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1. Independence for 61 countries (1919 – 1985): Ceasing of freedom struggle, death, killing, riots, violences.
4. Medical advances: Smallpox vaccine - 1899, Insulin – 1922, Penicillin – 1942, Polio - 1955, Chemotherapy – 1956.
5. Agriculture development: Scientific research, Universities, Invention, New topics – Genetics, Agronomy (1900 – TT)
7. Economic development: New ideas, management methods, supply – demand ratio balance, Green-White revolution.
8. Settled Life: Proper education, medical, transport, security, food, clothing, shelter, etc.
9. Transportation: Flight (1903), Automobiles (1939 – 1945), Spaceflight (1950), High Speed Rail - Japan (1964) in Asia.
10. Communication: More than 20 inventions (1920 – 1990), 9 inventions (21st Century)
About the World’s Population:
World’s population is now 7.6 billion, will be 11.2 billion in 2100. (50.4 % male & 49.6 % is female)
80 years aged persons projected: from 137 million (2017) to 425 million (2050) & 909 million (2100)
10 – 24 years aged are 1.8 billion, with 90 % of them live in developing countries.
41 % of India's population is (less than 20 years) compared to 24 % of the world's young population.
2.4 % of the world's land area, India 17 % (132 Cr) of the world population 2nd largest after China.
Urban shift of people in millions by 2050: (70 %) Tokyo - 37, Delhi – 29, Shanghai – 26.
Global fertility reduced from 2.5 children per woman (2010 – 2015) to 2.0 (2095 – 2100)
20 % Women in poorest countries have the least access to sexual and reproductive health services.
56 million abortions worldwide / year are unsafe, leading to the deaths of 22,800 women / year.
Globally 800 women die / day due to pregnancy-related complications & 20 % from India.
Globally 46 % & in India 47 % of girls are married before the age of 18.
Globally 30 % of population growth in the world is due to unwanted & accidentals pregnancies.
2. Reduced Mortality Rates: Improved medical technology (vaccines and antibiotics), cures fatal diseases.
3. Fertility Treatment: Improved fertility treatments have made it possible for more people to have
children.
4. Lack of Education: Illiteracy fails to make understand the need to prevent excessive growth of
population.
5. Child Labor: UNICEF (150 million children) no law countries. Seen as source of income by poor families.
1. Depletion of Natural Resources: Forest, Wildlife, Pollution, Water & Food Scarcity.
2. Degradation of Environment: Overuse of coal oil & natural gas, global warming,
climate change, rise in sea level.
3. Conflicts & Wars: Resource use & Water War.
4. Starvation: Huge issue facing the world & the mortality rate for children is being
fuelled by it.
5. Rise in Unemployment: Fewer jobs to support large number of people. Crime,
Corruption, Harassment.
6. High Cost of Living: Demand Vs Supply will expand, rise in price food, shelter &
Medical.
7. Poverty & famine: Politics, Unequal distribution of food, leads socio-eco inequality,
lack of democracy & civil war.
8. Impact on the environment (I) = PAT [Size of the Population (P), Consumption Level
(A) & Technology used (T)].
9. Migration: Economic Disparity, badly paid labour & low standard of living.
10. Lack of Water: More demand on freshwater supply, Roughly 1% available &
accessible.
11. Lower Life Expectancy: High life expectancy in HDC, low in less developed
nations.
12. Extinction: Demand for land = Destruction of forest, 50% of wildlife species at
risk.
13. Resource Consumption: Food, water & fossils consumed & demanded at
record rates.
15. Climate Change: US, China & India largest contributors to emissions in the
world.
World
Solutions to control growth of population:
1. Education: Need to have 1 / 2 children with best lifestyle. Men delay marriage & so small family.
Women becomes health conscious & avoid frequent pregnancies.
2. Sex Education: Parents & teachers should complete information. Otherwise teenagers may seek
wrong information and fail to learn about proper behavior.
3. Family Planning: To know various safe sex techniques & contraceptives to prevent unwanted
pregnancy. “Hurry for the first child, Delay the second child & avoid the third.”
4. Tax Benefits & Incentives: Govt. policies to exempt tax or provide incentives in health, discounted
education or finance to married couples having 1 / 2 kids can curb population growth.
5. Child mortality & fertility: Child mortality & fertility are directly proportional to each other, so
reducing mortality can reduce fertility. Assures & give confidence of child survival for long term.
6. Marriage age: India minimum age for marriage is 21 years for men & 18 years for women fixed by law.
7. Raising the Status of Women: Education & equality to develop good social & economical life.
8. Adoption: Adopt orphan children. It will be beneficial to orphan children & childless couples. Ex live
9. Change in Social Outlook: Marriage is not about only child birth. Women a machine to reproduce.
10. Social Security: Dependency on others in the event of old age, sickness, unemployment etc. be reduced.
11. Employment: Avenues in rural & urban areas. Employed persons will work & less child growth.
12. Development of Agriculture & Industry: Large people get employment – income increased – improve
standard of living - adopt small family norms.
13. Standard of Living: To maintain their higher standard of living people prefer to have a small family.
(A. K. Das Gupta) Rs. 100 / month = 3.4 reproduction rate, Rs. 300 = 2.8
14. Urbanisation: People in urban areas have low birth rate than in rural areas.
15. Self Control: It is an ideal & healthy approach should be provided to follow.
16. Recreational Facilities: Cinema; theatre, sports & dance etc. are available to the people.
17. Publicity: T.V., radio, newspaper means to propagate about the planned family to the mass.
18. Employment to Woman: Provide employment to women to give services in different fields.
19. Medical Facilities: Availability of good hospitals / doctors can result in survival of kids.
20. Legislative Actions: Stop child marriage, child labor, child sex, beggary & slavery.
21. Eradicate Poverty: Most poor countries have highest population growth not rich ones.
22. Easy & Cheap Contraceptives: Use of condoms & contraceptives must be advertised &
promoted, it controls population & prevents sexually transmitted diseases & AIDS.
• HDI is a statistic composite index of life expectancy, education & per capita income
indicators, which are used to rank countries human development.
• A country scores a higher HDI when lifespan is higher, education level is higher &
GDP per capita is higher.
• The HDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, used to measure
the country's development by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).
• The index is based in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable
things in life. Examples include—Being: well fed, sheltered, healthy; Doings: work,
education, voting, participating in community life. The freedom of choice is
central—someone choosing to be hungry (as during a religious fast) is quite
different to someone who is hungry because they cannot afford to buy food.
The following three indices are used: