The Military Balance 1986

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in deep appreciation of his contribution to the work of the

Institute as Deputy Director, 1978—86, with special
responsibility for the preparation of The Military Balance.
He died suddenly on 14 August 1986, just before the final
copy of this edition was due to go to press. His death is
mourned by all his colleagues on the Institute staff and his
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How to use the military balance

To cite this article: (1986) How to use the military balance, The Military Balance, 86:1, 7-11, DOI:
10.1080/04597228608459969
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7
HOW TO USE
THE MILITARY BALANCE
The Military Balance is updated each year to provide a timely, quantitative assessment of
the military forces and defence expenditures of over 140 countries as at 1 July 1986.
General Arrangement
There are three main Sections in The Military Balance. The first groups the national entries
geographically: the USA, the USSR, Europe (the Warsaw Pact, NATO, Other European
Countries), the Middle East and North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Australasia
(China, Other Asian and Pacific Countries), and Latin America. Each geographical group of
entries is preceded by a short Introduction describing the international pacts, agreements
Downloaded by [New York University] at 22:43 12 February 2015
and military aid, significant changes in defence posture and economic positions of the
countries concerned. Inclusion of a particular political entity, or of a military organization
connected to it, in no way implies legal recognition for, or Institute support for, such enti-
ties. The Table of Contents, which precedes this Preface, gives the pages on which this
detail can be found.
The second Section contains summary tables providing comparative information on
nuclear delivery systems world-wide and in the European region, world-wide defence expen-
ditures, military manpower levels, and major identified arms procurement contracts. In a
third, analytical, Section there is an essay and table analysing the conventional European
theatre balance. For estimating the strategic nuclear balance according to the 'rules' estab-
lished by the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties, there is an essay and summary table.
Economic studies include: an examination of changes in total government revenue and
expenditure, and of the incidence of selected expenditure components, for eight countries
over the period 1973—83; a graphic presentation of trends in the defence expenditure of the
NATO countries, Japan and Sweden from 1972 to 1985; and a discussion of global defence
spending and arms trade patterns. Maps, in polar stereographic projection, inserted with
this edition give a new perspective on the strategic offensive and defensive force deploy-
ments of the two super-powers.
National Entries
Information on each country is given in a format as standard as the available information
permits: economic data (GDP, growth, debt, inflation, defence budget and rate of exchange);
population; military manpower, terms of service, Reserve strengths; the individual armed
services; and para-military forces. In this edition footnotes will be found at the end of the
national entry, rather than at the foot of the page.
Economic and Demographic Data

Economic data: We provide GDP figures but use GNP when necessary (GDP equals GNP
minus net income from abroad). GDP figures are quoted at current market prices (at factor
cost for East European and some other countries). Where available, published sources are
used, but we do estimate figures when data is incomplete — and mark this with an V. GDP/
GNP growth rates cited are real growth in real terms. Inflation rates are based on available
consumer price indices and refer to annual averages.
Wherever possible the UN System of National Accounts, based on the latest available
International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Financial Statistics (IFS), has been used.
For Eastern Europe, data from Economic Survey of Europe in 1985—86 (New York: UN,
1986) and the World Economic Outlook (Washington DC: IMF, 1986) is used. Estimates for
8
the USSR's GNP are based on commercial banking estimates; East European GDP/GNP
figures at factor cost are derived from GNP. China's GDP/GNP is given by the IMF.
Defence Expenditure: We quote the latest defence expenditure or budget data available as at
1 July 1986. Where possible, capital equipment budgets/expenditures have been added to
recurrent/administrative cost. Figures may vary from previous years, often because of
changes made by the governments themselves; the latest figures should be the more accu-
rate. There is often wide variation between sources, but our experience has shown that data
from the central banks is generally the most comprehensive and reliable. Some countries
include internal and border security force expenditures in their defence budgets.
The NATO countries use a 'standard definition' of defence expenditure which includes all
spending on regular military forces, military aid (including equipment and training) to other
nations, military pensions, host government expenses for NATO tenant forces, NATO infra-
structure and civilian staff costs; but excludes spending on para-military forces (e.g.,
gendarmerie). Estimates showing the variation of opinion on Soviet expenditure are cited in
the introduction to that country's entry. Foreign military aid figures are based on published
data or, in some cases, estimates.
Currency Conversion Rates: National currency figures have been converted into US dollars
to permit comparisons. The rate is averaged for the national financial year (for 1986—7
figures, the mid-1986 rate is used). Wherever possible, exchange rates are taken from IFS,
though they may not be applicable to commercial transactions. High inflation rates in some
countries and dollar distortions affect conversions. For the USSR no adequate conversion
ratio of roubles to dollars is available. For those East European countries which are not
members of the IMF, and Hungary and Romania (which are), the conversion rates used are
those described in T.P. Alton, 'Economic Growth and Resource Allocation in Eastern Eur-
ope', Reorientation and Commercial Relations of the Economies of Eastern Europe, Joint
Economic Committee, 93rd Congress, 2nd Session (Washington DG: USGPO, 1974).
Population: Total populations and the proportions of the population of military age are
taken from World Population Projections 1984 (Washington DC: World Bank, 1984) and cal-
culated trends.
Military Data
Military Formation Strengths: The table below gives the approximate average establishment
strength of the major military formations in selected countries. The manning and structure
of formations may vary.
Division Brigade Squadron

Armoured Mechanized Airborne Armoured Mechanized Fighter
Men Tanks Men Tanks Men Men Tanks Men Tanks aircraft
United States 16,500 324 16,000 270 15,000 4,500 108 4,800 54 18-24
Soviet Union 10,500 322" 12,500 271" 7,000 1,300* 95* 2,300* 40* 12-15
China 9,200 300 12,700e 30c 9,000 1,200e 90 2,000 9-10
Britain 12,500* 285 - 8-15
Germany 17,000 300 17,500 250 8-9,000 4,500 110 5,000 54 15-21
India 15,000 200 17,50(K 6,000 150 4,500 12-20
" These tank strengths are for Soviet divisions in Eastern Europe; other Soviet divisions have fewer.
* Strength of a regiment, which is the equivalent formation in the Soviet and Chinese command structures. (The
term 'regiment' may also describe a battalion-size unit, particularly in Western European countries. The term
'group', often used in Latin American countries, is imprecise and may apply to a reinforced battalion or under-
strength. brigade with AFV and/or artillery.)
c
Infantry division.
d
The war establishment strength is 16,300 men.
9
Divisional strengths cover organic units only. Support and service units outside the div-
isional structure may be included separately where known. The forces of Soviet allies and
other Soviet-supported countries have organizations similar to those of the Soviet Union.
NATO formations and squadrons not included in the table above have similar totals to those
of Germany unless otherwise mentioned in the text. Iran, Pakistan, the Philippines,
Thailand, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan have tended to follow American military
organization, while Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore broadly use British
patterns.
Manpower. The 'Regular' total comprises all personnel on full-time duty, including con-
scripts, long-term assignments from the Reserves and para-military elements when so
required by the national authority. The terms of service are given for conscripts where
known. The 'Reserve' component entry includes all personnel, whether in formed units or
not, who are committed to serve as ancillary or mobilization forces. The mobilization
strength would normally be the total of the full-time and reserve strengths. However, some
national reserve service obligations last almost a lifetime; in these cases our strength esti-
mates of militarily effective reservists are based on the terms of service and the number of
conscripts completing their training each year, multiplied by five (on the assumption that,
after five years, medical and combat training standards decline sharply).
Organization: Expressed in broad terms, data is intended to give the composition of the
major Army formations down to and including battalion level; minor sub-units are shown
only in the forces of smaller nations. Naval and Air operational groupings are given where
known. We do not generally show logistics units, ancillary Naval vessels (such as tugs), or
Air Force ground support equipment.
Para-military: Many countries maintain organizations whose training and equipment goes
beyond those required for civil police duties. Their constitution and control suggests that
they may be usable in support, or in lieu, of regular military forces. Precise definitions as to
what are or are not para-military forces are not always possible, and some degree of latitude
must be allowed. When internal opposition forces appear to pose a significant threat to
internal security of a state, they are shown separately after national para-military forces.
Equipment: Holdings (by type and number) are shown by function. These represent the oper-
ational inventories. Where known, equipment in store is listed separately. Occasionally it
is possible to list equipment in the Reserves; elsewhere the total shown is held to include
items assigned to the Reserves.
For naval vessels, national designation is shown, even though hull size, primary arma-
ment and mission could argue a different category in another fleet. Where appropriate,
major missile systems are listed.
Air Force squadron aircraft strengths vary; attempts have been made to separate total
holdings from reported establishment strengths. When major equipment obtained from one
foreign source may be confused with that from others, we list the country of origin.
On Order: Major equipment being purchased either domestically or abroad is listed with the
Services concerned. (Navy, Naval Air and Marine orders are generally combined.) These
orders may be outstanding over several years; deliveries, particularly of larger equipment,
are often slow. Where deliveries are proceeding, the word 'some' warns that the 'total'
inventory and items remaining 'on order' may vary. Arms purchases reported during the
year ending 1 July 1986 are recorded in Table 3 in Section 2, with details of contract dates,
prices and delivery dates added where known. Expendable stores, such as anti-tank missiles,
may be shown in total when on order, but are not shown in inventory because of the
difficulty in assessing rates of usage. We do not include small arms or their ammunition. In
general, we do not include air defence artillery or automatic weapons with calibres of less
than 14.5mm.
Estimates: Forecasts are made only where clear evidence indicates that changes in
organization or inventory are taking place or are about to.
10
Equipment listings are intended to show what is operational: a total generally well below
total inventory figures. In general, 'some' means 'up to' and 'about' means 'the total could
be slightly higher than given'. For some categories a total figure is given. Where possible,
quantities of individual items are also given. A standard system of punctuation has been
developed for such entries to aid comprehension of detail. Equipment inventories are
difficult to assess, and we welcome informed amendments.
Abbreviations and Definitions
Space and tight production schedules force us to use abbreviations. These are taken from
NATO sources and are commonly used in military circles. An alphabetical list of them can
be found on p. 12. Punctuation is not used, and the abbreviation may have both singular or
plural meanings, e.g., 'elm' = 'element' or 'elements'. Mathematical symbols are used in
three instances: '(-)' means part of a unit is detached; '(+)' means the unit is reinforced; ' ( '
means that a vessel is under 100 tons displacement. Abbreviations of national names (e.g.,
'Ch' = 'Chinese'), are used to denote equipment sources. With regard to financial abbrevi-
ations, the $ sign refers to US dollars except where otherwise stated; the term billion (bn)
equals 1,000 million (m). 'Combat aircraft' are those normally equipped and configured to
deliver ordnance (bomber (bbr), fighter-bomber, fighter-ground-attack (FGA), strike
(nuclear), interceptor, fighter (ftr), counter-insurgency (COIN) and armed trainer), reconnais-
sance (recce) aircraft (including maritime), armed helicopters (including ASW) and those
aircraft in operational conversion units (OCU) assumed to be available at short notice for
operations. Some helicopters used for troop transport in battle areas may be armed, and
some flexibility in identification must be accepted.
WARNING
The Military Balance is an assessment of the numerical strengths of the world's armed
forces. It is in no way an assessment of their capabilities. It does not evaluate the quality of
units or equipment, nor the impact of geography, doctrine, military technology, deploy-
ment, training, logistic support, morale, leadership, tactical or strategic initiative, terrain,
weather, political will or support from alliance partners.
Nor is the Institute in any position to evaluate and compare directly the performance of
items of equipment. Those who wish to do so can use the data provided to construct their
own balances of forces on a bilateral or regional basis. We have done this only for conven-
tional forces in Europe (see pp. 226—7).
We would warn that such balances are extremely sensitive to assumptions about what
forces to include from what countries, whether such forces can be assembled and brought to
bear in a possible conflict, and their combat effectiveness. These balances at best can only be
an approximation. They cannot predict the results of engagements.
The Military Balance provides the actual numbers of nuclear and conventional forces and
weapons as we know them, not the number that would be assumed for verification purposes
in arms-control agreements.
What all this points to is that great care must be taken in assembling the data presented
here for specific purposes. We provide an up-to-date and detailed catalogue of military
forces in as many dimensions as possible and in a way which we hope will be generally use-
ful. We make no judgments here about quality or effectiveness or the political purposes
underlying the aggregation of power.
The data presented each year in The Military Balance reflect judgments based on infor-
mation available to the Director and staff of the Institute at the time the book is compiled.
Information in subsequent volumes may differ from previous editions for a variety of
reasons, principally as a result of substantive changes in national forces (e.g. procurement of
new equipment, loss or retirement of old). In other cases entries may differ from year to
year as a result of our re-assessment of the evidence supporting past entries. Inevitably, over
the course of time we come to believe that some information presented in earlier versions is
erroneous, or insufficiently supported by reliable evidence. Hence, it is not always possible
11
to construct valid time series comparisons on the basis of succeeding editions of The Mili-
tary Balance.
Errata
In an effort to provide the maximum accuracy, we are, beginning with this edition, provid-
ing a list of emendations to last year's entries, including corrections of typographical or edi-
torial errors that materially affect the substance of the matter presented. These items (listed
on p. 238) do not reflect changes as a result of substantive developments over the past year;
rather, they are corrections of errors and revisions of estimates which we now believe to
have been wrong.
In addition, we wish to call to our readers' attention certain inconsistencies in last year's
edition between material presented in Table 1 (Nuclear Capable Delivery Vehicles World-
wide, pp. G
158—65) and the matter in the two tables appended to the essay 'Estimating the
Soviet—US Strategic Balance' (pp. 180—81). In several cases figures for the number of war-
heads associated with specific delivery systems or the yields of those warheads differ
between the various tables, and in some instances there is a discrepancy between figures
given in the tables and those in the accompanying footnotes. We regret any confusion this
has created and have endeavoured to clarify these inconsistencies in this year's presentation
of Table 1. Given the difficulties associated with determining reliably the mix of warhead
yields and loadings (which in any case vary depending on operational requirements) we
have not included a table on equivalent megatonnage in this year's edition, although we
have retained the table comparing estimated strategic nuclear warheads.
Conclusion
The Institute owes no allegiance whatever to any government, group of governments, or any
political or any other organization. Our assessments are our own, based on the material
available to us from a wide variety of sources. The co-operation of nearly all governments
has been sought and, in many cases, received. Not all countries have been equally
co-operative, and some of the figures have necessarily been estimated. We take pains to
ensure that these estimates are as professional and free from bias as possible. The Institute
owes a considerable debt to a number of its own members and consultants who have helped
in compiling and checking material. The Director and the staff of the Institute assume full
responsibility for the facts and judgments contained in this study. We would welcome com-
ments and suggestions on the data presented in The Military Balance, since we seek to
make it as comprehensive and accurate as possible.
Readers may use items of information from The Military Balance as required, without
reference to the Institute, on condition that the Institute is cited as the source in any pub-
lished work. However, reproduction of all major portions of the work must be approved in
writing by the Institute prior to publication.
September 1986
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Abbreviations
To cite this article: (1986) Abbreviations, The Military Balance, 86:1, 12-12, DOI: 10.1080/04597228608459970
12
ABBREVIATIONS
< under 100 tons FRG Federal Republic of MRV multiple re-entry vehicle(s'
part of unit is detached Germany msl missile
+ unit reinforced ftr fighter (aircraft) MT megaton (1 million tons
e estimated FY fiscal year TNT equivalent)
AA anti-aircraft GDP gross domestic product n.a. not available
AAM air-to-air missiles) GDR German Democratic Neth Netherlands
AB airborne Republic NMP net material product
ABM anti-ballistic missile(s) GLCM ground-launched cruise nuc nuclear
ac aircraft missile(s)
AD air defence GNP gross national product ocu operational conversion
adj. adjusted GP general-purpose unit(s)
AEW airborne early warning gP group off. official
AFV armoured fighting vehicle(s) GW guided weapon(s) org organized/organization
ALCM air-launched cruise missile(s)
amph amphibious he] helicopter(s) para parachute
APC armoured personnel carrier(s) how howitzers) pdr pounder
Arg Argentinian hy heavy Pol Polish
armd armoured Port Portuguese
arty artillery ICBM intercontinental ballistic
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ASM air-to-surface missile(s) missile(s) RCL recoilless launcher(s)

ASW anti-submarine warfare incl includes/including recce reconnaissance
ATGW anti-tank guided weapon(s) indep independent regt regiment
ATK anti.tank inf infantry RL rocket launchers)
Aus Australian IRBM intermediate-range ballistic RV re-entry vehicle(s)
avn aviation missile(s)
AWACS airborne warning and SAM surface-to-air missile(s)
control system km kilometres SAR search and rescue
KT kiloton (1,000 tons TNT sigs signals
bbr bomber equivalents SLBM submarine-launched
bde brigade ballistic missile(s)
bdgt budget LCA landing craft, assault SLCM sea-launched cruise
bn battalion or billion(s) LCAC landing craft, air cushion missile(s)
Br British LCM landing craft, Sov Soviet
bty battery medium/mechanized SP self-propelled
LCT landing craft, tank spt support
Cdn Canadian LCU landing craft, utility sqn squadron
cav cavalry LCVP landing craft, vehicles and short-range attack
cdo commando personnel SRAM missile(s)
Ch Chinese (PRC) LHA amphibious general assault short-range ballistic
comd command ship(s) SRBM missile(s)
COIN counter-insurgency Ing logistic SS diesel submarine(s)
Iw
comms communications o SSBN ballistic-missile nuclear
LPD landing platform, dock
coy company LPH landing platform, hel submarine(s)
cw chemical warfare SSM surface-to-surface
LSD landing ship, dock
CY current year LSM landing ship, medium missile(s)
LST landing ship, tank SSN submarine(s), nuclear
def defence sub submarine
defn definition It light
det detachment TA Territorial Army
div division m million(s) tac tactical
MBT main battle tank tk tank
ECM electronic counter-measures MCMV mine counter-measure tn
l
y
trooD
ELINT electronic intelligence vessel(s) transport
elm element mech mechanized tpt
trg training
engr engineer med medium
eqpt equipment MFO Multi-national Force UN United Nations
est estimate(d) and Observers UNDOF UN Disengagement
EW electronic warfare MICV mechanized infantry Observation Force
Ewng early warning combat vehicle(s) UNIFICYP UN Force in Cyprus
excl excludes/excluding MIRV multiple independently- UNIF1L UN Interim Force
exp expenditure targetable re-entry in Lebanon
vehicle(s) UNTSO UN Truce Supervisory
FAC fast attack craft (gun) mise miscellaneous Organization
FAC(G) fast attack craft (missile) Mk mark (model number)
FAC(P) fast attack craft (patrol) mod modified/modification veh vehicle(s)
FAC(T) fast attack craft (torpedo) mor mortals) VIP very important person
fd field mot motorized V(/S)TOL vertical(/short) take-off
FGA fighter(s), ground-attack MR maritime reconnaissance and landing
fit flight MRBM medium-range ballistic
FMA foreign military assistance missile(s) wp Warsaw Pact
Fr French MRL multiple rocket launchers) Yug Yugoslav
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The United States

To cite this article: (1986) The United States, The Military Balance, 86:1, 15-30, DOI: 10.1080/04597228608459971
the Content.
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PRINCIPAL PACTS
COUNTRIES AND
1
15
The United States
Strategic and Non-strategic Nuclear Systems

In 1986 the United States will begin deployment of the ten-warhead MIRV LGM-118
Peacekeeper (MX) missile. The first two missiles are expected to be placed in modified
Minuteman III silos in September; the first wing of 10 missiles should become operational in
December. The US Congress has authorized the deployment of 50 MX missiles, which should
be completed by 1988. So far Congress has actually funded 33 missiles (including test vehicles
and spares).
At the same time, the US continues the phased retirement of the single-warhead Titan II
ICBM. During the last twelve months it withdrew a further 16 of these, leaving a total of 10 in
inventory, with two more to be withdrawn by the end of 1986. It intends to eliminate the
Titan II completely by November 1987.
The United States also plans to intitiate full-scale development of the proposed small ICBM
(SICBM or Midgetmari), and funds are requested in the current budget, but continued contro-
versy over the weight of the missile, basing options and the number of warheads to be
deployed may lead to delays.
The US SLBM program has become bound up in the domestic debate over continued
observance of the unratified SALT II Treaty. During the past year the US increased from 6 to
8 the number of operational OA/o-class SSBN (one of which is still on sea trials). This deploy-
ment meant an increase of 48 Trident I (C-4) SLBM. Concurrently, a total of 48 Poseidon
SLBM have been withdrawn, keeping the US within the SALT II ceilings (both for missiles with
MIRV-equipped warheads and for combined MIRV-equipped warheads and heavy bombers
with ALCM). The next year's budget includes funds to begin procurement of the first 21 Tri-
dent II (D-5) SLBM, scheduled to begin deployment at the end of the decade.
Delivery of the B-1B strategic bomber began a year ago; by 1 July 1986 19 of these aircraft
had been fielded. The first squadron will be fully operational in September 1986, while the
second squadron will begin receiving its aircraft in January 1987. Funding has now been auth-
orized for all the 100 planned B-lBs; the US Air Force has no plans at present to purchase
additional bombers of this type, looking instead to deployment of the ATB (or 'Stealth')
bomber in the 1990s.
The United States continues the process of converting B-52 strategic bombers to ALCM car-
riers, with the 131st B-52 to be converted scheduled to be ready by the end of 1986. If no
compensating actions are taken, completion of this conversion will cause the US to exceed the
SALT II limits for missiles with MIRV-equipped warheads and bombers with ALCM.
The programme to improve detection and early warning systems continues. The upgrading of
the BMEWS (Ballistic Missile Early Warning System) radar in Thule, Greenland is near com-
pletion, while work continues at Fylingdales, England (scheduled for completion around 1990).
Construction of the fourth Pave Paws SLBM detection radar in Texas is expected to be com-
pleted in the coming year and work continues on converting the DEW (Distant Early Warning)
line to the updated 'North Warning System', including new unmanned automatic systems.
The catastrophic Challenger shuttle accident and the launch failures of two unmanned
boosters has meant delay in launching a number of planned military and reconnaissance satel-
lite systems, though the extent of the impact on US programmes and capabilities is difficult
to state with certainty.
The US Administration continues to place a high priority on strategic defence research,
funding for which virtually doubled in the last year (from $1.4 billion to $2.7 billion).
The United States has completed the replacement of Pershing IA SSM with the Pershing II,
with the deployment of 108 missiles in West Germany and a training battalion and 42
launchers available in the United States as possible replacement or reinforcement systems.
GLCM deployment in Western Europe continues, with 128 currently operational.
16 UNITED STATES
Conventional Forces
The US Army continues to examine its infantry divisional organization and equipment, and
some further reorganization is reported to be under consideration for the air assault and
airborne divisions. Equipment modernization programmes continue. The proportion of M-l
Abrams in the main battle tank inventory has risen from 21% to 33% at the expense of M-48
and M-60. There has been a 62% increase in the numbers of Bradley M-2/M-3 MICV in the
year. The artillery presentation format has been changed in this edition in order to make
identification of calibres and totals easier.
The Navy shows an increase of six Los Angeles-class attack submarines. In the surface fleet
there are two more Ticonderoga cruisers and five more Perry-class guided-missile frigates. The
deployment of SLCM continues, both in the Los Angeles-class SSN (five of which carry 12
Tomahawk each) and in the battleships (all three of which carry 32). The missile will also be
fitted in the Ticonderoga-class cruisers. The Near Term Prepostioning Force of supply vessels
to support the US Marine Corps deployments abroad has been replaced by three squadrons of
Maritime Pre-positioning Ships. The third squadron, which is now being loaded, will be
deployed to the Philippines later in 1986. There has been a significant increase in naval com-
bat aviation strength with the delivery of some 180 F/A-18. The US Marine Corps continues
to upgrade its vehicle inventory, with deliveries of the LVT and LAV. Its 105mm light howit-
zers have been withdrawn, replaced by the 155mm. To augment the existing Marine Corps
AV-8A/C Harriers, 30 AV-8B V/STOL attack aircraft have entered service.
The US Air Force's most notable accession has been over 400 F-16, bringing the total of
that type to 977. This increase has also benefited the Air National Guard (ANG) and the Air
Force Reserve, both of which have received some of these aircraft. Procurement of the F-15
continues. The F-4 AD squadron in Iceland has been re-equipped with 18 of the type. The
F-106 in Regular and Air National Guard interceptor duties remains, although replacement of
F-106 with F-15 and F-16 has begun. The F-15 is being improved and the later 'dual role' E
models (air superiority and interdiction) are planned to replace some of the earlier versions in
the active forces.
The Air Force also continues a multi-faceted airlift improvement programme, with com-
pletion of the re-winging of the C-5A inventory, initial deployment of the C-5B and con-
tinued full-scale engineering development of the C-17 intra- and inter-theatre cargo aircraft
all expected in the next year.
The US Coast Guard — whose expenditures fall outside the Department of Defense budget,
but which, nevertheless, is legally a part of the Armed Forces — has made significant increases
to its medium-endurance cutter and patrol craft inventories. Both programmes continue.
There has also been some augmentation and improvement of its helicopter inventory. All
these developments enhance the Coast Guard's capability to conduct anti-drug patrols, a task
in which it is assisted by elements of the other Services.
US Defence Budget
After seven years of rising federal deficits reaching $212 billion in 1985, Congress and the
Administration agreed to an automatic budget cutting plan to balance the US budget by 1991.
The Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (better known as the
Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Plan) modified the congressional budgeting process and mandated
radical domestic and defence spending reductions over the next five years. Senate conserva-
tives and the Administration saw the law as a means to guarantee domestic spending cuts.
House liberals agreed to the proposal as a means to slash the defence budget and pressure the
Reagan Administration to raise taxes. Both liberals and conservatives viewed automatic
across-the-board spending cuts as the worst-case scenario, should they fail to agree to an
adequate revenue and spending plan to reduce the deficit.
Most importantly, the Gramm-Rudman Act set specific deficit targets for the next five fiscal
years; FY 1986 $172 bn; FY 1987 $144 bn; FY 1988 $108 bn; FY 1989 $72 bn; FY 1990 $36
bn; FY 1991 no deficit. If Congress and the President could not agree to a spending plan
within $10 bn of the maximum deficit amounts, the Act required automatic spending cuts
UNITED STATES 17
(known as sequestration) involving equal percentage reductions in all budget accounts, except
for those exempted: social security, Medicaid, food stamps and interest on the federal debt,
which are more than a third of the domestic budget. The Supreme Court eventually ruled the
enforcement provisions unconstitutional, because they involved a congressional officer (the
Comptroller General) rather than the Executive branch in making the spending cuts. The
Congress is considering ways to meet the Supreme Court's technical objection, and broad
public support exists for meeting the deficit targets.
The new congressional budgeting process contained in the Gramm-Rudman legislation
requires that the President submit his budget in early January. Congress subsequently must
pass one budget resolution (rather than two) which contains specific spending instructions to
the authorization and appropriations committees — known as reconciliation — and requires
these committees to report bills that meet the spending limits set in the budget resolution.
Previously the authorization and appropriations committees could ignore the recommended
spending amounts in congressional budget resolutions. The President cannot veto the budget
resolution but he may, as in the past, veto individual appropriation and authorization bills.
The new budget process is being used in 1986 for the spending decisions for FY 1987.
Changing Times at The Pentagon

