K.

Takeishi
Senior Research Engineer.
M. Matsuura
Research Engineer.
S. Aoki
Assistant Chief Research Engineer.
T. Sato
Deputy General Manager.
Takasago R&D Center,
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.,
Takasago, Japan
An Experimental Study of Heat
Transfer and Film Cooling on Low
Aspect Ratio Turbine Nozzles
The effects of the three-dimensional flow field on the heat transfer and the film
cooling on the endwall, suction, and pressure surface of an airfoil were studied using
a low speed, fully annular, low aspect h/c = 0.5 vane cascade. The predominant ef-
fects on the horseshoe vortex, secondary flow, and nozzle wake of increases in the
heat transfer and decreases in the film cooling on the suction vane surface and the
endwall were clearly demonstrated. In addition, it was demonstrated that secondary
flow has little effect on the pressure surface. Pertinent flow visualization of the flow
passage was also carried out for better understanding of these complex phenomena.
Heat transfer and film cooling on the fully annular vane passage surface are
discussed.

Introduction
Large, LNG burning gas-steam combined cycle power
plants with about 10 percent higher efficiency than the latest
turbine thermal plants have been commercially operating in
Japan with much success (Sudo et al., 1986). A high-
temperature heavy-duty gas turbine with a 1150°C level tur-
bine inlet temperature has been adopted to such combined cy-
cle power plants. To achieve higher efficiency, high-
temperature heavy-duty gas turbines have been actively
developed (Scalzo et al., 1989; Brandt, 1988) and the turbine
inlet gas temperature of the latest one will reach a level of
1300°C.
By increasing the turbine inlet temperature, the turbine vane
and blade will be exposed to a high gas stream and subjected
to a more and more severe environment (Sato et al., 1986). As
there is a temperature gradient in the combustion exhaust gas,
the first stationary vanes are put in the most severe thermal
condition. Therefore, the first stationary vane for such high-
temperature gas turbines should adopt a cooling system using
an effective convection cooling and film cooling method for
not only the vane surface but also the endwall. As the first sta-
tionary vane needs such an elaborate cooling system, the tur-
bine airfoil design reaches a low aspect ratio and low solidity
because of the optimization of performance and manufactur-
ing cost by reducing the number of vanes. In such a low aspect
ratio guide vane, three-dimensional flow field strongly affects
the vane and endwall surface heat transfer and film cooling.
Therefore, the usual cooling design data based on the two-
dimensional cascade test are insufficient to develop a highly
reliable and high-performance first vane.
The complicated aerodynamic nature of turbine secondary
flows has been studied by a number of investigators. A com-
Contributed by the International Gas Turbine Institute and presented at the
34th International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 4-8, 1989. Manuscript received at ASME
Headquarters January 27, 1989. Paper No. 89-GT-187.
prehensive review of such investigations through 1984 is given
by Sieverding (1985). However, only minimal investigations of
the passage secondary flow effect on the heat transfer and film
cooling are available. Blair (1974) investigated the film cooling
effectiveness and convective heat transfer coefficient distribu-
tions on the endwall of a large-scale turbine passage. Graziani
et al. (1980) studied the endwall and blade surface heat
transfer in a large scale linear cascade of blades and observed
that the inlet boundary layer flows greatly influenced the heat
transfer. York et al. (1984) measured the endwall heat transfer
coefficient using a double layer grid of thermocouples by hot
cascade. Gaugler and Russell (1984) compared the heat
transfer distribution and the visualized secondary flows on an
enlarged replica of York's turbine endwall, and compared
secondary flow directly with heat transfer distributions.
Georgiou et al. (1979) and Dunn et al. (1979) measured the
film cooling effectiveness on a turbine endwall and the heat
transfer coefficient on a turbine airfoil and endwall, respec-
tively, by the short duration method. Goldstein et al. (1984,
1987a) investigated the film cooling effectiveness on the tur-
bine blade near the endwall and in the literature (1987b)
measured the detailed distribution of mass transfer Stanton
number on the turbine endwall by using the mass transfer
analogy.
Those were the experimental approaches to the investigation
of turbine secondary flow effects on heat transfer. Recently,
some numerical predictions of three-dimensional heat transfer
field have been developed (Sharma et al., 1987).
The heat transfer and film cooling influenced by the passage
secondary flow are extremely complex; thus further
understanding and measurement is necessary.
The present experimental work has been done to study the
influence of the passage secondary flow on heat transfer and
film cooling of the airfoil and the endwall for further
understanding and utilization of the cooling design. The tests

