. ilr,i::,f::l:,,,rr:..:l:r:::r:.t.:]rp]a:l,t::iilill:l::t]:iriitt,,tt:l:.

The Earth 4.1 fhe structure of thC E h..

words for each label'

1 Label the diagram of the Earth by writing one or two
2 For sentences A-F below:
o Write C next to the sentences that are true
for the Earth's crust.
e Write M next to the sentences that are true
for the mantle,
o Write O next to the sentences that are true
for the outer core.
o Write I next to the sentences that are true for
the inner core.
You will need to write more than one letter next
to some sentences'
A This part of the Earth is solid.
B This part of the Earth is liquid.
c This part of the Earth is made up mainly of iron and nickel.
D This part of the Earth can flow'
EThispartoftheEarthismadeupofdifferenttypesofrock.
F This part of the Earth has the smallest thickness'
the Earth is not flat, but that it is
3 write down three pieces of evidence that support the idea that
a sphere.

I
2

Read the information in the box.

earthquake
types of
Earthquakes send out shock waves. There are two
shock waves:
. P-waves, which travel through solids and liquids'
. s-waves, which travel through solids but not through
liquids.

During earthquakes, scientists use seismometers to try

to detect
P-waves and S-waves in different places. This helps
them to find @ @
out about the structure of the Earth

The diagram shows the centre of an earthquake,

and the

beginni"ng of paths of some shock waves from the

earthquake.

Assume the waves travel in straight lines'

Write the letters of the places where you predict scientists
would detect:
t
a P-waves onlY,
b S-waves and P-waves.

26
 The Earth :*;ftl **iim

'l Use words from the box to complete the sentences below. Use each word once, more than once, or not
at all.

hard granite basalt magma igneous solidifies

soft sedimentary gabbro non-porous limestone sandstone porous

Hot liquid rock is called When this cools, it .. . .. .. to form .. ... .. rocks.

Examples of this type of rock are and .. .. ... . Most rocks of this
type are which means that water does not soak into them. They are also

and durable.

2 lgneous rocks have a crystalline structure, Explain why this means that water does not soak into most
types of igneous rocks.

3 The drawings below show the crystals in three igneous rock samples

sample 1 sample 2 sample 3 (not to scale)

a Which sample is made up of a rnixture of minerals? Explain how the drawings show this.

b Which sample was formed from magma that cooled the most slowly? Explain how you know

4 Draw lines to match each use with the property or properties that make it suitable for this use. Use
each property once, more than once, or not at all,

Basalt is used for road surfaces it is hard and durable.

because...
Granite is used for hotel floors ...it has a rough surface when it has
because... not been polished.
Gabbro is used for'making ...it can be polished to look
sculptures because... attractive.

@ln Ancient Egypt many statues were craved from gabbro. Lots of these statues have survived
thousands of years without damage. Suggest why they have survived without damage for so long
 The Earth rocks

1 Complete the table to give one example of each type of rock

Type of rock Example
rgneous
sedimentary
metamorphic

2 Complete the flow diagram below to summarise how sedimentary rocks are formed. Choose words
and phrases from the box below.

weathering

3 Make up four sentences using the phrases in the table. Each sentence must include a phrase frorir each
column. Write the sentences below the table.

Sedimentary are porous because they are made of grains with spaces between them
rocks

are not porous it is difficult to scratch them

lgneous rocks are usually hard this means it is easy to scratch them
that
are usually soft they are made of crystals with no spaces between them

4 Marcello has three rock samples. He knows that all the samples are either igneous rocks or
sedimentary rocks. He does two tests on each rock, and writes his.results in a table.

Rock sample Observations when water is Observations when try to scratch

dropped onto sample sample with nail
A Water did not soak into rock Could not scratch
B Water soaked into rock Easy to scratch
C Water soaked into rock Could not scratch

a Write the letter or letters of the igneous rock sample or samples.

b Write the letter or letters of the sedimentary rock sample or samples.
c Write the letter or letters of any samples that you cannot identify as
igneous or sedimentary. Explain why you are unsure.

Name three types of weathering. Give an example of each type of weathering, and explain how
it happens.
 The Earth

Anita looks at two rock samples through a hand lens. She draws what she sees.
a Which sample is a sedimentary rock? Explain your
decision.

b Which sample is an igneous rock? Explain your decision

A B

Bhanu places two different rock samples in water. He writes down his observations.