The Reagan Administration's defence build-up is over. Table I outlines how the final FY 1986
national defence spending total came about. Six months after Reagan's initial request, Con-
gress and the Administration agreed to hold FY 1986 defence spending to 0% real growth,
followed by 3% real growth in FY 1987 and FY 1988. Mid-term re-estimates of defence spend-
ing and the adoption of Gramm-Rudman further reduced Reagan's original request. The first
round of automatic spending cuts, totalling $11.7 bn in federal outlays, were triggered on 1
March 1986. Defence spending for FY 1986 was cut by $5.4 bn in outlays and $14.1 bn in
budget authority. For FY 1986 only, the Gramm-Rudman Act allows the Administration to
shelter some military programmes from automatic reductions. The President chose to protect
most military personnel accounts, SDI funding, and a few multi-year procurement contracts.
The rest of the defence budget was uniformly cut by 4.9%. Despite these measures the current
FY 1986 deficit may be close to $230 bn — leaving some doubt about future abilities to man-
age the deficit. Nearly all observers believe that it will be impossible for the government to
continue increasing defence expenditure in the current political and economic environment.
Major spending categories for the past decade are found in Table II. For FY 1987 the Reagan
Administration requested $320.3 bn in BA and $282.2 bn in outlays, representing 7.9% and
2.0% real increases respectively. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that the request
underestimates national defence outlays by almost $15 bn.
The result of the current budget-cutting mood in Washington is that defence spending is
being cut for fiscal rather than strategic reasons. Pentagon planners have already had to cut
more than $250 bn from the $1.8 trillion FY 1987—91 defence plan. In the next few
Table I: Budget Stages

Bn current $
BA outlays
Actual FY 1985 294.7 252.7

FY 1986:
Original request
(February 1985) 322.2 285.7
House/Senate budget resolution
(August 1985) 302.5 267.1
After Gramm-Rudman
(February 1986) 286.1 265.8
18 UNITED STATES
Table II: Selected Budgets 1977-87 ($ bn)fl

National Defense Atomic Inter- Veterans Total Budget
Defense Dept Energy national Admin- Govt Deficit
Function* Defense Security istration Exp
Fiscal Activities Assistance
year (BA) (outlay) (BA) (outlay) (outlay) (outlay) (outlay) (outlay) (outlay)
1977 110.150 97.241 108.057 95.298 1.936 3.075 18.038 409.203 44.945
1978 117.227 104.495 114.620 102.348 2.070 3.926 18.978 458.729 48.630
1979 126.467 116.342 123.659 113.672 2.541 3.655 19.931 503.464 27.694
1980 143.859 133.995 140.711 130.976 2.878 4.723 21.185 590.920 59.563
1981 180.001 157.513 175.977 153.838 3.398 5.095 22.991 678.209 57.932
1982 216.547 185.309 211.594 180.741 4.309 5.416 23.958 745.706 110.609
1983 245.043 209.903 238.682 204.430 5.171 6.613 24.846 808.327 195.407
1984 265.160 227.413 258.152 220.840 6.120 7.924 25.614 851.781 175.358
1985 294.656 252.748 286.802 245.371 7.098 9.391 26.352 946.323 212.266
1986 286.115 265.847 278.412 258.425 7.152 9.695 26.619 979.928 202.789
1987 (Administration Request)
320.340 282.238 311.600 274.265 7.708 10.939 26.420 994.002 143.630
" Data is from Historical Tables, Budget of the United States Government Fiscal Year 1987 (Washington DC USGPO, 1986), House-
Senate Budget Resolution No. 153 and House Report 99—249 (1986). All categories include off-budget spending.
* The National Defense budget function includes DoD Military Activities, Department of energy Atomic Energy Defense Activi-
ties, and smaller support agencies such as the Federal Management Agency, the Selective Service System and the General Services
Administration Stockpile of Strategic Materials. International Security Assistance and the Veterans Administrations are not part of
the National Defense function. Spending by NASA (1985: BA $7,573 bn, outlays $7,251 bn; 1986: BA $7,306 bn, outlays $7,341 bn)
and the Coast Guard (1985: BA $2,564 bn, outlays $2,539 bn; 1986: BA $2,199 bn, outlays $2,453 bn) have military significance but
are not included in the table.
Table III: Budget Authorities
Billion current $
(Billion constant 1980 $)
1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1986 1987

Dept of Defense
• Personnel 34.1 37.6 48.5 61.1 67.8 67.7 74.2
(43.4) (41.0) (44.3) (50.6) (52.0) (50.5)
Operations & Maintenance 32.1 38.0 55.5 66.5 77.8 74.9 85.8
(40.9) (41.5) (50.6) (55.1) (59.7) (55.9)
Procurement 27.9 31.4 48.0 80.4 96.8 92.6 95.8
(35.5) (34.3) (43.8) (66.6) (74.3) (69.1)
Research & development 10.4 12.4 16.6 22.8 31.3 33.7 41.9
(13.2) (75.5) (15.1) (18.9) (24.0) (25.1)
Military contraction 2.2 2.3 3.4 4.5 5.5 5.3 6.7
(2.8) (2.5) (3-1) (3.7) (4.2) (4.0)
Other 1.3 1.8 4.0 3.4 7.5 4.3 7.2
(1.7) (2.0) (3.6) (2-8) (5.*) (3.2)
Total DoD spending 108.0 123.5 176.0 238.7 286.7 278.5 311.6
(137.6) (134.8) (160.6) (197.8) (220.0) (207.8)
Atomic energy 2.1 2.7 3.7 5.7 7.3 7.2 8.2

(2.7) (2.9) (3.4) (4.7) (5.6) (5.4)
Other 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5
(-) (0.1) (0.4) (0.5) (0.4) (0.4)
TOTAL NATIONAL DEFENSE 110.1 126.3 180.1 245.0 294.5 286.2 320.3
(140.3) (137.9) (164.3) (203.0) (226.0) (213.6)
UNITED STATES 19
months Congress and the Reagan Administration will need to make several strategic as well
as budget-cutting decisions in order to accommodate a decreasing amount of defence
resources. The cuts are such that merely deferring or cancelling a few controversial procure-
ment programmes, such as the C-17 transport aircraft, the Advanced Medium-Range Air-
to-Air Missile (AMRAAM) or the Bradley MICV will be enough. According to analyses by the
Congressional Budget Office, radical cuts in the readiness accounts, including ammunition,
flying time and manning levels, would save only $11—17 bn in outlays and BA for FY 1987.
Cutting procurement levels to below replacement rates while preserving readiness accounts
would offer long-term savings but fewer dividends in the short run (in the region of $10—15
bn in outlays and $54—62 bn in BA for FY 1987). Even if the Pentagon cancelled the major
nuclear programmes and SDI, only about $7.0 bn in outlays and $18.0 bn in BA would be
saved.
Since his first inauguration, President Reagan's defence build-up has been pared down from
the amounts initially planned. In his first comprehensive five-year defence plan submitted in
1982, the Administration projected FY 1986 national defence spending as $375.2 bn in BA
and $324.4 bn in outlays, whereas it actually totalled much less. As shown in Table III, spend-
ing in all major categories has increased, but the biggest increase is the doubling of the pro-
curement account. Both nuclear and conventional force modernization received early spend-
ing priorities which raised procurement expenditure to a higher plateau than envisaged by
the previous Administration. All four services have benefited from the huge growth in the
investment budget. In fact, the relative budget shares of the Navy, Army and Marine Corps
have remained relatively static, although the Air Force share has grown recently as new
strategic systems are funded.
Historically, American defence spending has shown a series of surges and falls, while Soviet
spending seems to follow a slow steady upward path. President Reagan has improved the
United States military posture with new equipment. The question is whether the United
States will be able to maintain defence expenditure at a high level or whether it will follow the
pattern of the last forty years.
THE UNITED STATES
GDP 1984: $3,619.2 bn Reserve: 566,100: Army 285,600; Navy

1985e: $3,839.0 bn 142,000; Marines 43,000; Air Force 74,800;
growth 1984: 4.4% 1985: 2.2% Coast Guard 20,700.
Inflation 1984: 4.3% 1985: 3.6% Individual Ready Reserves: 500,240.
Debt 1985: $410.0 bn Army 319,000; Navy 85,000; Marines 52,000;
Defbdgt 1985: $284.7 bn Air Force 39,000; Coast Guard 5,240.
NATO defn $266.642 bn Standby Reserves: 86,613.
1986e: $292.553 bn Army 2,000; Navy 11,500; Marines 43,600;
NATO defn n.a. Air 28,700; Coast Guard 813.
Population: 240,900,000 Duties pre-assigned on mobilization.
18-30 31-45 Retired: some 120,000 ex-Army would be avail-
Men 27,500,000 26,600,000 able for recall.
Women 27,100,000 26,560,000 Civilians: 1,038,000 (to reduce to 1,024,000).
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: STRATEGIC NUCLEAR FORCES:

Regular: 2,143,955 (202,700 women). (1) Offensive
Terms of Service, voluntary. (a) Navy: 640 SLBM in 36 SSBN.
Active Reserves: 1,682,900. SSBN (incl 6 on refit):
National Guard: 558,400; Army 450,500; 8 SSBN-726 Ohio (1 on trials) with
Air 107,900. 24 UGM-93A Trident I/C-4 (192 msls)
20 UNITED STATES
12SSBN-640*hn!*/in: (2) Defensive:

6 with 16 Trident I/C-4 (96 msls) Space Command: Joint Service HQ, Colorado
6 with 16 UGM-73A Poseidon C-3 (96 msls) Springs; comds incl North American Aerospace
8 SSBN-627 Madison: Defense Command (NORAD), a joint US-Cdn
6 with 16 Trident I/C-4 (96 msls) org (HQ: Cheyenne Mountain, USA).
2 with 16 Poseidon C-3 (32 msls) Warning Systems:
8 Lafayette with 16 Poseidon C-3 (128 msls) 1. ICBM, SLBM, satellites:
(1 more, no msls, to retire late 1986). (a) Space Detection and Tracking System
(On order (to FY 1986): 5 Ohio SSBN.) (SPADATS):
(b) Strategic Air Command (SAC) (104,000): (i) Space Defense Operations Center (SPADOC).
2 Air Forces. 12 divs (1 trg/spt). NORAD Combat Operation HQ, Cheyenne
ICBM: 1,010. 9 strategic msl wings (1 reforming) Mountain. Tracking, identification, catalogu-
(24 sqns); sqn has 5 launch control centres. ing of all space objects; command, control
3 wings (9 sqns) with 450 Minuteman II and communications to all space-associated
(LGM-30F). commands and agencies; surveillance, pro-
3 wings (11 sqns) with 550 Minuteman HI tection, countering of satellites. (Replace-
(LGM-30G) (3 MIRV). ment facility nearing completion.)
(ii) Satellites. Satellite Early Warning System
2 wings with 10 Titan II (LGM-25C; 8 by late

1986, withdrawn by Nov 1987). (SEWS). Defense Meteorological Satellites
Peacekeeper (MX; LGM-118A): 2 to be installed (Defense Support Program; DSP). TRW
from September, wing (10 msls) operational Block 647: 1 each over Indian, Atlantic and
in Dec 1986 in mod Minuteman silos. Pacific Oceans; DSP infra-red surveillance
and warning system. Control and tracking
Aircraft: some 345 combat ac (eqpt: see p. 27); 18 stations at Guam, Pine Gap and Nurrungar
bomb wings (15 B-52/B-1B, 2 FB-111,1 trg). (Australia) (to get 6 mobile ground ter-
Bbrs:315. minals). Will also control Global Position-
Long-range: 260. ing System, navigational satellite system and
1 wing with 19 Rockwell B-1B. MILSTAR strategic and tactical satellite
(1 sqn operational Sept 1986; 2nd sqn to comms system.
receive ac Jan 1987.) (iii) Ballistic Missile Early Warning System
4 wings (6 sqns) with 90 Boeing B-52H (BMEWS). USAF 474N system with 3
(converting to ALCM). stations: Clear, Alaska (AN/FPS-50,
10 wings (10 bbr sqns) with 151 B-52G: AN/FPS-92); Thule, Greenland (AN/FPS-50,
6 sqns (90 ac) with up to 20 AGM-86B AN/FPS-49A); Fylingdales Moor, England
ALCM or'up to 20 AGM-69A SRAM (AN/FPS-50, -49, being upgraded). 12 radars
4 sqns (61 ac) with up to 12 Harpoon (2 sqns detect and track satellites, ICBM and IRBM.
(30 ac) operational in conventional role). 4,800-km range.
Medium-range: 55. (iv) Spacetrack. USAF 496L system. FPS-17
2 wings (5 sqns, 1 trg) with General detection, FPS-79 tracking radars at Pirinclik
Dynamics FB-111 A. (Turkey); Cobra Dane, Shemya; FPS-85,
Recce: 30. BMEWS at Clear, Thule and Fylingdales;
3 wings: 4 sqns: optical tracking systems in New Mexico,
1 with 9 Lockheed SR-71A/B, Northrop California, at St Margarets (NB, Canada),
T-38A. Pulmosan (S. Korea), San Vito (Italy), Maui
1 with 7 Lockheed U-2CT/R. (Hawaii), Mount John (New Zealand).
2 with 10 Lockheed TR-1A, 4 TR-1B (trg). (v) Cobra Dane. Phased-array radar system at
Comd:41: Shemya, Aleutians: 120° arc, range to 46,000
6 sqns: km (against space targets), augments BMEWS
1 with 4 Boeing E-4B. in Alaska. (Cobra Judy, a Pacific-based,
5 with 21 Boeing EC-135A/C/G/L, 16 shipborne phased-array radar (SPQ-11), sup-
RC-135. plements Shemya and research pro-
Tanken 663: grammes, but is not part of SPADATS and
6 wings: 1 gp: 50 sqns (1 trg): has no early-warning function. Cobra Ball, a
32 Regular with 487 KC-135. RC-135 airborne system, supports both.
2 Regular with 48 McDonnell-Douglas (vi) Pacific Radar Barrier (PACBAR). Detec-
KC-10A tanker/tpt. tion and tracking radars: 1 site at San
13 Air National Guard sqns (104 ac). Miguel, Philippines, 1 at Kwajalein Atoll,
3 Air Force Reserve sqns (24 ac). third to be selected.
UNITED STATES 21
(vii) Alternate Space Defense Center. 1 (MAR)) systems in Alaska, 13 more in Canada
FPS-85 and 1 AN/FSS-7 station in Florida. to be supplemented by 39 auxiliary unmanned
Linked to Spacetrack and NAVSPASUR (see short-range radars (110—150 km), 4 in Green-
below) through NORAD HQ; also to identify land, 1 in Scotland; 2 in Iceland (being
and track fractional-orbit bombardment sys- upgraded) roughly along the 70°N parallel
tems (FOBS). (To be retired when Pave Paws from Point Lay, Alaska to Greenland, then to
completed.) Iceland and Scotland,
(b) USN Space Surveillance System (NAVSPASUR). (c) Tactical Air Command (TAC):
9 field stations in south-east US (3 transmitting, (i) US-Cdn Joint Surveillance System (JSS). 7
6 receiving sites and civilian agencies). Region Operations Control Centers (ROCC):
(c) Perimeter Acquisition Radar Attack Charac- 5 in US (1 in Alaska), 2 in Canada. 5 E-3A
terization System (PARCS). 1 north-facing AWACS ac assigned (1 each per US ROCC).
phased-array system (130° arc, 2,800-km range) (ii) Radars. 60 in US (14 in Alaska), 24 in
at Grand Forks ND. Identifies and tracks indi- Canada: for co-ordination/control with Fed-
vidual re-entry vehicles, incl SLBM, in Central eral Aviation Authority facilities of mili-
US, Arctic Ocean areas. (Was Army Safeguard tary and civil air traffic, surveillance and
system support; to be enhanced.) tracking of objects in high- and medium-
(d) Miscellanous radars. US Army: Kwajalein Atoll altitude trans-polar flight,
(Pacific). USAF: Ascension Island (Atlantic), (iii) Aircraft: 292 (AD).
Antigua (Caribbean), Kaena Point (Hawaii);

MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Westford, Mass. (a) Regular: 94: 1 Air Force, 4 air divs:
(e) Integrated Operational Nuclear Detonation 4 (CONUS) sqns; 76 ac:
Detection System (IONDS). Detects and 3 with 58 F-15 (8 AAM).
assesses nuclear detonations; linked to 18 1 with 18 F-106.
NAVSTAR global positioning system satellites (8 1 (Iceland) sqn with 18 F-15 (See Forces
now in service; 18 by 1988). Nuclear test ban Abroad).
monitoring and intelligence collection, poten- (b) Air National Guard (ANG): 198: 11 sqns:
tial damage assessment. 7 with 126 F-4C/D (8 AAM).
(f) Under development: Ground-based Electro- 1 with 18 F-15.
Optical Deep Space Surveillance system 3 with 54 F-106, T-33 (trg).
(GEODSS): White Sands NM, Taegu (S. Korea) (c) Tactical Air Force augmentation: ac on call
and Maui (Hawaii); 2 more planned, 1 in Por- from naval, marine and air forces.
tugal, one in Indian Ocean (Diego Garcia). AAM: Super Falcon, Sidewinder, Sparrow.
2. SLBM:
Pave Paws system. 1 phased-array radar (AN/
FPS-115) each in Massachusetts and ARMY: 770,904 (76,000 women).
California; 5,500-km range. 1 building in 7 Army HQ, 6 Corps HQ (1 AB).
Georgia (south-east), 1 in Texas (south-west). 4 armd divs (6 tk, 5 mech inf, 4 sp arty, 1 hel, 1
3. Intermittent programmed recce and EUNT sat- AD, 1 armd cav bns; spt units).f
ellites incl: 6 mech divs (5 tk, 6 mech inf, 4 sp arty, 1 hel, 1
(a) USAF: KH-8 (Close Look), 80-220-mile AD, 1 armd cav bns; spt units), t
orbit, photographic film return. KH-9 Big Bird 2 inf divs (1 high-tech motor inf (trials)).t
replaced by KH-11: 160—400-mile polar orbit, 4 It inf divs, 12 bdes: (10,220 men; hy div have
digital imagery. KH-12 (Ikon). some 18,000); 2 divs have 3 regular bdes each, 2
(b) USN: Ocean Surveillance (OSUS). 4 satellites have 2 regular, 1 Reserve 'roundout' bdes each.f
to detect ships by infra-red and radar. 1 air assault div: 3 bdes (each 3 bns),
(c) EUNT: Rhyolite, Ferret, Argus/Chalet, 3 arty bns, avn gp (4 bns:
Magnum/A quacade. 1 attack, 3 tpt) I to
4. Anti-air (aircraft, cruise missile): 1 AB div: 3 bdes (each 3 para bns), f reorg.
(a) Over-the-horizon-backscatter (OTH-B) radar 1 tk, 4 arty, 1 armed hel
system. Range 900 km (min) to 3,800 km; all- bns; 1 air cav sqn
altitude capability planned. One chain (3 1 indep armd bde (2 tk, 1 mech inf, 1 SP med
sites: transmit, receive, control) in Maine, arc arty bns).
of cover under evaluation (to be operational 1 indep mech bde (1 tk, 2 mech inf, 1 SP med
1987); 1 planned for Oregon/N. California, arty bns).
another under consideration for southern US. 2 indep inf bdes (ltk, 2 inf, 1 It arty bns).
(b) North Warning System (under comd TAC; 3 armd cav regts.
replacing DEW Line). 13 Seek Igloo AN/FPS- 9 arty bdes.
117 automated (minimally attended radar 5 AA arty bdes.
22 UNITED STATES
Special Operations Command (10,200): AAM: MIM-92A Stinger (hel-mounted).