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 were carried out using a fully annular, three-dimensional
cascade for identifying the radial pressure gradient effects
with low aspect ratio model vanes (h/c = 0.5).

Flow Field
It is very significant to review briefly the flow field in the
turbine passage to understand the effect of the passage sec-
ondary flow on the heat transfer and film cooling of the airfoil
and the endwall before the discussion of our test results. The
fluid mechanism in the passage has been studied by a number
of investigators with flow visualization and direct
measurements. Here the essential results will be reviewed.
Figure 1 shows the conception of the three-dimensional flow
field inside a first-stage turbine vane passage (Breugelmans).
A fluid particle in the inlet boundary layer is forced
downward by pressure variation at the leading edge-endwall
intersection. It then rolls up to generate the so-called
horseshoe vortex. The pressure-side leg of the horseshoe
vortex combines with the low-momentum flow near the end-
wall to form what is known collectively as the passage vortex.
The other leg is convected around the leading edge to the suc-
tion surface and remains close to the suction surface until it
Fig. 1 Endwall secondary flow model
comes to the separation line of the endwall boundary layer. At
the separation line, the suction-side leg of the horseshoe vortex
lifts off the endwall and grows rapidly downstream along the
suction surface adjacent to the passage vortex, the so-called
countervortex. The relative positions of the countervortex and
passage vortex depend on the cascade geometry and overall
flow conditions. The passages of both legs of the horseshoe
vortex and the low-momentum flow (crossflow B) adjacent to
q/X> To Blower
the endwall were strongly influenced by the strong pressure 55kw
gradient across the passage determined by the cascade 3
500m /min,
geometry and the aerodynamic loading. —350mmAq

The separation line, which was formed as the endwall

boundary layer approached the turbine vane, and the attach-
ment line, which divides the incoming boundary layer flow Air heater Orifice .
entering a vane passage from the flow entering the adjacent t = = = = l ) J 7 ^ j ] « = = = j t = | X ) ; Compressed

passage, are shown in Fig. 1. The intersection of these two

lines is a so-called saddle point. 220V i p
The final region to be noticed is the wake region just
downstream of the turbine vane trailing edge. The intensity of Fig. 2 Cross section of low speed annular cascade test equipment
the nozzle wake of the air-cooled turbine vane is stronger com-
pared with that of the noncooled vane because of the thick
trailing edge. measured at a point 35 mm in front of the leading edge of the
vane was 5«99 = 1.9 mm on the inner and outer endwall and the
ratio to the vane height was 2.5 percent. The turbulence inten-
Experimental Apparatus sity of the mainsteam was 7 = 2.1 percent at the leading edge in
The experiment was conducted with a low-speed open- the middle channel of the model vane.
circuit, fully annular cascade wind tunnel facility of 400 mm The annular cascade was constructed with 13 vanes with an
i.d. and 550 o.d. Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the aspect ratio of h/c = 0.5. The vane chord length and height are
test apparatus. The inlet velocity was measured by the Pitot 150.25 mm and 75.0 mm, respectively. The Reynolds number
tube mounted 35 mm in front of the leading edge of the vane. based on chord length is 6.1 X 105. This valve is about one
The inlet velocity was 15 m/s and the exit velocity was 64 m/s tenth of the actual engine condition. The Reynolds and Mach
under typical test conditions. The boundary layer thickness numbers are low compared with the actual engine condition,

