Online Final Assessment Spring 2020

Course: Sociology Date of Submission: 20th May, 2020

Teacher Name: Muhammad Kashif Maximum Marks: 40

Student ID: 15296 Student Name: NAJIA SALMAN

Email ID: std_najia15296@mykasbit.edu.pk Programme: Morning B.COM III-A (SMCHS)

Instructions (Important):

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 Read the given case/questions carefully

 All questions are compulsory.

Q-1 What is Sociology? Why study of Sociology is important for the development of any

society? (5 Marks)

SOCIOLOGY:

Sociology, a sociology that reviews human social orders, their cooperation’s, and the

procedures that safeguard and change them It does this by inspecting the elements of

constituent pieces of social orders, for example, organizations, networks, populaces, and sex,

racial, or age gatherings. Human science additionally examines economic wellbeing or

definition, social developments, and social change, just as a cultural issue as wrongdoing,

aberrance, and upheaval.

Public activity overwhelmingly controls the conduct of people, to a great extent since people

do not have the senses that manage most creature conduct. People, subsequently, rely upon

social foundations and associations to educate their choices and activities. Given the

significant job associations play in impacting human activity, it is human science's

undertaking to find how associations influence the conduct of people, how they are built up,

how associations connect with each other, how they rot, and, at last, how they vanish. Among

the most essential authoritative structures are financial, strict, instructive, and political

organizations, just as progressively specific establishments, for example, the family, the

network, the military, peer gatherings, clubs, and volunteer affiliations.

SOCIOLOGY IMPORTANT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY:

The most important of sociology is that it considered the general public social organizations

experimentally. Generally the significance of social science as the study of human

relationships is being understood the logical investigation of society and the logical

advancement of human government assistance have been dismissed for extensive stretches.

Presently the genuinely logical investigation of society has been well in progress.

Actually the investigation of social marvels and available resources of advancing what

Giddings calls human sufficiency is one of the most consistent and sensible of all subjects

that should be made logical. This century must be one of creating human and social

government assistance on the off chance that we are to gain social ground. It is, hence,

properly thought by numerous that human science might be the best way to deal with all the

sociologies and in this way a key report for the current circumstance.

As Beach says, humanism has a solid intrigue to a wide range of brains through its immediate

endless supply of the basic issues of the current world. Giddings has proposed that similarly

as financial matters advise up how to get the things we need to have, humanism discloses to

us how to become what we need to be. Subsequently, human science becomes the logical

investigation of society, the agent of an extraordinary guidance.

Society is the biggest association of the people. Society has its own issues in each field. It is

through the examination of human science that the coherent examination of society has been

possible. The investigation of society not just as an incentive in a cutting edge complex

society, it gets basic.

The estimation of humanism lies in the way that it stays up with the latest on current

circumstances, it adds to making productive members of society, it adds to the arrangement

of network issues, it adds to the information on the society, it pushes the individual to

discover his connection to society, it recognizes great Government with the network, it

encourages one to comprehend reasons for things, etc. Humanism has rational a motivating

force for the individual as it encourages him to get himself, his advantages and containments,

his prospects and his activity in the open field.

Q-2 August Comte gives three evolutionary dimensions of society; Theologian, metaphysics

and positivistic. Explain each step with examples. (5 Marks)

According to Comte in this stage, "every single hypothetical origination, regardless of

whether general or uncommon bears an otherworldly intrigue". Incapable to find the common

reasons for the different happenings, the crude men credited them to fanciful or divine

powers. This stage is likewise isolated into three Stages.

THEOLOGIAN STAGE:

 Beginning at the earliest reference point of individuals and social gatherings, Comte

accepted that in this stage, individuals saw the world and occasions in that world as an

immediate articulation of the desire of different divine beings. At the end of the day,

antiquated individuals accepted that everything around them was an indication of dynamic

divine beings impacting their lives.