8 Special Forces gps (4 Regular, 2 National (trg): ac: incl about 50 Beech T-42. hel: 250
Guard, 2 Reserve) each 3 bns. Hughes TH-55A.
2 Special Ops avn bns. (On order (authorized and funded): 840 M-l
Delta Force, attack hel and tpt gp. Abrams MBT (total 7,467 planned); 655 M-2/-3
1 Ranger inf regt (3 bns). Bradley MICV (total 6,882 planned), 59 M-l 19
4 Psychological Warfare gps (13 bns). 105mm how; 450 M-252 81mm mor; 44
1 Civil Affairs bn. MLRS MRL; 12,000 TOW, 136,000 Swe AT-4
5 Pershing II SSM bns (4 bns with 144 launchers, 84mm ATK RL; Stinger (incl POST optical
1 school bty with 6 launchers). seeker), Rapier, 113 Roland, 300 Chaparral,
8 Lance SSM bns (in corps arty). Improved HAWK (500? msls), 12 Patriot SAM
3 Patriot SAM bns (1 forming): each 6 btys each launchers, 440 msls; 6 RC-12D ac; 8 CH/MH-
of 8 launchers, 4 msls, each with radars; 53, some 144 AH-64A, 78 UH-60, 48
planned total 13'/2 bns (81 btys). CH-47D, 11 EH-60D Quickftx, 44 OH-58D
Army Avn: hel; 282 assault boats.)
1 Gp (4 bns; 60 attack, 200 tpt and utility hel).
1 air assault bde: (hel-borne ATK) several corps DEPLOYMENT: See consolidated entry below.
avn(UH-l,CH-47)bns. RESERVES:
(Org still developing: planned to comprise 32 (i) Army National Guard: 450,500 (22,500
Regular, 2 National Guard attack hel bns, women); 3,285 units; capable after mobiliz-
plus tac, tpt bns.) ation of manning 10 divs (2 armd, 2 mech,5
Equipment: hy, 1 It inf); 18 indep bdes (4 'Roundout' with
MBT: 14,296: 1,478 M-48A5, 668 M-60, 7,352 Regular Army divs) (3 armd, 6 mech, 9 inf (3
M-60A3, 4,798 M-l Abrams. It)); 4 armd cav regts (2 to be hy bdes); 1 inf gp
AFV: some 23,772. (Arctic recce, 5 scout/mech bns); 20 fd arty
MICV. some 3,492 M-2/-3 Bradley. bde HQ; 2 Special Forces gps (6 bns). Indep
APC: some 20,280, incl 3,490 M-577, 2,150 bns: 5 tk, 2 mech, 1 mountain inf, 50 arty, 4
M-901 with TOW, 12,690 M-l 13 (some ATK (TOW), 9 AD (1 Roland, 2 Chapparal
with mor, TOW). SAM, 6 M-42 40mm SP AA arty), 62 engr, 23
Arty: how: 5,450: 105mm: (?l,100): (?300) sigs, 141 spt. 760 minor units to fill regular
M-101, (?800) M-102; 155mm: 3,300: (?200) formations/trg units. 105 air units, 150 sec-
M-l 14, 900 M-198 towed, 2,200 M-109; tions; 2,580 ac.
203mm: 1,046 M-l 10A1/A2 SP. (ii) Army Reserve: 285,600 (46,500 women);
MRL: 227mm: 337 MLRS. 3,410 units; 12 trg divs, 3 trg bdes (1 cav, 1 fd
mor: 7,400: 81mm: 3,200; 107mm: 4,200. arty, 1 military police). Indep combat bdes: 1
SSM: 294: 150 Pershing II, 144 Lance launchers. mech, 2 inf (1 'Roundout'); 67 indep bns, incl
ATK: RCU 1,000 90mm and 106mm. 1 tk, 2 inf, 15 arty, 53 engr. 2 Special Forces
ATGW: some 600 Hellfire, 6,000 TOW, 10,000 gps (7 bns:); 3,225 coys and dets incl 130
Dragon launchers. indep air units and sections with 566 ac.
AD: guns: 220 M-l67 Vulcan towed; 20mm:
380 M-l 63.
SAM: Redeye, FIM-92A Stinger, 400 M-54 and NAVY: 570,973 (48,000 women): 4 Fleets: 97
M-48 SP Chaparral, 31 Roland SP, Nike attack subs, 222 principal surface combatants.
Hercules, Improved HAWK, 54 Patriot fire A further 9 SSN, 24 major surface combat
units, 8 Rapier. ships are in active reserve and storage.
Amph: combat spt craft: 268.
Avn: ac: some 526 incl 98 Grumman OV-1C/D, Subs, attack: 97 (incl 10 on refit):
85 nuclear (SSN) with SUBROC ASW:
9 Beech RU-21, 4 Short-330, 19 C-7 (DHC-4), 35 SSN-688 Los Angeles (all with 4 Har-
114 Beech C-12D, 37 Cessna U-3, 50 Beech poon, 5 with 12 Tomahawk SSM).
U-8, 10 UV-18A (DHC-6), 129 U-21A; 2 35 SSN-637 Sturgeon (24 with 4 Harpoon, 1
Cessna T-41, 54 Beech T-42.
with 8 Tomahawk).
hel: some 8,970 incl some 900 Bell AH-1G/Q, 13 SSN-594 Permit (7 with 4 Harpoon).
990 AH-IS, some 68 AH-64A Apache, 3,600 1 SSN-685 Lipscomb.
Bell UH-1 (being replaced), 760 Sikorsky 1 SSN-671 Narwhal.
UH-60A (40 to be EH-60A ECM on conver- 12 (8 SSN, 4 diesel (SS)) without SUBROC:
sion), 392 Boeing CH-47A/B/C, 61 -D, 63 5 SSN-585 Skipjack.
Sikorsky CH-54 Tarhe, 369 Hughes OH-6A, 3 SSN-578 Skate.
1,800 Bell OH-58A/D. 3 SS-580 Barbel.
UNITED STATES 23
1 SS-576 Darter. 8 DDG-37 Farragut with 1 x 10

SSN, other roles: 6: Standard.
2 Sturgeon deep SAR spt. 13 DDG-2 Adams with 1 twin or single
2 SSN-608 Allen tpt. Tartar SAM.
1 SSN-597 Tullibee. 12 with 1 octuple ASROC:
1 SSN-575 Seawolf '(retiring 1986). 2 DDG-37 Farragut with 1 twin Standard.
Principal Surface Combatants: 222. 10 DDG-2 Adams with 1 twin or single
Aircraft carriers: 14 (incl 3 on refit). Tartar SAM.
Nuclear (CVN): 4: 1 DDG-983 Spruance with 1 twin Tbma-
3 CVN-68 Nimitz (91,400 tons) (1 more Aawfc, 2 quad Harpoon, 1 octuple Sea
in 1986). Sparrow, 1 octuple ASROC, 1 hel.
1 CVN-65 Enterprise (89,600 tons). ASW (DD):
Conventional (cv): 10 (1 on long refit): 30 DD-963 Spruance (incl 5 on refit) with 2
3 CV-63 Kitty Hawk (78/80,800 tons). quad Harpoon, 1 octuple Sea Sparrow, 1
1 CV-67 Kennedy (82,000 tons). octuple /i5ÄOC, 1 SH-3 or 2 SH-2F hel (to
4 CV-59 Forrestal (76/79,000 tons). get Tomahawk SSM).
2 CV-41 Midway (51/62,000 tons). Frigates: 106:
All normally carry 1 air wing (average 86 ac) GW (FFG): 53 (incl 1 on refit):
consisting of (e.g.):
47 FFG-7 Perry with 1 Harpoon/Standard, 2

2 ftr sqns (with 21 F-14A, 3 RF-14 recce; or SH-2/-60 hel (9 in Reserve trg, 1 on refit, 5
{Midway-class) 24 F-4N/S). in reserve).
3 attack sqns: 6 FFG-1 Brooke with 1 Tartar/Standard, 1
2 It with 24 F/A-l 8 or 24 A-7E. octuple ASROC, 1 SH-2F hel.
1 medwith 10A-6E. Gun (FF): 53 (incl 8 on refit) with 1 octuple
2 ASW sqns: ASROC:
1 with 10 S-3A ac. 40 FF-1052 Knox with 2 quad Harpoon SSM
1 with 6 SH-3H hel. (30 with Sea Sparrow Mk 5 BPDMS, 1
1 ECM sqn with 4 EA-6B. with Sea Sparrow Mk 29 SAM), 2 SH-2F
1 AEW sqn with 4 E-2C; 4 KA-6D tankers. hel (6 in Reserve).
Battleships (BBG): 3 BB-61 Iowa with 4 quad
10 FF-1040 Garcia.
Harpoon, 8 quad Tomahawk SSM.
1 FF-1098 Glover.
Cruisers: 31 (incl 3 on refit) all with 2 quad Har- 2 FF-1037 Bronstein.
poon SSM:
CGN (nuclear powered): Minor Surface Combatants: some 89.
4 CGN-38 Virginia with 2 twin Standard/ Patrol craft: some 77:
ASROC SAM/ASW, 1 SH-2F hel (to get GW hydrofoils: 6 PHM-1 Pegasus with 2 quad
SH-60B Seahawk). Harpoon.
2 CGN-36 California with 2 Standard SAM, Inshore/river 4 Asheville, some 67 other (in
1 octuple ASROC ASW. Reserve).
1 CGN-35 Truxtun with 1 twin Standard/ MCMV (Reserve trg):
ASROC, 1 SH-2F hel. 3 MSO-422 Aggressive ocean minesweepers.
1 CGN-9 Long Beach with 2 twin Standard/ 1 MCM-1Avenger.
Terrier SAM, 1 octuple ASROC. 7 inshore boats (MSB).
1 CGN-25 Bainbridge with 2 twin Standard, Amph Forces: 60 ships, 54 craft.
1 octuple ASROC. Ships: 60:
CG: 22: Comd (LCC): 2 Blue Ridge.
4 CG-47 Ticonderoga (to get Tomahawk SSM), LHA: 5 LHA-1 Tarawa with 4 LCU and mix of
2 twin Standard/ASROC, 2 SH-2F heL AV-8A ac (4 only) or 12 CH-46, 4 CH-53,
9 CG-26 Belknap with 1 twin Standard ER, 3 UH-1N, 4 AH-1T hel.
1 SH-2D LAMPS hel. LPH: 7 LPH-2 Two Jima (mix of 6 AV-8A, 4
9 CG-16 Z.<?a/y> with 2 twin Standard ER/ OV-10 ac or 2 CH-46, 10 CH-53, 1
UH-1N hel).
Destroyers: 68: LPD: 13: 11 LPD-4 Austin, 2 LPD-1 Raleigh.
GW (DDG): 38 (incl 5 on refit): LSD: 10: 2 LSD-41 Whidbey, 5 LSD-36
4 DDG-93 Kidd with 2 quad Harpoon, 2 Anchorage, 3 LSD-28 Thomaston.
twin Standard, 2 octuple ASROC, 2 LST: 18LST-1179AreHporr.
SH-2Fhel. LKA (amph cargo ships): 5 LKA-113
21 with 2 quad Harpoon, 1 octuple ASROC: Charleston.
24 UNITED STATES
Craft: 54: Msls:

51 Type 1610, 3 Type 1466. ASW, nuclear RUR-5 ASROC, UUM-44
Many smaller (LCM-5/-6, 22 'Mini'), numer- SUBROC.
ous mise LCVP, 2 landing craft air cushion SSM: Standard (SM-1), RGM-84 Harpoon,
(LCAC)); others with US Army. BGM-109B Tomahawk SVCU.
SAM: RIM-7 Sea Sparrow, RIM-24 Tartar,
Special Operations Forces: RIM-2 Terrier, RIM-66/-67 Standard.
4 Navy Special Warfare Groups (7 units): (On order (authorized and funded): 5 SSBN, 24
6 SEAL teams.
2 SEAL delivery veh teams. SSN, 3 CVN, 1 BBG, 15 CG-47, 1 DDG-51
2 Special Boat sqns (6 units). Arleigh Burke, 5 FFG, 4 MCM-1,1 MSH-1 Car-
2 It assault sqns (Marine Corps Reserve). dinal coastal MCMV, 1 landing helicopter dock
3 dry-deck shelter-capable subs (2 SSN-608). ship (LHD-1), 5 LSD, 14 landing craft, 2 LCU-
4 Civil Affairs gps (Marine Corps Reserve). 1610, 10 LCAC, 2 Seafox special warfare craft,
Active Auxiliary ships: 84: 7 TAO-187 fleet oilers, 3 surveillance, 24
12 ammunition (AE-21/-23/-25), 7 stores supply, 4 salvage ships; 324 BGM-109 Toma-
(AFS), 4 underway replenishment (AOE), 14 hawk, 439 Harpoon SSM, 1,100 Standard SAM,
oilers (AO-5/-177, AOR), 9 destroyer tenders 27 Phalanx, 321 Sea Sparrow AD systems.)
(AD), 12 sub tenders (AS/AGDS), 5 repair

(AR/AR2), 15 salvage/rescue, 2 comd (ARS/ NAVAL AVIATION: 13 attack carrier air wings.
ASR/ATS), 1 carrier (trg; no ac assigned), 1 Ftr: 22 sqns with Grumman F-14A.
ocean surveillance (AGOS), 1 research sub FGA: 43 sqns:
(AGSS), 1 missile test ship (AVM). 13 med with Grumman A-6E, KA-6D
Strategic sealift: 353: (tanker).
183 dry cargo, 170 tankers. 20 It with Vought A-7E.
Military Sealift Command: 36: 10 with McDonnell-Douglas F/A-18A.
I ammunition ship, 4 stores (AFG), 3 cargo ELINT: 2 sqns with Douglas EA-3,
(AFK), 11 oilers (AO), 7 ocean surveillance Lockheed EP-3.
(AGOS), 3 cable repair (ARC), 7 tugs (ATF). EWng: 9 sqns with EA-6B.
Mobility enhancement: MR: 37 (13 Reserve) land-based sqns with
7 cargo ships (AK)/cargo barges (AKB), 3 Lockheed P-3B, P-3C, P-3C III.
vehicle (AKR), 5 oilers (AOT); ASW: 10 sqns with Lockheed S-3A.
5 more (1 cargo, 4 vehicle cargo) in reserve. AEW: 13 sqns with Grumman E-2C.
Maritime Prepositioning Ships (MPS): Comd: 2 sqns with Lockheed EC-130Q
II vehicle cargo ships (TAKR, 1 more on (TACAMO).
order) org in 3 sqns: 1 Atlantic, 1 Indian Mise: 14 spt sqns with C-130F, LC-130F/R,
Ocean (Diego Garcia), 1 to deploy Western EC-130G/Q, Grumman C-2A, Rockwell
Pacific late 1986. CT-39, Convair C-131, Beech UC-12B ac;
Ready Reserve (RRF): 65: and hel (see below).
53 cargo, 2 vehicle cargo, 5 gasoline tankers Trg: 5 'Aggressor' sqns with F-21A Kfir, Northrop
(AOG), 4 oilers, 1 crane. F-5E/F, T-38, McDonnell-Douglas A-4.
National Defense Reserve Fleet (NRF): 18 trg sqns: 2 with F/A-18B, 16 with
1 DD-945 Hull, 5 FFG-7, 6 FF-1052, 18 MSO- Rockwell T-2B/C, Beech T-34C, Rockwell
422, 2 LST, 2 salvage. T-39, Beech T-44 ac; and hel (see below).
Ships on refit (incl Service life Extension Program OCU: 16:
(SLEP)) incl 6 SSBN (5 more planned to 1987), 10 4 ftr/strike (2 with F-14, 2 with F-l 8).
SSN, 1 battleship (BB), 3 CV, 3 CGN, 5 DDG, 5 4 attack with TA-7C, A-7E, A-6.
DD, 1 FFG, 8 FF, 1 LPH, 1 LPD-4, 3 LST. 3 EWng with EA-6B, EA-3.
Ships in inactive reserve in storage incl 9 SSN, 4 2 MR with P-3B/C.
CV (2 attack carriers (CVA), 2 ASW (CVS-12), 2 2 AEW with E-2B/C.
cruisers, 3 DDG, 10 DD, 4 LSD, 3 LST, 1 1 ASW with S-3A.
destroyer tender, 1 sub tender, 1 oiler, 7 tpts, 1 Hel:
salvage, 1 hospital ship. ASW: 23 sqns:
Maritime Administration: 160: 4 with Sikorsky SH-60B.
52 cargo, 6 tankers, 102 'Victory'. 6 with Kaman SH-2F.
(183 'national flag' cargo ships and 170 13 with Sikorsky SH-3H.
tankers are potentially useful for auxiliary MCM: 2 sqns with Sikorsky RH-53D.
sea lift; of these 24 cargo and 58 tankers are OCU: 9 with SH-2/-3/-60B, UH-1, CH-46,
under US control). CH-53.
UNITED STATES 25
Mise: 6 spt sqns with SH-3, 4 with Vertol 2 carrier wings: 17 sqns:
UH-46, 1 with CH-53E. 6 attack (5 with 60 Vought A-7E; 1 with 12
Trg: 2 sqns with Bell TH-57A/B/C. McDonnell-Douglas F/A-18).
Equipment 4 ftr (2 with Grumman F-14; 2 with 24
combat: some 1,746 ac; some 286 hel. McDonnell-Douglas F-4S).
Aircraft: 1 It photo recce with RF-8G.
F-14A Tomcat: 300 (210 ftr, 30 recce, 60 OCU). 2 AEW with 12 Grumman E-2C.
F/A-18 Hornet 196 (120 FGA (11 with Navy 2 ECM with Grumman EA-6A.
Reserve), 54 OCU, 22 F/A-18B trg). 2 tanker with Douglas KA-3B.
F-5A Freedom F/gMer/T-38 Talon: 16. 2 MR wings: 13 sqns with 117 Lockheed P-3A/B.
F-21A Kffr: 12 ('Aggressor' trg). 1 tac spt wing: 13 sqns:
A-4/TA-4F/J Skyhawk: 210 (18 OCU/trg). 2 composite with McDonnell-Douglas TA-4J,
A-6 Intruder: 230: -E: 120 (FGA, OCU); EA-6B A-4E, -F.
Prowler: 58 (EWng); KA-6D: 52 (tanker). 11 spt with McDonnell-Douglas C-9B ÇDC-9).
A-7E Corsair. 262 (FGA); TA-7C (OCU). 1 hel wing: 11 sqns:
E-2C Hawkeye: 64: 52 (AEW); -B/C: 12 (OCU). 5 ASW (2 with 12 Sikorsky SH-3D, 3 with
EA-3 Skywarrior: 21 (ELINT). Kaman SH-2F).
P-3 Orion: 375: -B/-C/-CIII: 322 (MR); 40 (OCU); 2 It attack with 16 Bell AH-1J.
EP-3:13 (ELINT). (30 to convert to CP-3A tpt.) 3 It ASW forming with SH-60.
S-3A Viking: 140 (110 ASW, 30 OCU). 1 SAR with SH-3.

C-130 Hercules: 28. -Q: 15 (comd); -F/LC-130F/ 2 combat spt sqns to form.
R: 13 (mise). (To form: aircrew augmentation units:
CT-39: 9 (mise). C-117 (C-47): 4 (mise). C-9B 2 for 18 F-14, 2 for 13 A-6E, 2 for 12 E-2C, 1
(DC-9): 27 (tpt). UC-12A: 38 (mise). T-2/B/C: for 2 SA-3, 2 for 10 SH-3H).
178 (trg). US-3: 6 (tpt). T-34C: 296 (trg). Mise units:
T-44: 46 (trg). Naval Construction: 2 bdes: 9 regts, 19 bns.
Helicopters: 2 construction spt, 2 maintenance units; 6 cargo
RH-53D Sea Stallion: 22 (MCM). handling bns, 2,100 other units.
SH-60B Sea Hawk: 59 (ASW).
SH-2F Sea Sprite: 103 (ASW, OCU).
SH-3D/H Sea King: 102 (ASW, OCU; to be MARINE CORPS: 196,273 (9,700 women).
replaced by SH-60F). 3 divs, each of 9 inf, 1 recce, 1 tk, 1 engr, 1 amph, 3
CH-46: Sea Knight: 76 (tpt, OCU). arty bns.
T/UH-1L Iroquois: 24 (trg). Equipment:
Missiles: Tks:716M-60Al.
AAM: AIM-7 Sparrow, AIM-54A/C Phoenix, AFV: APC: some 2,400 LVT-7/-7A1 (all types), some
AIM-9 Sidewinder. 468 It armd vehicles (LAV) (25mm gun, mor,
ASM: RIM-66 Standard ARM, AGM-45 TOW), amph: 4 LCAC.
Shrike, AGM-88A HARM (anti-radiation); Arty: guns: 175mm SP (to be replaced).
AGM-84 Harpoon. how: 155mm: 210 M-198/M-114 towed; 100
(On order (authorized and funded): 18 F-14C/N 155mm, 203mm SP.
ftrs, 11 A-6E attack, 6 E-2C AEW, 9 P-3C MR, 12 mor. 216 81mm.
EA-6B ECM, 8 C-2A tpt, 15 Citation T-47A (on ATK: ATGW: TOW, Dragon.
lease); 12 F-21A (Kfir) ftr/trg, 12 T-45A Goshawk AD: SAM: Redeye, Stinger.
(BAe Hawk) trg; 2 C-130Q comd ac; 6 SH-2F, 32
MH-53 MCM, some 18 SH-60B; 187 Harpoon AVIATION: 3 active air wings (27,000), (62 combat
SSM; 265 AIM-54C Phoenix, 1,695 AGM-65F sqns, 42 spt elm gps/sqns, 450 ac).
Maverick, 825 HARM ASM; 1,551 AIM-7 Spar- Ftr: 12 sqns:
row, 2,120 AIM-9 Sidewinder AAM.) 7 with McDonnell-Douglas F-4 (being replaced).
5 with McDonnell-Douglas F-18 (1 more form-
ing 1986).
DEPLOYMENT: See consolidated entry below. FGA: 13 sqns:
RESERVES: 8 It (2 with McDonnell-Douglas AV-8C; 2 with
Trg ships: 42 (assigned from active fleet): AV-8B (BAe Harrier); 4 with McDonnell-
1 DD, 9 FFG-7, 6 FF-1052, 16 ocean MCMV (ind Douglas A-4).
2 MSO-509 Acme), 21ST, 4 fleet tugs, 4 salvage 5 med with Grumman A-6.
ships. 10 more FFG, 2 FF, 12 'craft of oppor- Recce: 1 sqn with 21 RF-4.
tunity' harbour protection vessels authorized ECM: 1 sqn with 15 EA-6B.
Avn: 23,000; 400+ ac. Forward air control: 2 sqns with Rockwell OV-10.
26 UNITED STATES
Comd: 2 sqns with McDonnell-Douglas Hel:

OA-4/TA-4. Attack: 1 sqn with Bell AH-1J.
Tanken 3 sqns with KC-130 Hercules. Assault tpt 3 sqns (2 med with Vertol CH-46C/
Trg: 7 sqns + 2 elms. D, 1 hy with Sikorsky CH-53).
Hel: 30 sqns: utility: 4 sqns with Bell UH-1E.
attack: 6 with Bell U/AH-1. SAM: 1 bn with HAWK, 1 bty with Stinger.
tpt 3 It with UH-1,12 med with Vertol CH-46, 9 Spt 23 units.
hy with Sikorsky CH-53.
Equipment:
combat: 629 ac, 104 armed heL AIR FORCE: 605,805 (69,000 women); some 4,358
Aircraft: combat ac.
F-4 Phantom: 162. -N/S: 141 (ftr (84 Regular)); Strategic: (organization: see p. 20).
RF-4B: 21 (recce). Tactical: 26 active combat wings, comprising 109
F/A-18 Hornet 60. sqns (sqh may be 18 or 24 ac).
AV-8 Harrier: 77. -A/C: 36 (30 FGA, 6 trg). -B: 41 Ftn 36 sqns (also have FGA commitment):
(30 FGA, 11 trg). 17 with McDonnell-Douglas F-15.
A-4 Skyhawk 186. -E/F/M: 153 (138 FGA (76 Reg- 19 with General Dynamics F-16.
ular), 15 trg); 0A-4M/TA4F: 33 (27 comd, 6 trg). FGA: 46 sqns:
A-6 Intruder. 86. -E 67 (60 FGA, 7 trg); EA-6A/B 17 with McDonnell-Douglas F-4.
Prowler. 19 (ECM (15 Regular)). 10 with General Dynamics F-l 11.
OV-10A/D Bronco: 58 (forward air control (36 14withFairchildA-10.
Regular), 4 trg). 5 Wild Weasel (I trg) with F-4.
KC-130F/Ï: 54 (tanker (36 Regular), 6 trg). Recce: 8 sqns with RF-4C.
Helicopters: EWng: 1 Airborne Warning and Control wing;
AH-U/T/W Sea Cobra: 104 (92 attack (72 Reg- 7 sqns:
ular), 12 trg). 4 AWACS (1 trg) with Boeing E-3.
UH-1E/N (Bell 204, 212): 102 (tpt (72 Regular), 3 EWng with Lockheed EC-130, Boeing
8 trg). EC-135,EF-111.
CH-46E: 224 (assault (180 Regular)). Forward air control: 9 tac air control sqns:
CH-53-A/D: 132 (assault (96 Regular), 18 trg); -E: 8 with Rockwell OV-10/Cessna O-2.
58 (assault (48 Regular)). 1 with Sikorsky CH-3 hel.
Missiles: Special Ops: 1 air div: 1 wing 5 sqns:
SAM: 3 bns with Improved HAWK; 3 btys with 3 with Lockheed MC-130.
Stinger. 1 with AC-130.
AAM: Sparrow, Sidewinder. 1 with Sikorsky CH3/HH-53/UH-1 hel.
ASM: Maverick. Idet with Bell UH-1 H hel.
2 Reserve gps.
(On order (authorized and funded): 240 LVT- OCU: 18: 1 with F-l 11; 1 with F-16; 7 with F-4;
7A1, some 290 LAV-25 Piranha APQ M-109 1 with Northrop F-5; 2 with F-15; 2 with
SP 155mm how, 180 Mk-19 40mm grenade Convair F-106; 3 with A-10; 1 with RF-4.
launchers; SMAW 83mm RL; TOW-2 ATGW; Trg: 4 aggressor sqns with F-5E/T-38.
9,359 Stinger SAM. 30 trg sqns with F-16, Lockheed T-33, Cessna
71 F/A-18, 6 EA-6B, 210 AV-8B ftr, 16 A-6 E T-37, Northrop T-38, Rockwell T-39,
attack, 2 KC-130T tanker ac, some 22 AH-1T, Cessna T-41, Boeing T-43, UV-18 (DHC-6),
45 CH-53E, 118 MV-22 Osprey hel; 2,375 Schweizer 2-37, Lockheed C-5, Beech C-12,
AGM-65E Maverick, 512 Sidearm ASM.) C-130, Lockheed C-141 ac and Sikorsky
UH-60, HH-3, HH-53, Bell U/TH-1 hel.
DEPLOYMENT See consolidated entry below. Tpt: 31 sqns:
RESERVES: 43,000 (1,446 women). 17 strategic: 4 with C-5; 13 with C-141.
Equipment listed with Regular units. 14 tac airlift with C-130.
1 Marine div: Units with KC-10, C-135, Boeing C-137,
3 inf, 1 arty regts; 22 combat and spt bns. Lockheed C-140, Beech C-6, C-12,
1 air wing: 100 combat ac, 8 combat hel. Gulfstream C-20, Gates C-21, C-23 Sherpa,
Ftn 3 sqns with McDonnell-Douglas F-4S. Rockwell CT-39.
FGA: 5 sqns with McDonnell-Douglas A-4E/M. SAR: 8 sqns (inc SAC msl spt) with C-130 ac,
EWng: 1 sqn with Grumman EA-6A. Sikorsky HH-3, Sikorsky HH-53, Bell UH-1,
Forward air control: 1 sqn with Rockwell OV-10. Sikorsky UH-60 hel.
Tanken 2 tkr/tpt sqns with KC-130 Hercules. Medical: 3 medical evacuation sqns with
Spt 14 units. McDonnell-Douglas C-9 (DC-9).
UNITED STATES 27
Weather recce: 3 sqns with WC-130, (Boeing 727): 5 (tpt). C-23A {Sherpa): 18 (tpt).
WC-135. C-123K (Air Force Reserve). T-33A: 153 (trg).
Trials/weapons trg units with F-4, F-5, F-15, T-37B: 608 (trg). CT-39 {Sabreliner): 14 (tpt).
F-16, T-38, C-141 ac, UH-1 hei. T-39: 4 (trg). T-38: 812 (trg). T-41A/C: 100
Equipment: (trg). T-43A: 18 (trg). Boeing 737A: 15 (trg).
Strategic: some 345 combat ac. UV-18A {Twin Otter): 2 (trg). Schweizer 2-37:
Aircraft 8 (trg).
B-52 Stratofortress: 241. -G: 151 (90 with ALCM, Helicopters:
61 with Harpoon); -H: 90 strike (30 with HH-3: 53 (SAR, trg). CH-3: 28 (forward air con-
ALCM). A number will be out of service trol, sperial).
undergoing mod. HH-53: 44: -B: 8 (SAR). -C: 27 (SAR, trg). -H Pave
B-1B: 19 (strike). Low. 9 (special).
FB-111A: 60 (55 strike, trg; 5 reserve). UH-1:105. -N (Bell 212): 9 (special). -H (Bell 205):
SR-71A/B Blackbird: 9 (recce). 96 (86 SAR, 10 trg).
U-2CT/R: 7 (recce). UH-60A: 12 (SAR).
TR-1: 14. -A: 10 (recce); -B: 4 (trg).
Missiles:
E-4 (Boeing 747): 4. -A: 1; -B: 3; (comd/control).
AAM: Sidewinder, Sparrow.
C-135 (Boeing 707): 650: RC-135: 16 (comd/
ASM: perhaps 1,170 AGM-69A SRAM, 1,380
control); EC-135A/C/G/L 21 (comd/control);
AGM-86B ALCM. Maverick, Standard ARM,
KC-135R: 613 (tankers; (487 Regular, 102 Air

Shrike, HARM, GBU-15 glide bomb.
National Guard, 24 Air Force Reserve)) (see
GLCM:BGM-109G.
Tactical, below).
(Oh order (authorized and funded; all branches): 23
KC-10A (McDonnell-Douglas DC-10): 48 (tanker).
MX ICBM, 52 B-1B bbrs (100 planned), 6 TR-1A
Tactical: combat: 4,505 ac, 37 hel.
recce ac (2 -IB trg), 8 KC-10A tankers; 240
Aircraft:
F-4 Phantom: 1,212 (ind 741 (FGA), 150 (OCU);
AGM-86B ALCM. 180 F-16 (incl 60 -D), 48 F-15
-G: 72 {Wild Weasel); RF-4C: 249 (233 recce, ftrs, 16 C-5B; 8 C-20A Gulfstream It tpt; 95
F-16R to replace; 16 OCU)). BGM-109 GLCM; 1,450 HARM, 2,600 AGM-
F-15 Eagle: 757 (ind 40 OCU, 72 AD). 65D Maverick ASM.)
F-16 Fa/con: 977 (ind 29 OCU, 65 trials). DEPLOYMENT: See consolidated entry below.
F-111: 336. -A/D/E/F: 280 (FGA); -A: 20 (OCU); EF-
111A: 36 (ECM). RESERVES:
F-5:101 (trg). (i) Air National Guard (ANG): 107,900:
F-106 Delta Dart: 22 (18 AD, 4 trg). 24 wings, 67 gps, 91 sqns (56 tac); 1,043 combat ac.
A-7D/K Corsair. 371 (FGA). Ftr. 11 AD interceptor sqns; 198 ac (see p. 21).
A-10A Thunderbolt: 565 (460 FGA, 105 OCU). FGA: 35 sqns.
E-3A Sentry: 34 (AEW, 24 to convert to -3B). 1 with F-15; 2 with 25 F-16; 12 with 188 F-4C/
OA-37B Dragonfly: 86 (forward air control). D/E (1 OCU with 20 - Q ; 1 Wild Weasel
OV-10 Bronco/O-2A Skymaster. 145 (forward with 12 F-4G; 14 with 347 A-7D/K (1 OCU
air control). with A-7, F-16); 5 with 107 A-10A.
C-9A/C (DC-9) Nightingale: 23 (medical). Recce: 6 sqns with 105 RF-4C.
C-141B Starlifter. 269 (234 strategic tpt, 19 tpt, ECM: 1 sqn with 8 EC-130.
12 trg, 4 - A trials). Forward air control: 3 sqns with 53 OA-37B.
C-5A Galaxy: 70 (65 strategic tpt, 5 trg. (8 with T p t 20 sqns:
Air Force Reserve)). 19 tac (Military Airlift Command; MAC) with
KC-10A Extender. 36 (tkr/tpt). 182 C-130A/B/D/E/H; 1 strategic with 12 C-5.
C-130 Hercules: 733 (370 Reserve); 216 (tpt); 28 Tanker 13 sqns with 102 KC-135.
(OCU). AC-130H: 20 (special). EC-130E/H: 15 SAR: 2 sqns with 8 HC-130 ac, 11 HH-3E hel.
(ECM). HC-130H/N/P: 50 (45 SAR, 5 trg). MC-130E Trg: ac incl 4 T-39, 40 T-33, 4 T-43A.
14 (sperial). WC-130E/H: 20 (weather recce). (ii) Air Force Reserve: 74,800.
C-135 (Boeing 707): 153. 8 (tpt). KC-135A/Q: 129 19 wings, 57 sqns (36 with ac); 237 combat ac.
(tanker). EC-135K: 11 (ECM). WC-135B: 5 FGA: 11 sqns (Tactical Airlift Comd; TAC):
(weather recce). 1 with 26 F-16; 5 with 112 F-4D; 5 with 99 A-10.
C-137 (Boeing 707): 6. -B: 3 (707-153, VIP tpt). Tpt: 16 sqns (MAC):
-C: 3 (707-320B, VIP tpt). 15 tac with 143 C-130A/B/E/H, 4 C-123K; 1
MiG-21: 24 (trg). MiG-23: 4 (trg). C-12: 80 strategic with 5 C-5A.
(liaison). C-18 (Boeing 707-323Q: 8 (advanced Tanker. 4 sqns:
range instrumentation ac (ARIA)). C-20A 3 (SAC) with 24 KC-135; 1 with 10 KC-130A.
{Gulfstream): 3 (tpt). C-21A {Learjet): 80. C-22 Special: 2 sqns (TAC):
28 UNITED STATES
1 with 10 AC-130A ac, 1 with 6 CH-3E (iii) Abroad: Europe: 217,100.

hel. (a) Germany 204,700: 1 army, 2 corps HQ; 2
Weather 1 recce sqn with 7 WC-130H. armd, 2 mech divs; 1 armd, 1 mech bdes; 2
SAR: 3 sqns with 14 HC-130H ac, 8 HH-3E, 10 armd cav regts; 7 fd arty bdes, 4 indep arty
UH-1H/N hel. gps; 9 SSM bns, 3 with 108 Pershing II, 6 with
Associate: 21 sqns (personnel only): 108 Lance. 30 AD btys with HAWK; 2 bns
MAC: 4 sqns for C-5, 13 for C-141, 1 aero- with Patriot SAM (each 6 btys each 8 quad
medical for C-9. msls; 5,000 MBT.§
SAC:3sqnsforKC-10. (b) West Berlin: 4,300. HQ elms, 1 inf bde.
Non-flying spt units: 172. (c) Greece: 470.
(iii) Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF): 294 long-range (d) Italy: 3,950.
commercial ac (numbers fluctuate): (e) Netherlands: 930.
227 passenger (Boeing 747, L-1011, DC-8/-10), (f) Turkey: 1,200.
67 cargo (Boeing 707, 747, DC-8/-10). (g) Belgium: 1,160.
26 short-range commercial (Boeing 727, DC-9). (h) Other 390.
(iv) Pacific: 32,150.
(a) South Korea 29,750: 1 army HQ; 1 inf div
STRATEGIC RESERVE: (13,900).
(b) Japan 2,400: 1 corps HQ; base and spt
Planned Force Structure:

personnel.
(a) US Readiness Command (REDCOM): 3 corps
(v) Middle East Egypt: 1,200.
HQ, all CONUS-based active units. (vi) Caribbean/Latin America: 6,730.
(b) Initial reinforcement, Europe: 1 corps HQ, 2
armd, 3 mech divs, 1 armd cav regt4 NAVY:
(c) US Central Command (USCENTCOM): (1,100): Bases; average strength of major combat ships, incl
forces, incl naval and air, apportioned for plan- ships on refit:
ning purposes. Full deployment could involve (i) Atlantic/Mediterranean.
290,600 assigned from existing units and support SSBN: 29 Cruisers: 13
elements on mobilization. SSN/SS: 55 Destroyers: 39
HQ: 1 army; 1 corps (131,000): 1 mech (-), 2 inf, Carriers: 7 Frigates: 53
1 AB, 1 air assault divs, 1 air cav bde, special Battleships: 1 Amph: 29
forces, Rangers. Bases: CONUS: Norfolk (HQ), Mayport, Roosevelt
Naval Force: 1 (112,300 incl 70,000 Marines): 3 Roads (Puerto Rico), Charleston, New
carrier battle gps, 1 surface action gp, 3 amph London, Newport, New York (Brooklyn),
Boston, New Orleans, Bangor, Kings Bay.
ready gps (3—5 amph ships), 5 ASW patrol Bases: abroad: Cuba (Guantânamo Bay) 2,100;
sqns, 17 prepositioned depot ships. Bermuda 1,500; Iceland (Keflavik) 1,900; Brit-
Marine Force: l'A Amph Forces (MAF) (1 div, 1 ain (Holy Loch and other) 2,300; other NATO-
air wing, 1 Force service spt gp), 1 Marine assigned personnel 14,850.
Amph Bde (MAB: 1 regt landing team, 1 air gp, (a) Atlantic (Second Fleet): 31 SSBN, 50 attack
1 bde service spt gp). subs, 4 carriers, 93 principal surface comba-
Air Force: 1 (33,000): 1 div: 2 bbr wings (4 sqns) tants, 24 amph.
B-52H, 9 wings and 2 gps tac fighters, 3 wings (b) Mediterranean (27,200). Sixth Fleet: typically
and 1 gp strategic and 1 tac recce, 1 airborne up to 4 SSN, 2 carriers, 12 surface combatants,
warning and control div, strategic and SAR, tac 11 spt ships; 1 Amph Ready Gp (3—5 ships
airlift, 1 refuelling sqn (KC-135A/KC-10A). MAU.// Maritime pre-positioning sqn (MPS); 5
depot ships.
Italy (Gaeta (HQ), Naples, Sigonella, La
DEPLOYMENT: Maddalena) 5,250, Spain (Rota) 3,600.
ARMY: (ii) Pacific/Indian Ocean.
(i) Continental United States (CONUS); 5 Army, 3 SSBN: 7 Cruisers: 18
corps HQ. 2 armd, 4 mech, 3 inf, 1 AB, 1 air SSN/SS: 42 Destroyers: 29
mobile divs. Carriers: 6 Frigates: 47
(a) Alaska (7,650): 1 It inf div (plus 1 Army Battleships: 2 Amph: 31
National Guard inf gp (5 Scout bns)). (a) Eastern Pacific (Third Fleet):
(b) Panama (9,330): 1 inf bde (6,600); Naval sqn Bases: Pearl Harbor (HQ), San Francisco,
(490): patrol boats; Marines (155); 1 air div Alameda, San Diego, Long Beach, Bangor,
(2,100): A-7, C-130 ac. Bremerton, Adak (Alaska).
(ii) Hawaii (18,900): WESTCOM: 1 It inf div (3 Reg- 5 SSBN, some 25 SSN, 4 carriers, 72 principal
ular odes), 1 It inf bde (Reserve). surface combatants, 26 amph, 32 spt.
UNITED STATES 29
(b) Western Pacific (41,400), Seventh Fleet. 1 tactical msl wing, 16 GLCM.
Bases: Japan (Yokosuka; HQ) 7,400. Philip- (b) Britain: 27,500; 290 combat ac, 32 GLCM. 1
pines (Subie Bay) 5,300; Guam, Midway Air Force HQ:
4,900 incl Marine det; Australia some 600. 3 tac ftr ('AFM5) wings; 14 sqns (7 with 150
Some 15 SSN and SS: 2 carriers (1 hei), 23 sur- F-111E/F, 1 with 12 EF-111 Raven, 6 with
face combatants, 6 amph (1 MAU embarked), 108 A-10).
8 spt ships; 1 MPS (4 ships) deploying 1986. 1 tac recce wing; 3 sqns (1 with 18 RF-4C, 1
(c) Indian Ocean. Dets from Seventh/Second with 19 F-5E, 1 with 2 TR-1A (SAC)).
Fleets 11,000. 1 tac tpt wing with 16 C-130 (MAC); 29
Base. Diego Garcia (1,300). KC-135,4EG135H(SAC).
1 carrier battle gp (6 surface combatants). 1 SAR sqn with 5 HC-130, 5 HH-53.
5 MPS (eqpt for one MAB). 1 tactical missile wing, 96 GLCM.
(d) Middle East Force (Persian Gulf/Bahrain): 1 2 Air Base Gps.
comd ship, 4 destroyers/ frigates.
(c) Germany 41,100: 328 combat ac. 1 Air Force
MARINES: HQ: 2 Air Divs.
(i) CONUS: 2 Marine Amphibious Forces (MAF), 4 tac ftr wings: 11 sqns (3 with 72 F-16A/B, 4
(1 East, 1 West coast) each with 1 div, 1 air wing, with 96 F-4E (2 to get F-16), 1 with 24 F4C-,
1 sptgp.// 3with72F-15C/D).
(ii) Hawaii: 1 amph bde (MAB), service spt gp, ac gp. 1 tac recce wing, 1 sqn with 18 RF-4C.
(iii) Abroad: 42,500. 1 electronic combat, 2 combat spt, 1 tac air
(a) Caribbean: Cuba (Guantanamo Bay) 435; 1 control wings and 1 gp of 3 sqns (2 with 42
reinforced marine coy. OV-10A ac, 1 with 7 CH-53C hel).
(b) Europe: 1,300. 1 tpt wing (MAC) 4 sqns (incl 18 C-23A Sherpa,
(c) Middle East (afloat: Mediterranean (6th Fleet): 16C-130E).
1,900; 1 MAU//). 1 special operations sqn (MAC) with 4 MC-130R
(d) Pacific 2 Air Base Gps.
(i) Japan/Okinawa: 38,150;
(d) Netherlands 2,000:
1 MAF (1 div (-), 1 air wing, 1 log spt gp).
1 tac ftr sqn with 24 F-15C/D.
(ii) Philippines (7th Fleet): 660;
(e) Spain 5,300: 1 Air Force HQ:
1 MAU deployed intermittently.//
1 tac wing of 3 sqns with 72 F-16A/B.
(e) Indian Ocean: 660; 1 MAU deployed
intermittently. 1 ftr trg wing (no ac assigned).
1 Air Base Gp.
AIR FORCE
1 SAR det (MAC) with 3 UH-1N hel.
(i) CONUS: (1 TAC fighter wing (F-4E) in US on call as
(a) Tactical Air Command (TAQ incl AD ac) reinforcements.)
(104,412): 2 Air Forces; 12 air divs; 28 wings (0 Italy 5,800: 1 tac, 1 air base gps, 1 tac msl wing
(15 combat): 36 combat sqns (30 ftr, 3 tac recce
(16 GLCM).
(converting to ftr/recce), 3 tac air control); 6 tac
trgsqns. (g) Greece 2,700: 2 air base gps.
(h) Turkey 3,800: HQ, 1 tac, 1 air base gps.
(b) Alaskan Air Command (10,830): 1 ftr wing
(AD: 1 sqnwithF-15, 1 withT-33), 1 composite (i) Other areas: 1,700. Iceland (TAC, 1,300):
wing (1 sqn with A-10, 1 with O-2A), 1 control 1 AD sqn with 18 F-15,4 T-33,1—3 E-3A AWACS.
(warning) gp, 13 radars (being modernized), 2 1 SAR det (MAC) with 3 HH-3.
combat spt gps, 1 strategic recce wing; 1 air base (iii) Pacifier. Pacific Air Forces (PACAF): 37,000:
gp, 2 sqns. Hawaii; 2 Air Force HQ: 3 air divs; 5 tac ftr wings
(c) Military Airlift Command (MAC) (78,055): 3 and 2 indep ftr sqns; 1 tac control gp; 2 air base
Air Forces; 3 airlift divs; 27 wings (4 tac, 8 wings and 1 indep sqn.
strategic, 1 military airlift spt, 3 air base, 1 SAR, (a) Hawaii: 1 air div, 1 air base, 1 weather wing
1 SAR/weather recce, 1 medical, 1 special ops, 6 (attached from MAC), 1 AWACS sqn, 1 tac tpt sqa
weather, 1 trg); 19 gps (2 tac, 3 strategic, 3 mili- Army National Guard AD direction centre.
tary airlift, 1 spt, 9 air base, 1 airlift/trg). Ac ANG: 1 AD sqn with F-4 (8 AAM).
deployed as required, world-wide. (b) Japan 16,200: 1 Air Force HQ: 1 div:
(d) Spt Elm Comas (171,500): Comms, Log, Sys- 2 wings (3 sqns) with 72 F-15C/D, 2 F-16, 18
tems, Trg, Electronic Security. RF-4C, T-39A ac, UH-1E/F heL
(ii) Europe 92,700: US Air Force, Europe (USAFE>, 3 1 sqn (TAC) with 3 E-3A AWACS ac.
Air Forces, 2 Air Divs, 9 tac ftr, 2 tac recce, 3 tac msl 1 tac tpt wing with 16 C-l 30 ac.
wings; airlift spt Some 734 combat ac, 128 GLCM 1 strategic wing with KC-135 tankers.
(a) Belgium 1,500; 1 SAR sqn (MAC) with 4 HC-130 ac, 5 HH-53 heL
30 UNITED STATES
See Korea, below. Coast Guard Reserve. 20,691. Selected: 15,590,

(c) Korea 11,200: 1 div: 2 wings: Ready 5,240; Standby 813; Retired 2,000. 194
5 sqns (2 with 36 F-4E/RF-4E, 2 with 48 F-16, port security units in 48 ports, 65 general spt
1 with24A-10). units, 63 reserve gps, 85 small craft
1 tac control gp with 24 OA-37.
1 SAR sqn (MAC) with 6 HH-3. Coast Guard Auxiliary. 35,500 civilian volunteer
(d) Philippines 9,300: 1 Air Force HQ: 1 div: force; augment regular force in emergencies.
1 wing 2 ftr sqns (1 with F-4E, 1 with F-4FG); 1
special operations sqn (MAC) with 4 MG130E Civil Air Patrol (CAP): 65,771 (23,960 cadets); HQ, 8
1 tac airlift wing (MAC) with 16 C-l 30 ac, 1 SAR geographical regions, 52 wings, 1,900 units, 566
sqn (MAC) with 5 C/HH-3 heL CAP ac plus 9,430 private ac.
1 trg gp with 15 F-5E, T-33, T-39A). Roles: (a) emergency services, SAR, disaster relief,
(e) Guam 4,200: 1 SAC Air Div HQ:
1 strategic bbr wing with 1 B-52 sqn. dvil defence, communications (b) aerospace edu-
1 refuelling wing with KC-135. cation, (c) cadet trg, motivation.
1 tpt sqn, 1 weather sqn (MAC).
(0 Australia: 250. State Militias: 11,500: volunteer groups org as cadre
SUMMARY: military units, lightly armed and equipped, active
Forces Abroad: 525,600, ind 64,400 afloat in some sixteen States ind California, Indiana,
(i) By Area. New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon,
Europe 354,000 (27,200 afloat). Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia and Washing-
Pacific/Far East 143,800 (33,000 afloat). ton, and in Puerto Rico. 3 of the remaining 34
Caribbean/Latin America: 19,300 (ind Bermuda States report varying degrees of interest and sup-
1,600); Cuba (Guantânamo Bay) 2,500; Hon- port Intended to provide personnel for Home
duras garrison 120; Puerto Rico 3,600; Guard, internal security and disaster relief assist-
Panama 9,300 (900 afloat). ance in support of or replacement for Army
Middle East/N. Africa 7,000 (3,000 afloat): Sinai National Guard or Civil police forces.
(MFO) 1,100; Egypt 1,300; Saudi Arabia 390
(USAF: 4 E-3A, 3 KC-135, 1 KC-10, spt staff);
* Manpower ind in Army, Navy, Air Force totals,
Diego Garcia 1,300..
t 1 National Guard or Reserve bde is incorporated in each
Other areas 1,500 (300 afloat),
of 1 armd, 2 mech and 2 inf divs.
(ii) By Service:
t 1 armd, 3 mech divs, 1 armd cav regt have hy eqpt stock-
ARMY: (257,500). piled in FRG. Storage facilities for 2 more divs being built
NAVY: (92,000) (56,500 afloat). § Ind those stockpiled for the Strategic Reserve forma-
MARINES: (38,200X7,900 afloat). tions. The armd and mech bdes are from the divs in the
AIR FORCE: (135,100).
US earmarked to reinforce 7th Army.
// Marine Amphibious Units (MAU) are light combat
forces, comprising 1,900 marines, 490 Underwater Demo-
PARA-MILITARY: lition (UDT) and Sea-Air-Land teams (SEALS) and 100
Coast Guard (by law a branch of the Armed Forces; in Naval spt personnel, capable of establishing and defending
peacetime under the Department of Transportation): a bridgehead for a brief period unsupported. Based on a
Budget 1985: BA $2.564 bn, outlay $2.539 bit marine inf bn with specialist and log spt elms, MAU hy eqpt
1986: BA $2.199 bn, outlay $2.453 bn ind 5 tks, 8 155mm how, 12 LVCP-7, composite air sqn
Strength: 38,837 (2,374 women). (ind hel), 4 CH-53 hy, 12 CH-46 med and assault 4 AH-IT
243 cutters (ind 15 high-endurance (2,600— 3,000 attack and 2 UH-IN utility hel. 6 AV-8 VSTOL attack ac
tons), 41 med-endurance (1,000+ tons; 8 more could spt This force is lifted in 3—5 amph ships.
ordered)), 5 ocean icebreakers, 8 icebreaking tugs Only 1 MAU in Mediterranean and 1 in Pacific are regu-
(1 more ordered), 93 patrol craft (11 more larly constituted.
ordered), 3 surface effects ships, 28 ocean buoy A Marine Amphibious Bde is 3—5 inf, 1 arty bns, tk coy,
tenders, 93 other vessels; some 2,000 small craft; spt tps ind air, 16,950 personnel.
560 shore installations; 68 ac (41 HU-25A A Marine Amphibious Force varies in size from less
(Dassault Falcon-Gardian), 25 HC-130H than 1 div to more than 2; with an aircraft wing or wings.
(Lockheed Hercules), 1 VC-4A (Gulfstream I), 1 A divisional force would total some 55,000 men, 156 com-
VC-11A (Gulfstream II)); 126 hel (22 HH-65A, 37 bat ac, 24 attack hel, 70 tks, 208 APC, 120 how to 203mm.
HH-3F Pelican, 67 HH-52A (Sikorsky S-62; to be Marine divs, air wings and spt forces when deployed are
replaced by 96 HH-65A (AS-365G Dolphin 2)). called Marine Air-Ground Task Forces (MAGTF).
This article was downloaded by: [Massachusetts Institute of Technology]
On: 26 November 2014, At: 15:18

The Soviet Union

To cite this article: (1986) The Soviet Union, The Military Balance, 86:1, 31-46, DOI: 10.1080/04597228608459972
31
The Soviet Union
Strategic Forces
After the apparent pause noted in The Military Balance 1985—1986, reports on the Soviet
Strategic Forces show major developments in all major weapon categories. Though the
number of ICBM launchers remains at 1,398, 72 of the earliest version of the SS-11 have
been replaced by the SS-25, which is being deployed in units of 9 launchers in former SS-7
ICBM sites. The single warhead of the SS-11 had an estimated yield of 950 KT; the SS-25
also has one warhead but with an estimated 550-KT yield. The loss of some 28.8 MT in yield
is more than compensated for by the increased accuracy of the SS-25: reported as 200
metres, compared with 1,400 metres for the SS-11 mod 1. The SS-25 uses solid fuel, giving
it a shorter launch time, and is road mobile. A second new ICBM, the SS-X-24 is undergoing
Downloaded by [Massachusetts Institute of Technology] at 15:18 26 November 2014
tests and may be deployed shortly.

The USSR introduced a new SLBM, the SS-N-23 in 1985. This liquid-fuelled missile is
said to have a range similar to the SS-N-20 (8,300 km), a CEP of less than 900 metres and a
payload of 10 MIRV warheads, each of perhaps 200 KT yield.
Two Delta IV boats (32 SLBM) are now in service. A fourth Typhoon (with 20 SS-N-20)
has also entered service, and two Y-I boats have been withdrawn. The SSBN total therefore
remains at 77, and the number of missiles rises by four to 983 (using SALT counting rules
the totals are 62 SSBN and 944 SLBM). The SS-N-23 is replacing the SS-N-6, which carried
two MRV warheads, with yields variously estimated at 500 KT to 1 MT. With its MIRV war-
heads the SS-N-23 has the potential to engage ten times the number of targets at some 2.75
times the range of its predecessor.
The Strategic Bomber Force shows a significant drop in the number of Mya-4 Bison, from
45 to 20. No alternative use for this 30-year-old aircraft has yet been reported. The equally
elderly Tu-95 Bear design is back in production, with some 40 'H' models, each equipped
with 6 AS-15 air-launched cruise missiles (ALCM), fifteen more than were reported last year.
The AS-15 ALCM has a range of some 1,800 km, a speed of about Mach 0.6 and a single war-
head with a yield of 250 KT.
The SS-4 MRBM is also being phased out. Holdings as of 1 July 1986 are believed to be
112, down by 8 from last year. The SS-20 IRBM inventory now stands at 441, an increase of
18 over the same period. There appears to have been a small re-deployment from Central
Asia of some 36 missiles. These, and the additional 18 that have been deployed in the past
12 months, have together significantly increased the deployment of missiles which can strike
targets anywhere in Europe to 270. The Asian deployment stands at some 171 missiles,
comprising the 162 already deployed in the Far East and the 9 missiles probably remaining
in Central Asia.
General-Purpose Forces
The Soviet system of seniority is: Strategic Nuclear Forces (SNF), Ground Troops (Army),
Air Defence, Air Force and Navy. The Ground Forces are reported to have added a motor
rifle division and two air assault brigades to the Order of Battle. It is now confirmed that the
Army has taken over from the Air Forces of the Soviet Union all combat helicopters used in
support of the Ground Forces. This has made a difference to the respective numbers of
troops shown for each Service. The heavy equipment list shows increasing numbers of T-80
main battle tanks and the new BTR-80 APC now in service. There is probably a trend
towards more modern artillery pieces at the expense of the earlier models; insufficient data
precludes analysis of the numbers involved. The earlier reportage of the SS-22 as a replace-
ment for the SS-12 presumed that there were significant visual (as well as technical) differ-
ences between the two weapons. External differences are minor, and we have accordingly
listed the new SSM as 'SS-12 (mod)'. No further information has come to light concerning
the SSC-X-4 ground-launched cruise missile (GLCM), reported last year. A NATO name for
32 SOVIET UNION
the SA-11 SAM — Gadfly — is noted. The SA-14 is now beginning to replace the SA-7, and
the SA-X-12, an apparent replacement for the SA-4, may come into service soon.
Notwithstanding a number of additional items of information, we still have been unable
to clarify the organization and structure of the Soviet Air Defence Service. That some air
defence aircraft are deployed within the Air Forces of the Military Districts is an added
complication. Modest increases in the numbers of MiG-29 and MiG-31 interceptors appear
to be the only changes of note. Reports continue to suggest that the elderly SA-1 is still in
service, although replacement by the SA-10 continues. The number of SA-10 SAM has
increased by about 50% over the past year.
Organization of the respective Military District Air Forces has been separated from the
aircraft inventories. Readers will find approximate figures in the Deployment section, but it
is not yet possible to provide an overall summary of the number of regiments by role. The
Military Transport arm has equipment assigned outside its direct control to Strategic and
other Air Commands.

The Navy continues to test the combination of Yankee-class SSGN with the new SS-NX-
24 submarine-launched cruise missile (SLCM). We do not have any information that this
SLCM is in service, and the deletion of the 'X' in last year's edition was in error. The USSR
is also testing the SS-NX-21, which is similar in performance to the US Tomahawk cruise
missile. There are now three Oscar-class boats (SSGN), one more than in 1985. Retirement
of a Charlie and an Echo SSGN, and Juliet, W-Long Bin and Foxtrot diesel boats (one of
each) has taken place. New production Kilo-class SS will replace at least some of these later
types. The fourth Kiev-class carrier, shown as on trials last year, appears not yet to be in ser-
vice. The second Slava cruiser may only just be coming into service. Two more
Sovremennyy DDG and Udaloy ASW destroyers are reported; some of the Kanin and Kotlin
destroyers may have retired. The Naval Aviation inventory shows an increase of some 20
Tu-22M Backfire and more Tu-16 Badger. Procurement includes a number of amphibious
warfare ships.
Our estimate of possible deployments remains much as it was in 1985. Again, we would
welcome comment. In summary, however, we see the Soviet Union as generally maintaining
its forces' procurement programmes, which are leading to a steady improvement in quality.
There appear to be no major breakthroughs, although more complex weapon systems, such
as aircraft, continue to show increasing sophistication.
Defence Expenditure
Defence spending in the Soviet Union, as officially announced by the government, held
steady or decreased slightly in the 1970s. From 1981—84, it was frozen at 17.054 bn roubles
($23.065 bn). But in September 1984, Soviet Finance Minister Vasily Garbuzov announced
an 11.8% increase in official defence spending for 1985 to 19.063 bn roubles ($22.257 bn).
Although the purpose of the USSR's largest peace-time military budget is, in Garbuzov's
words, 'to increase the combat readiness of our Armed Forces which are capable of giving a
crushing rebuff to any aggressor', the Soviet leadership did not reveal which military pro-
grammes required additional funds. This largest annual spending increase in defence
spending in twenty-five years was portrayed as a measured response to recent increases in
American defence expenditure. In 1986, however, the USSR froze the level of official
defence spending at 19.063 bn roubles; in combination with the arms control offers in 1986,
this not only reflects Moscow's new foreign-policy approach but also looks like an economic
signal that its defence burden must not increase.
Nearly all Western observers believe that the one-line official Soviet defence figures
underestimate actual expenditure by a factor often or more, and that the USSR has consist-
ently outspent the US for the last decade. Most observers believe that actual military
spending represents 12—17% of the Soviet GDP. Some unclassified defence expenditure esti-
mates are listed in the Table on the next page. The majority of those who produce esti-
mates or 'time-series' assume stable, persistent growth in total defence expenditure in the
SOVIET UNION 33
range of 2—4% since the mid-1970s. Recent American and British estimates suggest that
total annual defence expenditure grew by 4—5% before 1976, decelerated to a 2% annual
rate in 1976—82 and rose at a rate of 3—5% in 1982—85.
There is widespread disagreement over what programmes should be included in the
definition of Soviet defence expenditure. Many Western observers believe that the USSR
includes the civilian space programme, internal security forces, military construction troops
and civil defence as part of its concept of 'national defence'. But estimates based on that
wider definition (which are not included in the Table below) are not comparable to definitions
of Western defence expenditures and will tend to show higher Soviet defence spending.
Soviet Defence Expenditure

Source Price base 1976 1981 1983 1984 1985 1986
Billions of Roubles
USSR" Current 17.43 17.054 17.054 17.045 19.063 19.063
CIA* 1970 - 70-75 - - - -
Britain'. Current - 84-92 - - - 120.1
RosefielaV 1970 70.3 _ _ _ _ _
Billions of Dollars
USSR* Current 23.2 24.4 21.3 - 23.4
CIA' 1983 208 225 23.5
DoD* 1984 245 270 -
JCS* 1984 - 295
0
Official declared budget.
* Joint Economic Committee Allocation of Resources in the Soviet Union and China — 1982 (Wash-
ington DC: USGPO, 1983), p. 79. Post-1981 rouble estimates using the new CIA methodology were
classified and unavailable at the time of going to press.
c
Statement of Defence Estimates 1986 (London: HMSO, Cmnd. 9763—1). Calculated estimate from
statement on p. 62.
d
Steven Rosefielde, False Science, Under-estimating the Soviet Arms Build-up (New Brunswick, NJ:
Transnational, 1982), pp. 186—8.
e
Official declared budget divided by official exchange rate.
'Central Intelligence Agency, Press Release: Soviet Defense Spending, 22 February 1985. Data cal-
culated from released graph. The analysis was co-ordinated with the DoD.
* Department of Defense, FY 1984 DoD Program for Research, Development, and Acquisition
(Washington DC: USGPO, 1983), pp. 1—7. Figures taken from graph.
* Organization of Joint Chiefs of Staff, Military Posture for FY 1986 (Washington DC USGPO, 1985).
Western sovietologists use two basic methodologies to calculate Soviet defence outlays.
Some non-government analysts examine the published budget documents and add military-
related expenditures in non-defence line items. Most analysts — including those of the US
CIA, the US DIA and the British MoD — estimate Soviet procurement, RDT&E, O&M, person-
nel costs, etc. individually in either roubles or dollars and then convert to the other. Roubles
are used to indicate the defence burden on the Soviet economy, and dollars facilitate a com-
parison with American programmes. The methodologies for making these government esti-
mates are rarely made public. Both the CIA and DIA collect raw data and have developed
indirect economic analyses in order to calculate the costs to the USSR of producing material
for defence items in dollars and in roubles.
For procurement, they estimate production runs and then estimate the level of spending
from what it would cost in dollars to produce a similar weapon in the West. For example, the
unit price and production estimates for a T-80 tank are $1.2—1.6 m (1982: 400 units); for a
T-72 tank $1.0—1.3 m (1982: 1,000 units); and for a BMP-2 MICV $0.3-0.45 m (1982: 4,000
units). There are obvious difficulties with this method. Production statistics must be based
34 SOVIET UNION
primarily on photographie reconnaissance, and many gaps in information exist. Information

is lacking on weapons exports as well as the structure of reserve stocks. Production cost esti-
mates cannot accurately reflect true procurement spending patterns, because resource costs
and dollar/rouble conversions are difficult to quantify and, more importantly, Soviet procure-
ment objectives are set in real unit terms without a strict requirement for money prices to
coincide with the real costs of goods and services.
Manpower costs have reportedly grown at 2% per year for the last ten years. For manpower
costs, estimates are derived from known military salary rates, rank structure and ration scales.
These are fairly reliable; but it is difficult to estimate manpower-support costs. Soviet R&D
accounts are, in the CIA's words, 'the least reliable' and estimates are roughly derived from
Soviet budgetary allocations to science. The Academy of Sciences administers — and presum-
ably funds — military R&D, with planning, development and production steered by complex
interdepartmental communication between the Ministry of Defence, GOSPLAN, the Acad-

emy of Sciences, the Council of Ministers and the production ministries. RDT&E pro-
grammes are thought to be on the scale of American efforts, including space-based defence
and ground-based ABM technology. O&M accounts are usually estimated as a function of pro-
curement and manpower estimates; precise fuel and maintenance costs are unavailable.
Estimated O&M costs have grown by 3—4% annually since 1976, but the published data for
RDT&E and O&M accounts is minimal.
Difficulties surrounding estimates of exchange rates were examined in previous editions of
The Military Balance. Most observers believe that current methodologies are tainted by an
element of institutional bias, a tendency to assume mirroring micro-economic phenomena,
limited understanding of the USSR's budgeting process and military-industrial policy, and
the limited number of Soviet studies programmes outside the intelligence community.*
Since the CIA first released its estimates of Soviet defence spending in 1974, it has revised
its methodology on three occasions, and these revisions have caused some confusion in the
media. In 1976, as a result of new information indicating that levels of output in the defence
industries were much lower than had been assumed, it re-evaluated Soviet rouble defence
production costs. As a result, its estimate of Soviet defence costs in roubles was doubled,
though the dollar estimates were unaffected. In the second revision in 1983 (part of a
re-evaluation of 1979—81 estimates, which had previously suggested that Soviet defence
spending was growing at a rate of 4—5% annually), the CIA revised its methodology, having
decided that the rate of equipment accession was lower then expected. As a result, both the
dollar and rouble spending estimates were revised to reflect a growth rate of 2% annually.
This year the CIA updated its price base from 1970 to 1982 price levels. The new pricing sys-
tem does not fundamentally alter the agency's estimates of Soviet defence spending; the only
difference is that military spending in 1982 prices reflects a greater share of the economy
(15—17%) than in 1970 prices (13—16%). The new estimate of the defence burden is compat-
ible with DIA analyses and suggests that inflation in the military sector is greater than in the
general economy.
DlA dollar and rouble estimates are stated in current, rather than constant, currency terms.
The DIA believes that Soviet defence spending roughly doubled between 1970 and 1981, and
in its latest reports suggests that Soviet defence spending has increased at about 5% annually
since 1983. Both CIA and DIA caution that any estimate of currency spending will be subject
to revision, and that there is approximately a five-year lag before current estimates can be
fully confirmed and evaluated.
The DIA and CIA agree that the Soviet budget for procurement increased by 1% annually
between 1975 and 1981. The DIA's procurement estimate, which is based on pricing of 250
major weapons systems, concludes that spending on procurement increased by 3—5% annu-
ally in 1981—86. The CIA, whose estimates measure total procurement, argues that recent
procurement resources are stagnant. Based on these latest estimates, American spending on
procurement overtook Soviet procurement spending in 1984. Some observers have noted
with a touch of irony that, despite major (but narrowing) technology differences between Sov-
SOVIET UNION 35
iet and American systems, the USSR managed to produce more than twice as much as the US
using a much smaller rate of procurement growth.
Defence and the Soviet Economy under Gorbachev

On coming to power Mikhail Gorbachev inherited a number of strengths in the world's sec-
ond largest economy: petroleum and iron ore extraction, steel and cement production and a
machine tools sector, all of which exceed American output.
GNP growth in 1985f was 2.6% for the second year running. The year began with one of the
coldest winters on record which caused major transport and production bottlenecks. Indus-
trial output picked up in the second half to finish at a 2.8% annual rate. However, agricul-
tural losses dragged down the rest of the economy despite greatly increased investment. Con-
sumer shortages persisted. In fact, consumer output actually fell, despite Gorbachev's calls
for greater labour productivity. The new leadership has been quick to make senior-level per-
sonnel changes but has been loth to challenge the long-term interests of the powerful
bureaucracies in its economic programme. As a first step Gorbachev has stepped up the
worker productivity campaign, begun by his predecessors, in an attempt to stimulate the
economy. He replaced a number of economic ministers, including the Chairman of the Coun-
cil of Ministers and the chiefs of the construction, service and machine building sectors.
Many of his new economic managers have been recruited from the defence sector, including
the Ministerial Chairman Ryzhkov.
The above short-term measures are intended to be followed by an ambitious plan to replace
one third of the capital stock by 1990. Over 200 bn roubles in capital investment has been
committed between 1986 and 1990 for 'modernizing and technically re-equipping
production'. Gorbachev has hinted at some organizational changes, none of which is wide-
spread, nor do they challenge major bureaucratic interests.
Gorbachev's first Five Year Plan (1986—90) calls for 3.5% annual growth in National
Income (a measure similar to GNP used by Soviet economists). A 7—8% growth rate in the
machine building sector (focused primarily on the electronics, computer and machine tool
industries) is intended to boost total industrial output by 4.5% each year. Ryzhkov
announced major investment increases for the energy and machine building sectors, and
lesser increases for agriculture and consumer investment. Apparently, the Politburo has not
finalized the difficult allocation choices. Most of the planned increases in fixed investment are
scheduled for 1986. Gorbachev intends to increase investment in civilian machinery and
energy by 30% in 1986. It is unlikely that these rates can be sustained for very long. In the
wake of the Chernobyl disaster, the leadership may be forced to spend even more than
planned on its nuclear energy programme. The collapse of prices for petroleum, which the
USSR produces mostly from relatively low-cost Siberian oil fields, cut foreign earnings used
for investment by $5—7 billion.
In the near term (1986—9) the lack of investment should not restrain defence production,
according to several American and European studies. A study released by the Joint Economic
Committee states, 'in view of the immense sunk costs for plant and installed equipment in the
defence production facilities, and the fact that these cannot be readily converted to civilian
use, the industrial modernization goals are unlikely significantly to impede the completion of
the major deployments of strategic weapons that the Soviets have programmed through the
1980s'. Full-scale production lines are producing the newest generation of Soviet weapons
systems including, T-80 tanks, cruise missiles, Su-27 fighters, the Blackjack bomber, and the
SS-25 ICBM.
The Soviet military appears to support Gorbachev's economic plans, because it will
ultimately benefit from any technological advances. The Deputy Minister for military pro-
curement has complained that the poor performance of the civilian economy is a threat to
military procurement objectives. It appears that investment allocations will only affect
defence at the margins over the next few years. Therefore it seems that the Soviet Union is
likely to be well placed to continue its vigorous military modernization programme up to the
36 SOVIET UNION
end of the decade by means of qualitative change, without major new investment, while sim-
ultaneously expanding and improving the civilian sector.
* For further background see R. Kaufmann, S. Rosefielde, H. Schaeffer, in Joint Economic Committee, Congress of
the USA, Hearings (annual); also previous editions of The Military Balance.
† NMP growth 3.2% in 1984 and 3.0% in 1985.
For further details please refer to: R. E. Foelber, Estimates of Soviet Defence Expenditures: Methodological Issues and
Policy Implications (Washington DC Congressional Research Service, 1985); Joint Economic Committee (CIA and
DIA presentation), The Soviet Economy Under a New Leader (Washington DC: JEC 1986); A. S. Becker, Sitting on Bay-
onets: The Soviet Defense Burden and the Slowdown of Soviet Defense Spending (Santa Monica, CA: RAND 1985), R.
Hutchings, The Soviet Budget (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1983); R. Kaufman 'Causes of the
Slowdown in Soviet Defence', Soviet Economy, vol. I, no. 1; and previous editions of The Military Balance, M.
Gorbachev, Political Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the 27th Party Congress. (Moscow: Novosti Press
Agency, 1986).
THE SOVIET UNION
NMP 1984e: r 565 bn 2 D-IV with 16 SS-N-23 (32 msls).

