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‫اﻟـــﺪاﻟﺔ اﻷﺳـﻴـــﺔ ﻟﻸﺳــــﺎس ‪a‬‬

‫ﺗـﻤـﻬـﻴــــﺪ ‪:‬‬

‫∈‪a‬‬ ‫*‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫}‪− {1‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ورﺗﻴﺒـﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪. \ *+‬‬ ‫‪(x‬‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻠﻢ أن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ) ‪log a x‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫إذن ‪ :‬هﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ \ *+‬ﻧﺤﻮ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ ‪. \ *+‬‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ داﻟﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳـــﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫‪.(x‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻷﺳﻴـﺔ ﻟﻸﺳـﺎس ‪ ، a‬وﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑـــ ) ) ‪expa ( x‬‬ ‫‪(x‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ ) ‪log a x‬‬

‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘــﺎج ‪:‬‬
‫∈ ‪∀x‬‬ ‫*‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫;‬ ‫∈ ‪∀y‬‬
‫‪log a ( x ) = y‬‬ ‫⇔‬ ‫) ‪x = expa ( y‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈــﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫∈ ‪∀x‬‬ ‫;‬ ‫‪exp a ( x ) = a‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪(1‬‬
‫∈ ‪∀x‬‬ ‫;‬ ‫‪a x = ex‬‬ ‫‪ln a‬‬
‫‪(2‬‬
‫∈ ‪∀x‬‬ ‫;‬ ‫‪1x = 1‬‬ ‫‪(3‬‬
‫∈ ‪∀x‬‬ ‫;‬ ‫‪ax‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪(4‬‬

‫‪f (x‬‬ ‫) ‪ax‬‬ ‫دراﺳــﺔ اﻟـﺪاﻟـــﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺠﻤـﻮﻋــﺔ اﻟﺘﻌـﺮﻳـــﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫= ‪D‬‬ ‫[∞ ‪= ]−∞ , +‬‬

‫‪ -2‬اﻟﻨﻬــﺎﻳــــﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟــﺔ ‪: 1‬‬ ‫Ž‬
‫‪lim a = lim e‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x ln a‬‬
‫∞‪= +‬‬
‫∞‪x →+‬‬ ‫∞‪x →+‬‬

‫‪lim a x = lim e x ln a = 0‬‬

‫∞‪x →−‬‬ ‫∞‪x →−‬‬

‫‪0≺ a ≺1‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟــﺔ ‪: 2‬‬ ‫Ž‬

‫‪lim a‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪= 0‬‬
‫∞‪+‬‬

‫∞ ‪lim a x = +‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬

‫‪ -3‬اﻟﺘﻐـﻴــــﺮات ‪:‬‬
‫∈ ‪∀x‬‬ ‫;‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪= e‬‬ ‫‪x ln a‬‬

‫∈ ‪∀x‬‬ ‫;‬ ‫') ‪(a‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬

‫‪= ln a ⋅ a x‬‬ ‫إذن ‪:‬‬
‫∈ ‪∀x‬‬ ‫;‬ ‫') ‪(a‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪= ln a ⋅ a x‬‬ ‫إذن ‪:‬‬
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. ln a ‫هــﻲ إﺷﺎرة‬ (a ) '
x
‫وﻣﻨﻪ إﺷﺎرة‬

: ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈــﺔ‬
∀x ∈ ; ( a )′′
x
= ( ln a ⋅ a ) ' x
: ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‬
= ln 2 a ⋅ a x 0

a 1 : 1 ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟــﺔ‬ Ž
x −∞ +∞
f '( x) +
+∞
f ( x)
0

0≺ a ≺1 : 2 ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟــﺔ‬ Ž
x −∞ +∞
(ax ) ' −
+∞
ax
0

: ‫ﺗـﻄﺒـﻴـﻘـــﺎت‬
: ‫أﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴـــﺔ‬
x ⎛ 1⎞
⎛ 1⎞ x ln ⎜⎝
1+ ⎟
lim ⎜1 + ⎟ = lim e x⎠
(1
x →+∞
⎝ x⎠ x →+∞

⎛ 1⎞
ln ⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ x⎠
1
= lim e x
x →+∞

1
X = : ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬
x
(x → + ∞) ⇔ (X → 0)
ln (1 + X )

lim e X
= e1 = e : ‫إذن‬
X →0

1 1

lim (1 + x ) x = lim+ e ln (1 + x ) x
(2
x → 0+ x →0

ln (1 + x )

= lim+ e x
x →0

= e1 = e

lim x x = lim+ e x ln x = e0 = 1 (3
x → 0+ x →0

: ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤـﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴــﺔ‬f ‫ﺣـﺪد ﻣﺸﺘﻘــﺔ اﻟﺪاﻟـﺔ‬

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f ( x ) = 4x (1
f ( x ) = e x ln 4
f '( x) = ( ln 4 ) ⋅ e x ln 4 : ‫إذن‬
= ( ln 4 ) ⋅ 4x
2x
f ( x) = (2
x
e x ln 2
f ( x) =
x

f '( x) =
( ln 2 ) × 2x × x − 2x
: ‫إذن‬
x2

=
(x ln 2 − 1) 2 x
x2
1
f ( x) = x x (3
ln x
f ( x) = e x

⎛ ln x ⎞
ln x
f '( x) = ⎜ ⎟' ⋅ e
x
: ‫إذن‬
⎝ x ⎠
1 − ln x ln x
= 2
⋅ e x
x
f ( x ) = 3 1− x (4
f ( x) = e (1− x ) ln 3
: ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‬

f '( x) = ( (1 − x ) ⋅ ln 3) ' ⋅ 3 1− x : ‫إذن‬

= − ln 3 ⋅ 3 1− x
x
⎛ 1⎞
f ( x ) = ⎜1 + ⎟ (5
⎝ x⎠
⎛ 1⎞
x ln ⎜1 + ⎟
f ( x) = e ⎝ x⎠
: ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‬
⎛ 1⎞
⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞ x ln ⎜1 + ⎟
f '( x) = ⎜ x ln ⎜1 + ⎟ ⎟ ' ⋅ e ⎝ x⎠
: ‫إذن‬
⎝ ⎝ x ⎠⎠

⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎛ − ⎟ ⎛ 1⎞
1⎞ x2 x ln ⎜1 + ⎟
= ⎜ ln ⎜1 + ⎟ + x ⋅ ⎟ ⋅e
⎝ x⎠

⎜ ⎝ x⎠ 1+ x ⎟
⎝ x ⎠
⎛ 1⎞
⎛ ⎛ 1⎞ 1 ⎞ x ln ⎜1 + ⎟
f '( x) = ⎜ ln ⎜1 + ⎟ − ⎟ ⋅e ⎝ x⎠

⎝ ⎝ x⎠ 1+ x ⎠

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