼] 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜑

𝐹 =
∑ 𝐻 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 − ∑ 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 .

Note: for  = 0 FLE =FSF.

This equation can be the developed for complicated failure plane

 FLE =2.0 normal operation & FLE =1.3 under transmit condition embracing seismic
activity)

C. Stress analysis in gravity method

Gravity method is useful to analyses stress in straight dams which are not geometrically
complex. It is founded on 2-D elastic dam on uniformly rigid foundation & linear variation
of stress from u/s to d/s.

The stresses evaluated in a comprehensive analysis are:

1) Vertical normal stress, z, on horizontal planes.

2) Horizontal & vertical shear stress, 𝜏 , ⥂⥂⥂⥂⥂⥂⥂⥂⥂⥂⥂⥂ &𝜏
3) Horizontal normal stress, y ,on vertical planes and
4) Principal stress, 1 & 3 ( direction & magnitude).

1. Vertical normal stress z.

Analysis is based on modified beam theory which is by combining axial & bending load.

∑ 𝑉 ∑ 𝑀* 𝑦
𝜎 = ±
𝐴ℎ 𝐼

where, v- resultant vertical load above the plane considered exclusive of uplift.
M* - summation of moments expressed w.r.t the centroid of the plane.
y’ - distance from the centroid to point of considerations
I - second moment of area of the plane w.r.t centroid.

For 2-D plane section of unit width Parallel to the dam axis, & with thickness T normal to
the axis:

Σ Σ
𝜎 = ± 12 and at y’=T/2
Σ
𝜎 = 1±

10
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

For reservoir full condition

Σ
At the u/s face 𝜎 = 1−
Σ
At the d/s face 𝜎 = 1+
Where e is the eccentricity of the resultant load, R, which must intersect the plane d/s of its
centroid for the reservoir full condition
(The sign convention is reversed for reservoir empty condition of loading)
*
𝑋= Where v - excludes uplift 𝑒 = −𝑋

For e> T/6, at u/s face –ve stress is developed, i.e. tensile stress. In design, tensile stress
has to be prohibited, but difficult to totally eliminate low tensile stress in gravity dam. Total
vertical stresses at either face are obtained by the addition of external hydrostatic pressure.

2. Horizontal & vertical shear stresses

Numerically equal & complementary horizontal (zy) & vertical (yz) shear stresses are
generated @ any point as a result of variation of vertical normal stress over a horizontal
plane.

For u/s d/s face angle u & d respectively &

Pw hydrostatic pressure @ u/s end

 u  Pw   zu  tan u
&
 d   zd t tan d

The variation b/n u/s & d/s stress is parabolic, & depend on rate of change of variation of
normal stress

3. Horizontal normal stress, y

It can be determined by consideration of the equilibrium of the horizontal shear force

operating above & below a hypothetical horizontal element through the dam. The
difference in shear forces is balanced by the normal stresses on vertical planes.

𝜎 = 𝑃 + (𝜎 − 𝑃 ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜑
𝜎 = 𝜎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜑

11
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

4. Principal stresses

1 & 3 may be determined from knowledge of z & y & construction of Mohr’s circle
diagram to represent stress conditions at a point, or by application of the equation given
below.
Major Principal Stress 𝜎 = +𝜏
Minor principal stress 𝜎 = −𝜏

Where 𝜏

The boundary values, 1 & 3 are determined by:

For upstream face

1u= zu (1+ tan2u)-Pw tan 2u
3u=Pw

For downstream face assuming no tail water

1d=zd (1+tan 2d)
3d=0

Permissible stresses & cracking

The following table gives permissible compression stresses factor of safety for gravity dam
body & rock foundations. (USBR 1976)

load combination Minimum factor of safety on compressive strength

Fc(concrete) Fr, (rock)
Normal 2 4.0
3.0 (max & 10 MN/m )
Unusual 2 2.7
2.0 (max &15 MN/m )
Extreme 1.0 max. allowable stress 1.3

Horizontal cracking assumed to occur if zu min (without uplift) below limit set by
Kd= 0.4 if drains are effective
= 1.0 if no drains.
z     ’
= tensile bond strength of concrete.
  w 1

zumin
kd
t t
Ft = Factor of Safety [Ft’ =3 for NLC,
’
Ft1 =2 for ULC,&
= 1.0 for ELC

12
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

Combined base pressure & uplift pressure diagram.