1985e: r582bn 14 D-III with 16 SS-N-18 (224 msls).
growth 1984: 3.3% 1985: 3.0% 4 D-II with 16 SS-N-8 (64 msls).
GNP 1984e: $1,480-1,958 bn 18 D-I with 12 SS-N-8 (216 msls).
1985e: $1,520-2,010 bn 1 Y-II with 12 SS-N-17 (12 msls).
Inflation 1984: -0.9% 1985: -1.6% 19 Y-I with 16 SS-N-6 (304 msls).
Debt 1984: $26 bn 1985: $27 bn 1 H-III with 6 SS-N-8 (trials) \ m s k (12) bu t
Est def exp and exchange rate: see text above. SSB: 14: > not subs
Population: 279,500,000 1 G-III with 6 SS-N-8 (6 msls) J "»thin SALT.
18-30 31-45 13 G-II with 3 SS-N-5 (39 non-SALT
Men 31,380,000 25,518,000 theatre msls).
Women 30,300,000 25,890,000 (b) Ground-launched msls: 298,000:
6 rocket armies, org in divs, regts, bns and btys
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: of 1 msl launcher, 28 'fields', 300 launch con-
trol HQ, 3 msl test centres.
Regular 5,130,000 (perhaps 2,620,000 conscripts).*
ICBM: l,398.t
Soviet forces comprise, in order of seniority: SS-11 Sego: 448 mod 1; mods 2/3 (at some 8
Strategic Nuclear Forces (SNF); Ground Troops
(Army); Air Defence (AD), Air Force and Navy. fields, SS-25 is replacing)4
Terms of Service. SNF/Army/AD/Air Force 2 years; SS-13 Savage. 60 (at 1 field, SS-25 may
Navy/Border Guards 3 years. Women with replace).
SS-17: 150 (at 2 fields; mod 3, 4 MIRV)4
medical and other special skills may volunteer.
SS-18: 308 (at 6 fields; mostly mod 4,10 MlRV).
Reserves: total 6,265,000 with conscript service SS-19: 360 (at 4 fields; mostly mod 3,6 MIRV)4
within last 5 years. SNF 540,000; Army SS-X-24: under test; may be rail mobile.
3,500,000; AD 840,000; Air Force 825,000; SS-25: 72: mobile msl replacing SS-11 and
Navy 560,000. Males have a Reserve obligation may replace SS-13; in groups of 9 on for-
to age 50; total: some 25,000,000. (Regular mer SS-7 sites; 20 bases, each for 9 msls,
retirees could add to the above totals.) reported under conversion.^
IRBM/MRBM: 553: 382 in western, rest in
STRATEGIC NUCLEAR FORCES COMMAND: central and eastern USSR.
298,000 (plus 112,000 assigned from Air and SS-20: 441 mobile IRBM (3 MIRV) (270
Navy). (70—75% conscripts 7217,000); under within range of Europe, 162 in Far East, 9
direct operational control of the Supreme High in Central Asia)); 9 launchers in each oper-
Command (VGK). ating base.§
(a) Sea-launched msls SLBM: (Navy: 17,000). SS-4 Sandal: 112 MRBM in western USSR
983 in 77 subs (944 SLBM, 62 subs come under (being retired).
SALT; 39 SLBM, 15 subs are outside it). (c) Air-launched: (95,000 Air Force personnel).
SSBN: 63: STRATEGIC AVIATION: 5 Armies; about 1,690
4 Typhoon with 20 SS-N-20 (80 msls). combat ac.
SOVIET UNION 37
1 Army may be for intercontinental roles, 4 for Ministry of Defence tps (all Services):
Theatre spt. HQ tps.
Bbrs: 1,120. Rear Services (finance, justice, log, mainten-
Long-range: 160: ance, medical, procurement, repair,
140 Tupolev Tu-95 Bear A/B/C/G/H (some supplies, transportation, veterinary).
80 B/C/G have AS-3/-4 ASM, 40 H have up Troops of Civil Defence: (150,000 permanent
to 6 AS-15 (ALCM)). staff, 16,000,000+ on mobilization). Nation-
20 Myasishchev Mya-4 Bison. wide programme down to city/rural/
(Blackjack strategic bomber under industrial level incl some 75 comd posts
development.) within 120 km of Moscow, 1,500 hardened
Medium-range: 510: 140 Tu-22M Backfire B/C deep shelters; accommodation for at least
(AS-4 ASM); 240 Tu-16 Badger G (in regts 175,000 officials, and local urban hardened
each with 2 sqns, 36—48 Tu-16, plus 1 com- shelters for essential work-force and some of
posite sqn: 2—4 Badger H, 1—2 J, 3—6 the general population.
Tu-16A tankers); 130 Tu-22 Blinder A/B. Divs have 3 categories of combat readiness:
Short-range: some 450 Sukhoi Su-24 Fencer. Category 1, full strength on 24 hours notice,
Recce: 116: 4 Tu-95 Bear E, 15 Tu-16 Badger F, eqpt complete;
15 Tu-22 Blinder C, 40 Mikoyan-Guryevich Category 2, 50—75% strength, complete with
MiG-25 Foxbai B/D, 42 Yakovlev Yak-28 fighting vehicles, full manning planned to
Brewer D. take 3 days, fully operational in 30 days;
Ftrs (base defence): some 300 MiG-23 Flogger Category 3, cadre (some 20% strength), combat
B/G, MiG-21 Fishbed J/K/L/N. eqpt possibly complete, older models, planned
ECM: 160: 100 Tu-16 Badger H/J/K, 60 Yak-28 to be fully manned in some 8—9 weeks.
Brewer E. To man these Cat 2 and 3 divs would require
Tankers: 50: 30 Mya-4 Bison A, 20 Tu-16 Badger. some 2,100,000 men.
ASM: AS-3 Kangaroo, AS-4 Kitchen, AS-5 Kelt, The system may now be changing, with some
AS-6 Kingfish. units in a formation being at full strength,
ALCM:AS-15. others at cadre only. 'Second Generation' divs,
(On order Blackjack, Tu-22M Backfire bbrs, using key personnel from the active divs and
Tu-95 Bear H (ALCM mod), AS-15 ALCM.) older reservists and eqpt, could be mobilized
and retrained in some months. Some 13 of
GROUND FORCES: 1,991,000 (perhaps these are reported to exist.
1,400,000 conscripts). The 30 tk and motor rifle divs and 1 arty div in
5 Major Theatres (TVD), 1 Strategic Reserve the four Groups of Soviet Forces in Eastern
Theatre. Europe (see Deployment below), the 7 AB divs
51 tk divs (Type: 3 tk, 1 motor rifle, 1 arty, 1 SAM and the 10 air assault bdes all are at Cat 1.
AA regts; 1 SSM, 1 MRL bns; spt units). Perhaps 15 of the 65 divs in the West and
142 motor rifle divs (Type: 3 motor rifle, 1 tk, 1 South-West European USSR are in Cat 1 or 2.
arty, 1 SAM regts; 1 SSM, 1 ATK, 1 MRL bns; 60% of the remaining 148 divs, 83 of them in
spt units). the Far Eastern, Central and Southern USSR,
7 AB divs (each 3 para, 1 arty regts; 1 AA bn). are likely to be Category 3. Tk divs in Eastern
Front and Army tps: Europe have up to 328 MBT, motor rifle divs
Some 10 air assault bdes (each 4 inf bns (2 with up to 271; holdings elsewhere may be lower.
BMD); arty, SAM, ATK; spt tps). Equipment:
16 arty divs, Front: (Type: 3—4 bdes (11 bns): 3 MBT: some 53,000: some 19,900 T-54/-55,
bns each 24 152mm guns, 3 each 24 152mm 13,700 T-62, some 9,300 T-64, 8,500 T-72 and
gun/how, 3 each 24 220mm MRL, 1 of 12 1,400 T-80 (most fitted for deep fording).
203mm how and 1 of 12 240mm mor (nuc)). It: 1,200 PT-76.
Arty bdes, Army: (Type: 4 bns: 1 of 24 152mm AFV: some 63,000 active plus 20,000 reserve:
guns, 1 of 24 152mm gun/how, 2 each of 24 recce: 6,300:
152mm SP guns). incl BRDM-2, many with ATGW.
Tk, arty, SSM, ATK, AD (SAM and arty), engr MICV: some 27,500:
bdes; sigs, electronic warfare, hy tk tpt regts; some 25,000 BMP-1/-2/-3 with 30mm gun;
NBC defence, CW bns; spt services. some 2,500 BMD (AB).
Special forces (Spetsnaz): 16 bdes, 3 regts. APC: some 29,000:
Army Avn: regts and sqns assigned to division some 26,000 BTR-50P/-60P/-70/-80/-152
and above; some 20 regts are assigned as (BMP-2 replacing -5O/-6O); 2,900 MT-LB
'attack' with 60+ Mi-8 and Mi-24 armed hel. (withSA-9/-13). .
38 SOVIET UNION
Arty: some 29,000 (some 4,580 SP): 150 Mil Mi-8 Hip E, 1,200 Mi-24 Hind.
guns: 122mm: D-74; 130mm: M-46; 152mm: Mi-28 Havoc reported under develop-
?l,500 M-1976, ?2,100 7M-1979 (2-S5) SP; ment.
180mm: 7180 S-23 towed, Tpt: some 2,150;
gun/how: 152mm: ?2,500 M-1937/M-1955 some 1,400 Mi-8 Hip C, 250 Mi-17 Hip H
(D-20) towed, 3,500+ M-1973 (2-S3) SP. (assault); 470 Mi-6 Hook; 18 Mi-26 Halo
how: 120mm: M-1981 SP; 122mm: M-1938/D- A (hy).
30 towed, M-1974 (2-S1) SP; 203mm: 7200 EWng/ECM: 175 Mi-8 Hip J/K.
M-1975SP. General purpose: some 740:
MRL 6,745: 690 Mi-2 Hoplite, 25 Mi-4 Hound; 725 Mi-8
122mm: M-1964 (BM-21)/M-1972 (RM-70) Hip D/G (comms).
40-tube, M-1975 12-tube, M-1976 36-tube;
140mm: BM-14-16/-17 16/17-tube, RPU- AIR DEFENCE TROOPS (VPVO): 371,000
(70-75% conscripts: 7335,000).
14 16-tube;
220mm: M-1977 (BM-27) 16-tube; 5 Air Defence District Commands: Air regts and
240mm: BM-24 12-tube. indep sqns; AD regts; 14 specialist schools.
mor: 11,100 120mm, 160mm and (7200) ABM: 100 launchers.
240mm M-1975 SP. ABM-IB Galosh: 32: range 320+ km, war-
SSM (nuclear-capable): some 1,570 launchers heads nuclear, 3 MT. 8 sites in 4 complexes
(units organic to formations), incl some 800 around Moscow.
FROG/SS-21, 635 ScudfSS-23, 130 SS-12 (mod). SH-04 exoatmospheric: 68.
GLCM: SSC-X-4 reported under development. SH-08 supersonic endoatmospheric.
ATK: RU 73mm: RPG-16/-18; 82mm: RPG-7. Aircraft: (Aviation of Air Defence — APVO):
RCL 73mm: SPG-9. Interceptors: 1,300: some 430 Mikoyan-
guns: 7,250: 57mm: ASU-85 SP; 76mm; 85mm: Guryevich MiG-23 Flogger B/G (6 AAM); 300
D-44/SD-44, ASU-85 SP; 100mm: T-12/- MiG-25 Foxbat E (4 AAM); 58 MiG-29 Ful-
12A/M-55 towed. crum (6 AA-10); 100 MiG-31 Foxhound A (4
ATGW: AT-2 Swatter, AT-3 Sagger, AT-4 Spigot, AA-9); 200 Sukhoi Su-15 Flagon E/F (2 AAM);
AT-5 Spandrel, AT-6 Spiral. 90 Yakovlev Yak-28P Firebar (2 AA-5); 90
AD: guns: 21,000: 23mm: ZU-23, ZSU-23-4 SP; Tupolev Tu-28P Fiddler B (4 AA-5).
30mm: (incl ZSU-30-6 trials); 37mm; 57mm: Airborne Warning and Control: 7 Tu-126 Moss;
S-60, ZSU-57-2 SP; 85mm; 100mm: KS-19; 4 Ilyushin 11-76 Mainstay (replacing Moss).
130mm towed.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll, AA-3 Anab, AA-5 Ash, A-6
SAM: 4,300 crew-served field mobile systems; Acrid, AA-7 Apex, AA-8 Aphid, AA-9, AA-10.
(some 440 units):
SA-4 Ganef (twin): 1,400 (Army/Front SAM: strategic role; some 9,300 launchers in
weapon). some 1,200 sites:
SA-6 Gainful (triple): 875 (at div). SA-1 Guild: 2,540 (being replaced by SA-10).
SA-7 Grail (man-portable): perhaps 20,000 SA-2 Guideline. 2,730 (SA-10 may be replacing);
(unit weapon, being replaced by SA-14). SA-3 Goa: 1,250 (2 or 4 launcher rails, over
SA-8 Gecko (2 twin or 2 triple): 745 (at div). 300 sites, low- to med-altitude intercept).
SA-9 Gasten (2 twin): 545 (at regt). SA-5 Gammon: 2,050 launchers (130 com-
SA-11 Gadfly (quad): 80 (at div, being plexes, long-range intercept);
introduced). SA-10: some 735 (quad, some 70 complexes
SA-13 Gopher (2 twin): 755 (replacing SA-9). (20 more building); 40 with a strategic role
SA-14 Gremlin 75,000 (replacing SA-7). near Moscow).
SA-X-12 (to replace SA-4 from 1986). Warning Systems: 7,000, incl satellites and EWng
radar and ground control intercept radars.
(i) Surveillance: Long Track (SA-4/-6), P-50 Satellites:
Bar Lock. 9 with highly elliptical semi-synchronous
(ii) Height-finden Thin Skin. orbits (anti-ICBM/SLBM launch detection
(iii) Missile control: Pat Hand (SA-4), capability).
Straight Flush (SA-6), Land Roll (SA-8). Others incl 9 EWng, 6 ELINT, 2—4 recce, 1
(iv) AA arty fire control: Gun Dish (ZSU-23- launch detection.
4), Fire Can (57mm, 85mm), Whiff, Fire Radars:
Wheel (57mm, 130mm). Over-the-horizon (backscatter): 3:
Avn: some 4,400 hel: 2 near Minsk and Nikolayev (Caucasus),
Armed: 1,350; targeted on the US and polar areas;
SOVIET UNION 39
1 near Nikolayev-na-Amur, tar- ASM: AS-7 terry, AS-10.
geted on China. hel-borne: AT-2 Swatter, AT-6 Spiral.
Long-range early-warning: MILITARY TRANSPORT AVIATION (VTA):
(a) ABM-associated: (44,900); 5 divs, each 3 regts, each 30 ac; some
(1) 6 phased-array systems at Lyaki, indep regts.
Krasnoyarsk (under construction), Sary- Eqpt: 623 ac. 260 Antonov An-12 Cub, 310 Ilyushin
shagan, Pechora, Mishelevka; 1 other Ü-76M/MD Candida (replacing Cub), 50 An-22
(reported but not identified). Cock, 3 An-124 Condor (in production). (11-76
(2) 11 House (/fen)-series; range 6,000 km, med tanker under development.)
6 locations covering approaches from Additional ac (VTA augmentation force): Tpt ac
the west and south-west, north-east and in other Air comds (not in VTA): org in indep
south-east and (partially) south. Linked regts and sqns: 1,250: 265 An-2 Colt, An-24
to intermediate-range Dog House (range Coke, An-26 Curl, 11-14 Crate.
2,800 km) and Cat House and Try Add Civilian Aeroflot fleet: 1,600 med- and long-range
msl control radar. passenger ac, incl some 200 Cub and Candid.
(3) Flat Twin; Pawn Shop
(ABM-3/SH-04/-08). NAVY: 451,000 (some 75% conscripts 7338,000),
(b) AD-associated: incl Strategic (17,000), Naval Air Force
Tall King, few hundred, range 600 km (68,000), Naval Infantry (18,000), Coastal
(SA-5); P-12 Spoon Rest, 275 km (SA-2). Artillery and Rocket Troops (13,000).
Search, surveillance/target-acquisition: (2,000; Subs: 360 (374 — see other roles, below):
1,300 sites): Cruise missile: 63:
Nuclear (SSGN): 48.
Back Trap; P-15 Flat Face/Squat Eye, 200
km (SA-3); P-35 Bar Lock, P-80 Back Net, 1 r-class test boat with 12 SS-NX-24 SLCM.
320 km (SA-5). 3Ck;lasswith24SS-N-19.
Height Finder: 1 P-class with 10 SS-N-9 Siren.
Cake-series (e.g., Rock Cake), 200 km; Side 16 C-class: 10 C-J with 8 SS-N-7; 6 C-//with
Net, 180 km; Odd Pair, Odd Group. 8 SS-N-9.
Missile control: 27 E-II: some 17 with 8 SS-N-3a; some 10
Yo-Yo (SA-1); Fan Song A to E (SA-2); Low with 8 SS-N-12.
Diesel (SSG): 15:
Blow (SA-3); Square Pair (SA-5); Flap
15 /-class with 4 SS-N-3a.
Lid (SA-10). Attack: 200 (214 if all Y-I and H-2 converting
Civilian air control equipment from SSBN were incl):
Nuclear (SSN): 70: 6 A, 12 N, 1 Akula, 1 M, 1 S,
AIR FORCE: 453,000 (70-75% conscripts: 14 V-I, 7 V-II, 20 V-III, 3 E-I, \Y,AH.
7330,000). Strategic (95,000; p. 36) Military Apart from the older TV and E, most SSN
Transport Aviation (VTA (44,900)). probably carry SS-N-16 and/or SS-N-15
Air Forces of the Soviet Union: 17 MD and nuclear ASW weapons, and some may be
Groups of Forces Air Forces (315,000). intended to carry SS-NX-21 SLCM.)
Combat: some 5,150 ac; Forces' strengths vary, Diesel (ss): 130: 11 AT, 18 r , 45 F(K\o replace),
mostly org in divs of 3 regts of 3 sqns, total 135 5 R, 50 W, 1 Z.
ac; the regts' roles incl AD, interdiction, recce, Other roles: 98:
tac air spt. Div roles may be mixed. Comd conversion: 1 H-II; comms: 3 G-I; trg: 4
FGA: some 2,375: 135 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG- B; rescue: 2 /; research: 3: 1 U SSN, 1 X, 1 L;
21 Fishbed L, 810 MiG-27 Flogger D/J, 80 1 G-F(SLBM).
Sukhoi Su-7 Fitter A, 900 Su-17 Fitter D/H/K, Reserve: 84: 1 5 F . 4 Z . 6 5 W.
250 Su-24 Fencer (450 more with Strategic Converting to other roles incl SSN: 14: 12 Y-I, 2
Air), 200 Su-25 Frogfoot. H-II ex-SSBN.
Ftrs: 2,000: 370 MiG-21 J/K/L/N, 1,500 MiG-23 A new naval cruise msl, SS-NX-21, is under
Flogger B/G, 130 MiG-25 Foxbat A/E, (Su-27 development.
Flanker entering service). Principal Surface Combatants: 269.
Recce: 540: 170 MiG-25 Foxbat B/D, 50 MiG-21 (See also 'additional in Reserve'. For KGB units
Fishbed H, 130 Yakovlev Yak-28 Brewer D, see Para-Military).
170 Su-n Fitter H/K, 20 Su-24 Fencer D. Carriers: 5:
ECM: ac: 30 Yak-28 Brewer E. 3 Kiev (37,000-ton; 1 more on trials) with 4
Trg: some 1,000 ac; some 200 combat capable twin SS-N-12 Sandbox SSM, 2 twin SA-N-3
(OCU). and 2 twin SA-N-4 SAM (or (in 1) 12 SA-NX-
AAM: AA-2 Atoll, AA-7 Apex, AA-8 Aphid, AA-9. 9), 1 twin SUW-N-1 (FRAS-1) ASW, 13
40 SOVIET UNION
Yakovlev Yak-38 Forger A/B V/STOL ac, 16 FAC(T): 115: 20 Pauk with 1 quad SA-N-5
Kamov Ka-25 Hormone A/Ka-27 Helix A (some KGB); 55 Poti, 10 Shershen, 30
ASW, Hormone B/Helix B target acquisition, 7Hrya hydrofoils.
Hormone C/Helix SAR hei. research: 2: 1 Slepen, 1 Babochka hydrofoil.
2 Moskva (17,000-ton) with 2 twin SA-N-3 Patrol: 118:
SAM, 1 twin SUW-N-1 (FRAS-1) ASW, 18 ships: 7: 3 T-58, 4 T-43;
Hormone A hel. large craft 16 SO-1 (some KGB);
Cruisers: 36: riven 95: 15 Yaz, 80 Shmel.
CGN: 2 Kirov with 20 SS-N-19 SSM, 12 SA-N-6, Radar pickets: 10: 3 T-58, 7 T-43/PGR.
2 twin SA-N-4 SAM, 1 twin SS-N-14 Silex Mine warfare: 371:
ASW or 16 SA-NX-9 SAM, 3 Ka-25 Hormone Minelayers: 3 Alesha.
MCMV: (ocean): 127: 35 Natya-I, -II, 45 Yurka, 41
Bhel.
T-43, 4 mod Polnocny B, 2 Andryusha (Ttrials);
CG/ASW: 26:
(coastal): 178: 55 5onj;a, 3 Zhenya, 5 Say/ia,

1 Slava (2 on trials, 1986) with 8 twin SS-N- 70 Vanya, 45 Evgenya;
12 Sandbox SSM, 8 SA-N-6, 2 twin (inshore): 65: 10 7/jwAa, 5 CVya, 20 TR-40,
SA-N-4 SAM, 1 Ka-27 hel; 30 K-8.
7 Kara with 2 quad SS-N-14 ASW, 2 twin
SA-N-3, 2 twin SA-N-4 SAM (1 trials with Amph: 197.
Ships: 77:
1 sextuple SA-N-6 replacing twin SA-N-3),
LPD: 2 Ivan Rogov with 1 twin SA-N-4, 4
1 Ka-25 Hormone A hel; quad SA-N-5, 2 - 3 Ka-27 hel.
10 Kresta-ll with 2 quad SS-N-14, 2 twin LST: 33: 19 Ropucha, some with 4 quad
SA-N-3, 1 Ka-25 Hormone A hel; SA-N-5; 14 Alligator (some with 3 twin, 1
4 Kresta-1 with 2 twin SS-N-3b SSM, 2 twin with 2 twin SA-N-5).
SA-N-1 SAM, 1 Ka-25 Hormone B hel; LSM: 42 Polnocny, some with 2 or 4 quad
4 Ajroix with 2 quad SS-N-3b, 1 twin SA-N-1. SA-N-5.
CL (It): 8 Sverdlov (2 command with 1 twin Craft: 120:
SA-N-4, 1 Ka-25 hel). LCU: 30: 15 Vydra, 15 SMB-1.
Destroyers: 61: LCM: 16 Ondatra.
DDG: 12: Surface Effect Ships (SES): 74: 20 Aist, 20
6 Sovremennyy with 2 quad SS-N-22 SSM, 2 Lebed, 31 Gus, 2 Utenok, 1 Tsaplya, (+1
SA-N-7 SAM, 1 Ka-25 Hormone B hel; Ekranoplan experimental).
6 mod Kashin with 4 SS-N-2C, 2 twin SA-N-1. (Additional amph vessels could be provided by
ASW: 33: merchant fleet.)
7 t/rfa/öy with 2 quad SS-N-14, 2 Ka-27A Principal auxiliary ships: 372:
/fe//jt A hel, 8 SA-NX-9 SAM; Tankers: 74: 28 replenishment, 32 spt, 14 special
13 Kashin (12 with 2 twin SA-N-1, 1 with liquid; numerous harbour.
SA-N-7 (trials)); Spt: 298: msl: 22: 15 spt, 7 range instrumen-
6 Kanin with 1 twin SA-N-1; tation; 8 supply, 86 cargo; 18 submarine
7 SAM Ätf/m with 1 twin SA-N-1. tenders, 36 repair, 2 hospital; 21 submarine
DD: 16: WKotlin, 5 Skory, 1 AT/M«. rescue, 28 salvage/rescue, 10 trg, 7 icebreakers,
Escorts: 167: 60 barrack ships.
FFG: 32: 21 Krivak-I, 11 -//, all with 1 quad
SS-N-14, 2 twin SA-N-4. Merchant fleet (auxiliary/augmentation): 1,900
FF: 35: 1 Koni, 34 Riga. ocean-going, incl 81 ramp-fitted and roll-on/
FFL (corvettes): 100: 50 Grisha-I, -III, -Fall with roll-off (RO-RO), incl rail-fitted, 3 roll-on/float-
1 twin SA-N-4 SAM; 18 Mirka-I, -II; 32 Petya. off (RO-FLO) and 7 float-on/float-off (FLO-FLO)
barge carriers, (17 Arctic service), 64 passenger
Minor Surface Combatants: 762. liners; 50 icebreakers, 700 river ships.
Patrol combatants: 391: Fishing fleet: sophisticated electronic eqpt, many
FLG (GW patrol boats): 45: 1 Tarantul II with 2 with naval crews.
twin SS-N-22 (trials); 2-1, 16 -// all with 2 Intelligence collection vessels (AGI): 62:
twin SS-N-2c; 26 Nanuchka-I/-III with 2 4 with 3 quad, 29 with 2 quad, 1 with 1 quad
triple SS-N-9 (Siren), 1 twin SA-N-4. SA-N-5 SAM.
FAC:218: Research: some 456: 41 naval, some 75 civilian
FAC(G): 84 Osa (52 -/, 32 -//, all with 4 SS-N-2); océanographie, some 110 naval survey; some
17 hydrofoil (1 Sarancha with 2 twin SS-N-9, 200 fishery, 19 civilian survey, 11 space-
1 twin SA-N-4; 16 Matka with 2 SS-N-2c). associated vessels.
SOVIET UNION 41
Additional in reserve: 4 Sverdlov CL (1 with 1 Indep units: 20:

twin SA-N-2 SAM); 2 Kanin DDG, 1 SAM Kotlin; Equipment:
8 Kotlin, 7 Skory DD; 10 Riga FL; 8 Petya FFL, Tks: 200 T-54/-55; It 110 PT-76.
5 T-43, 5 Sasha MCMV. AFV: 1,075: recce: 30 BRDM-2/Sagger ATGW.
APC: 1,045: BTR-60P/PA/PB.
(On order 3—4 Typhoon, 2 D-IV SSBN; Oclass Arty: how: 175 122mm SP. MRL 42 BM-14 17-tube
SSGN; Akula, S-class SSN; TC-class SS; 2 65,000-ton 140mm or BM-21 40-tube 122mm. mon
carriers, 1 Kiev CV (trials 1986); 1 Kirov CGN; 2 82mm, 42 120mm.
57ava CG; 5 Sovremennyy, 4 Ifcfa/oy DDG; Krivak- ATGW: 115AT-3/-5.
III FFG, Grisha-III FFL; Tarantid, Nanuchka AD: guns: 20 ZSU-23-4 SP.
FLG; PawA: FACfT); Siwya coastal MCMV; Ropucha SAM: SA-7, 20 SA-9, MTB-LB/SA-13 SP.
LST; y4to SES; Balzam AGI, 1 nuclear-powered Avn: hel: Mi-8 Hip E.
32,000-ton barge-carrier, 9 RO-RO, 9 ramp spt SES: 71: 20 Aist, 20 Lebed, 31 Gus (from naval
merchant ships; 3 icebreakers.) inventory).
NAVAL AVIATION: 68,000; COASTAL ARTILLERY AND ROCKET

some 915 combat ac, 300+ combat hel. TROOPS: (13,000).
Four Fleet Air Forces; org in air divs, each with 1 coastal arty div (role: protects approaches to
2—3 regts of HQ elements and 2 bns of 9—10 ac naval bases and major ports).
ach; recce, ASW, tpt/utility org in indep regts Equipment:
or sqns. Arty: guns: incl SM-4-1 130mm.
Bbrs: some 395 ac: SSM: ?100 SS-C-lb Sepal (similar to SS-N-3).
6 regts of some 120 Tupolev Tu-22M Backfire
(AS-4 ASM);
7 regts of some 240 Tu-16 Badger C/G/G-mod DEPLOYMENT (all Services):
(AS-5/6 ASM); Soviet strategic planning envisages three major
2 regts of some 35 Tu-22 Blinder B. Strategic Theatres (GTVD: Western, Southern,
FGA: 145: Far Eastern), comprising 5 regional Theatres
70 Yakovlev Yak-38 Forger A/B V/STOL (in (TVD: North-Western Western, South-Western;
carriers); Southern: Far Eastern); perhaps 4 associated
75SukhoiSu-17F/«erC. Oceanic Theatres (OTVD: Atlantic, Arctic;
ASW: Indian, Pacific); 3 Sea Theatres (Baltic, Black
ac: 205: Sea and Mediterranean); and a Central Reserve.
60 Tu-142 Bear F, 50 Ilyushin 11-38 May, 95 Forces within these Theatres are centrally con-
BerievBe-12Mai7. trolled and co-ordinated, integrating all the
hel: some 275: elements assigned to the operational mission.
105 Mil Mi-14 Haze A, 115 Kamov Ka-25
Hormone A, 55 Ka-27 Helix A. The deployments shown for strategic SLBM, ICBM
MR/ECM: and strategic bomber forces and for AB divs
ac: 170: reflect their physical location, but control of
40 Tu-16 Badger D/E/F/K (MR), 40 H/J them is exercised centrally by the Supreme
(ECM), 20 Tu-22 Blinder C, 45 Tu-95 Bear High Command.
D, 25 Antonov An-12 Cub C/D. A possible assignment, of necessity speculative, of
hel: 25 Ka-25 Hormone B. known forces follows (average strengths, excl
MCM: some Mi-14 Haze B, some Mi-8 Hip hel. units, ships and ac in reserve; eqpt strengths
Tankers: 75 Tu-16 Badger. based on typical organizational establishments):
Tpt/trg:
ac: 405: ind An-12 Cub A, An-26 Curl, 11-14 WESTERN STRATEGIC THEATRE (GTVD):
Crate, 11-18 Coot, An-4 Coke, 11-76 Candid; (HQ Kiev): 3 subordinate continental (TVD), 2
hel: Mi-6/-8 Hook/Hip. oceanic theatres (OTVD).
ASM: AS-2 Kipper, AS-4 Kitchen, AS-5 Kelt, NORTH-WESTERN TVD (with Arctic OTVD): (HQ
AS-6 Kingfish, AS-7 Kerry. Petrozavodsk):
NAVAL INFANTRY (Marines): (18,000). Strategic Forces (under central command):
Div HQ: 1: (2 regts), 3 indep bdes (each 5 bns). SLBM: 580: Northern Fleet: 39 subs (SLBM
(Type regt: 3,000; 3 inf, 1 tk, arty, ATK. bns; 31 strengths in parentheses): 4 Typhoon (80); 22
MBT, 10 It tk/MICV, 30 122mm SP how, 6 MRL, D (316: 9 D-I ( 108), 4 D-II (64), 7 D-III (112),
6 ATK MICV, 4 SP AA guns, 4 SP SAM.) 2D-IV(32)); 10 7-/(160); 1 r-//(12); 1 77-77/
4 naval Special Forces (Spetsnaz) bdes (one in (6); 1 G-///(6).
each Fleet). ICBM: Plesetsk test site only.
42 SOVIET UNION
Bbrs: nil. SLBM: 18: Baltic Fleet: 6 G-II SSB.