EXAMPLE:

Antiquated individuals really accepted that planets were divine beings in the sky, looking

down on Earth. Indeed, even the sun was a piece of the universe of the divine beings;
antiquated Greeks accepted the sun was one wheel on the enormous chariot controlled by

Apollo. In the case of something terrible occurred, similar to a network experienced awful

climate or a quake, individuals in the philosophical stage would clarify that occasion as a

divine being vexed and demonstrating their outrage to the individuals. So, the philosophical

stage implied that individuals utilized heavenly or perfect clarifications to get society and the

world.

METAPHYSIC STAGE:

Comte said that this stage began around the middle Ages in Europe or someplace around the

1300s. In the magical phase of society, individuals saw the world and occasions as regular

impressions of human inclinations. Individuals in this stage despite everything put stock in

divine forces or divine beings, yet they accepted that these creatures are progressively unique

and less legitimately engaged with what occurs consistently. Rather, issues on the planet are

because of imperfections in mankind.

EXAMPLE:

An example of intuition in the metaphysical stage is individuals who accepted that the planets

were physical articles in space yet that they affected individuals' lives by means of

soothsaying. Do you know what prophetic sign you are? I was conceived in March, so I'm a

Pisces. As per crystal gazing, I should be both creative and mysterious. The thought here is

that social orders in the mystical stage despite everything have confidence in some heavenly

or mysterious parts of life; however, they are additionally established in the solid pieces of

life.
POSITIVISTIC STAGE:

The last significant thing to think about Comte's hypotheses in sociology is that he accepted

the general methodology of the field ought to be one called positivism For Comte; positivism

is the conviction that social orders have their own logical standards and laws, much the same

as material science or science. Positivism accepts there are realities about the society that can

be found through logical examinations and that our comprehension of society ought to be

founded on real information and proof.

EXAMPLE:

Comte's positivist way of thinking has a significant job in molding current sociologists in

light of the fact that the general view today is that hypotheses and thoughts in sociology

ought to be founded on logical investigations. It's the general conviction that genuine

information is just found through science. To put it plainly, Comte's concept of positivism is

unquestionably a result of the last phase of society, the logical stage.

Q-3 Define social institution. What is the significance of family, religion and education as

institutions in the process of socialization? Explain your answer with examples from

Pakistani society. (5Marks)

SOCIAL INSTITUTION:
A social institution is characterized as an assortment of people joined together in the quest for

a typical reason. Its normal purposes incorporate allowing its individual's certain rights and

benefits.

Families:

The general meaning of social establishments likewise incorporates a more distant family. In

its fundamental or basic terms, a more distant family is an assortment of family units these

family units gather as one as a gathering or social organization as a result of a mutual basic

heritage. The family units all by themselves additionally establish social foundations. In fact,

any family unit gathering, regardless of whether related by blood, is viewed as a social

foundation. This definition identifies with one of the five sociological meanings of social

organization, which includes connection.

Religious Organizations:

A wide cluster of various sorts of social establishments exist. Strict associations speak to a

prime case of social foundations. On account of these kinds of social establishments,

individuals get together in a common conviction and love for extraordinary force, for an

element past them.

Education as institutions:

The social organization alluded to as Education is contained the educational system and it is

in the educational system where information and aptitudes are created alongside social and

social qualities and standards. Furthermore, through the educational system culture and

society proceed and further those social qualities and standards in this way satisfying a need

endorsed by society. The reason for this paper is to inspect how the speculations of

functionalism, struggle, and interactionism see the social establishment of instruction.

Q-4 Define culture. Use this definition as a framework and discuss the salient features of

Pakistani culture. (5 Marks)

CULTURE:

Culture is a term that alludes to an enormous and different arrangement of for the most part

impalpable parts of public activity. As indicated by sociologists, culture comprises the

qualities, convictions, frameworks of language, correspondence, and practices that

individuals share in like manner and that can be utilized to characterize them as a system.

Culture likewise incorporates the material articles that are basic to that gathering or society.

The Competing Values Framework has been perceived as one of the equipped structures for

culture appraisal. It has initially risen up out of observational research that centers around

how to make any association skilled and compelling. This structure has been reliable and

actualized in numerous associations to examine and assess their way of life.

