T,

1.

ES

n 1-2

ment 24-27

ale 98-102

138-143

cations,—There are

sonnel in the Japanese Army.

motion, who usually do

—These are commissioned

ilitary Academy, technical

RCES

veterinary colleges, and

motion.—These are

noncommissioned officers

ese Military Academy, Artifi-

nce School, Army Medical

ary Police Schools.

oned from the Class A

flying schools) who are

mies at Morioka and

hashi for artillery (11

s), branch schools (1 year),

ar), and technical college

tificers School or arsenals

both regular and reserve,

ssigned units for a period of

g. Technical college grad-

sioned as first lieutenants in-

edient during the present

oncommissioned officers are

ommissioned candidates who

missioned officers' and branch

o 2 years. Reserve non-

m the reserve candidates who

duates of special courses at

cript law of Japan re-

years of age (except those dis-

d for 6 years or more) are

The service is divided as

years.

ths.

ths.

hs.

e.

years of age.
 ES 1

on reaching the age of

mination for conscription and

asses for which the following

s in height and in

nd in poorer physical

s, B-l, B-8,

n.

4 feet 10 inches in

han those of

height and suffering

hich are not

s includes men

me of the ex-

ed by treat-

on the men examined

s of the army as follows:

service.

Reserve.

Keserve.

ational Army.

ar and if condition

hin the active army are

into their active service

d is slightly less than 2

, they automatically enter

5 years and 4 months. They

main there until reaching

are not selected for

are placed in the 1st Con-

a 3 months' training period

nce. At the end of a

hey enter the 1st National

he age of 40.
ES

script Reserve, where

t the end of which time they

n) and remain until the

the 2d National Army

0 years of age.

nder (b) above.

is composed of

e 1st and 2d Conscript Re-

of those who have had no

e except in length of

service covering the con-

t age of 40.

or mobilization pur-

ivision areas and each of

corresponding to the regi-

ops allocated to that area.

h and 20th Divisions draw

r Japan. Mobilization is

ision headquarters being

 ES 2

visions and army troops

ts thereof are normally

colors the necessary quota

eserve. This was the

ing the fighting in Man-

en only a part of the

th.

ar with China which

s those of the peacetime

ngth by calling to the

es of reserves. This will

t does not remove from

s or age group, and con-

of industry, agriculture, etc.

visions on mobilization

g system:

usual designation, that

h.

rting from 101, such as

f starting their numbers

ions are numbered from

t be expected to be num-

ower.—In the period

d her army from 355,000

t in a very leisurely man-

g conditions in China, whose

se. In a serious emer-

, when time is a vital

e developed at the follow-

zed at war strength,

ation areas on M-plus-6

oops commence mo-

n M-plus-7 day; ready to

eas on M-plus-21 day.

y comprised about 60

ich, because of limitations

uipment (such as artillery,

he maximum force Japan

RCES

territorial organi-

ORIAL

eror of Japan is the

appoints the members of the

e Supreme Military

navy officers. These bodies

ntrol the military policy of

nt consists of four co-

Emperor in the exercise of

s the administration,

my. In the person of its

er of the Cabinet, it provides

nd the Diet. The Ministry

the Army Air Corps, Mili-

ortification Department.

Army Veterinary School,

ppropriate offices of the

mperial Ordinance, must

is appointed by the Emperor

 ES 3-4

prises war plans, opera-

nd topographical sections.

plans, the direction of large

compilation of field service

and with supervision of the

neral Staff is appointed

Training and employment

sponsibilities.

Inspectorate of Mili-

ed conditions brought about

o departments which are

mbered sections responsible

he separate arms, except

er the War Ministry.

ilation of drill and train-

t those under the War

eneral of Aviation. The In-

general appointed by the

reated by an ordinance

Corps training. It comprises .

ing Department and is

l appointed by and responsi-

g. Direct responsibility to

matters; in others, the Avia-

he "Big Three" (War Min-

l of Military Training).

id to rank with but after

reedom in influencing the

ief of the Air Corps Head-

of this inspectorate repre-

ncreased prestige and greater

ion between these four

hown in figure 5.

the various grades in

panese names, duties, and

my:
ES
 ES

cts.—Japan proper

istricts—Northern, East-

areas within the army

trict is known by the

dquarters of the division is

t.

t.

ct.

ct.

strict.

istrict.

istrict.

rict.

strict.

ict.

rict.

trict.

n District.

ct.

ict.

ct.

mental districts are

al district
ES
ES

regimental district may coincide

ties and towns at

s list are included only

ES

t).

ters.

ters.
ES

ent.

st).

rters.

ast.)
ES

ast).

ea-
ES
ORCES

the Japanese Army

than the division. There

units exist on paper and can

of hostilities. The Chief of

neral direction of the

ar controls the adminis-

of troops, the supply of ma-

ance and veterinary serv-

r the army as shown

000 officers and men, depend-

ions, which vary from

).

torized infantry.
ES 7-9

eadquarters).

ompanies each.

panies.

ation.

al types of infantry

quare or four-unit and the

 ES

he peacetime active

are normally composed: *

gnia of arm or service and the

to a numbering of units within the

e. For example, 1st Infantry of the

of the Eastern Army District). The

tification of units more difficult. It

obably not be continued beyond the

quently, the old organizational num-

ES
ES
 ES

937 the infantry divi-

s listed below (estimated

guns and 1 battalion of

RCES

n was not adhered to by

n, in regard to the strength

reasons were:

ared to the automatic

t of that type and

divisions of that size.

sing force.

inst the Chinese troops.

e-unit division which

cept Japan and the United

bbreviated organization

been used in China follows.

nal increase in automatic

re to be noted.

of a major general as-

mmand and a staff of general

ers and signal detach-

adquarters and signal

g a headquarters, 3 bat-

, and 1 battalion of 3 bat-

adquarters, signal de-

2 rifle troops, and 1 heavy

headquarters, signal de-

eadquarters (estimated),

es.

quarters and 3 platoons.

eadquarters, 3 advance

s.

aries with the type of

r a tank company nor a

gth of the normal division

been about 18,000 officers

 ES 9

vision organized as

regiment, 8 in the cavalry

regiment, 4 in the

giment) 340

ntry regiment, 1 in the

nt) 12

regiment) 8

nt) 36

nt) 12

e triangular division

been used in the China cam-

y, flexibility, compactness,

become the standard divi-

ES
 ES 9-10

k division differs from

visional artillery regi-

(horse) 75-mm howitzers.

mpanies pack their 75-mm

d all trains throughout

tank company in this

uch divisions: the 9th at

and the 19th at Ranan.

tillery of the pack division.

ed with 48 heavy machine

n the actual division.

e of the Japanese

er than an administra-

h relative importance in

ll staff. The normal

signal detachment and two

oth an important admin-

n outline of the
ES
CES

division (war).—The

the regiment and its com-

ORCES
ES

ivision (war).
ORCES

tical and administrative

ion (war).
ES 10-11

infantry battalion (war).

s or 37-mm antitank guns consists of 1 noncommissioned officer

ry regiment (war).—See

platoon and squad see d

ORCES

illery (1 regiment each

rtillery.

sa).

tillery.

ery (6 regiments of

ents of tractor-drawn 105-mm

d artillery brigades).

guns were issued hut whether as replacement or simply addi-

(At Yokosuka, Mi-

aizuru, Keichi (Tsushima

ur), Keelung (For-

y grouped into brigades

bove). In peace no brigade

mall permanent brigade

.—(1) Divisional 75-mm

posed infantry division

ental headquarters and a

mm guns (each battalion

3 batteries, combat train,

witzers (composition same

ental combat train, which

supply of the regimental

 ES

nt (horse-drawn) (war)

ely the same as in the pro-

f 75-mm guns and 1 bat-

).—The regiment con-

y, 3 battalions of 75-mm

on headquarters battery,

n), and a regimental com-

n section for the supply

All transport is pack,

war).—The regiment

egiment in that it has

horse-drawn).—The

arters battery, 2 battalions

uarters battery, 3 batteries,

mental combat train, which

supply of the regimental

or-drawn).—The regi-

ers battery, 2 battalions

2 batteries, combat train,

train. All trains have

Y FORCES

— (1) 75-mm gum, 'bat-

n consists of a battalion

a headquarters detail, 2

t train), a combat train,

eeled (limbers and

ndard small two-wheeled

se-drawn).—The or-

75-mm gun battalion.

nds in the battery and 540

,836 rounds within the

rawn).—The battalion

battery, 2 batteries (having

2 sections each, an ammuni-

at train, and a field train.

se-drawn).—The bat-

s battery, 3 batteries (having

n ammunition platoon, and a

train. The combat trains are

mploys the small standard

1) Battery 75-mm gwn or

The battery consists of a

sections each, and a combat

—The battery consists

howitzer sections each, and a

imals.

-draivn).—The battery

zer platoons of 2 howitzer sec-

combat train.

rawn).—The battery

latoons of 2 gun sections

bat train.

—The internal or-

Miyama (near Osaka),

Tsushima Island), Sasebo,

ung (Formosa), and

edly varies with the fixed

the organizations. While

 ES

ition to the permanently

ount of more or less obsolete

ldom be encountered in the

he engineer corps of

ication (wire and radio)

ngineer regiments normally

nts are assigned to the 17

d to the Engineer School.

elevated to the status of

ut the number of units, officers,

s before.

(actufll).—The organ-

Army each includes a head-

regiment of 3 field companies,

t takes the serial number

18th Regiment, which is part

division (war).

engineer regiment organized somewhat along

ents. A small detachment of engineer troops is

enough equipment to construct 480 feet of

ons only are used, or to construct 300 feet of heavy

nly are used.

(1) There are 2 commu-

nt (Tokyo), 1st and 2d Bat-

3d Battalion is a radio

as 2 battalions. Both
ES

he 2d Battalion, which is

etime grouping of bat-

poses. These 2 regiments

ate the United States Army

s as such cease to exist

nication personnel of divi-

y regiments: 1st Regi-

onal cavalry (8 regi-

ed into brigades.
 ES

oposed infantry divi-

e estimated organization:
 ES

independent cavalry bri-

ude a brigade headquar-

mored car troop, and a

e 4 tank regiments nor-

er, have functioned more

ng and training units to

are now said to be com-

hool, Light Tank Train-

in the Infantry and

probably covering light

nd 2d Regiments will

nd be expanded con-

nnel become available.

pany.—The company

4 platoons of 3 tanks each

d tank. Mention is made of

nown of its use. The com-

tank as part of its organiza-

on commander's tanks are

mpany has 4 platoons of

nk commander, machine

The company also has 5

ger cars or armored cars.

omposition, but which

alvage section.

a tai).—(1) The organ-

apan proper has been

n how many companies

hat the necessary equip-

zation of these new units.

uria already have war

 ES

nk units are formed as

here is no surplus of tanks not

serve. There is a tank

ht tanks plus reserve tanks

assume that the tanks are

in addition to the 4 tank

avalry brigades, and 1 com-

Training School at Himeji,

ept the 19th and 20th.

serial number as the di-

ch is assigned to the 12th

vision (war) (actual).—

ably 3 trucks and 3 wagon

een seen in use in the China

s believed that trucks will

the trucks become available

division (war).
Y FORCES

0 rounds rifle and light

enades.

ance service is a sep-

ns of the American Quarter-

is under the direction and

War Ministry. This bureau,

general, comprises four

bsistence, and construction.