Nomenclature
equivalent film cooling slot T = meanstream turbulence in
C = vane chord width =D2/4p tensity
D = film cooling hole diameter 5 vane throat width
h = vane height T temperature Subscripts
U velocity aw = adiabatic wall
M = blowing rate = x distance downstream of ex = exit
Poot/oo film cooling holes or in = inlet
P = film cooling hole pitch leading edge L.E. = leading edge
P = circumference pitch of the heat transfer coefficient T.E. = trailing edge
vane i. 9 9 boundary layer thickness w = wall
Re = Reynolds number •Vf
film cooling effectiveness 2 = injected air
r = radius p specific density 00 = mainstream

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r T .E:.=1.96
Chord::: 150.25 mm
Axial Chord::: 91.582 mm
Pitch::: 114.4 mm
Height ::: 75 mm
location
D [mm]
P, (mm]
P2 [mml
P3 [mml
x [mm]
d [deg.1
Fig. 3 Film cooling hole geometry on model vane
®
I • Location of Thermo couples I
Fig. 4 Film cooling geometry on outer endwall
but sufficient to understand the three-dimensional flow effect
on heat transfer and film cooling. These data are important
for verification of the three-dimensional viscous flow code.
The vane profile shown in Fig. 3 is the typical first-stage vane
for a heavy-duty gas turbine and is the same as the previous
two-dimensional film cooling test (Nakahara et aI., 1981). The
model vane simulates the air-cooled turbine vane blowing
through the trailing edge, so the trailing edge is thicker than
that of the noncooled vane. The pitch-chord ratio (Pic) and
the trailing edge radius-slot width ratio (rls) vary from 0.644
to 0.885 and 0.0784 to 0.0456 from inner side to outer side,
respectively.
Six of the thirteen vanes were made of the low thermal con-
ductivity material, Bakelite, to measure the heat transfer and
film cooling. The remaining seven vanes were made of metal
to measure the aerodynamic conditions. The two flow
passages were made of acrylate for visibility into the passage.
The double rows of film cooling holes, whose configuration
and dimensions are shown in Fig. 3, were positioned at the
suction surface and pressure surface on the airfoil, and in-
clined at a 30 deg angle to the surface. The configuration and
dimensions of the film cooling were also the same as those of
the previous two-dimensional cascade test (Nakahara et aI.,
1981).
On the inner and outer endwalls, the film cooling holes were
placed at three locations between the leading edge and the noz-
zle throat as shown in Fig. 4 and each location was labeled
from I to III. A single row of holes was located near the
leading edge and double rows of holes were located at the re-
490 I Vol. 112, JULY 1990
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2.5m~x 16
5",
~
Nickel Foil Heater
Outer Endwall
2 Inner EndwalJ Leading
2.5 2.5 Edge
6.25 6.25 Trailing Trailing
Edge Edge
6.25 6.25
7.50 7.50 Fig. 5 Diagram of vane instrumentation
31.0 40.0
30.0 30.0
Thin Nickel Foil Heater
"-
Fig. 6 Photographs of vane heat transfer model
maining two positions. The diameter of the injection holes is
1.5 mm; they are inclined at a 30 deg angle to the endwall sur-
face and spaced three diameters apart.
Measuring Method
The local heat transfer coefficient on the airfoil and on the
endwall was measured using the airfoil and the endwall
without film cooling holes with electrically heated, in-
strumented, isothermal models. 5-p.m-thick nickel foil was
pressed on a 0.3-mm-thick epoxy sheet, and rectangular
shaped heaters were made by photoetching the nickel foil. The
width of the foil heater used near the leading edge on the air-
foil is 2.5 mm and that used on the suction and pressure sur-
face is 5.0 mm. The narrow gap between each of the heaters
was 50 p.m. To measure the wall temperature, the airfoil test
region was instrumented with 134 O.I-mm-dia chromel-alumel
thermocouples at the location shown in Fig. 5.
The embedded surface was polished and the foil heater sheet
was attached with a thin epoxy adhesive. The photograph of
the vane heat transfer model is shown in Fig. 6. The model
vane can be moved radially through slots in the endwalls, so
the necessary wall temperature can be measured. In this study
the wall temperatures of seven sections at heights of 16.7,
33.3,50.0,58.3,66.7,83.7, and 91.7 mm were measured.
The endwall heat transfer foil heater was constructed with
47 5.0-mm-wide stripes. The 235 O.I-mm-dia chromel-alumel
thermocouples were instrumented in the inner and outer
endwalls.
The accuracy of the heat transfer measurements by using
this foil heater attached to the Bakelite was confirmed by the
flat plate model under a mainstream velocity of 15 m/s. The