When the uplift is introduced & the uplift pressure @ the U/s face is < A1, the final stress
may be computed by the above formula. If the uplift pressure @ the upstream face is greater
than A1. i.e. less than permissible tension stress. Revise as follows.

1. A horizontal crack is assumed to exist & extend from the u/s face toward the d/s face
to a point where the vertical stress of adjusted diagram is equal to the uplift pressure @
the u/s face.
2. Taking moments about center of gravity & check whether the section is adequate for
over turning, sliding & material failure.

13
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

M
e1 
 V  A 3 .T
T 
T1  3  e1 
2 
2  V  A 3 .T 
B5   A3
T1

Design of Gravity Dam profile

Design of small dams associated with provision of’ standard’ triangular profile of u/s
vertical face & d/s slope of 0.75 horizontal to 1.0 vertical.
In the case of large dams, a unique profile should be determined to match the specific
conditions applicable. Two approaches are possible; the single stage & multi stage.

Single stage: is based on definition on a suitable & uniform d/s slope. The apex of the
triangular profile is set @ or just above DFL & initial base thickness T is determined for
each loading combination in terms of F0. The critical value of T is then checked for sliding
stability & modified if necessary, before checking heel & toe stress @ base level.

For no tension @ u/s vertical face

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜑 = Take 𝜂 =1.0

U/s face flare: the u/s face of a gravity profile is frequently modified by the introduction
of a significant flare.

14
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

The multistage approach defines a profile where the slopes are altered at suitable
intervals.

Design commences from crest level, & descends downwards through profile stages
corresponding to pre-determined elevations. Each stage is proportioned to as to maintain
stress level within acceptable limits. E.g. no tension under any condition of loading.
The resulting profile allows marginal economics on concrete, but more expensive to
construct than the single –stage. Multi-stage profiles are now seldom employed, even on
large dams.

Advanced Analytical methods

When interaction b/n adjacent monolith result in loads transfer & complex structural
response, and further differential settlement exist, then alternative analytical approaches
called trial loads twist analysis & finite element analysis exist.
Stabilizing and heightening
Remedial action to improve stability can be taken by pre-stressing provides an additional
vertical load with a resultant line of action close to the u/s face.
This improves F0 or Fs by operating adjunct to Pm.

*(Σ ) (Σ )
Overturning design pre-stress required; 𝑃 = 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

Where y2 is moment arms of Pps

Sliding 𝑃 =
Σ ℎ
− Σ𝑉 and F SF 
CA b   V  PPS * Cos  U tan  C
H  PPS Sin  u

15
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

The pre-stressing tendons are typically located @ 3 to 7m centers to centers along the
crest. The pre-stress load required for each, PT (KN) is the appropriate multiple of Pps .
Pre-stressing also useful for heightening of the dam.

Downstream shoulder

 Contribution by weight of fill

WF =f*A
Pds= Ko..f . ZAB.Z KN/m

Where ZAB & Z as shown in the figure above .

f unit weight of the fill
Ko is at ‘rest’ pressure coefficient
Pds acts ZAB/3 above the base plane

Illustrative values of ko.

Shoulder fill Coeff. Ko

Compacted rock fill 0.2 – 0.3
Compacted sand 0.45 – 0.55
Compacted clay 1.0 – 2.0
Heavy compacted clay > 2.0

Example
The profile of an old concrete gravity dam is given below & its structural competence is to
be reviewed in relation to planned remedial work.
Design criteria: -NLC: water load (to DFL) + self wt. +uplift + silt.
Uplift: no provision in original design
Sediment: friction фs =300 , submerged unit wt, γs’ = 15kN/m3 , γw =10kN/m3,.
Concrete characteristics: core samples: γc =24kN/m3
Unit shear resistance, C=600kN/m2 , internal friction angle, Φc =350.

16
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

a) Analyze the stability of the profile w.r.t. Plane x-x for the NLC, using shear friction
factor, FSF, for sliding stability & over turning
b) Determine the vertical normal stress & major principal stress @either face
Solution
Full uplift load (voids are inoperative)
Sediment load, 𝑘 = = 0.33

i) Load –moment table 1 (all moments relative to toe)

Load Moment arm Vertical (kN) Horizontal (kN) Moments (KNm)
(m) -↑ +↓ →
- - +
Water - 6.66 - - 2000 13300 -
Uplift 8 - 1200 - - 9600 -
Sediment - 2.0 - - 90 180 -
Self.wt A 10.5 - - 1584 - - 16632
B 6.0 - - 1944 - - 11664