e Service comprised

men. Some 35 to 40 officers

r Ministry, 20 to 30 at each

sion headquarters, 1 to 3

ty at depots, factories, on

neral.—Prior to the

941, the duties of that service

m the various branches (usu-

ed under supervision of

sted specialists who were

nsferred, and the higher

mmissions in the Ordnance.

e about 500 officers on duty

e for providing arms,

are not provided by the

own mobilization store.

ional headquarters, for units

ormations. All units hold

elves on mobilization.

e medical service is

r the Medical Bureau of the

apothecary officers, nurse

lude veterinarians, dentists,

rganization functioning

Military Administration

ions has been reported but the strength and

hat yellow fever would be the most likely virus

 ES 19

panese Army. Certain

the Medical Service receive

dical School, but they

rk. All other dentistry must

se of the patient.

n the Medical Service.

has the power to order

e about 2,350 officers and

e.

sion district there is a

ent number of branch hos-

of the stations of the various

ir branches are complete

dle all the medical and

onents of the division, but

tain groups, such as retired

ed. Each division hospital,

sible for the organization

cal regiments which are

cal or pharmacist profes-

a 3-week period of active

hese reserve units are

cluded in the organization

organized in the same

edical regiment.

ing peacetime, in each in-

ts of other branches, there

h, in the infantry, is com-

d.

ssioned officers.

mination room, operating

nsary, and a light-case ward

al sick call, sanitary in-

es, performing the diagnosis

the personnel of the regi-

ence to the regiment simi-

unity, in that they diagnose

cases of a serious nature to

ORCES

hes. Also, the group is an

it is assigned, and even

longside one another and

h regimental medical

d restricts its activities to

nt.

on to the personnel of

medical privates are assigned,

ent, and act as the first-aid

nizations to which they

se hospital.—During

e base hospital for the troops

hes the field hospitals neces-

r organization troops.

vision hospital mo-

t for each war organization

in strength. This medical

mately 1,000 men and is

utant.

nts, clerks.

field hospital is esti-

20 medical officers, 4 war-

ws:

includes a supply sec-

mp, and the ambulance pool.

d patients is divided into a

section for minor treatments

ment, a severe-wound oper-

 ES

and a section -wherein

ation. The platoon for

nto a section for preparing

rein diagnosis is accomplished,

s patients awaiting evacua-

2 two-wheeled cart single-

essary for their operation.

evacuate patients from

collecting point where the

spital can pick them up.

pital are each capable of

e stretchers are hung one

tretchers are carried at a

companies are made up

ng platoons, each of which

nd each of which contains

are comprised of a leader

nary roll-type canvas

vision (war).—The divi-

medical regiment for each

ally corresponding in

stimated organization of
ES

he organization differs

ield hospital and its field

no signal corps in the

al corps are performed

ngineers.

sion (war).—The fol-

ation:
 ES 21-23

rfare regiments was reported.

d to each chemical warfare

ese, during the course of

ze gases against the

e service which func-

tion, Military Administra-

37 there were about

reserve veterinary officers.

g animal elements.

Army air force ex-

made rapid progress within

have sent to China only

the home and colonial

ewest type planes available

e Japanese recognition

nemy and the lack of Chi-

g.

rce was created, with

Wing, Kagamigahara,

agi, Formosa. The

eneral or general, has duties

ablished that the air di-

GHQ air force. The air divi-

rs to be both an administrative

ments may be grouped on the

arity of mission.

The following tables

it, observation, and light

one interceptor regiment

tion.
ES
ORCES

ps.
ES

rps.
ES

timated to be the organ-

anese Army Air Corps for

ES

ir services (as of July 1,

ES
ORCES

ally retooled and has

000 horsepower radial engine.

due to shortage of raw materials and machine tool replacem ents.

er used in observation type 97.

h of Japan is:

an and 91 in foreign

me and 53 in foreign

s of Japanese airplane types

om ours, but whose estimate

approximates our esti-

squadrons, and regiments as

y 31, 1940:
ES
ES

stribution of army air service units is uncertain.

eserve. Air units in Manchuria were probably

no specific details are available. It is believed

e sent from the general reserve in Japan, mostly

 ES

d.
ES

mbined fleet).
CES

rmosa, and mandated

ES
ES
ORCES

UIPMENT

uniform is olive drab

material, depending on the

ually ill-fitting but serv-

sted with five buttons in

pockets with flaps. The

s.

er pockets do not. The in-

are placed on the front

evrons indicating the

flap of the right pocket.

the second button.

collar than that of the

wn braid on the cuff. It is

dents and the cadets

l, Air Technical School,

aining School wear coats

hat the pockets are all outside

ckets have box pleats down

of the Preparatory Military

ES

aps.

of the other schools. The

e School and other school

leeve band of the Prepara-

aped.

warrant officers wear

ery high at the waist and

rn in the field with trousers

udent's coat, FIGURB 10.—Student's coat,

hool and air and special schools,

ndard type of breeches when

eches and spiral puttees.

of peace the officers wear a blue

nd pompon.

antry soldier wears a

e. Men of the mounted services

e usually black in color

b woolen spiral puttees

mes, and may be worn by

Y FORCES

s olive drab in color and

es Army, except that the

A red piping is inserted at

band is encircled with a

the front of the headband

listed men. For officers and

r wreath of leaves is fastened

ap are of black leather in

cloth and is generally

of the same material and a

holes on each side near

for adjusting the size. It

This cap may be worn under

b woolen material,

d two rows of six metal

insignia consist of one, two,

ompany, field, and general

chable hood.

n cloth of the usual de-

raid on the throat piece of

rcoat sleeve.

ces may be divided

panese Army are

, noncommissioned officers,

ral officers. These classes and

d by a cloth patch 1.8 by 0.72

r flaps of the coat, overcoat,

ES

ce of cape.
ES

al disk attached to the

utenant straps with but-

designs are worn by

been adopted for use by

its taking part in cere-

s, in the case of officers

a.

ths, depending upon the

field officer two stars,

epaulet. The warrant

sioned officers have a red

ter end, while that of

class, first class, and

e stars, respectively. Those

d sergeants major three

ES 25

zag chevrons worn over

ce according to colors as

d and telegraph troops.

s' grade insignia.

endance.

artment.
ORCES

d the insignia of arm or service.

quently, the information concerning

is manual.

cating the branch of

designated by an ornament

he patch in case the unit

aments as described

ction.

aph key.
 ES 25

mobile.

to temporary abolition of insignia of

designating units.

In time of peace, with

mpany officers and en-

collar flaps to designate

eptions are instances

rticular branch of the serv-

s and men of such a unit

both collar flaps with no

cavalry, etc., wear the

ollar. In the case of the

l number is worn on the

mortar, is worn on the right

an numerals are worn on

on number, but these in-

ndependent regiments.

s provided that the

on the left collar flap of

merals on the right.

service ornaments are

shal's medal consists of

n oval disk worn on the

iguillettes of gold or yellow

ations are given high

Order of the Chrysanthe-

k, Order of the Golden Kite,

in eight classes, and Order

Japanese flag is a red

al flag is represented by a
ORCES

m/mm

* j&gnfain
 ES 25-26

e center. In army units

ers of the Imperial fam-

ed chrysanthemum. Each

on has a white field and

e pile, as follows:

ion, active army.

ves.

y.

ctive army.

reserves.

company of the infantry

actice.

er means of identifica-

el and serial number. Com-

and regimental numbers

name, company, and regi-

nderclothes, and knapsacks

ne stencil shows the place

issue, and the dates of

nization in which used and

sk bearing the man's name

unmarked articles when in

s generally carry a "mili-

escripts, the man's name,

e, including all organizations

ooks are generally not

are worn in the field

ase of an enlisted man, give

company. Officers wear

d rank without designation

med to carry personal seals

n's unit.

of clothing and per-

pany, and reserve uniforms

n in the regimental store-

Y FORCES

panese field equip-

nd 56 pounds in summer,

ncludes the following:

outside, about 14 inches

ered with khaki, capacity

ack or roll, used for carry-

 ES 27

).—Khaki, adapted to

d size. Tent pins and pole

e American canteen cup.

hovels and picks are

k.

0 wire cutters are car-

ar, socks, boots, shirt,

-aid dressing, leather grease,

helmets have been

im than the American

China fur-lined head-

consists of a close-fitting

aps which fasten under the

a short fur-lined visor

ear in the more severe

ORCES

and ma-

otorcycles, and

rifle, pattern 38, model

that this model will be dis-

of which have been issued.

user type, 5-shot military

n. Caliber is 6.5-mm, car-

with nickel-steel jacket. The

arge is 0.0047 pound of

of 2,510 foot-seconds. The

yards in length. The rifle

n firing. The rear sight

m 550 to 2,600 yards. Ex-

here is no windage scale or

urate beyond 500 yards.

s modified and the stock

uirements of the Japanese

 ES

order to permit firing

is 875 yards per second;

t that the 1919 model can

h as at the present time the

e gun are both of the same

d with the rifle, about 16

. Due to certain national

ayonet is given exceptional

ed and used in clips of

xes, holding in all 120

r 60 rounds per man is

ounds per man in the divi-

and Wesson type) re-

noncommissioned officers. This

having a 6-round cylinder.

Y FORCES

le is a slightly-rounded

uzzle velocity is 1,050 feet

.—(1) The Nambu

Shiki Kei Kikanju), is a

with a bipod support per-

zle. It is normally fired from

hopper has a capacity of

the hopper, one on top of the

n. These are forced into the

model 1922, with new tripod.

own from above. The princi-

this gun are as follows:

yards.

te in bursts of

ally fired from the prone

tripod mount, model 1922, is

ed. When the legs are fully

aximum serviceable eleva-

und. The tripod contains

ES 30

t when the piece is to be

is unfastened so that the

ally and horizontally. When

gs of the bipod are folded

entially a machine rifle when

n when mounted on the new

4) (sannen shiki Jci-

ed with this heavy machine

air-cooled, and strip-fed,

ps are loaded at the fac-

mmunition (caliber 0.256

racteristics of the gun are

ne horse.
OECES

92.

me machine-gun com-

adapter giving a maximum

nge of 1,100 yards.

raft adapter.
 ES

del 89.

Characteristics are
Y FORCES

or on

e; two

as a hand grenade or

wer.

un, model 94.— (1)

del 94 is a small caliber

ics are as follows:

matic rotating breech-

f the cartridge case, as it

 ES

catch that releases a spring

ecoil action of firing opens

ngth of recoil cylinder,

ches. Short recoil for

oil cylinder under the barrel,

—The gunner, while aim-

sing handwheel with his

is right, and fires by pulling

y laid. The assistant gun-

el 04.

meter steel plate; its top

an aperture in the upper

opened, forms a V with

s attached a pointed 8-inch

hed a small 8-power telescopic

de of the vertical hair there

l .caliber 37-mm shell,

a rather unproportionately

h an extremely high muzzle

,300 feet per second. The

nose fuze. The burst is

us except at the actual point

enetrated. The gun has an

ORCES

muzzle blast, and little

ble of carrying three boxes

mally accompanying

se and carrying 6 to 8 boxes

d on its wheels with trails

ached extensions which

nimal drawing the gun.

e gun is to provide the first line

e, with direct, close protection from

shiki hoh&iho).—(1)

70 mm rifled gun capable

00 yards. Its characteristics

ately.

ately.

ately.

s, rotating and opening

ngth of recoil, about 4

—Traversing handwheel

ndwheel on the right.

nner, who lays first for

echanism is similar to

about a heavy pintle

of an inch thick.

t where riveted to

y).—Mounted on the

The sight bracket in-

marked in mils, an elevat-

 ES

ing for difference in

ase. High explosive

range is extended by

um range the time of

l 92.

aneous fuzes employing

rge, elevation of gun,

s ground level are—

ds per box.
ORCES

simple box mounted

limber chest and to

s of ammunition, sights,

chest.

e limber and contains

caisson in tandem are

8) (regimental gun).—

is a mountain field

ylinder, recoil type. Man-

stics are—

oximately.

nging block.

ngth of recoil, about 17

—Carriage type, 3° each

l 41 (1908) (regimental gun).