SALIENT FEATURES OF PAKISTANI CULTURE:

The main characteristics of Pakistani culture are as follows:

1. Religious Uniformity: Pakistan appeared to furnish its kin with an arrangement of

life-dependent on Islam. The individuals, notwithstanding a few contrasts in dialects, customs

and conventions generally tail one religion of Islam. This is the religion, which is rehearsed

by all individuals of Pakistan.

2.  Language: Various languages are spoken in Pakistan. Some of them are Punjabi,

Sindhi, Pashto, and Baluchi. In any case, Urdu is spoken and comprehends in all pieces of
Pakistan. Being the official language, it is the media of correspondence between all locales of

Pakistan.

3.  Literature and Poetry: Writing is a significant part of our cultural life. The greater

part of our poets reflects Islamic code and patterns in their poetry. They gave the message of

adoration and fraternity. The likeness of thought among artists and authors of all locales is a

significant factor in our social life.

4.  Dress and Diet: Dress in a significant indication of culture. The provincial dresses of

Pakistan experience changes in the light of nearby conventions, financial conditions, methods

of living, and riches in the district. Be that as it may, in all Provinces, individuals by and large

wear Shalwar Kameez.

Our dietary patterns, nourishments, and social decorum are carefully incongruity with Islamic

standards

5.  Mixed Culture:  Pakistani culture is a blended culture despite the fact that most

individuals are Muslims by birth and confidence. Be that as it may, there is an extraordinary

impact of Hindu and British culture on the current Pakistani society.

6.  Male-Dominated Society: In Pakistani culture, the male individual from the family

appreciates the key position. Family is going by a male part and much of the time; he is the

sole wellspring of salary for different individuals from the family.

7.  Arts and Architecture: The iconoclasm of Islam has given a trademark structure
and example in the utilization of exquisite plans, in light of geometric figures and botanical

structures obtained from nature. The Shah Jahan Masjid, Shalimar Garden, Badshahi Masjid,

Shahi Qila, and numerous such effortless structures are living evidence of the amazing

Mughal design.

8.  Handicrafts: Weaving, calfskin works, coated stoneware, woodwork, cover making,

metal artworks; ivory are the basic pieces of our way of life. Pakistani experts are considered

as the best in their craftsmanship. They are known for top-notch works that are famous in

remote nations.

9.   Recreational Activities – Sports: The recreational exercises all over Pakistan are

normal. The games like wrestling, hockey, cricket, football, squash, Kabaddi, and so on are

famous in all aspects of our nation. These games mirror our social personality.

10.  Education: Education contributes a lot in creating a national character. The

instructive framework assumes a fundamental job in the arrangement of culture, solidarity,

and solidarity of a country. It is, in this way, significant that the whole schedules directly

from the lower to a more elevated level ought to be set as per the belief system of Pakistan.

11.   Religious Festivals: have a significant impact on our way of life. Eid-ul-Fitr and

Eid-ul-Azha are our two fundamental strict celebrations. They are praised with extraordinary

bliss all through the nation.

12.   Ulema, Mushaikh and Sufi Poets: Ulema, Mushaikh, and Sufi Poets involve a

regarded place in our social part of life. Sufis like Lal Shabaz, Data Gang Baksh, Shah Abdul

Latif, Sachal Sarmast, Hazrat Sultan Bahu, and Waris Shah rendered praiseworthy

administrations for the spread of Islam in the Sub Continent.

Q-5 Discuss the role of mother tongue as medium of education and also highlights the major

problems of Pakistani education system. (5 Marks)

INTRODUCTION:

Mother tongue training alludes to any type of tutoring that utilizes the language or dialects

that youngsters are generally acquainted with. This is normally the language that youngsters

talk at home with their family. The 'mother tongue' doesn't need to be the language verbally

expressed by the mother. Youngsters can and regularly talk multiple or even two dialects at

home. For instance, they may communicate in one language with their mom, another with

their dad, and a third with their grandparents.