∑ 1200 3528 2090 2.3080 28296

Water
Sediment 𝑝 = 𝑟 𝐻 = 𝑥10*20 = 2000@ *20 = 6.666𝑚
ℎ
1 2
𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑝 = *20*12* = 1200@ *12 = 8𝑚𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑡𝑜𝑒
2 3
2
𝑝 = 𝑘 *𝑟 *𝑧
2
1
𝑝 = *0.33*15*6 = 90𝐾𝑁
2
Wt. A: 3*22*24= 1584kN
B: 1/2*18*9*24=1944

17
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

a) Overturning stability:

Σ𝑀 + 28296
𝑓 = = = 1.22(𝑙𝑜𝑤, 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦)
Σ𝑀 − 23080
𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑠(𝐹 )
𝐶𝐴𝑛 + Σ𝑣 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜑
𝑓 = (𝛼 = 0)
Σ𝐻
600*12 + 2328* 𝑡𝑎𝑛( 35 = 0.7)
= = 4.22(𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
2090

ii) Load –Moment table 2. (Moments relative to centroid, uplift excluded)

Load Moment arm (m) Moments
← ↑ - +
Water - 6.66 13330 -
Sediment - 2.0 180 -
Self.wt. A 4.50 - - 7128
B 0 - - 0
∑ 13510 7128

Σ𝑀* −6382 𝑇
𝑋= = = 1.81𝑚. . . . . . . . . . 𝑒 = − 𝑥
Σ𝑉 3528 2
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
Σ𝑀
𝑥= 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡
Σ𝑉
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑑/𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠.

3528 6*1.81
𝜎 = (1 ± )
12 12
𝜎 = 0.03𝑀𝑁/𝑚
𝜎 = 0.56𝑀𝑁/𝑚
𝑀𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑟 𝑖 𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝜎 = 𝜎 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜑 ) − 𝑝 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜑
= 0.03𝑀𝑁/𝑚
𝜎 = 𝜎 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜑 )
0.5
⥂⥂⥂⥂⥂⥂⥂⥂⥂⥂= 0.56(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 )
1
= 0.56(1 + 0.25) = 0.70𝑀𝑁/𝑚

If Fo=1.6, γf =19kN/m3,ko=0.6 compute height of the fill required to stabilize the dam.
Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC) Gravity Dams
Introduction

18
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

RCC was initially developed to produce a material exhibiting the structural properties
of concrete with the placing characteristics of embankment materials. The result was
a material that, when properly designed and constructed as a gravity structure, should be
more economical than comparable earth-rockfill and conventional concrete structures.
Gravity dams built using the RCC construction method, afford economies over
conventional concrete through rapid placement techniques. Construction procedures
associated with RCC require particular attention s h o u l d be given in the layout and
design to water tightness and seepage control, horizontal and transverse joints, facing
elements, and appurtenant structures. The designer should take advantage of the latitude
afforded by RCC construction and use engineering judgment to balance cost reductions
and technical requirements related to safety, durability, and long-term performance.

RCC construction techniques have made RCC gravity dams an economically

competitive alternative to embankment structures. The following factors tend to make
RCC more economical than other dam types:
a) Material Savings: Construction-cost histories of RCC and conventional concrete dams
show the unit cost per cubic meter of RCC is considerably less than conventionally placed
concrete.
b) Rapid construction: Rapid construction techniques (compared with those for
concrete and embankment dams) and reduced material quantities (compared with those
for embankment dams) account for major cost savings in RCC dams. The RCC
construction process encourages a near continuous placement of material, making very
high production rates possible. These production rates significantly shorten the
construction period for a dam. When compared with embankment or conventional
concrete dams, construction time for large RCC projects can be reduced by several
months to several years.
c) Integral spillways and appurtenant structures: As with conventional concrete
dams, spillways for RCC dams can be directly incorporated into the structure. A typical
layout allows discharging flows over the dam crest and down the downstream face. In
contrast, the spillway for an embankment dam is normally constructed in an abutment at
one end of the dam or in a nearby natural saddle.
d) Minimized diversion and cofferdam:. RCC dams provide cost advantages in river
diversion during construction and reduce damages and risks associated with cofferdam
overtopping. The diversion conduit for RCC dams will be shorter than for embankment
dams.
e) RCC production rates: One of the cost-saving features of RCC is the rapid rate at which
it can be placed and consolidated by earthmoving and compaction equipment. Generally,
as with most other construction processes, the faster the placement is made, the less
expensive the RCC becomes. In the case of a dam, the faster placement will mean less

19
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

time between placement of lifts, resulting in lift joints with improved strength and seepage
performance.
f) Other advantages: When compared with embankment dams, the smaller volume
of RCC gravity dams makes the construction material source less of a driving factor in
site selection.
2.3 Buttress dam design and Analysis
A buttress dam consists of a slopping u/s membrane which transmits the water load to
a series of buttress at right angle to the axis of the dam.