 ES 33-34

e thickness of which is

ted to a single tail-

same as in the field

der charge is smaller and

nition carts, each con-

box of spare parts.

orses in tandem with

shafts. It can be maneu-

ed by hand.

e).—This gun is similar

Even though it has been

nt of large-scale operations.

ual.—The individual

nnel in the Japanese infantry

e former consists of a net

made of a greenish-colored

square mesh something

a size which will allow

s of the same material,

es of individual equip-

ses as well as one for use

he horse net is large enough

the head to the tail, to a

e-gun net is something

the nets already described,

aterial.

mm gun, model 1906

manufactured and modi-

and loaded limber, about

 ES

ing breechblock.

pring.

—Top carriage traverse,

tions of the original 1906

e farther back, replacing the

rough which the tube can

spring and cable equilibrator

verhang. The modifications

9,000 yards for shrapnel, to

800 yards for long pointed

eenths of an inch.

eiji 38) Improved.

amic sight of Japanese

long pointed shell.

his is a two-wheeled

limber and employed to

not carried on guns or

e two-wheeled closed-

our battery wagon and

mmunication equipment not

unication wagon in each

pearance to our own and

pron. The interior is

 ES 34-35

ree receptacles each for

olds four rounds of fixed

ds. Each battery has six

d are similar to our own

ar to the caisson chest as

tacles, except that there are

the two top tiers have been

tion sight and accessory box.

ses hold 40 rounds of fixed

l 94 (1934).

mm mountain gun,

art of 1937, mountain

ain gun, model 1934 in lieu

anufactured at the Osaka

tube, 51/2 feet; breech

crew with three threaded

, 7° uniform pitch. Hori-

xed, necessitating dig-

—Total traverse of 700

d 45° ; range scales graduated

shell and to 8,750 yards for

g quadrant, is probably

h of an inch.
Y FORCES

mil panoramic sight.

els.

y shell, long pointed

and its equipment are

est of which weighs 340

portion of tube; breech,

g recoil mechanism; axle

echanism; trail legs and shield

s for sights, fuze setters,

ls.

odel 1932 (tractor-

bly began at Osaka Arsenal

out 45 calibers, with a

et. It is pivoted well to

nsists of 32 grooves about

qual width. The breechblock

and closing with a single

d.

pneumatic. The gun

a top carriage and is elevated

bstantial teeth of herring-

he recoil mechanism com-

meter running the length of

which the gun pulls a piston;

umably the two long cylinders

—The top carriage tra-

om center, with a pointer

n the undercarriage. The

h the elevating gear beneath

own to within 14 or 15 inches

ight, elevating mechanism,

to the right side and geared

inches in diameter and has

of elevation, the others in

6 yards, 13,939.1 yards, and

shell with zone I, and shell and

obably gas shell are also

ing corrected from the range

ES 36

vided with a bubble by

permits the application of

a shield of i/4-inch

rtillery type wooden

et in diameter, with a 5-inch

ORCES

n angle of about 30°.

about 2 feet long is attached

, with slots through which

out 3 feet long and 5 inches

ght standard are iden-

itzer, and the sight mount,

nly in the range scales of the

of the axle.

ed with the propelling

nd held in place by a fiber

converted to zone II by

about 15 inches high and

are identical with those of

eous, short-delay, and com-

annot be fixed to shell.

ber is a small steel

the seat and the back

0 inches high, on top of

and camouflage net. It

milar to those of the guns.

holding 24 projectiles in

ured by clamps tightened

st a spring seat at the back

s to the rear, and the whole

r the old model. Cartridge

ng frames; these are thrust

ompartment, which has a

accommodates 12 frames

seat is a compartment for

d rubber tires, about 4

hese caissons per battery

r is type 92 (1932)

f the American Holt trac-

y a little more than that

approximately 50 horse-

s quite similar to the old

et, three top rollers, a large

s of four, and a ninth pilot

track about 9 inches wide.

ntral gear-shift lever with

 ES 36

nd two clutch control levers.

ary march speed is stated

mum speed around 10 miles.

dating three men each.

tractor-drawn).—(1)

enal. Rate of fire: one

ounds per minute for short

m.

n, swinging type, inter-

ock.

ydro-pneumatic, using

m of 5 feet to a minimum

without digging trail pit.

—Traverse 15° each way

nge drum lias four scales:

ed shell, to 13,950 yards;

rds; ordinary shell with

h of an inch thick.

aid to be inadequate

of excellent quality.

are three types: Shell,

hort-delay fuzes are

ation fuze.

arges: charge 1 for shell

pelling charge as issued

2 by withdrawing a bag

charge is contained in a

ting the full length of the

(1932) tractor. (For

ber is a small steel

and spare parts, but no

chest is an open com-

l mats to be placed under

ber has two wooden

s of about S^-inch tread.

divided into two parts.

ht ammunition drawers
ORCES

with propelling charges,

spare parts; the rear com-

ce for 24 projectiles, simply

dividual rope nets, which

The caisson has two

bber tires; three caissons

ment.—All fire control

e light artillery with the

elescope set on a transit

nge observation and loca-

ection methods employed

1).— (1) General.—This

tly been adopted for the

al artillery regiment. It

nd is probably not much

t 25 calibers in length,

per toward the muzzle.

dro-spring, using a

—Elevating mechanism

ed maximum range of

t 2 feet to the rear of the

t a trail pit will be neces-

ed to be 400 mils each side

h of an inch.

el 91 (1931).
 ES 36

s, but anchored by

ar the ends of the trail legs.

pnel, ordinary shell,

eneral.—This model is a

eater mobility. In rede-

% feet, and the load was

ber. Sustained rate of

6 to 8 rounds per minute.

tion of the tube is 15

he vertical sliding type,

ydro-pneumatic, with

^ feet to a maximum of

—Axle traverse, with 3°

5° to plus 65°, through a

ble equilibrators.

of an inch.

the open box type,

pe. The rear section has a

veling position.

amic sight.

a shallow brass case,

e, which is variable from

, common shell, armor-

e shell, and gas shell. Fuzes

oke), instantaneous, short-

ile) a delayed-action base

be and carriage limbers

with compartments for four

ools, and accessories. Set

with steel rims. Similar

provided for the observa-

12 complete rounds each.

d caisson acting as a limber.

steel wagon, with a

uments and smaller com-

Y FORCES

d. Coupled to a two-

go body. Coupled to a

is run under the rear

then retracted and the

he front section. Each sec-

15 (side rear view).

15 (side front view).

r, making two 6-horse

rmerly used with the old

a 15-cm gun, model

is supplied to mobile artil-

artillery" in the Japanese

ES

n 1929, issue was not com-

cture is unknown, but is

orizontal, swinging, inter-

bably hydropneumatic.

—Circular rack elevating

bly about 400 mils each side

range probably about

etracts onto a separate

TILLERY,

estimate of the rail-

n storage in Japan and

Y FORCES

model 1922) (mo-

aimed.

y hand

eans of
 ES 39

, two on

his is a relatively new

e. It is reported to have

e, and capable of being

n described in a above

) (mobile).

aracteristics are as fol-

ORCES

; 10

y hand,

means of

ttached to sight

legs.

) Position finding.—

on finding is an appli-

ltitude, real speed, and

 ES

ed to the guns for firing

de a self-contained base

ed and angle-of-path in-

rument. These instruments

or adaptations of existing

tereoscopic instrument

ainer of conventional type

rs.

omputor has two sights

elevation and azimuth

les through two distribu-

model 1930?).
 ES

model 1930?).

data which are sent in to

herwise go to each gun—

h. The computor has noth-

rked out on the com-

announced by the battery

director in the sense made

s, and accordingly the

apanese designation "sho-

on this instrument it

obviously based on the

speedometer or rate-meas-

g that it is little more than

s of the gun computing

azimuth. Use of this

n a 4-gun battery, and

ituting a single computing

setting sights on the

.
 ES 39

imited application of

electrical transmission, and

y the other instruments is

n.—The general ar-

n the 1928 model 75-mm

ior left front of the new

linder, and set at an angle

ar disk crossed by a vertical

", and from the brief

craft Manual "C" it seems

correction to be applied to

azimuth circle; second, to

on which is set back into

curves on the disk. Both

ed with the future angular

n some way to the vertical

or an extra cannoneer,

able azimuth circle have

n freed from interference by a

s installed a junction box

m' the computor via the

the top front of the

into a receptacle at the

ls plug receptacles for the

e receivers suggest an elec-

degrees, and the gun is

e pointer of the receiver

witch is set first to 1/5 and

a switch is set first to

se receivers concern only

computed on the sight

y a chain of shafting. The

nter is a circular disk

st of the apparatus revolv-

ousing containing a long

and intergeared with the

ave the same motion. Thus

lar to its edge, to a ruler

s a lug at each end engaging

of one edge of the ruler

races a broad line on the

 ES

elevated without travers-

le, if they be traversed

ith its center at the center

o the vertical setting. Such

he disk and are assumed to

933.

tor, model 1933.

eight or some function

els in use: the Sperry,

ons. The 150-cm, model

evidently has a large objec-

her it functions also as a

 ES 39

t.

es led into it would so

w various other types of

ese Army in 1936.

ES

model 1929.

ator.

e machine gun.—The 1933

s a two-gun antiaircraft

is gun is believed to be

n.

achine gun.—See para-

a(3).

ed that the Japanese

e 6.5-mm and 7.7-mm ma-

 ES

e gun.

50 Czechoslovakian "Bren"

ns. This will be used as an

se.

he 105-mm guns are drawn

cks" of Japanese make.

weapon about 36 inches

ficers and most non-

emonies and is carried

rbine is model 1911

having a shorter barrel.

dged bayonet is perma-

Y FORCES

the barrel when not in use.

it is sighted to 2,000 meters

the cavalry also.

s the same model light

ck, the gun is slung hori-

well up on the near side

is slung below the gun.

400 rounds, are loaded one

ksaddle. The encased, folded

saddle or suspended from

rriers. About 45 seconds

nd about the same length

(also used by in-

—(1) The gun and certain

following manner: the gun is

he near side; two boxes of

raft sight.

30 rounds each (450 rounds),

e of the ammunition pack

arried below the tripod on the

es long and weighing less

un and bipod, when the gun

ther times one of the am-

er in a case.

by the squad and at-

eriscopic sight is carried

o the gun for direct aiming,

used as a periscopic field glass

has a 100-mil horizontal

duated into 5-mil units.

of the ammunition car-

g, and site scales, and

parts box.
ES 44-45

mic sight, model 94 (1934).

machine-gun ammunition pack).

machine-gun pack).

used by the Japanese

hillips packsaddle used in

to which the necessary pads

dapted to the load intended

ES

e FM 30-38. For

aragraph 23.

inches from the bomb, and is rather wide.

apanese bomb).

Japanese bombs have

. The light fragmentation

onnel. High explosive bombs

n effective against materiel.

explosive and the per-

10 to 40 percent. Small

e been used on many occa-

ES 48-50

r Corps was reported

bomb racks consisting of

hich permit easy shifting

n to be in use are—

rest.

the British Air Force but

ourth vector.

py of the German Goertz

likon automatic air-

pe gun and antiaircraft

n Japan under a license sold

teristics:

0.423

a Vickers type gun of

ype FF with electric control.

Y FORCES

aragraph 39e(4).

bead for fixed guns,

guns are in use.

tings with both single

r's guns.

airchild 30 K-8's and

Air Corps.

le breast types of Japa-

rted Irving seat-type para-

nes.—All regiments

ed with running light and

have landing lights.

d with two searchlights

beacon of Japanese design

er regular night lighting

oth ends of the upper

of lower wing of biplanes

of the wing of monoplanes.

f the fuselage or diametri-

n is followed by the ordi-

written sideways on each

f airplanes and on the lower

name of the engine and its

case. The name and ordi-

the drum surface of the

—A modern chemi-

in the vicinity of Tokyo and

 ES 56-60

and 60 civilians. There are

a chemical warfare school

arms except military police.

arfare training throughout

ard gas, lewisite, phosgene,

oke materials are being manu-

s. Commercial plants are

nd to be engaged in making

rd and tear gas.

types employs

rked as follows: smoke,

, yellow band; tracer, white

bly varies with type of gas.

bs and smoke screen and

s by tanks has been under-

at such use is now under

used for smoke, also for

well to note that Japan

ets and the assistance of

es in this line might be ex-

ayed at army maneuvers

, chlorpierin, and phosgene.

the agents of the Japanese

at only these four were

e four principal classes of

matory, and lung irritant.

it greatly resembles

pounds and is carried in a

use and on the chest when

anized stockinette and

er-type with adjustable but

mewhat small and detachable.

ated metal box. The tube

to the facepiece and canister.

ightly smaller than ours.

rea of about 2 inches. A

o protect the contents of the

bably soda-lime and it is

e filter.

existence in the Japa-

sks, notably the German,

e.
Y FORCES

haracteristics.

s.

the type used in the 9-

a thin-walled cylinder

iameter and 7 inches long

and narrow burster tube

is unknown.

les in use are described

e. Weight, 0.53 pounds.

r in a plastic bottle.

ght, 1.7 pounds.

mical bomb.—Figure

m (110-pound) bomb in
ES 64-66

d to weigh 33 and 132

ncipally thermite or white

charge.

s as infantry.

ral types of ponton and

are shown below:

ORCES

several types of land-

ry in size from 50 feet by 13

y from the conventional

ow. They are propelled

s with speeds from 11 to 19

city is from 110 to 120

ed and partially armored.

S, MOTOK-
ES

models of tanks in the

asic types are few and

nation. For convenience,

ht as tankettes, light,

ial:

2 (1932).
ORCES

2 (1932)—Continued.
ES
ORCES

ial:
ES 68
ORCES

ial:

(1938).
ES 68

8 (1938)—Continued.
ES

ial:
ES 68
ORCES

ial:
ES 68
ES

ial:

ogies,
ES 68

—Continued.
 ES

).

r-

ial:

y.

(or 02 (1932)).
ES 68

(or 92 (1932))—Continued.
ORCES

ne

ial:

d
ES 68

—Continued.
ORCES

—Continued.
ES

ial:

, '2

m.

.
ORCES

—Continued.
ES 68

Horsepower: 110 horsepower.

6 horsepower.

2. Steering, brake or controlled differential:

3. Speed:

Road:

er hour.

g radius at speed 160

ll:

heels, 4

e with skirt-

ce:

al obstacle 2 feet 9

feet 11 inches wide.

s deep.

ks:

39).
ORCES

39)—Continued.
ES 68

n- Horsepower: 350 horsepower.

per ton: 9.72 horsepower.

12. Steering, brake or controlled differential:

ont sprocket.

13. Speed:

hour.

refill:

n type: 6 large bogle wheels.

cal obstacle 2 feet 9

feet wide.

deep.

sian

(1936).
ORCES

(1836)—Continued.
ES 68

orsepower: 250 horsepower.

epower.

. Steering, brake or controlled differential:

Cross-country:

m: 28 miles per hour.

eed 128

ll:

ce:

s-

al obstacle 3 feet 6

7 feet wide.

nches deep.

ks: Modified form of Russian T28.

ORCES

Continued.
CES 69-72

tractors, the Japanese

and more especially Amer-

cipally for use in drawing

1) The Japanese

ucks. Some of the locally

a, Nissan, Isusu, Dowa

. The first three'are

del. Some of these are

egai Iron Works, Mitsubishi Co.,

truck has a restricted

are mostly of foreign

ever, a standard size of

ssan, which is a repro-

and 1934 body and chassis.

military value.

ycles.—The Harley-

ani are the types of motor-

powerful machine, but

mon, both in and out of

000,000 bicycles in Japan.

closely resembles the

.5 miles, and it is packed

ORCES

This radio is distributed

s from the brigade down

l generator operated by

m 984 feet to 1,870 feet.

atter range is 3.7 miles.

artillery battalion, regi-

th infantry regimental and

principally for air-ground

e to No. 5 radio.

e ground set similar

oline motor.

ound set. The ground

es and to be used for

telephone varies consid-

er ideal conditions. The

contained in a box 10 by 18

ceive voice communication

e radio telegraph set.

nce 1,240 miles.

nd tone telegraph, crystal

 ES 72-77

ph is obtained by positive

graph is obtained by grid

ut may be obtained over

g.

0to

nate interference.

d sending. — Primary, 24

150 milliamperes.

circuit. Storage battery,

rator connected direct to the

er. Twenty-five volts, 14

r minute.

ong. Grounded to fuse-

d by windmill generators, the

motor.

hone encased in a wood

5 inches wide, and 7 inches

er are a transmitter, hand-

and a buzzer key. Permanent

lephone and carry on the free

acts attached to the field wire

e is a buzzer circuit by which

artillery battery has six

ght telephones.

ing 1,640 feet of wire.

eel plate and the spindle of

battery carries 22 reels of

pod and operated by

nd green bulbs.

ncipally.

regimental (or bat-

al panels which may be at-

nine different positions. The

gs and are read in a prede-

The code is numerical and

asily read by supporting

ES

es trained dogs for

attached to the collar.

ly for carrying mes-

ill return to their loft even

t time.
 ES 80-84

mmunition 83

41 (1908), ammunition 84

ammunition 85

lly carries 120 rounds

ers may be added before

re carried on the battalion

vision train (horse-drawn

ammunition for

carried in four steel boxes

contains 540 rounds. The

is comes in boxes

rd strips of 30 pounds each

n squad carries four boxes

f ammunition pack horse.

2), ammunition.—

of five rounds each. There

imber and 15 in the caisson.

e used. With instantane-

fragments is about 22 yards.

del 41 (1908), am-

high explosive, and

s fired by light artillery

and the fixed round shorter.

ES

rounds each—seven boxes

each of five ammunition

ompany and 102 rounds per

y fuzes are employed.

94, ammuni-

, and shell, regular. The

s containing 12 rounds each.

n addition to the ammuni-

rried on the packsaddle.

rganizations (horse-drawn
 ES 87-90

al.

mbat train (truck-

mated)—1,280.

—Point-detonating,

ad. Used for high ex-

ing, 1 inch long; 1-inch

external height, 2^

36 seconds; set by hand fuze

s.

m antiaircraft ammuni-
ES

ition.

75-mm antiaircraft seg-

aircraft segmented shell.

 ES 91-93

munication (Heitansen) 94

e system of supply has

ons in China and Manchuria

m was based upon the exclu-

il and water facilities.

ominent role in supplying

ria. In view of the lack of

f motors in the Japanese

supply system functions, in

here many Japanese Army

sion transport unit

For its organization, see

ivision (War)" (par. 16).

antry and artillery,

perates them to obtain its

ying the rolling reserve of

by officers and men from the

same functions as our

at all times keep in touch

prepared to fill their require-

pack), infantry regimental

ammunition platoons (pack),

dvance points of issue of

battalion or higher com-

Y FORCES

n boxes for full ones. Regi-

divisional artillery go to the

Regimental combat trains

ect from the line of com-

communication

mmunication is a series of

ong a main supply line (road,

e communication zone or

orward into the areas of the

distribution in depth in

pply establishments in vogue

e of several divisions will

llel lines of communication

the supply establishments.

he line of communication

exercises his authority through

functions of the line of

men and animal replace-

ies.

es, prisoners of war, un-

quipment.

d animals in transit to

the area and requisition

pplies and to displace the

(juretsu) formed from

communication estab-

levies.—To operate the

the following units, attached

tion with reference to its

situation:

mpanies.

rt companies. Each com-

and carts with a total carry-

 ES 94

generally in the same way as

ion transport regiment.

ompanies are attached to the

division and four per army

es. These have the same

Attachment rate is about a

s.

hese are small detach-

e the organization and opera-

nies. The number attached

es (juretsu) which it is planned

hed at the rate of one

the situation.

y troops. Variable num-

of communication.

ad work and construction.

th 62 miles (or less) of

e terminal of the line of

ing the supplies and for

ay posts.

nication will plainly vary

— (1) Route of line of

he desiderata are the same as

oad except that the Japanese

ad. Under ideal conditions

o divisions, but it is always

mmunication per division if

es from its base.

on.—The base terminal

pots where the supply

and dispatched. Because of

base terminal is seldom

mmunication"head (heitan

munication transfers its sup-

. The point is kept close up

ble it is near the center of

distance that it is allowed to

is 30 miles, a distance which

ORCES

ield trains plus a day's march

e latter have two ration-

ying 1 day of Class I supplies,

lies between the line-of-

and thus are capable of dis-

march. The field trains,

y's ration, must make a round

nsuming troops every day;

ot exceed a half day's march

ransport regiment.

eitancM).—Relay posts

n at points about a half day's

and loading facilities are

ed are desirable points. The

may be called upon to handle

100 to 150 carts each and, in

ents and evacuees and pris-

tion. In forwarding supplies,

ded and dispatched. As the

el will generally be hostile to

at the loading of supplies at

g at the next be done in the

Thus the number of trans-

aily from a line of communi-

the season of the year. This

etermining the supply capac-

types of supplies are

communication and advance

he line of communication as the

tack, field depots for

es are set up within 15 to 20

es estimated as needed for

the line of communication

s to receive evacuees from

and hospitals are under

on commander. They receive

handling of supplies, etc.

1) In case the force to be

er of posts established de-

m the base. To decentralize

on, the commander divides

 ES 94

with the following

ow along local adminis-

equal in resources and

lways, tunnels, etc.).

adquarters.

r intermediate post of line

ard from A post to B

supplies at Z?, and returns

om B to A, picks up sup-

vouacs for the night.