Rock sample Observations in water

C No change to water or rock sample
D Bubbles came out of rock and rose to the surface of water.
After a short time, the bubbling stopped.
When I took the rock sample out of the wate[ it looked the same as it did at the
start. lt was just wet.

a Which sample is a sedimentary rock? Explain your decision

b Which sample is an igneous rock? Explain your decision

3 Draw lines to match each rock type to one property and one use

Rock type Property Use

sandstone hard making bricks and pottery
claystone easily moulded when wet building material

4 The stages below describe how limestone is made.

A Sea creatures die.

B The bones and shells break up.

C The tiny sediments stick together.

D Their bones and shells fall to the seabed.
E This process forms small sediments.

Write the letters of the stages in the correct order in the boxes below.
The first one has been done for you,

5 Suggest why limestone often contains fossils of sea creatures.

a Describe three ways by which rock sediments are transported from place to place.
b Explain the meaning of the word deposition.
c Explain the difference between cementation and compaction.
 The Earth 4.5 Nfehmorphic rocks

1 Give the names of three metamorphic rocks.

2 Write I next to the sentences that are true. Write F next to the sentences that are false. Then write
corrected versions of the sentences that are false.
a Metamorphic rocks are formed from sedimentary rocks only,
b Heat is always needed to change a sedimentary rock into a metamorphic rock.
c The process of changing a sedimentary rock into a metamorphic rock happens in the Earth's crust
d Changing an igneous rock into a metamorphic rock involves melting the igneous rock.
e Both heat and pressure are needed to change an igneous rock into a metamorphic rock.
f Metamorphic rocks may be formed from both sedimentary and igneous rocks,
Corrected versions of false statements:

3 Abassi has samples of three rocks. He places them 1 metre away from his eyes, and draws what he sees.

A B

Which sample is most likely to be a metamorphic rock? Explain your choice.

o c

4 Boseda has samples of limestone, marble, mudstone, and slate. He places one drop of water onto each
sample. Predict what he will observe, and give reasons for your predictions.

Rock Predicted observation Reason for prediction

limestone

marble

mudstone
slate

The diagrams show two fossils. Which fossil is more likely to have been
found in slate? Explain your decision.

30
 Enquiry:
The Earth *i6it]QJ i,&i *.,m n ..nnA..ixUanations

1 Jack investigates the size of the crystals formed when liquid salol
freezes. He places a few drops of iiquid salol on a warm piece of
glass. He places a few drops of liquid salol on a cold piece of glass.
He observes the crystals that are formed.

Draw lines to match each thing Jack does with one of the stages of
developing an explanatlon,

I
What Jack does Stage of developing an
explanation
Writes down that:Ihe rit-e of salol crlsta\s may dapend on tho suggest an explanation
lemperalure oI Iho surlacr, tha liquid ra\ol coo\s on.
Places liquid salol on warm and cold pieces of glass, and ask a question
observes the crystals that form.
Looks carefully at his crystals and thinks about whether what he test the explanation
wrote down was correct.
Wonders what causes salol to form crystals of different sizes. check the evidence

2 ln the table below tick (/)

one box next to each statement to show whether the statement describes
evidence, or whether the statement is an explanation,

Statement Evidence Explanation

lf you look at a cliff face made up of sedimentary rocks, you may
see different layers of rock.
There are no spaces between the crystals of an igneous rock.
Sedimentary rocks were formed when sediments were deposited. ln
different time periods, different types of sediment were deposited.
Water does not soak into igneous rocks.
Fossils found in slate have distorted shapes.

lgneous rocks do not contain fossils.

Slate is formed when high pressures squash mudstone.
lgneous rocks are formed from liquid rock. The liquid rock is hot,
and living things cannot survive in it.

Copy and complete the flow diagram Ask a question

below to show how scientists might
have developed an explanation Suggest an explanation
about the involvement of uplift in
forming mountains. There must be a
Test the explanation
different explanation.

Check the evidence

NO
YES

r
The explanation is accepted.
 Enquiry:
The Earth 4.7

1 Draw lines to match each prediction with a suitable scientific explanation

One of the explanations explains two predictions.