Buttress dam principally fall in to two groups, massive diamond or round-headed buttress
dams. The earlier but now largely obsolete flat slab (Amburson) & decked buttresses
constitute the minor types.

Relative to gravity dam, buttress dam has the advantages of saving in concrete, major
reduction in uplift and also offers greater ability to accommodate foundation deformation
without damage. However, the advantages offset by considerably higher finished unit
costs as a result of more extensive & non repetitive formwork required. It also requires
more competent foundation because of stress concentration.
Buttress analysis & profile design
Buttress dam analysis parallels gravity dam practice in being conducted in two phases
 Stability investigation
 Stress within the profile
The form of buttress dam has two important consequences w.r.t. primary loads.

20
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

 Uplift pressure confined to buttress head & result in modified uplift pressure
distribution; pressure relief drains are only necessary in exceptional cases
 Pwv vertical component of water load enhanced. The concept of stability against
overturning is no longer valid.

In structural terms, massive buttress constructed of a series of independent units, each

composed of one buttress head & a supporting buttress or web (length along the axis of the
dam of about 12-15 m for each unit). Structural analysis is therefore conducted w.r.t the
unit as a whole.
Fss or more usually FSF shear friction factor analyzed in same way as gravity profile with
comparable minimum values for these factors.
Stress analysis of a buttress unit is complex & difficult. Modern practice is to employ finite
element analysis to assist in determining the optimum shape for the buttress head to avoid
undesirable stress concentrations @ its function with the web.

Approximate analysis is possible by modified gravity method for parallel sided d/s webs.
The root of the buttress is usually flared to increase sliding resistance & control the contact
stress.
Profile design for buttress is not subject simplification as gravity dam. A trial profile is
established on the bases of previous experience. The profile details are then modified &
refined as suggested by initial stress analysis.

Example:
The profile of the major monolith of a buttress dam is illustrated in fig 4. the stability of
the dam is to be reviewed in relation to updated design criteria.
NLC: water load (to DFL) + self wt +uplift (no drains)
Stability: Fo>1.5,Fsf >2.4
Concrete characteristics: c=23KN/m2,c= 500KN/m2, c=350

2) Analysis the static stability of the buttress unit w.r.t plane x-x under NLC & in relation
to defined criteria F0 & Fsf
b) concern is felt with regard to stability under possible seismic loading. Dynamic stability
criteria are specified as F0=2.0, Fsf=3.2, and will be met by prestressing as shown.
Determine the prestress load required in each units.

21
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
 Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

Solution
a) consider complete monolith
consider uplift to act only under buttress head
Load moment –table 1.

Load Momentum Vertical (KN) Horizontal (KN) Moment (KN/m

  - + -   + - +
Water
Horizontal 6.66 - - 20,000 133,330
Vertical 18.33 - 3000 36,660
Uplift 18.0 - 3,000 54,000
Self-wt
A 15.5 - 1380 2139
B 16.5 - 13800 227,700
C 10 - 28220 110400

 3000 11040 20,000 187330 396150

1 1
Pwh  *  w * A  * 10 * 10 * 20 2  20,000 KN acting at 20 / 3  6.666m
2 2
1 1 1
Pw v  *  w * A  * 10 * 10 * 2 * 20  2,000 acting @ 19  * 2  18.33m
2 2 3
1 1 1 1
Pv  *  w * A  * 10 * Z 1 * TB 4  * 10 * 20 * 3 * 10  3,000 acting @ 19  * 3  18m
2 2 2 3

𝑃 = 𝛾 *𝑉 = 23*10*3*2 = 1380 ⥂ 𝑎𝑡16.5𝑚

22
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

𝑃 = 𝛾 *𝑉 = 23*10*20*3 = 13800@16.5𝑚

𝑃 = 𝛾 *𝑉 = 23*10*3*16 = 11040@10.0𝑚

Σ𝑀 + 𝑣𝑒 396150
𝐹 = = = 2.11 > 1.5𝑜𝑘
Σ𝑀 − 𝑣𝑒 187330

𝐶𝐴 + Σ𝑣 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜑 500𝑥78 + 25200𝑥0.7