A to C (1 day's march),

he following day it returns

When the army is not

ntageous, as it reduces the

unnecessary loading and

III, and IV supplies

g the line of communication

. This quantity of supplies

ort company per division, one

munication becomes long, one

ation.

mal daily rate of 15 miles

ded by setting up successive

the advance or extended prior

e detachment along the line

thod is desirable when it

ed as exceptional.

ion transport regiment.—

acs in an area about 10 miles

ansport regiment (each with

r the division rear boundary.

ushed up to a point near

o. 1 to be loaded and No. 2

ate as follows: At daylight

army 20 miles to the center

o the field trains, and returns 5

dary. Meanwhile, Companr

ORCES

e line-of-communicatiori

rear boundary of the new

Company No. 1. The fol-

panies are reversed.

operation as outlined of

1932. Nothing is known

out by the experience in

believed to be basically

in detailed application by in-

mpresses by its fragility,

on. The maximum output

aylight) is 11 transport

on in the normal rate of

ted days in advance in order

slow-moving shuttle from

rains involved makes for

ated schedule of interlock-

urbed by adverse weather or

ansport units assigned the

urnish more than a small

the army so that a large

ocally. While it may be

sure that the needed equip-

on its use in their supply

patch-work organization does

system to assure a smooth

y on employing locally

ation—a practice used ex-

acks efficiency, it denotes

lmost anything which will

ration in which there are

llowance must be made

atly modify many of the

llations pictured herein,

forces in China which are

. Such sectors are those

he use of motors impractical

dapted.
 ES 95-96

ation is somewhat elas-

ps corresponding to a

ment or have but a part of

say that a medical regiment

he regiment operates in

spital or division field hos-

eld hospitals in such places as

egiments. From each advance

nt forward to operate with

e tactical deployment makes

work with each front line

gns one of its platoons to

y. Further division would

groups per infantry platoon,

on is made more in accord

ght attachment of units to

wounded in action, his

is permanently assigned to

as little delay as possible,

e medical man directs the

ove him to a place where he

cting companies. Often,

medical officer who is super-

ent is given first-aid treat-

wound which tells where

reatment was applied. Next

f the collecting company

to the forward collecting

elter and given whatever sup-

on shows he requires. In

ting stations and second line

the forward stations are no

of patients when dispersion

hered at one or other of

 ES

iment.

eir condition and the gravity

nce field hospital, where they

ction, and given appropriate

evacuated to the division field

igure 78 illustrates

when functioning with the

ES

f the advance field hospital

unds.

d hospital.
ORCES

MORALE

).

teorology, navi-

from usually reliable sources that

training under the supervision of

 ES 98

lotage, navigation,

ering, maintenance,

navigation,* meteor-

pilotage, meteor-

ground duties).

pair).

ning School.

Schoool.

ning School.

cers.—The training of

d arbitrary in its methodical

here is a rigidity about it

ught or deed. Training,

nd along modern military lines.

sive, courageous, and thor-

onscript forces against Japan's

nd staff officers compare

ith those of the armies of

n.—The training of con-

orough, and includes both the-

ress is placed upon physical

bedience, patriotism, and

hardy, well-trained, well-

ldiers.

ing year begins in Janu-

lass. Training starts with

rough all the units of each

mbined maneuvers of all

divisions. The careful, pro-

RY FORCES

ve combined exercises pro-

d to work in combination with

mands. Training is espe-

in night operations.

he promotion system

n; in wartime largely by

de for retirement for age in

uspended.

d to perform their vari-

n, while lacking in initiative,

ous, and aggressive fighters.

as a whole, the Japanese Army

pecially trained and equipped

ainland of Asia.

nese Army is excel-

training are—

ber has a definite place

accepted. This results-in a

d into a disciplined soldier.

o make the Japanese an

exploits of the Samurai are

ts, novels, and classical drama.

school and continues through-

is under very rigid con-

cal governments. In the

al is inculcated with the

he Emperor and other

the conscripts, the

al districts, are already

ind the rigors of army life

breakdown of discipline,

936 and the unbridled actions

of Nanking, China, in

ent was motivated by a

else in the minds of the

llent. Japanese morale

eror, who is the titular

well as the reigning monarch.

 ES 102

gy which teaches that the

ess and the Japanese people

lieve their culture is of

om the rest of the world

n" (the latter is but another

rial and economic

he sword in combat, and

1894 and Russia in 1904-05,

ave instilled a confidence

morale, regardless of the lack

es.

s such as earthquakes,

sities have induced in the

es and an indomitable

er, a crushing defeat in

eir invincibility and

 OBCES

ts, and anti-

s causes many adverse

which are frequently voiced

mber, however, that the

a against China or Russia.

apter are those considered

st Chinese troops, greater

ulging in immoderate con-

d bear in mind that Japanese

n of success in battle against

ds war in Asia, and, thus

o success. It behooves the

a regular winner.

eting engagement 108

 ES 103-105

insists vigorously on

The object of all maneuver

the assumed superiority of

zed to the utmost. Like

rst World War, the Japanese

me mystic virtue which can

ands; that it is more im-

or weapons. The corollary

on of defensive combat as

Imperial Army. Trained

nese officers reach attack

ere, by all orthodox tactics,

of defensive action. What

akness in this type of

mment.

(1) In keeping with

der the envelopment, single

euver. Envelopment im-

nemy while the attacker

order of effectiveness, the

complete encirclement

hings elsewhere, the

opment without any con-

d it as sometimes possible

ommander may seek to

ys.

columns one or more

lank and rear during the

in second echelon which

te the envelopment.

nemy and partially de-

ly for envelopment if covered

idered the normal one

especially applicable to

n certain favorable situa-

ion will also often execute

 ORCES

ixing mission whereas small

seek to obtain the effect

nk to envelop is decided

ns we employ.

ment they often consider

movement (ukai). Whea

around by a division in the

n reinforced by a light bat-

only time that the Japanese-

and, in this case, the unit sent

The mission of such a turn-

suit detachment; indeed,

main attack succeeds.

ons contain the usual

n practice, treat it with

The feeling is that, by

tanks, artillery, and air

ng with relation to the defen-

frontal attack should be

Japanese, however, do not

ssemble a 1918 superiority of

tack.

ntal attack are those to

ns, being standard ones, can

observed practice, how-

wing the enemy leisure to

stify a very questionable

made against a weak

ve direction into the enemy

g the main effort of a

our service schools. The

xceeds three battalions of

5 howitzers. This artillery

s, effective concentration a

attalion). This allocation

mit more than a shallow pene-

ditions are approximated.

om a study of Japanese

cation in practice may be

 ES 1O5-106

s where the orthodox de-

tack may be rash and costly

n.

is likely to be of a shallow

of the hostile flank by paral-

and energy rather than by

ation of arms.

ate means, is common and

tlefield.

ng engagement as de-

ollision either of two hostile

nd one which has halted

ed position. The training of

his form of combat, for it is

an optimum development of

d decisive offensive action.

mies, which tends to regard

gamble, the Japanese seek it

he assumed superiority of

agement offers to them the

ency in materiel, especially

iciency which is necessarily

rate attack of a position.

gement disrupts the coordi-

elt to bo particularly valid,

er been a strong point of the

an look after itself where the

e and bayonet. In spite of

iminate surprise from the

hat meeting engagements

since fog, night, etc., will

meeting engagement is

training, the official regula-

o any other form of combat.

Imperial Army seeks to

conclusion. The meeting

to be sought whenever

eting engagement are

tive.

ate commanders.
 ES

n features.

ns governing the for-

movement are similar to

n is to advance at night,

ard in daylight a mixed

antry to seize important

ent at night. As a meeting

commander modifies the

y of the division into action

nks of the enemy.

ctical problems con-

advancing in one, two, and

n is used, however, in the

being rare exceptions. In

omponents of the division

mmander expects, if anticipatory plans have been correct, to

t flank, using three regiments in the initial attack, with the 4th
 ES 107

tion of the march

d order. It is noteworthy

he division commander for"

lumn receives merely an

results from the curious

use to control this march

mands concurrently the

r capacity, he prescribes

making the major general

advance guard. The de-

to the major general

ance guard for the pro-

instrumentality for the

which is not directly under

hus, as a meeting engage-

subordinates of the division

ectly are the colonel of the

ance detachment), advance

s of the 2d Infantry, 4th

ding components of the

eft column). It is not clear

rdinate the action of his

which the major general

, advance guard, as used

he division commander

rength in the advance

out four battalions, or one-

e there is a greater num-

etimes reach half the infantry

guards in approaching a

racteristic.

—(1) An advance in one

ncident to developing the

mation is adopted it is

hree columns has been

lumn of the usual two-

is reduced by one infantry

attached, becomes the

mains the commander" of

vance in a greater number

ed in the new Combat Reg-

ctice.
 ORCES

th China incident had

been usual in the past to

march. The new regulations,

rized units which will or-

y foot and animal-drawn

a division in the advance

t of observation aviation,

o gun batteries and a

llow the main column

e order: advance section

r of the transport regiment.

lly from 1 to 2.5 miles. The

commander, usually a

dvance section of the

ospitals (there are four in

ion, two artillery ammuni-

ach front line division

a motorized antiaircraft

achment which includes

ap-frogging from critical

division's advance. The

halt, while passing de-

batteries displace for-

ments of the division;

columns. The average

es per hour. The effective

ed to be 6,800 yards.

able tendency for the divi-

e detachment in advance

poses:

e battlefield where the

n shortly after daylight.

e front of the division.

t and hamper the

emy while iri march

he division cavalry, some

ttery of light artillery.

xceed a regiment. An
 ES 107-109

en noted in the case where

nse. In this case, as much

ward by forced marches

remainder of the division

aunching a counter-

a meeting en-

he division contains in it

prior study of the ter-

commander expects to

march. When the latter

ble distance, the division

ill occur and communicates

lan of maneuver which

onnaissance agencies (ob-

vance guard, and march

econnaissance missions as-

ndicates time and place

ground for the air

nders receive technical

ing with the advance

s contact becomes immi-

een marching at the head

moves forward on per-

propriate staff officers. An

ted behind the advance guard

on of enemy information.

ance and the reports of

commander determines the

cisive effort, his plan of

nd post. He then issues

ment of his division.

ng for over-detailed in-

s injunction seems to

ase in map problems.

guard.—(1) The

n the meeting engagement

ver, the advance guard

ong into the advancing

vision order.

vance guard closes to

upport by leap-frogging

of the infantry. Normal

 ORCES

f enemy columns, to support

and to perform limited

diction by the 75's are

e, missions are seldom fired

with a view to supporting

ge of position. The

d from that of the main

y often makes this impos-

to the control of the

me of the attack of the

ce guard discussed is that

e division commander. The

columns are for local pro-

ivision and the latter makes

asic decision for the de-

mander decides whether it

is for this decision is found

ys:

by or to extend an advantage won

it to combat each march column and

ely upon arrival. However, if the

r should seek the coordinated entry

rders the deployment of each unit,

antry and artillery, and coordinates

iecemeal attack appears to

advance guard action. In

ngagement of all or part of a

of seizing some prominent

tting out of a defile. The

advantage of a sudden oppor-

at securing effective use of

e.

cated above, the Japa-

f the situation permits."

mander to secure this coor-

aisen) behind which

ploy for the

 ES 109

ination between the

the line of departure.

on of the line held by the

the advantage of priority

f the division may deploy

ar of the advance guard in

nt or premature engagement

the advance guard sup-

the deployment and delays

h the Japanese troops,

s modified to resemble the

k of a position. In this

o develop and attack in the

to improve his position.

h column to complete

g nomenclature used in

ns into smaller ones

ing of the

eparture (tenkaisen)

mbat mission.

small (squad or

e units to permit

f the assault.

in figure 81.

nated attack from the

ssing into division assembly

he American sense of the

called kaishin, is observed

rdinated meeting engage-

e tenkaisen without halting

llotted for issuing

al attack the troops are

the field. The division

column commanders, limits

nce with a view to sub-

 ORCES

to complete deployment.

There is no division ten-

ere are no detailed plans

s.

ulations to the coordi-

meal method is very common

. Often this is the result

uard commander who gets'

ative. In such a case, a

executed with a part of the

advance guard while the

t. Occasionally, a column

iecemeal attack all of his

ure of a terrain feature on

ent success of the division.

