1 (a) The sketch cross-section, Fig. 1, shows the main physical features, A to D, of a typical doab.

For each of the following, give the name of the physical feature and describe its main physical
characteristics:

(i) A, [3]

(ii) B, [3]

(iii) C, [2]

(iv) D. [2]

(b) Compare the natural topographical and drainage features of the Upper Indus Plain with those of the
Lower Indus Plain. [7]

Study the map of the Hunza Valley Fig.2

(b) (i) What is a snowfield? [1]

(ii) Explain why a large part of the area in Fig. 2 is covered with snowfields. [2]

(c) (i) State where the summer pastures are situated on Fig. 1. [1]

(ii) Describe the method of farming called ‘transhumance’, which is used in areas such as the Hunza. [4]

2 Study Photograph A of an area in the Shangla District of NWFP.

(a) (i) Describe in not more than two words the topography (relief) shown in the photograph. [1]

(ii) What type of trees are shown in the photograph? [1]

(iii) At what altitude do these trees grow in NWFP ? [1]

(iv) How is this type of tree adapted to the climate of this area? [3]

(b) (i) Trees have been cut down in area X. What effects may this have on the soil there? [3]

(ii) How can deforestation affect water supplies? [4]

(iii) State and explain one way in which the effects of deforestation can be reduced. [3]

(c) Why are there irrigated plantations of trees in the Indus Plain? [4]

(d) Using examples, suggest why the Northern Areas of Pakistan are attractive to tourists. [5]

Fig. B for Question 3

1 (a) Study Photograph B, a Persian Wheel.

(i) With reference to the photograph, explain how this machine is used for water supply. [3]

(ii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of replacing this Persian Wheel with a tubewell? [4]

(b) Study Fig. 3, which shows canal water supply in Pakistan.

 Fig.3

(i) In which year was the water supply highest? [1]

(ii) How much higher was this than the supply in 2002? [1]

(c) Why is there not enough water supply from canals to meet the needs of all users? [4]

(d) Explain why waterlogging and salinity of soils causes problems to farmers. [6]

(e) Water pollution is a major problem in urban areas. With reference to examples, explain some of the
causes of this pollution, and why it is a major problem to the people who rely on this water supply.[6]