𝐹 = = = 2.83
Σ𝐻 20000

b) Seismic criteria for Fsf is unsatisfied 2.83<3.2 prestress load /buttress= P ps can be

computed the tendons are inclined

𝐶𝐴ℎ + (Σ𝑣 + 𝑃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜑

𝐹
Σ𝐻 − 𝑃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑

2
𝜑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 5.77
22

500 + 70 + (25220 + 𝑃 𝑥0.99)𝑥0.7

3.2 =
20,000 − 𝑃 𝑥0.09

gives Pps = 7230 KN per buttress

= 3615 KN per tendon

2.4 Arch Dam Design

The single –curvature arch dam & the double curvature arch or cupola were introduced
with concrete dams previously and the rock & valley conditions which favours arch dam
were outlined in the table in section 1.5.

Valley suited for arch dams

 Narrow gorges
 Crest length to dam ht.= 5 or less according to sarkaria

( )
𝑆 = for Sr< 5 arch dam may be feasible

23
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

Arch & cupola dams transfer their loads to the valley sides than to the floor. Overturning
& sliding stability have little relevance here. If the integrity & competence of the abutment
is assumed failure can occur only as a result of overstress. Arch dam design is therefore
centered largely up on stress analysis and the definition of an arch geometry which avoids
local tension stress concentration and /or excessive compressive stress. The area & cupola
dam offer great economics in volume of concrete.

Associated saving may also be realized in foundation excavation & preparation, but the
sophisticated form of arch dam leads to very much increased unit costs. In case of complex
geology of abetment saving can also be negated by requirement of ensuring. Abutment
integrity under all conditions.

Arch geometry and profile.

The horizontal comp. arch thrust must be transferred in to the abutment at a safe angle
(refer fig.2.4

- Q 600 as indicated (assumed)

- In general abutment entry angle of 450 to 700 is ok.

Arch & cupola profiles are passed on a member of geometrical forms.

i) Constant radius profile: Has simplest geometry, U/s face of the dam is of
constant radices with a uniform radical d/s slope. (see fig). It is apparent that
central angle, 2Q, reaches a max. @ crest level.

24
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

In symmetrical valley min. conc. volume when 2Q=133,0 but entry angle preclude this &
2Q ≤ 1100, The profile is suited to relatively symmetrical U-shaped valley.

ii) Constant angle profile, Central angle of different arch as have the same
magnitude from top to bottom &uses up to 70% of concrete as compared to
constant radius arch dam. But it is more complex as demonstrated in the figure.
It is best suited to narrow & steep-sided V-shaped valleys.

iii) Cupola profile. Has a particularly complex geometry & profile, with constantly
varying horizontal & vertical radii to either face. A trial geometry selected from
programs (presented by Bosss, 1975), & refined as necessary by material or
physical model.

Design & Analysis of Arch Dams

Leads on arch dams:

- Loads on arch dams are essentially the same as leads on gravity dams.
- Uplift forces are less important, if no cracking occurs it can be neglected.
- Internal stresses caused by temperature change, ice pressure, and yielding of
abutment are very important.

The design /analysis can be based on.

-The thin cylinder theory

- The thick cylinder theory.
- The elastic theory.
-Advanced method of analysis/ design –trial load analysis (TLA)
- Finite element analysis (FEA)

Thick & thin Ring, (cylinder) theory.

25
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

- The theory envisages that the weight of concrete & that of water in the dam is
related directly to the foundation not to the abutment.
- The horizontal water load is borne entirely by arch action.
- The discrete horizontal arch elements are assumed to form part of a complete ring
subjected to uniform radial pressure, P w , from the water load & hence it is assumed
to have uniform radial deformation.

Thin Cylinder Theory

The theory assumes the arch to be simply supported @ the abutments & that the stresses
are approximately the same as in a thin cylinder of equal outside radius.
Consider thin ring 1-2 of unit height h = @ a depth of h below water surface.
Hydrostatic pressure acting radially against the arch is wh.