In spite of the fact that there is overpowering proof that youngsters learn best in and through

their primary languages, a large number of kids the world over get training in an alternate

language. This is typically the predominant language of the nation they live in. On account of

previous states, this may not be the language verbally expressed in the network by any

means, yet the language of the previous frontier power, for instance, English, French, Arabic,

Dutch and Spanish. Dialects that youngsters may hear just because when they enter school.

MAJOR PROBLEMS OF PAKISTANI EDUCATION SYSTEM:

The issues lead to the appreciation of the issues which are looked at in the advancement of

the instruction framework and the advancement of education. The investigation traces seven

significant issues, for example,

1)    Lack of Proper Planning:  Pakistan is a signatory to MDGs and EFA destinations.

In any case, apparently it won't have the alternative to achieve these worldwide obligations

considering cash related organization issues and necessities to achieve the MDGs and EFA

goals.

2)   Social constraints: It is critical to understand that the issues which prevent the

arrangement of instruction are not only because of issues of the board by the legislature

however some of them are profoundly established in the social and social direction of the

individuals. Beating the last is troublesome and would require an adjustment in the

disposition of the individuals up to that point all-inclusive essential instruction is hard to

accomplish.

3)   Gender gap: Major factors that ruin enrolment paces of young ladies incorporate

neediness, social imperatives, absence of education of guardians, and parental worries about

the security and portability of their girls. Society's accentuation on the young lady's humility,

assurance, and early relationships may confine a family's readiness to send them to class.

Enrolment of rustic young ladies is 45% lower than that of urban young ladies; while for

young men the thing that matters is 10% just, indicating that sexual orientation hole is a

significant factor.

4)   Cost of education: The financial expense is higher in non-public schools, yet these

are situated in more extravagant settlements as it were. The mystery is that non-public

schools are better however not all over and government schools guarantee impartial access

yet don't give quality training.

5) War on Terror: Pakistan's commitment to the war against fear based oppression

likewise influenced the advancement of a proficiency battle. The aggressors focused on

schools and understudies; a few instructive organizations were exploded, educators and

understudies were slaughtered in Baluchistan, KPK, and FATA. This may need to contribute

not as much as different elements, yet these remaining parts significant factors.

6)  Funds for Education: Pakistan burns through 2.4% of GDP on instruction. At the

national level, 89% of training use contains current costs, for example, instructors' pay rates,

while just 11% includes advancement consumption which isn't adequate to raise the nature of

training.

7)   Technical Education: Sufficient consideration has not been paid to specialized and

professional instruction in Pakistan. The quantity of specialized and professional preparing

foundations isn't adequate and many are denied of the framework, instructors, and

apparatuses for preparing. The number of inhabitants in a state is one of the principal

components of its national force. It can turn into a benefit once it is gifted. The incompetent

populace implies increasingly jobless individuals in the nation, which influences national

improvement adversely. Along these lines, specialized training needs need dealing with by

the administration.

Destitution, peace circumstance, cataclysmic events, budgetary limitations, absence of access,

low quality, value, and administration have likewise contributed to fewer enrolments.

An examination of the issues and issues propose that:

The official information shows the portion of assets for instructive tasks yet there is no

system that guarantees the best possible use of those assets on training.
  The existing foundation isn't by and large appropriately used in a few pieces of the

nation.

 There are different difficulties that incorporate aptitude, institutional and limit issues,

fashioning national union, uniform principles for reading material turn of events, and

quality affirmation.

 The workforce employing process is generally known to be politicized. It is a result of

this that the nature of showing endures and significantly more so when low

speculations are made in educators' preparation. Accordingly, instructors are not

customary and their time at school isn't as painful as it would be with a very much

prepared educator.

 Inside schools, there are difficulties that incorporate a deficiency of educators,

instructor non-attendance, missing essential offices, and the absence of an inviting

domain.

 Out of school difficulties incorporate deficiency of schools, separation – particularly

for females, weakness, destitution, social standards, guardians are hesitant or

guardians need mindfulness.