Air Defence Forces: ICBM: (?50): SS-17 (1 field; ?theatre role).
EWng systems: major site near Kovdov, W. IRBM: 180: SS-20 (6 fields).
Kola, detail deployments unknown. MRBM: 112:SS-4.
AD District (HQ Arkhangelsk; ind Kola Bbrs: 1 Air Army (HQ: Legnica):
Peninsula): some 210 Su-24 Fencer strike.
Ftrs: 180 (some dual-role FGA): 2 regts Air Defence Forces:
Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-23 Flogger, EWng systems: 2 OTH(B) near Minsk, 1 major
MiG-25 Foxbat, 2 regts MiG-31 Fox- complex near Tallinn; details unknown.
hound, Sukhoi Su-15 Flagon.
AEW: 6 Tupolev Tu-126 Moss (some 4 Ftrs: See Tactical Aviation (MDs).
SAM: 6,500 SA-2/-3/-5/-10; 175 complexes
Ilyushin 11-76 Mainstay replacing).
SAM: over 100 complexes: SA-2/-3/-5/-10. and sites.
Ground Forces: Leningrad MD (HQ Leningrad): Ground Forces: (HQ Legnica):
9 motor rifle, 1 AB divs, plus 1 arty div and 1 3 Groups of Soviet Forces, Baltic, Belorussian,
air assault bde. Carpathian MDs;
Mobilization could field 1 Front, 2 all-arms 63 divs (31 tk, 30 motor rifle, 2 AB), plus 6
armies with 2,000 MBT; 2,100 arty, MRL, hy arty divs.
mor; 36 FROG/SS-21, 50 Scud/SS-23, 12 Europe: 3 Gp, 8 Army HQ; 14 tk, 12 motor rifle
SS-12 (mod) SSM; Hel: 20 Mil Mi-24 Hind divs.
attack; 20 Mi-8 Hip C assault; 10 Hip J ECM; East Germany (GSFG): (HQ Zossen-
90 Mi-8 Hip, Mi-6 Hook, Mi-2 Hoplite tpt. Wiinsdorf): (380,000):
Tactical Aviation: Leningrad MD Air Force (HQ 1 Gp, 5 Army HQ; 10 tk, 9 motor rifle plus 1
Leningrad): 240 combat ac. arty divs; 1 air assault, 1 SS-12 (mod), 2
FGA: 3 regts (135 ac) MiG-21 Fishbed, MiG-27 SS-23, 5 arty bdes; 5 attack hel regts: some
Flogger, Su-17 Fitter C/D. 600 Mi-8 Hip C/E; some 420 Mi-24 Hind
Ftr. 45Su-17,MiG-23. D/E attack/assault; 5 Mi-8 Hip ECM, some
Recce: 3 sqns (30 ac) MiG-21/-25; 20 tpts.
Su-17 Fitter H.
Poland (NGF): (HQ Legnica): (40,000);
Tpt: 30 ac.
Navy: Northern Fleet (HQ Severomorsk): 1 Gp, 1 Army HQ; 2 tk divs; 1 Scud/SS-23
Bases: Kola Inlet, Motovskiy Gulf, bn; 1 attack hel regt: 120 Mi-8 Hip C/E,
Gremikha, Polyarny. Mi-24 Hind D/E.
Subs: 117: SSGN/SSG: 32; SSN/SS: 85. (8—10 Czechoslovakia (CGF): (HQ Tabor): (80,000):
normally deployed to Mediterranean.) 1 Gp, 2 Army HQ; 2 tk, 3 motor rifle divs; 1
Principal surface combatants: 73: 1 carrier, 12 air assault bn; 1 SS-12 (mod), 2 Scud/SS-
cruisers, 18 destroyers, 18 frigates, 24 cor- 23, 1 arty bdes; 2 attack hel regts: 100
vettes; dets to Mediterranean sqn. (See Mi-8 Hip D/E, Mi-24 Hind D/E.
South-Western TVD below.) Soviet Union: 17 tk, 18 motor rifle, 2 AB.
Minor surface combatants: 45. Baltic MD: (HQ: Kaliningrad):
MCMV: 65. 3 tk, 6 motor rifle, 2 AB plus 2 arty divs, 1 air
Amph: 14 ships, 9 craft. assault bde: 80 Mi-8 Hip/-24 Hind.
Auxiliaries: 119 principal.
Naval Aviation: combat: 325 ac, 70 hel. Belorussian MD: (HQ Minsk):
Bbrs: 60 Tupolev Tu-16 Badger C, 35 Tu-22 10 tk, 4 motor rifle, plus 1 arty divs, 1 air
Blinder B. assault bde: 200 Mi-8 Hip/-24 Hind.
Ftr/FGA: 20 Yakovlev Yak-38 Forger. Carpathian MD: (HQ Lvov):
ASW: 160: ac: Tu-142 Bear F, Ilyushin 11-38 3 Army HQ, 4 tk, 8 motor rifle, plus 2 arty
May, Beriev Be-12 Mail; divs, 1 air assault bde: 50 Mi-8 Hip E, 10
hel: (afloat): Kamov Ka-25 Hormone, (ashore): Mi-24 Hind, 100 other hel.
Ka-25, Ka-27 Helix, Mil Mi-14 Haze. Mobilization of the divs in the TVD could pro-
Recce/MR/ECM: 85: Tu-16 Badger, Tu-95 duce five Fronts, 13—14 Armies (which
Bear, Tu-22 Blinder. would also command the 31+ non-Soviet
Tankers/tpt: 40 ac incl Tu-16, perhaps 60 hel. Warsaw Pact formations).
Naval Infantry: Equipment: up to 19,500 MBT; 14,000 arty, MRL,
Bde: 3,000: 5 bns. mor larger than 120mm; 265 FROG/SS-21,265
WESTERN TVD (with Atlantic OTVD): (HQ Legnica): Scud/SS-23, 65 SS-12 (mod) SSM; 2,500 SAM);
Strategic Forces (msls and ac under central some 1,220 hel, perhaps 420 armed.
command): Tactical Aviation: some 1,680 combat ac.
SOVIET UNION 43
East Germany: Air Forces of the Group of Auxiliaries: 58 principal.

Soviet Forces Germany (HQ Zossen- Naval Aviation: combat: 129 ac, 30 hel.
Wiinsdorf): some 690 combat ac. Bbrs: 2 regts: 40 Tu-22M Backfire.
FGA: 440 Su-17 Fitter D/H/K, Su-24 Fencer, FGA: 1 regt: 30 Su-17 Fitter.
Su-25 Frogfoot, MiG-27 Flogger D/J. ASW: 45: 10 11-38 May, 10 Be-I2G Mail ac; 30
Ftrs: 180: MiG-21 Fishbed UN, MiG-25 Ka-25 Hormone, Ka-27 Helix, Mi-4 Hound'hel.
Foxbat E, MiG-27 Flogger B/G. EW/recce: 14 ac.
Recce: 50 Su-17 Fitter H, MiG-25 Foxbat B/D. Utility: 45 ac and hel.
ECM: 20 Yak-28 Brewer. Naval Infantry:
Tpt: some 40 ac. Bde: 1: 5 bns; 3,000.
Poland: Air Forces of the Northern Group of Coast Defence:
Forces (HQ Legnica): no combat ac. SSM: 1 div: 6 bns: some 100 SS-C-lb Sepal.
Tpt: 10 ac. Arty: 11 bns: some 72 130mm guns.
Czechoslovakia: Air Forces of the Central SOUTH-WESTERN TVD (HQ Vinnitsa).
Group of Forces (HQ Lvov): 105 combat ac. Strategic Forces:

FGA: 45 MiG-27 Flogger D/J. SLBM: nil.
Ftrs: 45 MiG-27 Flogger B. ICBM: (?180) SS-19 (2 fields).
Recce: 15 Su-17 Fitter H. Bbrs: 1 Air Army (HQ Vinnitsa): some 210 Su-24.
Tpt: 5 ac. AD Forces:
Baltic MD Air Force (HQ Kaliningrad): some Ftrs: 120.
288 combat ac. SAM: 120 SA-2/-3/-5/-10 sites.
FGA: 90: 2 regts: MiG-21 Fishbed, MiG-27 Ground Forces (HQ Vinnitsa):
Flogger B/J. 1 Group of Forces, 2 MDs;
Ftrs: 135. 26 divs (9 tk, 16 motor rifle, 1 AB), plus 3 arty.
Recce: 48: MiG-25 Foxbat; Su-17 Fitter. Hungary (SGF): (HQ Budapest) (65,000):
ECM: 15. 1 Army HQ: 2 tk, 2 motor rifle divs, 1 air
Tpt: 5 ac. assault bde: 65 Mi-8 Hip, Mi-24 Hind hel.
Belorussian MD Air Force (HQ Minsk): Kiev MD (HQ Kiev):
278 combat ac. 7 tk, 6 motor rifle plus 2 arty divs; 30 Mi-8
FGA: 135: Su-17 Fitter, MiG-27 Flogger D/J. HipE.
Ftrs: 95 MiG-21 Fishbed J/K/L; MiG-23 Odessa MD (HQ Odessa):
Flogger B/G. 8 motor rifle, 1 AB, plus 1 arty divs, 1 air
Recce: 48 MiG-21 Fishbed H, MiG-25 assault bde: 80 Mi-8 Hip, Mi-24 Hind
Foxbat B/D. assault/attack; some Mi-2 Hoplite, Mi-6
Tpt: n.a. Hook tpt hel.
Carpathian MD Air Force (HQ Vinnitsa): Mobilization of all these forces (and those of
320 combat ac. Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania) could pro-
FGA: 180: 4 regts with MiG-27 Flogger, duce 4 Fronts plus perhaps 5 all-arms Armies.
Su-17 Fitter. Soviet equipment: up to 7,000 MBT; 4,800 arty,
Ftrs: 90: 2 regts MiG-21 Fishbed/UiG-23 MRL, mor larger than 120mm; 85 FROG/SS-
Flogger. 21, 110 Scud SSM; 900 SAM; 175 armed and
Recce: 30. perhaps 160 other hel.
ECM: 20. Tactical Aviation: (HQ Vinnitsa): some 480 com-
Tpt: 25 ac. bat ac.
Navy: Baltic Fleet (HQ Kaliningrad): Hungary: Air Forces of the Southern Group of
Bases: Kronshtadt, Paldiski, Liepaya,
Forces (HQ Budapest): 197 combat ac.
Baltiysk, Riga.
(Probably has dual role: (a) to support Soviet FGA: 90: 2 regts: Su-17 Fitter, Su-24 Fencer.
Ftrs: 90: 2 regts: MiG-23 Flogger.
operations in Central Europe by sea control Recce: 12: 1 sqn: Su-17 Fitter K.
and amph operations against the German ECM: 5 ac.
coast; (b) to support a North-Western TVD Tptt: 20 ac.
operation against Scandinavia.) Kiev MD Air Force: (HQ Kiev):
Subs: 34: 3 SSG, 31 SS. some 90 combat ac.
Principal surface combatants: 45: 2 cruisers; 11 FGA: 45 MiG-27 Flogger D/J.
destroyers; 15 frigates; 17 corvettes. Ftrs: 45 MiG-23 Flogger G.
Minor surface combatants: 105. Tpt: 5.
MCMV: 120. Odessa MD Air Force (HQ Odessa):
Amph: 20 ships, 30 craft. 192 combat ac.
44 SOVIET UNION
FGA: 90: 1 regt MiG-27 Flogger D/J. Turkestan MD (HQ Tashkent):

Ftrs: 90: MiG-21 Fishbed, MiG-23 Flogger 6 motor rifle divs.
B/G. Afghanistan: (HQ Kabul):
Recce: 12: 1 sqn: Su-17 Fitter H. 1 Army HQ, 3 motor rifle, 1 AB divs; 2 motor
Tpt: some. rifle, 1 air assault bdes.
Navy: Some 270 combat hel: 140 Mi-24 Hind (?and
(Black Sea Fleet) (HQ Sevastopol): Mi-28 Havoc), 130 Mi-8 Hip assault/tpt,
Bases: Sevastopol, Balaclava, Poti, Odessa. Mi-6 Hook, Mi-2 Hoplite.
(Fleet primary mission probably to support oper- Perhaps 1 or 2 divs Cat 1,2 or 3 Cat 2, rest Cat
ations in Thrace with Mediterranean Sqn; sec- 3 — except in Afghanistan, where units will
ondary role, sea control off Turkish coast) be Cat 1 but divs may lack such eqpt as SAM.
Subs: 34: 2 SSG, 32 SS. Mobilization could put 2—3 Fronts, perhaps
Principal surface combatants: 69: 2 ASW hel car- 9 all-arms armies, in the field.
riers, 7 cruisers, 18 destroyers, 13 frigates, Perhaps: 5,500 MBT; 7,200 arty, MRL, mor
29 corvettes (4 in Caspian). larger than 120mm; 115 FROG, 75 Scud

Minor surface combatants: 105 (5 in Caspian). SSM; 1,100 SAM, some 400 combat hel.
MCMV: 90 (25 in Caspian). Tactical Aviation (HQ Tashkent): 600 combat ac.
Amph: 25 ships, 40 craft (28 in Caspian). Trans-Caucasus MD Air Force (HQ Tbilisi): 453
Auxiliaries: 67 principal (7 in Caspian). combat ac.
Naval Aviation: combat: ?260 ac; 40 hel.
FGA: 315: 7 regts: Su-17 Fitter, MiG-27
Bbrs: 100: 1 regt Tu-22M Backfire, 2 regts
Tu-16 Badger C/G. Flogger D/J, Su-24 Fencer, Su-25 Frogfoot.
FGA: (?65): afloat Yak-38 Forger, Ftrs: 90: 2 regts: MiG-21 Fishbed, MiG-23
ashore: 35 Su-17 Fitter. Flogger B/G, MiG-25 Foxbat A.
Recce/EW: 45: 2 regts+ Tu-22 Blinder, Tu-16 Recce: 48: 1 regt: Su-17 Fitter H, MiG-25
Badger, 11-38 May, Be-12 Mail, An-12 Cub. Foxbat B/D.
ASW: (?50): 2 regts: Tu-142 Bear, 11-38 May. Tpt: 20 ac.
ASW hel: 40: Ka-25 Hormone A. Afghanistan: 1 Air Army (HQ Kabul (Bagram)):
Naval Inf: 3,000: bde: 5 bns. 147 combat ac.
FGA: 90 Su-25 Frogfoot.
(Mediterranean Squadron (HQ Afloat): elms of
Ftrs: 45 MiG-23 Flogger B/G.
Northern and Black Sea Fleets; average
Recce: 12 Su-17 Fitter.
composition):
Tpt: VTA and Aeroflot ac from USSR in spt.
Subs: 6—8.
Navy: (Caspian Flotilla) (HQ Baku):
Principal surface combatants: 4—8.
MCMV: 1. Principal combatants: 4 corvettes.
Amph: 2. Minor combatants: 3.
Auxiliaries: 17; AGI: 2. MCMV: 25.
Amph: 25 craft.
SOUTHERN STRATEGIC THEATRE (GTVD): Auxiliaries: 7 principal.
(HQ Tashkent): (also may be called 'Near CENTRAL RESERVE-, (HQ MOSCOW):
Eastern'): Strategic Forces (under central command):
SOUTHERN TVD: (HQ Tashkent): SLBM: nil.
North Caucasus, Trans-Caucasus, Turkestan ICBM: ?788: SS-11 (4 fields, (188) msls), SS-13
MDs, Afghanistan). (1 field, 60 msls), SS-17 (1 field, ?100 msls),
Strategic Forces (under central control): SS-18 (3 fields, ?188 msls), SS-19 (2 fields,
IRBM: 45 SS-20 (2 fields). 180 msls), SS-25 (some 72 msls).
Air Defence Forces: IRBM: 45: SS-20 (1 field).
EWng System: 1 site: Lyaki (Trans-Caucasus). Bbrs: 530: 2 Air Armies:
AD area (see MD Air Forces, below). (HQ Moscow): 160: 4 divs: 20 Mya-4 Bison,
Ground Forces: 3 MDs: 140 Tu-95 Bear.
30 divs (1 tk, 28 motor rifle, 1 AB) plus 2 arty (HQ Smolensk): 370: 100 Tu-22M Backfire,
divs; 2 indep motor rifle, 1 air assault bdes. (?100) Tu-22 Blinder, 140 Tu-16 Badger,
North Caucasus MD (HQ Rostov): perhaps 1 bn (30 ac) Su-24 Fencer.
1 tk, 7 motor rifle, plus 1 arty divs. Recce/ECM: 137.
Trans-Caucasus MD (HQ Tbilisi): Tpt: 90 ac.
12 motor rifle, plus 1 arty divs. Air Defence Forces:
620 hel incl 60 Mi-24 Hind, Mi-8 Hip, Mi-6 EWng systems: major sites near Pechora,
Hook, Mi-2 Hoplite. Pushkino; detailed deployments unknown.
SOVIET UNION 45
AD Area: (HQ Moscow). 53 divs (7 tk, 45 motor rifle, 1 AB) plus 4 arty
Ftrs: 240: 6 regts: MiG-25 Foxbat, MiG-31 divs; 2 air assault bdes.
Foxhound; MiG-23 Flogger, Su-15 Flagon. Central Asian MD (HQ Alma Ata):
ABM: Moscow complexes: 2 Galosh; 7 new 1 tk, 6 motor rifle, plus 1 arty divs, 1 air
missile sites reported under construction. assault bde; 145 hel incl 70 Mi-8, Mi-24.
SAM: 135 SA-2/-3/-5, 40 SA-10 complexes Siberian MD (HQ Novosibirsk):
and sites. 6 motor rifle plus 1 arty divs.
Ground Forces: Transbaykal MD (HQ Chita):
3 MDs; 18 divs (3 tk, 14 motor rifle, 1 AB). 2 tk, 8 motor rifle, plus 1 arty divs. 225 hel
Roles would be to protect Moscow and to pro- incl Mi-8 Hip, Mi-24 Hind.
vide first-line reinforcement. All 7 AB divs are Far Eastern MD (HQ Khabarovsk):
centrally controlled, though deployed to TVDs 2 tk, 22 motor rifle, 1 AB, plus 1 arty divs, 1
as shown. air assault bde; some 670 hel.
Moscow MD (HQ Moscow): Mongolia (HQ Ulan Bator):

2 tk, 6 motor rifle, 1 AB divs; 80 Mi-8 Hip 1 Army HQ, 2 tk, 3 motor rifle divs. (See
and Mi-24 Hind hel (?50 armed). also Forces Abroad, below.)
Ural MD (HQ Sverdlovsk): Div readiness: 35% at Cat 1 or 2. Mobilization
1 tk, 4 motor rifle divs. could put 4 Fronts, perhaps 12 Armies (4
Volga MD (HQ Kuybyshev): 4 motor rifle divs. tk), into the field. Eqpt: perhaps 14,900
Perhaps 2 divs, plus the AB, Cat 1 ; rest Cat 2 or MBT; 10,000 arty, MRL, mor larger than
cadre. On mobilization could field 4,500 120mm; 225 FROG, 100 Scud, 38 SS-12
MBT; 2,300 arty, MRL, mor larger than (mod) SSM; 1,800 SAM, some 1,000 hel.
120mm; 75 FROG, 35 Scud, 15 SS-12 SSM. Tactical Aviation (HQ Irkutsk): (150,000): some
Tactical Aviation: Moscow MD Air Force (HQ 1,350 combat ac.
Moscow): some 145 combat ac. Central Asian MD Air Force, (HQ
FGA: 45: 1 regt Su-17 Fitter. Novosibirsk, incl Siberian MD): 228 com-
Ftrs: 90: 2 regts MiG-23/-27 Flogger, (?12) bat ac.
MiG-29 Fulcrum. FGA: 90 MiG-27 Flogger D/J.
Recce: 12 ac. Ftrs: 90 MiG-21 Fishbed, MiG-23 Flogger.
Tpfc some 20 ECM/recce: 48 MiG-25 Foxbat B/D.
Tpt:100ac.
FAR EASTERN STRATEGIC THEATRE ( G T V D ) ( H Q Transbaykal MD Air Force (HQ Chita, incl
Irkutsk): (with Pacific, Indian Ocean OTVDs): Mongolia): 420 combat ac.
FAR EASTERN TVD: (HQ Irkutsk): FGA: 270: 2 divs, MiG-27 Flogger D/J.
Central Asian, Siberian, Transbaykal, Far East- Ftrs: 90: 2 regts: MiG-21 Fishbed J/K;
em MDs, Mongolia. MiG-21 Fishbed UN, MiG-25 Foxbat
Strategic Forces (under central command): A/E, MiG-23 Flogger B/G.
SLBM: 385: Pacific Fleet: 32 subs: 9 D-/(108), Recce: 4 bns: 60 Yak-28 Brewer D.
7 D-III(\ 12), 9 F-/(144), 7 G-//(21). Far-Eastern MD Air Force (HQ Khabarovsk):
ICBM: (?380): SS-11(4 fields, ?260 msls, could control centres: Petropavlovsk, Yuzhno-
have theatre role), SS-18 (3 fields, ?120 msls). Sakhalinsk; some 703 combat ac.
IRBM: 171: SS-20 (4 fields, 19 sites). FGA: 315: 7 regts: MiG-21 Fishbed L,
Bbrs: perhaps 170: 1 Air Army (HQ Irkutsk): 5 MiG-27 FloggerD/J, Su-7 Fitter A, Su-17
regts: 2 with 40 Tu-22M Backfire, 3 with Fitter D/H/K.
(?30) Tu-22 Blinder, 100 Tu-16 Badger. Ftrs: 270: MiG-23 Flogger, MiG-25 Foxbat
Spt: perhaps 79 recce/ECM: ?4 Tu-95 Bear E, 15 A, MiG-31 Foxhound.
Tu-16 Badger F; 45 Tu-16 Badger H/J/K, 15 Recce: 108: Yak-28 Brewer D, MiG-21
Tu-22 Blinder C. Fishbed H, MiG-25 Foxbat B/D.
Tkrs: some 9 Tu-16 Badger A. ECM: 10 Yak-28 Brewer E.
Air Defence Forces: Navy (Pacific Fleet): (HQ Vladivostok):
EWng systems: 40 in areas: Kamchatka, Bases: Vladivostok, Petropavlovsk, Sovyet-
Nikolayev-na-Amur, Mishelevka, Abalakova, skaya Gavan.
Sary-shagan. Subs: 77: 25 SSGN/SSG, 52 SSN/SS.
AD areas: 3: 1 in Transbaykal, 2 in Far East Principal surface combatants: 82: 2 carriers,
MDs (see MD Air Forces, below). 15 cruisers, 14 destroyers, 21 frigates, 30
SAM: 215 SA-2/-3/-5, 10 SA-10 complexes corvettes.
and sites. Minor surface combatants: 136.
Ground Forces: 4 MDs: MCMV: 96.
46 SOVIET UNION
Amph: (incl 1 Rogov LPD) 18 ships, 41 Mozambique 300; Nicaragua 50; Peru 160;
craft. Syria 4,000; Vietnam 2,500; N. Yemen 500;
' Auxiliaries: 128 principal. Africa (remainder) 900.
Detachments (average 3 subs, 4 principal, 12
minor surface combatants, 2 amph, 12 spt
ships) are normally deployed in the Indian
PARA-MILITARY: 570,000.
Ocean and South China Sea; facilities also
in Vietnam (Cam Ranh Bay), South KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti):
Yemen (Aden, Socotra) and Ethiopia 230,000 (70-75% conscripts: 7167,000): bor-
(Dahlak Is, Asmara). der tps (incl Maritime Border Guards,
Naval Air (Pacific Fleet Air Force): (HQ 23,000), Kremlin Guard; Special Guard;
Sovetskaya Gavan): combat: some ac, some Special Sigs unit (40,000 tps).
105 hel. Equipment: tks, SP guns, AFV, ac and ships (2
Bbrs: 160: 1 regt Tu-22M Backfire, 4 regts Krivak-III (2 twin SA-N-4 SAM), 10 Grisha-II,
Tu-16 Badger C/G. 1 Purga frigates; some Pauk FAC(T); 105
FGA: 30: (afloat): 2 bns Yak-38 Forger A/B. Stenka FAC(P); 8 Muravey, 4 Pchela hydro-
ASW: 175. ac: 70: Tu-142 Bear, 11-38 May, foils; 30 Zhuk, some SO-1, 10 T-58, 14 T-43
Be-12 Mail. patrol craft; 8 Susanin ice-breakers (6
hel: (afloat): 2 bns Ka-25 Hormone A; (ashore): armed)); 11 Sorum, 40 Okhtensky armed tugs.
1 bn Ka-27 Helix, 2 bns Mi-14 Haze. MVD (Ministerstvo Vrutrennikh Del): 340,000:
MR/EWng/ECM: some 35 ac. internal security tps; some 30 divs with tks and
Utility: 65. AFV. By law part of armed forces of USSR.
Naval Infantry: Div HQ, 2 regts.
DOSAAF (Dobrovalnoe Obshchestovo Sodeistviya
Armii, Aviastii I Flotu) (part-time military,
FORCES ABROAD: air, naval training organization; 5 million are
Afghanistan (Southern GTVD): 118,000 (some instructors/activists);
10,000 MVD, KGB). 330,000+ units: flight training, shooting,
Mongolia (Far Eastern GTVD): 65,000. parachuting and 140 hours of pre-military
Vietnam: (7,000); detachments average 20—25 training for those aged 15 and over in
vessels (incl some 3 subs, 4 principal, 12
minor combat vessels, 2 amph auxiliaries), 8 schools, colleges and workers' centres.
Tu-95 Bear, 16 Tu-16 Badger D/K MR or Young Pioneer (ages 8—15), some trg.
ASW, 1 sqn of MiG-23 Flogger ftr ac, AA,
SAM, electronic monitoring station. * Excl KGB, MVD (570,000), but incl some 1,471,000
Other: Algeria 1,000; Angola 1,500, plus 6 railroad construction labour, comd and general spt
ships, MR ac; Congo 100; Cuba some 8,000 (1 tps not otherwise listed.
bde (2,800), advisers (?3,100) plus some t Figures may fluctuate slightly during conversion.
2,100 ELINT technicians); Ethiopia 1,500 % SS-11, SS-17, SS-19 and perhaps SS-25 have vari-
(plus MCMV, dry-dock, 11-38 ac, naval inf able range capability, enabling them to be used for
det); India 200; Iraq 600; Kampuchea 200; theatre support.
Laos 500; Libya 2,000; Mali 200; § Reload capacity has been reported.
This article was downloaded by: [Purdue University]
On: 13 March 2015, At: 11:48

The Alliances and Europe

To cite this article: (1986) The Alliances and Europe, The Military Balance, 86:1, 47-88, DOI: 10.1080/04597228608459973
47
The Alliances and Europe
( 1 ) THE WARSAW PACT