Ri t
dh
Ru

F
F

B/2 B/2

Let Ru = extrados radius Ri = intrados radius

Forces parallel to stream axis
2F sin  = 2Ru sin. wh.
F = wh Ru
ℎ.
The transverse unit stress 𝜎 = =
*
ℎ
For given stress the required thickness is 𝑇 =
ℎ ℎ
Since Ru = Rc+0.5T = Ri + T ; 𝑇= =
. ℎ ℎ
Condition for least volume of concrete

V= A.R2θ = T*1*R2θ
𝛾 ℎ𝑅 𝛾 ℎ
𝑇= = 𝐾𝑅; 𝐾 =
𝜎 𝜎
𝐵
𝑉 = 𝐾𝑅 𝜃 = 𝐾𝜃 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 /2
= 0, gives  = 1330341. (Most economical angle of arch with minimum volume)

26
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

For 2 =1330341; R= 0.544B

Thick cylinder theory

At Radius R, the compressive ring stress is given by

/
𝜎=𝑝
⇒ 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 @𝑑/𝑠𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑇 = 𝑅 − 𝑅 𝑖𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
2𝛾 𝑍 𝑅
∴𝜎
𝑇 (𝑅 + 𝑅 )
ℎ
2𝛾 𝑍 𝑅
𝑇 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠
𝜎(𝑅 + 𝑅 )

Ru
Ri

T
Ru
R

Ri
T

Pu
pi

Note in theory, T should diminish towards crown & increase towards abutments. In
practice, T usually is constant at any elevation on a simple arch profile, and correction for
maximum stress at abutment made by factor, Kr, determined as a function of θ & Ru /T
from curves.
For thin rings theory, therefore,

𝐾𝛾 𝑍𝑅
𝜎ℎ = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡.
𝑇
Design example
Design a constant radius arch dam by the thin cylinder theory for a valley 100m at the
base and 150m. at the height of 50m from base. The base is at elevation 200m a. o .d. The
maximum allowable horizontal arch stress is 400t/m 2& min. thickness @ top=1.5m

For top arch select a central angle, 2 Ө =1000 (range 700-1100)

/
Hence, Rn= = 75/ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 50 = 97.9 ≈ 98𝑚

27
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

The extrados (u/s radius, Ru ,of all arches kept same as 98m.
The calculation all tabulated as below with: -

𝑝 = 𝑟 𝑍𝑟 = 1𝑡/𝑚
ℎ
𝑟 𝑍 𝑅
𝑇=
𝜎
𝑅 = 𝑅 − 𝑇.
𝐵/2
𝑄 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑅
TABLE LEFT
To correct for max. abutment stress, use of graph provides K r as a function of Ө & Ru/T.
Hence, accordingly correction for T can be made to keep 𝜎𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑖 𝑡.

For example for 𝑍 = 20𝑚. , 𝑅 /𝑇 = 98/4.9 = 20&2𝑄 = 83&𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

≈ 1.6, ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑇𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1.6*4.9 = 7.84𝑚

Procedure of laying out.

1) Draw excavated rock contours.

2) Draw the & locate the arch center 0.
3) Draw the intrados & extrados cures for the top arch.
4) Starting at the point of intersection of the ¢ & the extrados curve, lay the arch
thickness, T, at successive contour intervals towards the point of intersection of
the ¢ & the intrados curve of the last arch.
5) With center at 0 draw arcs through these pts. To the respective contours. This
completes the plan of the dam.

Note: A constant radius dam is not the most common arch dam type, since it is from the
best shape @ the bottom of the dam.

Example 2.
Design a 100m high constant angle arch dam, by the thin cylinder theory, for a valley of
40m wide at the base & 240 m wide at a height of 100m, 𝜎 = 500𝑡/𝑚

Solution: For the top arch, B=240 m.

Taking 2Q= 1000, Rd= = = 0.653𝐵

rw h.Rd PRd
T  
  rw h   p

Z or h Bi Rd. P=rwh. PrRd 𝜎 -P T Ru

(m). (m). (m) (t/m2) (t/m). (t/m2) (m) (m)
0 240 156.7 0 0 500 0→1.5m. 151.7+1.5
10 220 143.6 10 1436 490 2.93 146.53

28
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

20 200 130.5 20 2610 480 5.44 135.94

30 180 117.5 30 3525 470 7.5 125.
40 160 104.4 40 4176 460 9.08 113.48
50 140 91.8 50 4590 450 10.2 102.
60 120 78.3 60 4698 440 10.68 88.98
70 100 65.3 70 4571 430 10.63 75.93
80 80 52.2 80 4176 420 9.94 62.14
90 60 39.2 90 3528 410 8.6 47.8
100 40 26.1 100 2610 400 6.53. 32.63
Elastic Arch theory
This theory also assumes complete transfer of load by arch action only. Horizontal arch
rings are assumed fixed to the abutments, but acting independently of neighboring rings.
Effects of temperature variation on arch stress is considered. This method can be used for
preliminary design to determine adequacy of the section designed by the (cylinder theory)
The following formulae (modified by Cans equation) are used for calculating thrusts &
moments at the crown & abutments.