results were compared with the well-known flat plate heat
transfer equation and they fall within ± 10 percent.
The film cooling test was conducted using a different airfoil
and endwall with film cooling holes from the heat transfer test
Transactions of the ASME
 1.5
Heights Uexit m/s Symbol
93 50.0
- ^®" X
50 56.5
7 62.5 G heat transfer and film cooling. It is clearly evident in Fig. 8
3
1.0
Pressure Surface
0 0.5
Normalized distance X/X m
Fig. 7 Surface velocity distribution on vane surface calculated by the
measured static pressure distribution
under the conditions in which the mainstream was kept at an
ambient temperature and heated air was blown through the
film cooling holes.
To get an ideal adiabatic wall, rigid urethane foam was
embedded in the Bakelite airfoil and endwall and the adiabatic
wall temperature was measured by the embedded 0.1-mm-dia
chromel-alumel thermocouples in the airfoil and the endwall
to derive the following film cooling effectiveness:
v-
The total number of embedded thermocouples on the airfoil is
192, and 102 on each endwall.
The infrared pyrometer was also used to measure the wall
temperature of the region where the temperature gradient is
steep. The surface of the vane and the endwall was painted
with thin carbon black paint to obtain a surface with an
emissivity approximately equal to one, and the measured
temperature by the infrared pyrometer was calibrated by the
embedded thermocouples.
Experimental Results and Discussion
Velocity Distribution on the Airfoil. The velocity distribu-
tion around the airfoil was calculated by the static pressure
distribution measured by using static taps on the airfoil with
an inlet velocity of 13.3 m/s as shown in Fig. 7. It is apparent
that the aerodynamic loading is increasing toward the outer
side because of the high P/C ratio. The authors checked the
velocity distribution at the mean section of the annular
cascade with the previous two-dimensional cascade test results
(Nakahara et al., 1981) and it was confirmed that the two
dimensionality was maintained.
Flow Visualization. Flow visualization on the airfoil and
the inner and outer endwalls was performed. The surface-
streamline flow-visualization technique, which is suitable for
use in low-speed wind tunnels, was developed by Langston
and Boyle (1982) and applied as per Gangler and Russell
(1984). In this test, a matrix of ink dots was not applied, but
polyester drafting film was painted uniformly with a felt-
tipped pen (Pentel OPM4W) containing water-insoluble blue
ink and sprayed with wintergreen.
The flow visualization results of the vane and endwall sur-
faces ink trace by the abovementioned method are shown in
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Figs. 8-10. The intent of these results is to point out the
predominant aerodynamic characteristics of the flow field on
the airfoil and on the endwall, which can help to interpret the
that the limiting streamlines converge toward the midspan of
the airfoil suction surface. The separation line intrusion is
longer on the outer side than the inner side because of high
aerodynamic loading on the outer side.
The reason that stagnation of paint occurred at
x/,
xMAX— 0-5 is a laminar bubble, which seemed to be
generated at the de-acceleration region on the suction airfoil
surface. On the contrary, airfoil pressure surface limiting
streamlines exhibit the same apparent two-dimensional
pressure surface flow field.
The horseshoe vortex, endwall crossflow A, separation line
B, and nozzle wake on the inner and outer endwall are clearly
indicated in Figs. 9 and 10. When these figures were combined
with Fig. 8 and the streamline was carefully investigated, we
could understand the three-dimensional flow field of the low
1.0
aspect ratio turbine vane passage. The characteristic separa-
tion lines on the endwalls reached the highest velocity point on
the suction surface of the vane. The convergent separation line
on the suction surface started just from this point and from
here, the passage vortex lifted up the endwall and continued
downward along the suction surface of the vane. It is clear by
comparing Figs. 9 and 10 that crossflow B is stronger on the
outer endwall and the nozzle wake is stronger on the inner
endwall, which is attributed to the aerodynamic loading and
the r/s effect.
Airfoil Heat Transfer and Film Cooling. The heat transfer
distributions measured on the suction and pressure surfaces
are shown in Figs. 11 and 12, respectively. The lines in Figs. 11
and 12 were plotted using computer graphics according to the
measured data; therefore, measured locations did not fit ex-
(1) actly along the lines. By looking at the heat transfer coefficient
on the suction surface shown in Fig. 11, it can be seen that the
heat transfer coefficient of the leading edge and the region be-
tween the leading edge until x/xMAX = 0.3, are constant in the
height direction. However, after x/xm3X — 0.3, the heat
transfer coefficient on the airfoil near the outer endwall in-
creases rapidly compared with that of the mean section. The
rapid increase of the heat transfer coefficient in this region is
attributed to the passage secondary flow developed along the
suction surface near the endwall; this is clear with the flow
visualization test result of the suction surface shown in Fig. 8.
The heat transfer coefficient of the suction surface near the
inner endwall increased rapidly at x/xMAX — 0.6, but the rate
of increase is not as strong as that near the outer endwall.
It is considered that near the inner endwall the passage
vortex is not as strong as that near the outer endwall, and the
intersection point of measuring section with separation line on
the suction surface1 of the inner endwall is situated
downstream of the trailing edge compared with that of the
outer endwall.
Contrary to the suction surface, the heat transfer coefficient
distribution on the pressure surface is constant in the height
direction from the leading edge to the trailing edge except near
the leading edge. A separation bubble might occur near the
leading edge and influence the heat transfer coefficient. From
the endwall secondary flow model, it is expected that the
three-dimensional flow field has little effect on pressure sur-
face. These heat transfer test results support the evidence.
In this test, the effect of the horseshoe vortex did not appear
clearly on the leading edge heat transfer near the endwall.
Next, we will discuss the film cooling test results on the air-
foil. The typical film cooling effectiveness distributions
associated with coolant injection through the film cooling
holes on the suction surface with blowing parameter of
M= 0.426, the typical actual vane condition, are shown in Fig.
JULY 1990, Vol. 112/491
 SEPARATION L1NEi
SUCTION
SURFACE
LSEPARATION LINE
TRAILING EDGE
Fig. 8 Streaklike pattern on the vane surface of a low aspect ratio turbine vane
CROSSFLOW "B"
\ /
NOZZLE
WAKE
/
U'n= 13m/s
Fig. 9 Streakllne pattern on inner endwall
13. It is clear from this figure that the film cooling effec-
tiveness decreases rapidly toward the endwall. Especially, a
triangular region, where the coolant is swept from the convex
surface by the passage vortex system and the film cooling ef-
fectiveness decreases to 0, exists near each endwall.
To evaluate these test results quantitatively, the film cooling
effectiveness of a typical suction and pressure surface was
plotted against x/MS, where S is an equivalent film cooling
slot width defined by 1fD2 /4p and shown in Figs. 14 and 15.
The film cooling test was carried out by varying the blowing
parameter M over a wide range. However, only two test results
of M were shown in Figs. 14 and 15 because the film cooling
effectiveness changed linearly between these two M values. On
the suction surface, the film cooling effectiveness decreased
more rapidly at 83 percent height compared with 23 percent
and midheight, as shown in Fig. 14. Another characteristic
shown in Fig. 14 is that the film cooling effectiveness de-
492/ Vol. 112, JULY 1990
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OUTER ENDWALL
Condition U,"= 13m/.
PRESSURE
SURFACE INNER ENOWALL
TRAILING EDGE
Fig. 10 Streakline pattern on outer endwall
creased more rapidly with the higher blowing parameter M
near the outer endwall. It was considered that in the triangular
region, there is a screwed flow and the film cooling air was
swept easily when the coolant penetrated the main flow with
the high blowing parameter M.
The same plots were made for the pressure surface and
shown in Fig. 15. Contrary to the results of the suction sur-
face, the rate of the decrease of the film cooling effectiveness
on the pressure surface was not so rapid as that on the suction
surface, and that near the endwall was the same as that at
midheight. The secondary flow effects on the film cooling ef-
fectiveness on the pressure surface are weak, as expected from
the flow visualization test results shown in Fig. 8. These film
cooling effectiveness test values were compared with the
results of the previous two-dimensional film cooling study to
obtain the film cooling effectiveness value without the in-
fluence of the three-dimensional flow field. The authors de-
Transactions of the ASME
 Film Cooling Holes

Outer Endwall

5 300

200
Inner Endwall

Leading Edge

100

Trailing Edge

Fig. 13 Film cooling effectiveness on vane suction surface

Leading Edge 1.0

10(T
150
Distance from L.E. ~~ 37.5
Inner side Eq.(2)
X [mm]
Fig. 11 Distribution of heat transfer coefficient on vane suction sur-
face without film cooling holes

M = 0.52 M=1.S3 Height

o 8 22.7%

n H 46.7%

A A B2.7%

o • 10.7%

; Eq.(2) M = 0 . 5 2

b
4P

2 5 10 20 50 100 200
Normalized distance X/MS
Fig. 14 Variation of film cooling effectiveness on vane suction surface

Outer side 1.0

37.5
0 =
Leading Edge

50
V*"
100 V^ <«^

Fig. 12 Distribution of heat transfer coefficient on vane pressure sur-

face without film cooling holes

rived the following experimental equations from the two- ry1 = 0.87 M = 1.75 Height

dimensional film cooling test (Sato and Takeishi, 1987a, O 9 22.7%

1987b): n a 46.7%
A

I
A 82.7%
Suction surface:
• Eq.(3)

»>/=,.2.8n.„jL.,.,ov
+ Q.021(.x/MS)
(2)
2 5 10 20 50 100 200
where
Normalized distance X/MS
C=l.5/M03 M<\ Fig. 15 Variation of film cooling effectiveness on vane pressure
surface
C=1.5/A/0-8 M>\
showed that the two-dimensional test data were applicable for
Pressure surface: cooling design except for the triangular zone near the endwall
1 even in such a low aspect ratio turbine vane.
(3)
1.67 + 0.00456 (x/MS)1-6 Endwall Heat Transfer and Film Cooling. Typical heat
The film cooling effectiveness values recorded midheight on transfer contours of the inner and outer endwall without film
the suction and pressure surface of the full annular cascade fit cooling holes are shown in Figs. 16 and 17. These contour
well with equation (2) and (3). plots show complex and remarkable shapes. On the inner end-
These airfoil heat transfer and film cooling test results wall, the heat transfer coefficient increases concentrically

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 l.o Main Stream

0.5

0.2
A a 0 0 M = 2.30
o o V
• o-o ai o owv
ADD 0
o.i A OAD

| 0.03
Fig. 16 Iso-heat transfer distribution on inner endwall without film
cooling holes

0.02

10 20 50 100 200 500

Normalized distance X/MS
Fig. 19 Film cooling effectiveness variation along potential
streamlines on the inner endwall blowing through film cooling hole I

1.0
Main Stream

Film cooling
0.5
I f \ Holes ®
Fig. 17 Iso-heat transfer distribution on outer endwall without film
cooling holes

Main Stream
« 0.2
0 T. M = 1.53
cA o
fi
^ O AO A
o OXJV <b
„ HCDA

o
o
E
LL
Fig. 18 Film cooling effectiveness distribution on outer endwall 0.02

around the leading edge. This increase results from the
horseshoe vortex formed at the endwall near the vane leading
edge. The iso-heat transfer coefficient line of a = 130 W/m2K
travels around the leading edge to the suction surface of the
opposite vane. This high heat transfer region was caused by
the passage vortex traveled along the separation line; a foot-
print of the passage vortex was shown in the flow visualization
test results in Fig. 9. It is noticed that the passage vortex af-
fects a much larger area. In the throat region near the suction
surface, the heat transfer increases strongly as a result of the
suction side corner vortices. Another significant heat transfer
increase can be found at the trailing edge region, a result of a
strong wake that is clear from Fig. 9.
On the other hand, there is a high heat transfer region near
the leading edge on the outer endwall caused by the same
reason as the inner endwall. However, a high heat transfer
zone appears on the suction surface near the leading edge.
This is the result of a highly turbulent flow caused by the
transverse pressure gradient turning the upstream boundary
layer flow and forcing it to flow toward the suction surface.
When Fig. 17 was contrasted with Fig. 10, we recognized that
crossflow B occupies a much larger area and the heat transfer
coefficient of the wake region in the trailing edge region is
weaker than that on the inner endwall.
10 20 50 100 200 500
Normalized distance X/MS
Fig. 20 Film cooling effectiveness variation along potential
streamlines on the outer endwall blowing through film cooling hole I
Endwall film cooling effectiveness distributions were
measured at the coolant flow rates of M=0.5 to 2.5. Typical
iso-film cooling effectiveness contour blowing through the
film cooling holes I (holes II and HI exist without blowing) of
the outer endwall is shown in Fig. 18. The film cooling effec-
tiveness value is very low near the leading edge of the suction
surface. The reason for this is that the horseshoe vortex
strongly rolls up the inlet boundary layer flow and the coolant
could not remain near the endwall. In the region of crossflow
A, shown in Fig. 1, the film cooling effectiveness decreases
when the downstream distance from the film cooling hole edge
increases. The contour line of ^ = 0.1 near the pressure sur-
face is expected to exist close to the separation line of the
passage vortex when Fig. 18 was contrasted with the flow
visualization test results of Fig. 10. The serpentine contour
line ^y = 0.1 is also the effect of the passage vortex. The
coolant was sent from the pressure surface across the passage
to the adjacent suction surface in the crossflow B region. The

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 1.0 decreases gradually, but slightly wavily, when the distance
Main Stream increases.
Film cooling In comparison with the film cooling on the outer endwall,
0.5 r\ * r , Holes (J
the same characteristics did not appear in the film cooling ef-
0 D
® fectiveness on the inner endwall as shown in Fig. 19. The
A OD
secondary flow effect on film cooling effectiveness is weaker
B A on the inner endwall than on the outer endwall because of the
0.2 difference of the aerodynamic loading. The characteristic
evidence in Fig. 19 is a rapid decrease of the film cooling effec-
tiveness downstream of the nozzle wake region. However, on
0.1
the outer endwall, such rapid decrease did not appear in the
nozzle wake region. This is caused by the generation of strong
Inner Endwall
Outer Endwall
nozzle wake as trailing edge radius versus throat width; r/s is
0.05 Symbol M Symbol M
larger on the inner side. A thick trailing edge must take into
O 0.39 • 1.29
account such film cooling results.
A •

I
0.77 1.92

• !.16 • 2.52
The measured film cooling effectiveness blowing through
0.02 o 1.55
the film cooling holes II and III was plotted along the
centerline of the passage potential flow and shown in Figs. 21
and 22, respectively. The coolant blowing through the film
cooling holes II and III was governed by the crossflow B. The
10 20 50 100 200 500 film cooling effectiveness decreased at the same rate as when
Normalized distance X/MS increasing the distance until the nozzle wake region. The rapid
Fig. 21 Film cooling effectiveness variation along potential decrease of the film cooling effectiveness on the inner endwall
streamlines on the outer endwall blowing through film cooling hole II in Fig. 21 and Fig. 22 was the effect of the strong nozzle wake
in the trailing edge region.
1.0
Figures 21 and 22 also show that the film cooling effec-
Main Stream Film cooling tiveness could be arranged by using the nondimensional
parameter x/MS. This evidence is very useful for film cooling
0.5
design of the endwall.