Q-6 What is social stratification? Discuss its significance by giving examples from Pakistani

society. (5 Marks)

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION:
Sociologists utilize the term social definition to portray the arrangement of social standing.

Social depiction implies an overall population's course of action of its kinfolk into rankings

of budgetary levels reliant on factors like wealth, pay, race, preparing, and impact.

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION FROM PAKISTANI SOCIETY:

National social definition alludes to the lopsided circulation of riches, influence, and

authority among various ethnic gatherings, social establishments, and regions inside a given

nation. The struggle can happen between two classes because of the inconsistent conveyance

of assets. For example, If Political, military, and business elites utilize their capacity to

acquire more assets from frail and denied portions of a specific culture.

In any case, the Military of Pakistan is the most remarkable foundation inside a nation.

Numerous military despots had controlled over Pakistan for quite a long time since its

origination. Up until this point, it is accepted that Pakistan's military has an extraordinary

impact over the vote based settings. Famous political pioneers and partisans have much of the

time communicated their anxiety with respect to the obstruction of military elites in

governmental issues. In addition, Citizens of Pakistan additionally accept that their votes are

not regarded inside a nation since decisions are fixed by the military so as to choose a pioneer

of their decision. Along these lines, the viewpoint has been set up among Pakistani peoples

that military elites deny them to choose their individual delegates and utilize their capacity to

abuse the government for their own benefit. Pakistan's military had fabricated cantonments

all around the nation. Where troopers appreciate a rich way of life even in immature regions.

These cantonments have every single office, which a conventional resident of the equivalent

topographical zone can't envision. Moreover, the military of Pakistan has fabricated Business

Empires inside Pakistan. They work in excess of 50 business extends these incorporate
lodging ventures, compost industry, concrete industry, domesticated animals, corner stores,

sugar plants, and some more.

Pakistan is situated in South Asia; it grasps four territories, Punjab, Baluchistan, Sindh,

Khyber Pashtun khwah (KPK), and two self-administering states under Pakistan government

organization Gilgit Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Baluchistan is the biggest

territory of Pakistan regarding zone, its zone is practically 50% of Pakistan. Two ethnic

gatherings are an occupant of Baluchistan Pashtun and Baloch they share a practically

comparative culture. 50 minerals are removed inside Pakistan, out of which 40 are extricated

from Baluchistan. The greatest petroleum gas field of Pakistan (Sui gas field) is additionally

situated in Baluchistan. Be that as it may, yet Baluchistan is the least fortunate region in

Pakistan; 72% of occupants are living beneath the destitution line. The education pace of

Baluchistan is 26% and the joblessness rate is 80% (UNDP report).

Q-7 Define deviance by taking examples from Pakistani Society. (5 Marks)

DEVIANCE:

Deviance is characterized as the demonstration of accomplishing something that complies

with the standards and the guidelines of the general public, this conduct conflicts with the

general methods of carrying on and is regularly dependent upon discipline or punishment that

the one taking part in degenerate conduct needs to pay. Regularly foundations set up severe

codes that must be followed and kept up, any sort of conduct that won't comply with this

code will be considered as freak conduct. For example in a general public where one is

required to procure cash by buckling down, the demonstration of taking turns into degenerate
conduct this conduct is rebuffed by the law. In each sort of society, even in crude social

orders, there is consistently an assemblage of heads which will figure out what freak conduct

is and what outcome will the extravagance in such conduct involve.