Thrust @ crown
𝑝𝑟 𝑇
𝐻 =𝑝 𝑟− 2𝑄 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑄
𝐷 𝑅
*. 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠.
1+𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑄
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝐷 = 𝑄 𝑄+ − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑄
12𝑅 2
𝑖𝑓𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑.
𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑄 𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
𝐷 = 1+ 𝑄 𝑄+ − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑄 + 3 𝑄(𝑄 −
12𝑅 2 12𝑅 2
𝑖𝑓𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑.

Moment @ crown:𝑀 = −(𝑝 − 𝐻 )𝑅 1 −

Thrust @ abutments: 𝐻 = 𝑃𝑅 − (𝑃𝑅 − 𝐻𝑜) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑄.

Moment @ abutments: 𝑀 = 𝑅(𝑃𝑅 − 𝐻𝑜) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑄

After calculating thrusts & moments, stresses at intrados & extrados are calculated from

𝐻 6𝑀
𝜎= ± .
𝑇 𝑇

Advanced method of analysis /design

29
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

The assumptions made in elastic ring analysis simplified & discrete & independent
horizontal rings which are free of any mutual interaction and the uniform radial
deformation are both untenable. Easy recognition of the importance of arch - cantilever &
arch - abutment interactions led to the development to trial load analysis (TLD) which is
similar to trial load twist analysis used in gravity dam. Finite element analysis (FEA) is
also extensively applied in arch dam analysis. Although FEA is most powerful reliable &
well proven approach it is a highly specialist analytical method demanding experience.

2.5 Concrete dams design features & construction

All analysis on design are founded mainly based on assumption w.r.t loading regime,
material response, structural mechanism etc. application of the analytical methods
introduce in the proceeding sections represents only the initial phase of the design process.
The 2nd phase is to ensure by good detailed design the assumptions made are fulfilled.

Design features divide in to three major categories

 Those related to seepage
 Those which accommodate deformation or relative moment
 Features related to structural continuity i.e. load transfer devices possibly
 Those which facilitate construction

Cut-off & foundation grouting

 Cut-offs are formed by grouting

 Shallow trenches constructed under heel of dam contribute to seepage control

N.B curtain grouting & consolidation grouting refer Thomas (1976) & George (1982)
for grouting practice.

Uplift relief drains

 Drainage holes d/s of grout curtain
 Holes are 75-100min.  & spacing of 3-5 centers & are drilled from inspection
gallery
 Uplift with in the dam relived by holes running full height & of at least 150 mm
 to inhibit blocking by leached out material & located near to u/s face & spaced
at about 3m.
 Relief drain efficiency is a function of drain geometry i.e spacing ,  distance
form u/s face

Internal design features

 Inspection gallery
 Collects inflow from seepage & inspection gallery.
 Also gives access to appurtenance structures
30
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

 Should not be less than 2x1.2m

 A deregulate ventilation & lighting is required
 Transverse contraction joints (inter- month invites)
 Vertical contraction joints are formed @ regular intervals of 12-15m.
 They permit minor differential moment
 They are made necessary by shrinkage & thermal characteristics conc.

Construction joints (inter-lift joints)

 This is provided to prevent post construction shrinkage & cracking

 Lift height is generally 1.5- 2.0m
 Lift surface is generally constructed with a fall of about 4% towards the u/s face
Load transfer & continuity

Although gravity dams designed on the basis of freestanding vertical cantilevers, load
transfer is effected by interlocking vertical shear keys on the construction joint face. In the
case of arch & cupola dams it is essential to provide horizontal continuity to develop arch
action. The construction joint are grouted after the structure is loaded.

Pulvino or pad, which is heavy perimetral concrete is constructed between the shell of a
cupola dam & the supporting rock to assist in distributing load in to the abutments and
foundation.

Concrete zoning

Different concrete mix can be need in facing & hearting of concrete dam.