 ES 109-110

orders or authorization

ch.—The march rate of

ive hostile artillery fire is

is zone the artillery displaces

ontinuous support to the

ment for this artillery is

rease to about 5 miles per

exclusive use. The range

00 yards. As this limit is

e forward making a bound

t the transport regiment

ed location. The advance

n be as close as 2.5 miles

e field trains are normally

The remainder of the trans-

ns.

ent order.—The divi-

mission to the advance guard

mns with a view to executing

ments of his command are

mmander watches the de-

matures his plan, and, with

a verbal attack order to

r differs from ours only

ry into "wings." It is

he commanders concerned.

tion of the infantry for

ich has been the division

ing" and executes the holding

ain attack (frontal or slightly

wing" along a line of de-

tion of the advance guard

vision reserve. This at-

xed in a given area where

aking actual contact and

the situation. Depending

ssigns to the infantry wing

hostile forces on X ridge")

"to advance in the direction

 ORCES

flank"). This latter type

situation when the plan of

y of the terrain. In this

ch will certainly take in

enemy may reasonably

rder was issued 7.4 miles from

nce guards.

y paragraph indicates

rms. Detailed reconnais-

o determine the final locations.

dered to be justified under

control of the artillery

ns during the successive

and deployment.

stile artillery, enemy

the infantry.

stile infantry,

he area of the de-

on of movement of

sion attack order de-

ordinated attack. In the

nized into "wings" and re-

nt of the proper auxiliary

t of any units larger than

s, is kept under division

a frontal collision without

sion to obtain the effect of

 ES 111-112

ges.—The following

lems:

0 yards.

400 yards.

2,200 yards.

attacks: 1,600 yards.

departure:

ards.

ards.

0 to 6,600 yards.

o 13,000 yards.

1,100 to 2,200 yards.

etain alinement.

d. When gassed areas may

es gas-disinfection squads.

f it must be traversed, the

ng equipment to neutralize

absent, the troops reso-

The artillery leap-frogs

y. Its forward observers

by closing with the

llery fire is increased

valry closes in on the

e is used to extend and

ounterattack, or to extend

ess interrupts the attack

t dawn.

ting engagement there

e behavior of all echelons

cution is stressed in regu-

ostile force encountering

e a quick and energetic

solidly deployed on their

pset the plans for a

ander.

est, however, an over-

. Contrast paragraph 74
 ORCES

ith our own Field Service

ken enemy, deployment for attack

anizing the attack in an assembly

of troops and of deficient support of

, tanks, and heavy infantry weapons."

fantry of the main body by assign-

y units. Such objectives are usually

e occupied by the units concerned."

e coordinated attack as

ally said to be justifiable

d objective, and if

criteria are applied to

mander has decided to make

ressing and there is usually

mbat superiority. As for

uperior, and is in at least

n one map problem, the

lumn while the enemy was

rity is in the mind of

hat such a doctrine taught

tion the rule rather than

gerous overconfidence un-

s.

commander a column

dens the division com-

anizing and commanding

he advance guards which

n control. In fact, the

he one commanded by the

d in the division plan of

ot appear to develop be-

ich can assure an unin-

d defensive action even

the advance guards is

a half of the infantry of

a very flat, close-in

vance guard reinforced to

as it is always deployed

lt and the organization of

 ES 112-113

style of envelopment often

he attack off quickly and

of the division. The

l location where their fire

t of both holding and en-

of the possible attack

ow an insufficient time

e attack. The non-use of

commented on. In one map

the decision of the division

the so-called coordinated

impression of insuffi-

apanese division in the

all echelons.

eal action.

ed covering forces.

ments.

d organization to obtain

en the enemy has had

he Japanese commander

side of the organized area

he terrain, however, or

he flanks, will often limit

se the attack of the posi-

embles the coordinated

rch and the development of

uards; it differs in the

ance and attack preparations.

ould not in the judgment of

use for allowing the enemy

cording to teachings as

mmander encounters a po-

g a period of several days,

and reconnoiters during

ain attack on the following

s, of doing all of this

be construed as indicat-
ARY FORCES

n will normally be covered

n strength from patrols to

llery and deployed on an

e advance guards approach

fore the main body comes

n commander orders his

sembly areas is a phase

he meeting engagement. In

2,200 to 4,400 yards from the

00 yards from the hostile

n advancing in two columns

e for a brigade (the main

(the secondary effort), and

As shown on a situation

600 yards. Security detach-

about 1,100 to 1,600 yards in

der to obtain ade-

position, the Japanese divi-

overing forces, then executes

n attack. If these covering

uous front, the advance guard

tiative; otherwise, the divi-

under the cover of strong

attack takes place on the

ack of the main position at

wo forces occupy positions

ecessary to get the attacking

while designated as ortho-

ced in practice by a continu-

ion. It is not clear when

apparently the deciding

upport the attack through

whether the time element is

made, that of the outpost

and the attacking infantry

d outpost position, which

rture (tenkaisen). In about

ontinuous method was

need for especial haste in

 ES 115-116

commander having

connaissance reports received

ly areas (kaishin haichi)

overing forces, now issues

division and the subsequent

nts, except that the infantry

t and left wings (occasionally

accordance with the

he normal enemy

an enemy force of all arms

irds that of the Japanese

a period of from 1 to 4

a weak outpost position

ain and other factors are

ced or considers himself

n envelopment. The divi-

rmal field order.

f infantry are normally

t of 3,300 to 5,500 yards.

h one brigade as the right

one brigade (less one

he holding attack. These

n of deployment, advance

o their assigned positions

ake final attack prepara-

ut dawn, the advance to

of the darkness of the pre-

make to conceal and

ure is chosen so as to be

nd varies in problems from

position. When the attack

post line of resistance is

ke place along the rear edge

phase line in the course of

ures) or attack directions

ording to the detail with

ally the line to be reached

ostile artillery. The hour

after daylight, as the Jap-

of their artillery to adjust

e of an attack entirely
 ORCES

ed between the time of

o allow for the distribution

following frontages of

companies

ne, one in

tack are 20 to 25 percent

wo to four battalions

zone of the main effort from

The attachment of motors

er was the assembling and

ency reserve.

ered to be available to

When present they con-

. These are brought up

here they are attached to

ame time as the front-line

p if the tanks are destroyed

rganic weapons. Tank

tion of hostile elements

pening or completion of

ee battalions of horse-

howitzers) is frequently

t is by the addition of a

battalion. The organization

upport group of from one

any artillery being held

attached, it may be

elation similar to general

ng to the phases of the

ere there is no reinforcing

n. Missions: counter-

re by two battalions, with

in effort.
 ES 116

outpost line of resist-

ration. Missions: counter-

ght.

slight counter-

support fires with

e attack of the out-

ons are pushed forward

line of departure so as to

pal position without dis-

k, one or two batteries are

mpanying artillery.

ht artillery in an attack of

1 day of fire 75-mm equals

tached to the artillery

unobserved fires. There

irplane photos. Gunnery

in reliance on axial, ground

to the guns. The new Combat

lery is capable of registering

awn.

hment of antiaircraft

s believed to consist of two

uch machine guns as are

nse. In the attack of a posi-

zone of the main effort in

s from the line of departure of

tiaircraft battery is con-

y attached to each "wing"

e remainder is divided for

sive flank. As there are only

ombat value of the cavalry is

ARY FORCES

ypical case are: mainte-

he artillery and tanks; wire-

es of command posts from

main position are:

s.

e normally assume there is

An attack order includes

he following ways:

tillery.

places supplemented by

neers elsewhere.

ectly at all points; to

and engineers.

is normal to make the de-

uty of the infantry and

ary train is assigned to

et up and operate division

f one per brigade behind

ns are from 1,600 to 2,200

maining third of the sani-

pitals are set up about

arture. The division ia

which are held initially

elon of the transport regi-

n infantry ammunition dis-

d one artillery distributing

oblems which bears

While the infantry pushes

ard to alinement, the division

ire of his artillery (although

ect support missions) and by

meet a counterattack, to

a penetrating unit. The divi-

s to the pursuit in accordance

n commander.
 ES 118

he attack of a posi-

n of the realities of modern

npleasant experience in

earned slowly and imper-

European armies in the first

udgment would concede

nese plan of attack if faced

nt. The following specific

onception and technique of

e inadequate.

aration is unduly short.

e rule.

nemy.

g the missions assigned.

cles are inadequate.

ions are not distributed

wing paragraphs.

oblem sets up conditions

solution at any staff school

wired position offering

n with a slight numerical

ns of artillery, and, a few

ation is permitted and con-

solution is the most signifi-

anation of this assumption

of Japanese psychology,

and future hypothetical

of this study. As has been

methods described herein

propriate against the Rus-

ers say that they can be

Western power, they expect

ether any army can quickly

ed in peace without consid-

o question.

e commander will order

d a main position has been

te of the prescription in

effective reconnaissance is

ave been driven in. This

 ORCES

d preparation in many cases

lieutenant general of reaching

eous attack, however, should

many cases from map problem

red in the field. The Japanese

ce make expressions of

y prone to paper heroics

mperament will restrain in

erally orthodox except

thin effective light artillery

y contiguous but this criti-

r which lies behind the

advantageous attack

r semifrontal push exe-

with one wing, the decisive

artillery. It is true that

mit the possibility of

ique of problems never

mous marching powers of

de envelopment. If one

there is still a weakness in

means on the decisive front.

merous criticisms, but the

re is not enough of it. It is

ry is the result of a lack of

support, is a feeling that past

e need of a stronger artillery,

n is economically incapable

tillery. At all events, no

y real effect can be had on a

t artillery. The period of

re for effect reduces the

l effect of the preparation.

unobserved at night sug-

sence of general support

ery fires and limits the

vene promptly in the action

wn in the tactical prob-

he Japanese infantry will jump

emy artillery and machine

 ES 118-119

orkings of the direct sup-

ms studied; hence, no estimate

than that implied by the

llery liaison.

of the attack does not

ablishments as are located on

r to the front line than we

haracteristic of both the

the Japanese division and

eciation of the effects of

e hostile artillery. A short

emy will in all probability be

sms which are discussed in.

it is not to be assumed that

ors, if errors they prove to

or adaptation and impro-

quickly many of the faults in

lations and tactical

the need for pursuit to

cognize the existence of

of the troops, disorganiza-

these, the Japanese

y and thus to avoid the need

nd reinforced enemy.

e commander throughout

pursuit. The enemy is ob-

gns of an intention to with-

anese commander has at his

onnaissance patrols, and spies.

unhesitatingly to stage a local

While he is pushing this

or a possible pursuit. These

tain units ready for immedi-

unition for the operation,

e plan.

ruction of the defeated

imum cannot always be

maneuver. In seeking to de-

ly try to fix him by frontal

or both flanks. If this

 ORCES

tiring enemy off his line of

n where he can be more effec-

ng situations implicit in the

on under two types: type A,

eld of battle where he sustained

y has partially succeeded in

take distant objectives deep

march dispositions. In both

complished by fixing him with

it detachments, moving

nts along his line of retreat

nario.—(a) Type 'A —

e in the case of the daylight

withdrawal is observed

pressure while available

detachments which turn the

undaries between front line

uction of the enemy is thus

of battle. The detailed

the same as in type B except

h a reforming of march

he infantry.