DEVIANCE FROM PAKISTANI SOCIETY:

Pakistani ladies face difficulties in getting to training and business openings the nation over,

however; the absence of chances for the ladies of the recently combined locale in KP is

particularly extreme. The predominant social framework connects extraordinary significance

to the idea of male "respect" meaning freedom, dignity, being a supplier, and ensuring female

relatives – this outcome in not many ladies in the recently consolidated regions in KP being

occupied with utilized work or open life and talk outside the home. In the innate territories,

offenders of the social standards are insulted by the remainder of the network individuals;

"they generally utilized the term quitter for those men whose ladies took an interest in the

open sphere. This limitation on ladies' commitment in open life was the difficult we needed

to research

Ladies clarified why it was so trying for them to persuade their families and networks to

permit them to look for work outside of the home: "Individuals from the network have never

considered allowing ladies to fill in as something to be thankful for. They state that ladies

become excessively resolute and irrepressible...women become free-thinking and begin

considering themselves to be the equivalents of men; ladies begin blending with men who are

aliens to them which is bringing forth unethical behavior. And afterward, the state, 'you are

improper to such an extent that you get your females to win cash for you'
The PD philosophy had not been utilized in the Pakistan Country Office previously, so it was

a precarious expectation to learn and adapt for us all. Since UNDP couldn't get to the

ancestral zones to direct the pilot, we needed to work through a nearby actualizing

accomplice with a built-up nearness and system in the locale. This gave us get to, yet close

help from our side and numerous gatherings with the accomplice was required to guarantee a

PD approach as opposed to a conventional top-down "network refinement" plot; we needed

the ladies themselves to distinguish difficulties they were confronting and the arrangements

they were applying.

Q-8 Write a note on one of the topics given below:- (5 Marks)

I. Class Struggle

II. Social media and social change

I. Class Struggle:

Marx inherited the ideas of class and class struggle from utopian socialism and the theories

of Henri de Saint-Simon. These had been given substance by the writings of French

historians such as Adolphe Thiers and François Guizot on the French Revolution of 1789.

But unlike the French historians, Marx made class struggle the central fact of social

evolution. “The history of all hitherto existing human society is the history of class

struggles.”

When people have become aware of their loss, of their alienation, as a universal nonhuman

situation, it will be possible for them to proceed to a radical transformation of their situation

by a revolution. This revolution will be the prelude to the establishment of communism and

the reign of liberty conquered. “In the place of the old bourgeois society with its classes and

its class antagonisms, there will be an association in which the free development of each is
the condition for the free development of all. “But for Marx there are two views of

revolution. One is that of a final conflagration, “a violent suppression of the old conditions of

production,” which occurs when the opposition between bourgeoisie and proletariat has been

carried to its extreme point. This conception is set forth in a manner inspired by the Hegelian

dialectic of the master and the slave, in Die heilige Familie (1845; The Holy Family). The

other conception is that of a permanent revolution involving a provisional coalition between

the proletariat and the petty bourgeoisie rebelling against a capitalism that is only

superficially united. Once a majority has been won to the coalition, an unofficial proletarian

authority constitutes itself alongside the revolutionary bourgeois authority. Its mission is the

political and revolutionary education of the proletariat, gradually assuring the transfer of legal

power from the revolutionary bourgeoisie to the revolutionary proletariat.

Western Marxism has found support primarily among intellectuals rather than the working

class, and orthodox Marxists have judged it impractical. Nevertheless, the Western Marxists’

emphasis on Marx’s social theory and their critical assessment of Marxist methodology and

ideas have coloured the way even non-Marxists view the world.

Class battle happens when the bourgeoisie (the rich) pay the low class (the laborers) to make

things for them to sell. The laborers have nothing to do with their compensation or what

things they make, since they can't live without an occupation or cash.

Karl Marx saw that the laborers needed to work with no state in the business. He accepted

that since the laborers make the things, they should state where they go and for how much,

rather than the rich proprietors. They needed to make a solid effort to gain a living, while at

the same time making the rich more extravagant simply accomplishing straightforward office

work.
Since they needed to gain cash to purchase food, and employments were the main things that

give cash, they had no real option except to work for the wealthy who made the business. The

rich got more extravagant while the laborer pulled and lifted and did the entirety of that hard

manual stuff nobody truly prefers to do.

Karl Marx imagined that their work constrained their opportunity. He needed the laborers to

join together and assume control over the business, with the goal that they could all be

prosperous. He imagined that the basic man had the right to maintain the business, and that

the rich were worse than the plebeian.