Prediction Scientific explanation

When the steepness of a volcano slope changes, the
This change may be caused by magma
volcano may erupt.
moving inside the volcano.
When there are more earth movements near a
volcano, the volcano may erupt.
This change may be caused by magma
Magma often contains dissolved sulfur dioxide. When
moving upwards.
extra sulfur dioxide gas comes out of a volcano, the
volcano may erupt.
This change may be caused by magma
When the surface temperature of a volcano changes,
pushing up against surface rock.
the volcano may erupt.

2 Three students make predictions.

Amisha: I predict ihat

HaKim: I predici thai
rocK formod whor iiquid rocK Gabir: M1 rocK is made
rocK formod when \iquid rocK
so\idified on tho soabed has sma\\ up of raparata grains. I predici
so\idified underground has big
crlslals. vrater wi\\ ioaK into it.
crysta\s.

Use your scientific knowledge and understanding to explain each prediction

Amisha
Hakim.
Gabir ..

Scientists studied data from 3200 volcanic eruptions between the years 1 700 and 1999.
Some students read about their work, and wrote down their ideas,

Kibibi:'lhsry vrory more violont vo\canic oruptions beivteon Novsmber and Mar.h than during tha othor
montha of the year. (
Lisimba: l\ivo near avo\Lano.lthink iie nsrt aruption will bo bolwoon Novombsr and March.

Muna: Mors anour and rain fal\ on tho northarn half of lheOarlhbelvteen Novombsr and March.
This pushes dornrn on Ihe earlh't rurlace rocY.lho orlra{orco ma(t.a magma movo in vo\canovs.

a Give the name of the person who is making a prediction.

b Give the name of the person who is explaining a prediction.
c Give the name of the person who is describing a pattern in data.
 The Earth

Draw lines to match each soil component to one way in which it is useful.
rock fragments plants need this for respiration
humus helps to give the soil its structure
water plants need this for photosynthesis
air a store of nutrients for microorganisms

The pie chart on the right shows the percentages of different soil components in a sample of soil
a What is the un-named soil component?

b Calculate the percentage of water in the soil sample.

rock
fragments
45%
c After a few weeks of drought, the percentage of air in a new
soil sample from the same field increased to 40o/o. Calculate the
percentage of water in the new soil sample.

: student sets up the apparatus below to investigate the drainage of soil samples from four fields.
re diagrams below show the volume of water that drains through each soil in a certain time.
a Which sample drains most quickly?

so il
filter
Which field is likely to take longest to dry out
paper
alter a week of heavy rain?

: tVhich soil is likely to include the most sand?

@

,,',i hich soil includes a high clay content?

water that has
drained throuqh soil

G]
\-
-l
':rmer investigates the soil in one of her fields. The rock fragments in the soil are 40o/o silt, 40%
and 20% sand. Suggest how the farmer could improve the drainage of the soil. Give reasons for
S uggestion,

33
 Enquiry:
The Earth More about soil

each uJord once, more than once, or not

1 use words from the box to complete the sentences below. Use
at all

least :',, ,, Qis,,

loam solid lwid

These are the spaces between the ''' " ' .. matter of the
Soil holds water in its . ,

soil. Sandy soils hold water. Clay soils hold . . ., .. ' water' . soils hold

intermediate amounts of water.

The steps below describe how to measure the amount of air

in a soil sample. They are in the wrong order'
2
A Place 100 cm3 soil in a measuring cylinder'
B Do a calculation to work out the volume of air in the original soil'
C Add water to the 200 cm3 mark.
D Read the new water volume on the measuring cylinder'
E Stir until air bubbles stop leaving the soil.
for you
Write the correct order in the boxes below. The first one has been done

in
3 Three students collected soil samples from home.At school, they used the method described
table.
question 2 to find the volume of air in their samples. Their results are in the

First reading of water First reading of water Volume of air in soil

Soil sample from..
level (cm3) level (cm3) sampl e (cm3)

200 186
Hannah
Ruth 200 164
200 190
Rachel

a Complete the table by calculating the volume of air in each soil sample'
b Whose soil has the most air in it?

Three students measured the pH of the soil on their farms. They also
wrote down the soil pH preferred
4
by different crops.