ded as usual by the

is type wherein the enemy

g himself and beginning

hdrawal is usually under

overed. When the Japanese

is occurring, they renew

n initiative in an effort to

ng forces. As these Japa-

y position, reserve units,

rted around the flanks with

the Japanese front line in-

e of resistance of the covering

m, organizes and sends for-

causes the remainder to

ce of the pursuit detach-

ed to be usual, the subse-

ous arms apply specifically

slight modifications to
 ES 119

idually responsible

hdraw. Having made

covering forces on their

latter as quickly as

ized localities by maneu-

n neither is possible, a

t is indicated. As the

most of the division artil-

ments. Tanks are sent

ack his artillery and com-

ntrol, the division com-

the probable enemy

and re-form for further pur-

n organized into one

on in conjunction with

The bulk of the division

the pursuit detachments.

red to be withdrawing,

he enemy's retreat by

tlenecks in the road net.

the covering position,

splaces close behind the

e on the resisting enemy

pursuit detachments.

pursuit detachments

er principal arms are

rs little variation from

s felt, however, that the

ment in the division to motorize

chments will make it often

stinations in time on the

ons urge the utilizing

nce of especially attached

e of giving the required

well-known marching

ounted upon to compensate

nical transport but not to

the interception of an

imated by a pressing desire

peration thoroughly in
ES

se Army. The war in

e just as vigorously and

y should. The North China

es of rapid pursuit. In

u Kailways, the Japanese

cars and sent them far into

he divisions followed

rail lines, the Japanese

u butai) to give rapidity to

ES

) Japanese river

the other modern armies of

rising the defense by con-

action after the crossing

contemplating a river cross-

, one or two squadrons of

ndent engineer companies,

hree battalions of artillery

armored car troop.

broad front and is pre-

e back enemy patrols from the

ARY FORCES

ging materials, and boats.

he river while the engineers

ssible ferry and bridge sites,

ds just described are so

pooling of all the engineers

ing is a deviation from the

he crossing commanders. The

especially awkward the sup-

as a river crossing. It be-

distant feint, without which

of the reserve to create

control spies among the civilian

mphasis placed on secrecy

nese Army has a

form of combat favors

ng of the infantry and tends

peration of the combined

exist in the Japanese Army.

heir faith in night attacks

panese War and subsequent

cal commentators refer to

anese Army" and as "a tradi-

advantages attributed to

concealment of movement,

vantages conceded are loss

ed direction, chance of mis-

rained troops can over-

even when opposed by superior

k there is a tendency to

ized or too numerous for us

a night attack have we any

plish our mission."

attacks are appropriate

y to the division. Orthodox

following:

ng to extend or com-

engagement may continue

 ES 121

y use a part of their

needed to assist the attack

tract or mislead the

elsewhere (for example, a

as orthodox since they

tions. In practice the night

itional situations:

e night withdrawal or

re the latter can be reinforced.

prevented the reaching

dicate just after dark or

attack. In four peace-

dusk (in this problem enemy

d midnight. The con-

urs were that the engineers

cut paths in the hostile

ctives should be reached

d renewal of the attack a

eparture.

n the importance of a

part of all commanders

stress the need of detailed

trong points, machine guns,

peacetime practice, however,

ually quite short. Concrete

ed in a meeting engage-

ck at dusk, less than 4

rigade commanders de-

ly, while in the course

a night attack shortly

ns are believed to have

conditions as would preclude

ght attack are limited

daylight attacks." (Com-

eceives a clearly defined

they are difficult to attack

 ORCES

us. The lines of tactical

early defined features which

final objective is usually

ards deep. Apparently about

bound. It will be seen

at this depth of objective

irst objective.

he infantry of a night

echelons and a reserve. If

lon may suffice. In the

shes forward and seizes

ve; the second wave passes

ond objective. This second

unterattacks and destroying

of the first and second

f the first and second posi-

wo platoons commanded

king and occupying a

enerally attacks in a

mpanies in the first wave,

nd wave, and a platoon in

ed to reach and occupy

me 1,100 yards from the

more distant than this

ns may attack in column,

e taking of the second

entation of a typical

ies 1 and 2 are in a

ne of squad columns;

behind the leading com-

being in a column of squads.

known but the frontage

110 to 165 yards. The

ompany at about 55 yards.

nse formation is highly

d by ease of control and

is with the bayonet

d against searchlights and

n protective fires.

eers are attached to as-

gh the enemy wire. This

 ES

% to 3 hours before the

e apparently considered

untered, disinfecting de-

detachments for laying

rd if the enemy searchlights

ght attacks as Jcishu

s "attack by surprise" and

characterized by an in-

by a preparation or ac-

ck.

ry weapons. The second

nd possibly a preparation.

blems mentioned is a

expecting a night attack;

oshu.

s an infantry regiment.

with the infantry prepares

ack. The usual method of

l consideration is given

ery may be required to

ARY FORCES

ce of direction at night,

Devices used are—

kes, strips of paper, lines

nt.

strips of white cloth on their

e Japanese Army may

ht, at least until this form of

ctors favoring the success

marches, maneuvers, and

and-to-hand fighting.

ecution of night attacks.

te against the success of

an alert enemy are—

the hope of retrieving a

naissance, planning, and

 ES 122-123

defined on the ground

ble to enemy fire.

f assault waves where

commander.

tralize enemy automatic

protective fires.

e of lines in the course

apanese are likely to

d and will have in the future

igilant enemy strong in

stly unless largely modified

1) Japanese military

e that their troops will ever

his form of combat is con-

the Imperial Army and to

where an offensive solution is

e for the defensive has

e on the subject that examples

o find. The data on front-

ing study are drawn from a

d are thus not wholly reliable

oyo), superseded in

he defensive on the active de-

ve defense, assumed in the

es, as the typical case of

ng for special discussion.

o former practice where a

 ORCES

n the plans for the defense,

ot those of an active defense

change indicates a displace-

real change in the practice

bject of the defensive

sses by fire power disposed

man-made defensive works

s equalized to the point of

he defense is based upon a

to the last extremity.

esistance (observation,

mmunications, obstacles, etc.)

ry doctrine. The new

of the times, emphasize

es across the front of the

o may use gas, the main

here gas is likely to

reconnaissance and orders

mal.

of resistance.—The dis-

he main line of resistance

al. There is a recent change

e occasional occupation of

3,300 yards).

i).—The outpost line

jinchi).— (a) On cer-

ll order the occupation and

sition in the zone between

ne of resistance. The pur-

of the following:

upation of important

position.

e attack.

ck in a false direction

ble to counter-

d defensive position is

the assignment of some of

 ES 123

post line of resistance is

en organized are—

n observation, is

d an impor-

ne of

zed between the

ne of resistance

rojected

of an active

may come from the

r on the main line of re-

tank weapons, and some

he Japanese recognize

he appropriate time. They

ommander to give the

ribe the time and manner

n does not organize an

outpost line of resistance

observers sent forward by

f resistance. These patrol

s of the outpost line of

nce.

pany upward hold out

nterattacks. The division

e battalions. Because of

is not possible in the usual

initially located 5,500

position conveniently located

nterattack. Tanks will often

e defense, the general

of the infantry strength of

on the defensive are con-

sive return.

al except as restricted
ARY FORCES

the main line of

arly phases of the

on commander gives intitial

supplying of intrenching

ndicates the priority of

istance.

the main line of

esistance.

ms that there is time

vision usually has from

s organization of the

nimum required to or-

and obstacles along the

it in engineering calcu-

idered capable of digging

over 3 hours. The man-

ements.—The actions

approaches the position are

—As the hostile infantry

f resistance, the defensive

fires. Tanks, if available,

t to upset the preparations

ne of infantry fires, the

of their sectors first by fire,

hes. Unit commanders

gly as the integrity of their

tile attack. The defensive

anding barrages and con-

 ES 125-126

e division commander is

proper time for the division

vorable moment will

n unfavorable position.

n created by a successful

de tentatively well in

nity. The attack direction

f envelopment, but the sit-

ontal attack. The counter-

y the mass of the artillery

mmander may control the

ay relinquish control to

of the new Combat

a marked concern over

o take advantage of all

ade to break up a tank

itank guns, land mines, and

s in depth aims at checking

ses. Infantry small-arms

wing the tanks in order

purpose, the Japanese

, though run over by tanks,

to the following foot troops.

camouflaged to escape de-

roach within close range,

ire on the tank ports. Com-

age and special covering

ed a potent antitank

if supported by artillery

e against attack tanks which

which have become

of 1914 tactical think-

ry treatment accorded the

itary writings. It is

ombat un-Japanese in

ecomes very hard to

ARY FORCES

are willing to advocate

died, the basic decision to

vision commander, a school

student officers. Even

anese officers have the

in their minds, being

small, coordinated and

on. On the maneuver

don their prearranged system

the bayonet in front of

o conducted are glaring

aggressive character has

areless or overconfident

eed of echelonment in

t tendency to concentrate a

s. Especially, this is true

attalion guns, etc.). The

ns, 2 battalion guns per bat-

ndulge in echelonment if

nce is to be covered by a con-

materiel will, however, be

the current rearmament pro-

invalidated as the materiel

in the new Combat Regu-

increased strength of frontal

n official corrective to the

houlder-to-shoulder disposi-

se. It is questionable, how-

its present armament can be

m of fires that a present-day

0 to 3,300 yard front would be

s. The "broad defense" does

division is made notably

ttle military literature

ance of the provisions of the

rawal. In general, the

dard. It is notable, however,

strong insistence on the dan-

few tactical problems dis-

 ES 127-128

awal. No information has

ommander considers a with-

ases studied, the withdrawal

imposed by the enemy.

e withdrawal is so orthodox

e of the customary injunc-

ymptomatic of the Japanese

fire power; however, it is un-

ey will not try to avoid day-

mits. The paucity of auto-

se division will be a handicap

n the former, it will be

n both the local and general

be a shortage of weapons

ell" to simulate normal activ-

aggressive enemy. These

anese command, however, as

h an inglorious form of warfare

ral characteristics.—

aying action as a separate

t include it in the broader

latter word is used to

r of types of operations char-

nish in which the idea of

on to the typical delay

ds and covering forces, the

tions, reconnaissances in

r a withdrawal. In the sub-

isregard the elements .not

ese inject into the treatment

s to gain time, to con-

ding decisive combat.

eved by defensive action,

n be accomplished only by

e, a literal translation from

ignificant change over the

equently achieved by

ly achieved by defensive

ore in line with the tradi-

Army by suggesting a greater

 ORCES

n to obtain delay. Else-

en when defensive measures

n, the commander must

opportunity for offensive

, in order to avoid be-

mander designates limited

r of troops committed to

agement, fronts of deploy-

matic weapons and ar-

ns. The fire fight generally

ment is broken off when the

ut the breadth is obtained

by the acceptance of un-

Reserves are kept large

o the resistance of the delay-

imited offensive actions

orm of combat for which

As a defensive form of com-

dier, who understands first

d. Influenced by the strength

anese commander will often

ve is better suited to the

at a little fresh encourage-

Regulations to the use of

uragement of which Japanese

advantage in order to seek

ressiveness will often ill

ns, the Japanese divi-

ficiency in long-range fire

wide fronts, it does not

ompensate for the weakness

anic battalions have

es needed for obtaining delay

hine guns and artillery

re occupied simultaneously

ome weapons to the rear

wer in front of the forward

nstituted does not have

 ES 128-129

rve does not agree with

uggests the intention to

n is usually abandoned before

king range. In the practice

always used to occupy a

on became, in effect, a delay

ccupied. Thus, the require-

te of its apparent contra-

orthodoxy.