o 'g' Conclusions
£ 0.2 Measurements of local heat transfer coefficient and film
cooling effectiveness were made on the endwall and airfoil sur-
faces of a fully annular guide vane cascade with an aspect ratio
it 0.1 of h/C=0.5. A surface streamline flow-visualization tech-
nique was also adopted to understand the secondary effect on
heat transfer phenomena in three-dimensional flow passages.
o 0.05 -
u The following conclusions were obtained through these
E
Outer Endwall Inner Endwall
results:
Symbol M Symbol M
iZ 1 Passage secondary flows strongly affect heat transfer
O 0.82 m 0.92
and film cooling on the suction surface of the vane and the
A 1.63 A 1.35
0.02 end walls.
• 1.63 B 1.81
2 The secondary flow has little influence on the heat
transfer and film cooling on the pressure surface of the vane.
10 20 50 100 200 500
3 The horseshoe vortex increases the heat transfer and
Normalized distance X / M S decreases the film cooling effectiveness near the leading edge
Fig. 22 Film cooling effectiveness variation along potential
on the endwall.
streamlines on the outer endwall blowing through film cooling hole III 4 The heat transfer and film cooling distribution on the
endwall shows a very complex pattern dependent on the
low film cooling effectiveness in the trailing region was caused passage vortex, crossflows A and B, and nozzle wake.
by the nozzle wake flow. 5 The demonstrated influence of the passage secondary
To evaluate the film cooling effectiveness on the endwall flow on heat transfer and film cooling is stronger near the
qualitatively, film cooling effectiveness blowing through each outer endwall than near the inner endwall because the
of the holes I and III was plotted against the normalized aerodynamic loading on the outer side was greater than that
distance from the hole edge along the potential flow lines and on the inner side.
shown in Figs. 19-22. The test was conducted with the wide 6 Two-dimensional heat transfer and film cooling cascade
blowing parameter M, but only typical test results of M were data were applicable for cooling design of the low aspect ratio
shown in Figs. 19 and 20 to know the effect of location. vane except for the triangular zone near the endwall.
Interesting characteristics appear from the film cooling ef-
fectiveness when Fig. 19 is contrasted with Fig. 20. On the
outer endwall the film cooling effectiveness along the potential Acknowledgments
flow line near the suction surface is 0.035 near the leading The authors wish to express their indebtedness to Mitsubishi
edge. It increases to a maximum value of 0.1 when the distance Heavy Industries, Ltd. for permission to publish this paper.
increases because of the supply of coolant by the crossflow B.
The film cooling effectiveness along the potential flow linear
near the pressure surface decreases rapidly when the distance References
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Journal of Turbomachinery JULY 1990, Vol. 112/495

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 Breugelmans, F., VKI Lecture Series.
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.Readers of
The Journal of T acninery
Will Be Interested In:
HTD-Vol. 138
Heat Transfer in Turbulent Flow
Editors: R,S. Amano, M.E. Crawford, N.K. Anand
Topics covered include fundamental research on turbulence in heat transfer processes, boundary
layer flows, temperature turbulence spectrum, turbulence modeling, applications to heat
exchangers, and gas turbines.
1990 ISBN No. 0-7918-0483-6 108 pp.
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Temperature Gas Turbine Vanes," ASME Paper No. 87-GT-137.
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Dimensional Flow Field on Heat Transfer Problems of a Low Aspect Ratio Tur-
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Aspects of Secondary Flows in Turbine Blade Passages," ASME Journal of
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