Soil pH Crop Preferred soil PH

Soilsample from...
7.0 maize 5.5 to 7.0
Chenzira
6.5 spinach 6.0 to 7.0
Maiba
8.5 sweet potato 5.0 to 6.0
Zuka

a Suggest two crops that would grow well on Maiba's farm'

b 0n whose farm or farms is maize likely to grow well?

(
c Zuka wants to grow spinach on his farm.what type of substance
might he add to the soil? suggest why'

r
 The Earth

tour students say what they think fossils are.

a Give the name of the student whose definition is best,
f,a1den Afossil ir
the re.mains of an animal or

b ln the table below, write down one problem with

plani that \ivad a long
lino aga.
each of the other definitions. Kaden Fossils
are preeorved

Name of Problem with definition . naturally

student ' Loah Fossi\s are the

prosarved bonss of anima\s thai
lived manl year6 ago

MiKalla A fossil is tho remains

or lracet ol an anima\ or p\ani
that iivsd manl lears ago l.t ir
proxrved naiurally.
-ihe
I diagrams show one way in which a fossil is formed
They are in the wrong order.

' -- animal dies. lt falls onto mud or 2 More mud or sand quickly buries 3 Bacteria break down the soft parts of
-
:=
--! J,
the body. the body, leaving only the skeieton.
! --: mud or sand around the skeleton 5 Underground water seeps into tiny spaces 6 soft rock around the fossil erodes. This
::'ts to become rock. in the skeleton. Minerals from the water exposes the fossil.
replace the minerals of the skeleton. This
makes a hard copy of the skeleton.

. *l+_-
'lF
r -
-=.2 =(.-. r-****i* C?

a Write the number of one caption next to each diagram.

b Write the letters of the diagrams in the correct order to show how a fossil is formed. The first one
has been done for you.

@: r.0 lain why only very few animals or plants that die will form fossils.

r
 the age of the

1 The diagram shows some rock strata, and fossils that have been found in the strata.
Ihe strata have not been disturbed since they were formed,

,
D

a Whidr rock stratum is youngest?

b VtJhid sratum was laid down first?
c l{ttidt stratum contains the fossils of living
organisms that lived most recently?
d Wtich stratum is most likely to be of igneous rock?

2 ,',':: f next to the statements that are true. Write F next to the statements that are false,
I'en ,'ir te corrected versions of the statements that are false.
a Each rock type has its own index fossil to help identify the rock type.
b ndex fossils show the only types of living organism that lived in certain time periods.
c Each time period has its own index fossil to help identify the time period in which its rocks were formed.
d The same index fossils are used to help identify when rocks were formed in different parts of the world.
Corrected versions of false statements:

4 The diagram below shows rock P

strata in two cliffs.

A
Draw lines to join the strata in the
cliffs to show pairs of rocks that
were probably formed during the c
same geological time period.

Cliff Pedra Cliff Kamen

 Extension:
The Earth

Read the information in the box, and then answer the questions,

Lucy
ln Ethiopia in 1974 scientists discovered fossils of an individual of
an ancient human species. They called their find 'Lucy'. She was a
member of the species Australopithecus afarensis. The species is
now extinct. humerus

When Lucy died, she was buried quickly in ash from a volcano.
Radiometric dating shows that the ash is about 3.2 million
years old.

Evidence from Lucy's knees shows that she walked upright, on

two feet, like modern humans. The table below compares data
from Lucy, modern humans, and modern chimpanzees.
UT

Species Skullvolume Ratio of length of humerus

(cm') bone to length of femur bone

modern human 1 500 72

modern chimpanzee 390 98

Australopithecus Diagram of a modern human to

afarensis 37s-500 B5 show the humerus and femur bones.
(represented by Lucy)

a Scientists found about 40o/o of Lucy's bones. This percentage is greater than that normally found for
individual animals that lived about 3 million years ago. Use information from the box to suggest
why so many of Lucy's bones were fossilised.

b Use the data in the table to write a paragraph comparing Australopithecus afarensrs to modern
humans and chimpanzees.

c Many scientists believe that Lucy's skeleton provides evidence showing that the species that are
ancestors of modern humans walked on two feet before their brain size increased. Explain how the
evidence in the box supports this explanation.

,. 37