NITS AND

result of experience in

in China, and the clash

panese Army has acquired a

nization. Large sums of the

et aside to push the mechaniza-

n to the proper use of this

e of the Japanese Army itself

hing feature of the new

s the modification, exten-

graphs devoted to the use of

ountries, the Japanese are

ons and are not yet prepared

al doctrine. Hence, the new

to considerations of mech-

neralities which leave con-

se have worked out many of

ed questions as infantry-

mmanders, logistics of

a incident, the known

my consisted of two tank

of tank units is not defi-

ARY FORCES

here was the equivalent

organic tank company

rge mechanized units

in the Japanese Army;

ave been used on the con-

ss. Such units, while prob-

ation and equipment, are

availability of materiel

lding, shock, and supply

anized brigades and divisions

(1) Accompanying

normally used as accom-

its making the principal

y prior to the attack to as-

e line of departure. Here

ons are completed. Tank

mental and battalion com-

d as well as with the artillery

conference and decision

ank jump-off positions;

bsequent zone of advance;

oordination with the ad-

unterattack by hostile tanks;

tanks, and artillery. On

move to jump-off positions

and low-flying airplanes.

fect of mass by disposing

nt of the infantry unit to

followed closely by the

ich neutralizes enemy

k objectives are: obstacles

enemy automatic weapons

ally, the hostile artillery

stick close to the tanks;

ave to turn around and

cularly to the attack

especially acute. In

he tanks are in general

aison arrangements are not

apidly. In a favorable sit-

 ES 130

he main attack may send

dvance guard to upset the

mand system of the opposing

a rendezvous point where

dy in time for use with

the Japanese have had

nks, although the new

e in cases where tanks are

condition is not often

my, underequipped as it

satisfy the requirements

of this requirement are

t under division control.

main attack, they rush deep

ommand system. They

t, and mission type of order

n. Artillery support is

ugh the forward area of

llery coordinates its fire

to interfere with their

owing miscellaneous uses

ar:

he mouth of a defile,

n.

and reconnaissance mis-

es in the areas beaten by

olding attack, while

lank.

rough the rear gates of

on commander usually

under cover from artillery

ey are attached to the

k. They are particularly

d force, as the defensive

e enemy tanks if the latter

t or have become dispersed.

may use his tanks, before the

sembly areas. In all cases,

ARY FORCES

lly arranged artillery fire

—As previously indi-

onal mechanized units vary-

the materiel at hand and the

hese units have a strong

infantry, engineers, field

nal detachments. The

rmed from line of commu-

n aviation is usually

nized force normally re-

advantage can be taken of

dent action. In general,

a large cavalry force. By

night) it surprises the enemy

hich form the backbone

The commander, keeping

hem for a quick blow in a

try receives any or all

action.

holding attack or

her by day or

t stays in its carriers as

ormal support missions

guns.

enemy, the commander

hypotheses, as the situation

ast-moving type of combat.

agencies, meanwhile grad-

ns. As the enemy situation

y area in conformance with

rea is as close to the enemy

nger of a sudden collision

verse the final distance

ds from one terrain line to

ement is the maneuver

a force will often march

 ES 131-132

k at dawn. In the assembly

stored, and missions are

n the enemy situation is

ture the possession of which

loyment troops remain in

rces them to dismount.

re parked under cover

t reserve is usually in-

tanks. The detailed conduct

cavalry force.

adapted to pursuit

to them are those suitable

e of action permits a deeper

this form of action that

nd their chief employment

ich such units have cut

front on the verge of col-

The broad plateaus of

ain particularly favorable

es the mobility of a

to be avoided, but it may

se, the commander usually

ontinuous line of strong

n reserve. The defense is

principal concern of the

tanks in a counterattack.

y will be superior in tanks;

stage the decisive tank ac-

such conditions, his

the supporting fires of

efeated the crisis is passed

ding rapidly throughout

understood. The army

erience in small-scale tank

hanized forces. Although

er of the elaborated mechan-

re most of the benefits of

n of cost is likely to

sion of mechanization in

e and without a well de-

ORCES

Japanese envisage the

erations to be—

lt to camouflage.

y prevail.

fficult observation

every advantage of these

ent, camouflage, and calm

aissance and warning nets

g guns, and mortars.

rifles at a short range

omprise men with

assault on tanks.

(1) It is desirable to

lowly and so as not to

ne-gun and heavy

chments) includes a section

ally equipped for action

n antitank mine, a bomb,

k under cover, until

eapons. Next, he throws

ng, about 15 feet in front

ulls it directly under the

rward under cover and

nk in such a manner that

t apart, to a 150-

th this chain of mines and

nk as it approaches.

ck the tank by jumping

and damaging the guns or

ks. The pistol may be used

e tank. Another method

 ES 133-134

elter-half over the turret

ms of assault are feasible

the hostile infantry ac-

delayed and stopped, finally,

^-inch rods between the

ng operations have

carefully reconnoitered

ork of secret agents in peace.

have been assiduously prac-

and motor landing craft

anchorage the night before

able the transports have

ddle of the night.

y take place just before

er dawn. Periods of

possible so as to facilitate

orts and motor landing

ite of landing. The

ome field artillery, en-

mbarked in motor land-

ll speed, and if in forma-

op their stern anchors

ach. For the remainder of

grounded by means of the

e boats normally ground

n warrants the boats'

e weighed by hand or power

ary patrol craft armed

ose support to the landings

s required. Once a beach

d proceed inland as fast as

paragraph 67.

ese have had complete

g operations on the China

ways been secured and all

from sea and air. On one

e land forces by gun fire. In

e withheld until after the

ARY FORCES

mplete air superiority the

ision for antiaircraft protec-

ositions at a range of

was achieved by put-

and using a small charge.

ngs were made with a

e appear to have landed

ght tanks (3 tons), 10.5-cm

re instrumental in giving

d:

ons.

zation.

ing.

he establishment of a

ver the main landing.

pping and bombing

ties of landing transport

erations.

position, to bring

transferring men into

oosing difficult landing

—To the exclusion of

haracteristics of Japanese

f Japanese tactical and

under conditions of

of appreciation of modern
 ES 135-136

mystic virtue of Japanese

acles.

red form of offensive

but is apt to be uncoor-

troops.

of maneuver, although

s executed, most envelop-

o interval between frontal

ught by an advance in

ng one or both of the

nceived maneuver often

y strong in infantry, par-

ement.

the difficulties of the

e necessary weapons to

w front.

mber, caliber, and tech-

unnery methods such

nd fire of unobserved con-

ut plan for liaison with

ed in night attacks, be-

xecute them frequently in war.

forward an advance de-

half of its strength to pre-

sion of the division, whether

en forced to assume it,

turn to the offensive. They

ation at all echelons of

lack depth. The systems

re often imperfectly

e of secrecy and decep-

out including in the plan

onceal the true intention of

nts of Japanese tactics

n is under-armed by Western
ARY FORCES

e are making great efforts

ing large sums on aviation,

ave increased the strength

and antitank units are

ed the China incident will

sed material means will

out meaning unless

ho will apply them in battle.

the field of Japanese mili-

ics; however, it should be

the Japanese Army for

army easily misjudged

its straggling columns,

st as there is no glitter

tical excellence to recom-

excels in durability and

antry "straggles" 30 miles

me and with surprisingly

n be counted on to evolve

lliant tactical combina-

s for getting a maximum

urthermore, the Japanese

in 1870 is thoroughly

advancing with the new

gering self-confidence may

is a rugged army fired with

m which make it a dangerous

ES

NS

ations 139

ons 142

ement 143
ORCES

l signs.
ES 138
ORCES
ES 138

leum.

.
ORCES

double track
ES 138

n understanding Japanese

e character groups are

attalion Battery
 ORCES

al signs of both armies

shown in red and Jap-

are used where the mean-

pecial signs may supple-

for units of the Guards

er S is added on the

shown with one line

ional Army troops are

abbreviated sign.

ts of fortified places

ts of attacks, or changes

ow — ».

alions of a regiment

ts, thus: 2i — the 2d

ES 138

the sign of a detach-

., shows the number thereof,

ts to the left are part

ttalion of the 2d infantry

n as a fraction of a

e 5th cavalry regiment.

re missing, those miss-

arentheses, thus: 2i ( — 8.12) ,

mpanies.
ES

breviations.
ES 139
ORCES

cerning all the arms

quadron).
ES 140

y.

in close order.

y in close order.

r passing

on.

n
ORCES

se

close
 ES

artillery use the signs

}r( To show the

d a howitzer the sign

ORCES
ES 140

persons).

ferent

ng or

, re-
ORCES

plane with sev-

and

ines.

are

f aerial

he
ES 140

y.

ny.

commis-

ncommis-
ES

the

and

ation

on
ES 140

hes. The

thick

un.

ry firing.

rtillery

of the

attle position.

otted line.
ORCES
ES 140

kation

rkation office.

st).

ole
ORCES

t yet

adquarters

achment

ny.

house.

use.
ES 140

nd

tore-

ehicles in single file.

ed to field works:
 ORCES

nt

ire.

ts).

hes).
ES 140

gazine.

ch

t.

se.

mber of cannons by num-

o. 1.

ry
ARY FORCES

below.

uiser divisions are

a thin
 ES 141

quad-

d).
ARY FORCES

eviations.
ES 143

meeting engagement.
ES

t of military terms

y be useful to unit intelli-

ES
ES

e habitually use the order MP, Inf., Cav., Arty., Engrs., Air

es to Ken, Ho, Ki, Ho Ko', Koku, Shicho.

Arms, services, and

ES 145

he air service

ed, though the char-

g officers' grades are given

t
ES

. Enlisted man.—

ding from top to bottom

e, followed by regimental

e serial number of the man

ntry 56 (regulation),
ES

entification tag which

service, grade, and name.

Yamamoto."

is read from top to bot-

here used are Chinese

, two, three, or more char-

enlisted man's tag

man's serial number in the

y abbreviated and the

he enlisted man's tag.

uted for "regiment." A

s follows:

avalry.

giment (in this

serial number of

more characters
ORCES

ce (here engineer) .

me of officer (here

s of the translation of
ES 146
ORCES
ES
 ES

eys.—a. Distance

2727 kilometers. •

ers.

= 1.81818 meters.

=0.30303 meter.

haku.

e miles_ = 15.42345 kilometers

17355 ares.

s.

ton.

eet.

by 12 feet.

t.
 ES

gold.

e type number on

he last two digits of the

in which the item was

e history of the Japanese

1927 would, therefore,

tern year, the Japanese

thereto follows:

n general use in the

ment, including airplanes,

owing table shows the

arious sounds of the Jap-

eated in the y column,

a, be, bi, bo, and bu differ

hu) only by the addition

e is true of the ga and kv,

umn is derived from the

nal ".. .". Where

ed by a code signal are

ized spelling, according to the

up to 1937; the lower

ted that the former

ndering of Japanese sounds

RCES
ES

employed for the trans-

abbreviated signals, and

sound occasionally used for

ation are listed.

s used for punctuation,

ES

and procedure signals.

icates that the signals should

een signals disregarded.

ES

s, etc.
RCES

c.

terruption, difficult trans-

munication.—Abbrevia-

may also be used in communi-

ES

hostilities have caused

me standing army. Com-

000 to about 1,500,000 men

39 96

tion for 83 151

operation 94 156

118 181

gagement 108 175

 4

,151

operation.^ 94 156

6,

t 56 110

88

d of numbering 3, App. 261

41, ammunition
143 248

95

nition for 85 152

tion for 83 151

41, ammunition for. 84 151

ammunition for 85 152

41
ED

d below, or

recall.