Construction planning & excavation

Detailed pre of all activities involve must be prepared well in advance of sit preparation,
with the objective of ensuring optimum availability & utilization of all resources the
acting divided in to:

Initial phase - site preparation

Second phase -river diversion
Third phase - foundation excavation & preparation
Fourth phase – construction operation
Final phase- completion of ancillary work

Concrete for dams

The desirable characteristics comparable to concrete strength in concrete dams are

a) satisfactory density n& strength

b) durability

31
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

c) low thermal volume change

d) resistance to cracking
e) low permeability &
f) economy

The primary constituent of concrete are cement, mineral aggregate & water. Secondary
constituents employed for dams include pozzolans & selected other admixtures.

2.6 Rolled compacted concrete dams (RCCD)

This is a very recent idea to improve concrete dam construction how could you change
concrete (allow tension)

1. Rationally design principle (allow tension)

2. Alter design details (simple joint formworks)
3. ‘New type of concrete
4. Continuous construction use of rolled compacted concrete combines 3& 4 new conc.
In a sense suitable for continuous construction.

Variants of RCC

1) lean Rcc USA use cement +pozz (PFA) < 100kg/m3 30 mm layers
2) RCD method 700-100mm layer
Joints sawn
3) High paste Rcc USA, UK

Cement; the hydration of unmodified ordinary Portland cement (ASTM) type I) equivalent)
is strongly exothermic. It is preferable to employ a low heat (ASTM type IV) or modified
ordinary Portland cement (ASTM) type II) if available. Thermal problems can also be
alleviated by the use of pozzolan- blended Portland cements (ASTM type 1P) In the
absence of special cements pintail replacement with pulverizing fuel ash (PFD) and or/
cooling are also effective in containing heat buildup.

Aggregates: used to act as a cheap inert bulk filler in the concrete mix. Maximum size
aggregate (MSA) 75-100mm is optimum, with rounded or irregular natural gravels etc,
preferable to crushed rock aggregates.
In the fine aggregates, i.e < 4 4.67mm size natural sands are preferable to crushed one’s
Aggregates should be clean & free from surface weathering or impurities
Water A general standard is that the water should be fit for human consumption.
Pozzolana are siliceous aluminous substances which react chemically with calcium
hydroxide from the cement to form additional cemutinous compounds PFA an artificial
pozzolan is now universally employed. if available in partial replacement of (25-50%) of
cement PFA reduces total heat of hydration & delays the rate of strength gain.
Long-term strength is generally enhanced, but strict quality control of PFA is required.
Admixtures: the most common admixtures are air entraining agents (AFA) they are
employed to generate some 2-6% by volume of minute are bubles, significantly improving

32
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

the long-term freeze than durability of the concrete. They also reduce the water requirement
of the fresh concrete & improve its handling qualities. Water reducing admixtures (WRA)
are sometimes employed to cut the water requirement, typically by 7-8%. They are also
effective in delaying setting time under condition if ambient temperatures.

Characteristics of mass concrete for dams

Characteristics Concrete mix

heating Facing
3
Cement © +PFA (F) kg/m 150-230 250-320
𝐹
%
𝐶+𝐹 20-35 0-25
Water ( C+F) ratio 0.50-0.70 0.45-0.65
90 day compressive strength, c
𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝜎𝑡 18-30 25-40
( 𝜎𝑐
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 0.10-0.15 0.01-0.10
unit weight , c kN/m3 23-25
modules of elasticity ,E (GN/m2) 30-45
Poisson ratio 0.15-0.22
shrinkage (% at 1 year) 0.02-0.05
Coefficient of thermal expression (x10-6
per C0) 9-12

Characteristics of RCC dams Characteristics

Lean Rcc type RCC Convention
RCC RCD al hearting
Cement (c)+ PFA (F) (kg/m3 100-125 120-130 >150 150-230
F/C+F (%) 0-30 23-35 70-50 20-35
Water: (C+F) ratio 1.0-1.1 0.8-0.9 0.5-0.6 0.5-0.7
c (MN/m2) 8-12 12-16 20-40 18-40
unit wt (c) (KN/m3 23—25 22-25
layer thickness 0.3 0.71.0 0.3 1.5-2.5
contraction joints sawn sawn sawn of formed.
formed

The techniques of RCC is advantageous compared with the traditional construction

technique of concrete dams, since it makes possible.

a) a reduction of the construction time due to

 High efficiency of the work site & high rate of placing of the concrete
 Possibility of increasing the number of machine

b) a reduction of construction cost due to

33
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.
Ceng-3161 Chapter 2 – Design Principle of Concrete Dams

 Low cement content

 Reduced formwork costs
 Elimination of cooling system for the concrete
 High degree of use of equipment & machinery

34
Civil Engineering Department Compiled by Yesuf E.