There are indications that a degree of modernization is taking place within the East Euro-
pean armies. Though numbers are not available, Czechoslovakia and East Germany are
reported as having begun to receive SS-21 to replace their FROG-1. Bulgaria and East Ger-
many appear to have received additional Scud SSM. Bulgaria and Hungary show increases
in their T-72 MBT holdings and the Romanian M-77 variant of the T-55 is now believed to
be in the inventory in significant numbers. Bulgaria is now thought to have the SA-13 SAM.
We include the Polish Internal Security Forces — a 'Home Guard' element in this year's
presentation. This force has been known to exist for some time but its size and relationship
with the rest of the defence establishment was not clearly understood.
There have been a number of minor changes in the respective naval inventories. Poland's
SAM Kotlin destroyer is reported to be out of service; East Germany has added a third
Downloaded by [Purdue University] at 11:48 13 March 2015
Rostock {Koni-class) frigate. The six elderly Hai patrol craft in the East German Navy have
been retired and partially replaced by three Tarantul which carry four SS-N-8 SSM. Some of
the oldest East German and Polish fast attack craft were being withdrawn. East Germany
has retired three Osa-l missile boats and Poland one. Each has also retired, respectively, one
Libelle and thirteen Pilica torpedo boats.
The East European Air Forces entries have also shown changes. Bulgaria and East Ger-
many now have a full squadron of Mi-14 ASW helicopters each. Bulgaria is reducing its
MiG-17 inventory and has increased its MiG-23 FGA and fighter fleets by almost two
squadrons-worth. Its MiG-21 interceptor inventory has also been enlarged. Czechoslovakia
appears slowly to be phasing out its Su-7; its Su-25 Frogfoot squadron is now believed to be
operational (this is one of two non-Soviet Pact deployments of this type). East Germany has
phased out its MiG-17 FGA, replacing them with Su-20. Total numbers are lower as the new
types are phased in. East Germany also appears to have reduced its numbers of interceptors.
As in most of the Pact fighter/interceptor forces it has been difficult to assess the numbers of
squadrons by type and, while we believe modernization is taking place, its extent is not easy
to determine. Earlier assessments of the Hungarian holdings of MiG-23 interceptors may
have been too high. That Air Force, however, has taken on a new role with the introduction
of a squadron of Su-25 Frogfoot, the second such deployment within the Pact. Poland, also,
is reducing its inventory of MiG-17; the replacement is the Su-22. The exception to this pat-
tern is Romania, which seems to have increased its MiG-17 FGA inventory; it also appears
to have added to its MiG-23 interceptor total.
This modernization, though modest, does represent an enhancement of the overall capa-
bilities of the forces concerned. They still, however, remain significantly less well equipped
than the Soviet Union's Forces in Eastern Europe.
Economic Trends in 1985
In 1984 economic growth in the six Warsaw Pact countries rose by over 5%, a substantial
improvement over the 2% fall in Net Material Product (NMP) in 1981, but the performance
was not repeated in 1985 when NMP grew by only 3.5%. Furthermore, the growth rate of
industrial output declined from 4.8% in 1984 to around 4% in 1985. This modest fall
suggests that the largest sector of these economies did not perform as badly as many West-
ern observers claimed.
The unusually severe winter of 1984/5 affected electricity and coal production and dis-
rupted transport services. Czechoslovakia and the GDR apart, all countries had energy
shortages of varying degrees (Romania was badly affected for the second year running) and
this was reflected in a particularly poor performance by the six in the first quarter of 1985.
48 WARSAW PACT
The shortfall in energy supply and the adverse climatic conditions — in addition to the
effects of cold, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania were also affected by drought — translated
into a decline in manufacturing and a more marked drop in agricultural output, which led
in turn, to a reduction of surplus goods available for export and so to a shortfall of hard cur-
rency for imports. Furthermore, the East European countries met greater competition in
world markets from third-world producers, and the decline in economic activity in Western
economies also had a negative effect on export opportunities. The slower growth in dom-
estic production was paralleled by a smaller increase in imports. It also appears that trade
amongst East European countries grew at a slower pace, which might partly reflect attempts
by the Soviet Union to reduce its balance of trade surplus with its partners.
The factors mentioned above had an inhibiting effect on Warsaw Pact economies in the
short run, but in the medium and long term additional problems affect them. East European
industrial output is characterized by very high energy/raw material/labour inputs per unit of
output, a slow growth in the rate of labour productivity, and diminishing capital pro-
ductivity (as measured by NMP/fixed assets).
The new dawn expected by Western observers as a result of the changed leadership in
Moscow will be a long time coming, though it is considered to be an essential prerequisite
for economic advancement and improving living standards. The Soviet Union appeared to
be making progress in this direction in the first quarter of 1986, and it is clear that substan-
tial encouragement has been given to its partners to improve the quality and level of their
output, and to achieve a greater degree of integration and specialization in production. Of
paramount importance is the better utilization of capital resources, including the creation of
new plant where necessary (though, more importantly by modernizing existing plant), and
trying to hasten the introduction of new technologies and production methods.
The Chernobyl disaster in late April 1986 will have negative repercussions on Warsaw
Pact economies and will delay the ambitious plans set out in the latest Five Year Pro-
grammes (FYPs). All these countries have been affected by restrictions imposed on their
agricultural exports and are likely to suffer from a decrease in tourist flows — an
increasingly important source of hard currency, particularly for the Balkan countries.
The achievements of the different countries over the FYP 1981—85 were varied. Bulgaria
and Czechoslovakia came close to their NMP targets — and the former's performance might
have been substantially better, had it not been for the bad winter of 1984/5 and poor agri-
cultural returns both in 1983 and 1985. Romania, surprisingly, was the second best
achiever (to the GDR) in NMP terms, but Hungary only attained half the annual NMP growth
rate prescribed in the FYP. Poland's results were in line with the FYP for 1983—85, but (for
all that this represented an improvement over the crisis years of 1978—82) NMP in 1985 was
still below that of 1978. The German Democratic Republic continues to outperform the
other economies, with a steady annual rate of NMP growth, as opposed to its partners'
oscilating records.
The new set of FYPs aims at major increases in output, to be gained by more efficient
resource allocation — energy, raw materials, plant and labour — moving from extensive
towards intensive economic development by means of changes in management and plan-
ning structures.
Leaders have called for investment growth above that of consumption and the rebuilding
and upgrading of existing plant, rather than investment in new productive equipment. In
the short run, most Warsaw Pact countries, including the Soviet Union, could make import-
ant gains by improving existing infrastructure. It has been suggested that this 'moderniz-
ation' process will require increased Western technology imports, but these will be limited
by the availability of convertible currencies. These countries may prefer joint projects with
Western firms, with a view to exporting part of the output to obtain hard currency. They are
likely also to expand intra-Pact co-operation in industrial production aimed at improving
standardization and quality of output.
Improvements in standards of living have been emphasized in the new batch of FYPs and
clearly are a pivotal part of the medium- and long-term economic and social development
WARSAW PACT 49
strategies of Warsaw Pact countries. If the generally perceived degree of inefficiency

believed to pertain in the East European economies actually exists, then small but pervasive
changes to managerial practices and planning methods should go a long way towards achiev-
ing the improvements sought over the next five years.
BULGARIA SSM: 40 FROG-1, 36 Scud.

mor: 82mm, 350 120mm and 160mm.
NMP 1984e: leva 24.80 bn ATK: RCL 73mm: 150 SPG-9. guns: 76mm: 100
1985e: leva 25.50 bn M-1942. ATGW: AT-3 Sagger (ind BRDM-2 SP).
growth 1984: 4.6% 1985: 1.8% AD: guns: 400: 23mm: ZU-23, ZSU-23-4 SP;
GNP 1984e: $27.0-37.0 bn 57mm: S-60; 85mm: KS-12; 100mm: KS-19
1985s: $25.0-55.0 bn towed. SAM: 45 SA-4/-6; SA-13.
Inflation 1984: 1.0% 1985e:1.3%
Debt 1984: $2.25 bn 1985: $2.10 bn NAVY: 8,500 (3,000 conscripts); 3 combat hel.
Def exp* 1984e: leva 969 m ($ 1.491 bn) Bases: Varna, Burgas, Sozopol, Atiya.
1985e:leva 1.010 bn ($1.656 bn) Subs: 3 R-class.

$ l = l e v a 1984: 1.007 (off.) 0.65 (adj.) Frigates: 2 Riga.
1985: 1.050 (off.) 0.61 (adj.) Corvettes: 3 Poti.
Population: 8,996,000 FAC(G): 6 with Styx SSM: 3 Osa-Ï, 3 Osa-Il.
18-30 31-45 Patrol craft: 13: 6 SO-1 large, 7 Zhuk coastal.
Men: 834,500 929,800 MCMV: 33: 2 T-43 ocean; 3 Sonya, 6 Vanya
Women: 797,400 926,800 coastal; 4 Yevgenya, 18 PO-2 inshore(.
Amph: LCU: 19 Vydra; LCA: 4 MFP D-3.
Spt: 1 underway replenishment, 3 coastal tankers.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: Hel: 2 sqns: 1 ASW with 12 Mil Mi-14;
Regular: 148,500 (94,000 conscripts). 1 SAR with 2 Mi-2, 6 Mi-4.
Terms of service. Army and Air Force 2 years, Coastal arty: 2,100: 2 regts, 20 btys:
Navy 3 years. ?150 100mm, SM-4-1 130mm, 150mm guns;
Reserves: 195,000. Army 150,000 (600,000 1 bty with 6 SSC-2b Samlet SSM.
more have a reserve liability); Navy (to age 55, Naval Guard: (?500): 3 coys.
officers 60 or 65) 25,000; Air (to age 60)
20,000 (AD 15,000). AIR FORCE: 35,000 (18,000 conscripts); some
275 combat ac, some 25 armed hel.
ARMY: 105,000 (73,000 conscripts). 1 air division: 7 combat regts:
3 Military Districts: FGA: 2 regts (6 sqns) with 50 Mikoyan-
8 motor rifle divs (3 at Cat 3 = cadre). Guryevich MiG-17, 45 MiG-23BM.
5 tk bdes. Interceptor/ftr: 4 regts (?8 sqns): some 35
3 SSM bdes with Scud. MiG-23 Flogger B; 115 MiG-21PFM.
4 arty regts. Recce: 1 regt with 30 MiG-17/-21.
3 AA arty regts. Tpt: 1 regt with 5 Antonov An-12, 5 Ilyushin
2 SAM regts. 11-14, 4 An-24, 2 Tupolev Tu-134, 9 An-2.
1 para regt. Hel: 1 regt with 10 Mi-2, 30 Mi-4/-8, 25 Mi-24
Special commando coys.
Equipment: (attack).
Tks: 1,950: 400 T-34, 1,400 T-54/-55, some Trg: incl 80 Aero L-29, Yakovlev Yak-ll/-18,
150T-72. 1^39, 30MÎG-15UTI.
AFV: recce: 250 BRDM-1/-2. AAM: AA-1 Alkali, AA-2 Atoll, AA-7 Apex.
MICV:some60BMP-l. 1 para regt.
APC: 1,000 BTR-50/-60, 35 OT-62, MT-LB. 1 AD div: (?4,500): 3 zones:
Arty: 1,400: guns: 85mm: 50 D-44 and SD-44 SP; 30 SAM sites; some 210 SA-2/-3.
100mm: M-1944; 122mm: 700 M-1931;
130mm: M-46. PARA-MILITARY:
gun/how: 152mm: M-1937, M-1955/(D-20). Ministry of Interior border guards 15,000; 16 regts.
how: 122mm: 100 M-1938 (M-30), D-30. Security police: 7,500.
MRL 122mm: 100BM-21, 130mm: M-51. People's Territorial Militia 150,000.
50 WARSAW PACT
'Voluntary Organization for Co-operation in ATK: grenade launcher: P-27 112mm. RCU 100
National Defence'. 82mm. ATGW. AT-3 Sagger, AT-4 Spigot, AT-5
Spandrel.
* Defence expenditures estimated, since budgets have AD: guns: 400: 57mm: S-60 towed, 30mm:
not been available for over ten years. M-53/59 SP. SAM: SA-4/-6/-7/-8/-9/-13.
AIR FORCE: 56,000 (18,000 conscripts); 444

CZECHOSLOVAKIA combat ac, some 24 armed hel.
2 air armies: 5 air divs: 15 combat regts.
NMP 1984e:Kcs 525.78 bn FGA: 10 sqns:
1985e:Kcs 549.88 bn 3 with 50 Sukhoi Su-7BM/U;
growth 1984: 3.5% 1985: 3.1% 3 with 40 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-23M;
GNP 1984e: Kcs $73.0-128.0 bn 3 with 30 MiG-21/-21U;
1985s: Kcs $67.0-125.0 bn 1 with 12 Su-25 Frogfoot.
Inflation 1984: 1.0% 1985: 2.3% Interceptor: 18 sqns with 275 MiG-21/-21U/-23
Debt 1984: $3.50 bn 1985: $2.80 bn (about half AD, half battlefield spt).
Def bdgt* 1985s: Kcs 25.7 bn (4.849 bn) Recce: 3 sqns:
1986: Kcs 27.0 bn (4.426 bn) 2 with 25 MiG-21RF; 1 with 12 Aero L-29.
$1 = Kcs 1985: 6.95 (off.) 5.30 (adj.) Tpt: 2 regts:

1986: 6.00 (off.) 4.50 (adj.) 2 Antonov An-12, 6 An-24, 40 Ilyushin 11-14
Kcs = koruny (replacing with An-26), 1 Tupolev Tu-134, 2
LETL-410M.
Population: 15,631,000 Hel: 1 regt: 3 indep sqns:
18-30 31-45 attack: 24 Mil Mi-24.
Men: 1,534,000 1,629,200 tpt: (med): 35 Mi-8, 75 Mi-4. (It): 40 Mi-2, 25
Women: 1,474,900 1,612,200 Mi-1.
Trg: L-29, 24 L-39, Zlin 526.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: Liaison ac incl Zlin Z-43.
Regular: 201,000 ( 118,000 conscripts). AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
Terms of service. Army 2 years, Air force 3 years. AD: Comd HQ: 3 divs: 6 SAM regts:
Reserves: 280,000. Army 250,000 (295,000 some 40 sites; 250 SA-2/-3.
more with liability to age 50 (men) or 60
(oflicers)); Air 30,000. PARA-MILITARY:
Border Troops 11,000; 7 bdes, AFV, ATK weapons.
ARMY: 145,000 (100,000 conscripts). Militia 120,000.
2 Military Districts: 'Association for Co-operation with the Army'.
5 tk divs (1 at Cat 1, 2 each Cats 2/3).
5 motor rifle divs (3 at Cat 1, 1 each Cats 2/3). • Incl police and security budget.
1 arty div: 2 arty, 3 Scud SSM bdes, 2 ATK regts
(6 bns).
1 AB regt. GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
6 engr bdes.
Civil Defence Troops (2,000): 5 regts. NMP 1984e: DMO 221.66 bn
Equipment: 1985e: DMO 240.89 bn
Tks: 3,500 T-54/-55/-72. growth 1984: 5.50% 1985: 4.80%
AFV: recce: 1,250: OT-65, BRDM. GNP 1984e: $90.0-164.0 bn
MICV: 1,100 BMP. 1985e: $82.0-170.0 bn
APC: 2,500 OT-62/-64/-810. Debt 1984: $12.19 bn 1985: $12.00 bn
Arty: guns: 100mm: 250 M-53; 122mm: 100 Def bdgt* 1985: DMO 18.069 bn (7.981 bn)
M-1931/37; 130mm: 75 M-46. 1986: DMO 19.430 bn (6.865 bn)
gun/how: 152mm: 90 M-1937. $1=DMO1985: 2.944 (off.) 2.30 (adj.)
how: 105mm: 250 D-30; 122mm: M-30 towed, 1986: 2.264 (off.) 2.83 (adj.)
M-1974 SP; 152mm: 150 DANA (Tatra 813 DMO = ostmarks
truck-mounted) SP. Population: 16,783,000
MRL- 122mm: 200 RM-70; 130mm: 120 M-51. 18-30 31-45
SSM: 40 FROG/SS-21, 27 Scud. Men: 1,778,000 1,678,000
mor: ?12 240mm M-240. Women: 1,693,000 1,633,000
WARSAW PACT 51
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: Amph: LST: 12 Frosch I (some with 2 40 x 122mm
Regular: 179,000 (94,500 conscripts). MRL).
Terms of service. Army, Air Force 18 months; Intelligence vessels (AGI): 3: 2 mod Kondor-l,
Navy (sea-going) 36 months. 1 Dam-class.
Reserves: 400,000. Army 330,000, up to 6 months Spt: 6 Dam-class spt, 4 supply ships, 4 spt tankers,
call-up per year to total 24 months (250,000 2 Frosch II It tpts, 3 Kondor-ll trials vessels.
more have Reserve commitment to 50 men or Hel: 1 sqn with 20 Mil Mi-8F tpt (7 Mi-8 Hip C
SAR), 13 Mi-14 Haze ASW.
60 (officers)); Navy 40,000; Air 30,000.
Coastal Border Bde (GBK; 4,000) administered by
ARMY: 123,000 (71,500 conscripts). Frontier tps:
2 Military Districts, 2 Army HQ: 12 beach patrol bns, 3 afloat 'divs': 8 boat gps
2 tk divs (each 3 tk, 1 motor rifle regt). (recce); ?5 btys coastal arty; ?3 btys SS-C-3;
4 motor rifle divs (each 1 tk, 3 motor rifle regts). (?65 vessels incl 10 Bremse, 18 Kondor-l;
(All divs Cat. 1.) some 30 harbour/river patrol craft; ?30
2 SSM bdes with Scud. 152mm guns; ?18 SS-C-3 Shaddock SSM).
2 arty, 2 AA arty regts.
8 AD regts: 2 with SA-4; 5 with SA-6; 1 with AIR FORCE: 40,000 (15,000 conscripts); 337
SA-8 SAM. combat ac, some 70 armed hel.
2 amph regts (naval command). 2 air divs:

3 sigs regts. FGA: 2 regts: 5 sqns:
1 Special Forces bde (8 bns). 2 with 24 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-23MF;
3 engr regts. 3 with 25 Sukhoi Su-22.
2 pontoon bridge regts. Recce: 1 sqn with 18 MiG-21.
1 railway construction regt. Tpt: 1 regt: 3 sqns:
2 ATK bns. 18 Antonov An-26, 15 Tupolev Tu-134, An-2/-
1 AB bn. 14/-26B, some 6 LET L-410.
Equipment: Hel: 3 regts: 9 sqns:
Tks: 2,800: about 1,800 T-54/-55/-62/-72 (1,000 3 attack with 30 Mil Mi-24;
more (incl T-34) in storage). 3 assault/tpt with 36 armed Mi-8;
AFV: recce: 1,000 BRDM-1/-2. 3 tpt with some 45 Mi-8.
MICV:900BMP-l/-2. AD Command: (26,000): 2 AD districts:
APC: 1,000 BTR-50P/-60P/-152, 300 BTR-70, Air. 6 regts: 15 sqns with 220 MiG-21 F/MF/PF/
150MT-LB. U; 3 sqns with 50 MiG-23.
Arty: 900: guns: D-44, SD-44 SP; 122mm: SAM: 7 regts: some 30 sites with 200 SA-2/-3.
M-1931/37; 130mm: 144 M-46. radar 2 regts.
gun/how: 152mm: 144 2-S3 SP, M-1955/(D-20). Trg: incl Yakovlev Yak-11, Aero L-39, Zlin 226,
how: 122mm: D-30, M-1938 (M-30), 90 MiG-15UTI, MiG-21 U.
M-1974 SP; 152mm: M-1943 SP. Liaison: ac incl Zlin Z-43.
MRL: 122mm: 108 BM-21, Cz RM-70; AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
240mm: BM-24. ASM: AT-3 Sagger ATGW.
SSM: 24 FROG-VSS-21, 24 Scud B.
mor:25O 120mm. Forces Abroad: Algeria 250, Angola 500,
ATK: guns: 100mm: 120 T-12. ATGW: AT-3 Sagger Ethiopia 550, Guinea 125, Iraq 160, Libya 400,
(incl BRDM-2 SP), AT-4 Spigot. Mozambique 100, S. Yemen 75, Syria 210,
AD: guns: 23mm: ZU-23, 96 ZSU-23-4 SP; Zambia (some instructors reported).
57mm: ZSU-57-2. SAM: SA-4/-6/-7/-8/-/9.
PARA-MILITARY: 77,500 Regulars, perhaps 1
NAVY: 16,000 (8,000 conscripts) incl Coastal million in an emergency.
Border Bde; 13 combat hel. Ministry of Defence. Frontier Troops (49,000): 18
Bases: Peenemünde, Warnemünde, Dransk-Bug, border, 2 indep, 1 special, 6 trg regts; guns: 50
Sassnitz, Wolgast, Tarnewitz, Barhöft, Stralsund. 85mm, 18 130mm; gun/how: 36 122mm.
Frigates: 3 Rostock (Koni} with 1 twin SA-N-4 SAM. 1 boat section; 24 patrol craft.
Corvettes: 20: 16 Parchim with 2 quad SA-N-5 Ministry for State Security. 1 Guard regt (Berlin)
SAM; 4 Tarantul I (4 SS-N-8). (7,500): 6 motor rifle, 1 arty, I trg bns; PSZH-
FAC(G): 12 Osa-l with 4 Styx SSM. IV APC, 120mm mor, 85mm, 100mm ATK,
FAC(T): 48: 18 Shershen; 30 Libelle{ (1 un- ZU-23 AA guns, hel.
armed, trials). Ministry of Interior. People's Police Alert Units
MCMV: 25 Kondor-W coastal (3 trg). (13,000): 21 bns; BTR-40/-152 APC, 82mm
52 WARSAW PACT
mor. Transport Police (8,500): 16 coys; small MRL 122mm: 50 BM-21.

arms, RPG-7 RL. SSM: 24 FROG-1, 9 Scud.
Workers' Militia: 3,000 Regulars, 500,000 poten- mor: 82mm: 300; 120mm: 100 M-43.
tial: 15,000 combat groups; AFV incl SK-1 ATK: RCL 73mm: 125 SPG-9. guns: 85mm: 100;
APC, 82mm mor, 76mm ATK, 23mm, 37mm 100mm: 50 T-12. ATGW: 100 AT-3 Sagger (incl
AA guns. BRDM-2 SP), 100 AT-4 Spigot.
Society for Sport and Technology (youth aged AD: guns: 23mm: ZU-23, 75 ZSU-23-4 SP; 57mm:
16-18): 450,000, 75% active: 1 central, 14 100 S-60, ZSU-57-2 SP; 100mm: KS-19.
regional subordinate district gps, some 15,000 SAM: 30 SA-4, 60 SA-6, 350 SA-7, 50 SA-9.
units; small arms; trg ac (civil). Danube Flotilla (700); 26 25-ton minelayers/
sweepers, 5 Nestin river MCMV, 15 10-ton
• Incl DMO 5.028 bn (1985), 5.384 bn (1986) for patrol craft, 5 small LCU, small tp tpts, river
internal, border security and justice administration. icebreakers.
AIR FORCE: 22,000 (8,000 conscripts); some 155

combat ac, 12 armed hel.
HUNGARY 1 air div:
NMP 1984: f 804.10 bn AD: 3 ftr regts (9 interceptor sqns) with 120
growth 1984: 2.5% 1985: -1.0% Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-21F7PF/bis/U, 10
GDP 1984e: $20.368-77.0 bn MiG-23M.
1985e: $20.800-76.0 bn FGA: 1 sqn with 15 Sukhoi Su-25.
Inflation 1984: 8.5% 1985: 6.9% Recce: 1 sqn with (?12) Su-22.
Debt 1984: $9.1 bn. 1985: $9.7 bn Tpfc 1 regt (2 tpt sqns):
Defbdgt 1985: f 37.228 bn (2.402 bn) 24 Antonov An-24/-26, 2 Ilyushin 11-14.
1986s: f 40.745 bn (2.440 bn) Hel: 1 regt (3 hel sqns): 20 Mil Mi-24, 30 Mi-8,
$l=f 1985: 50.090 (off.) 15.5 (adj.) 25 Kamov Ka-26 (trg/civil duties).
1986: 46.003 (off.) 16.7 (adj.) Trg: incl Aero L-29, MÎG-15UTI.
f = forint AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
AD: 1 div: 3 SAM regts, some 20 sites:
Population: 10,789,000 120 SA-2/-3.
18-30 31-45
Men: 964,000 1,161,000
Women: 921,000 1,157,000 PARA-MILITARY:
Border guards 16,000 (11,000 conscripts);
11 districts.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: Part-time Worker's Militia 60,000.
Regular: 105,000 (58,000 conscripts). 'Sport Association for National Defence'.
Terms of service. Army (incl Border Guard) 18
months; Air Force 24 months.
Reserves: 135,000 (Army and Navy); Air 8,000
(to age 55).
POLAND
ARMY: 83,000 (50,000 conscripts) incl Danube
Flotilla. NMP 1984e: z 5,950.00 bn
1 tk div (at Cat. 2). 1985e: z 7,140.00 bn
5 motor rifle divs (2 at Cat. 2, 3 at 3). growth 1984: 5.6% 1985: 3.0%
1 arty bde, 1 SSM bde with Scud. GDP 1984e: z $95.0-228.0 bn
1 AA arty, 4 SAM regts (1 indep with SA-4, 3 with 1985e: z $90.0-208.0 bn
SA-6 in divs). Inflation 1984: 14.5% 1985: 15.0%
1 AB bn. Debt 1984: $27.5 bn 1985: $25.8 bn
Equipment: Defbdgt 1985: z 307.00 bn (7.309 bn)
Tks: some 1,200 T-54/-55, 60 T-72. It 100 PT-76. 1986: z 347.80 bn (7.729 bn)
AFV: recce: some 350 BRDM-2, 400 FUG (OT- $1 = z 1985: 158.23 (off.) 42 (adj.)
65). MICV: 350 BMP-1. APC: 1,000 PSZH-IV 1986: 165.17 (off.) 45 (adj.)
and MT-LB. z = zlotys
Arty: gun/how: 152mm: 120: 100 D-20, 20 Population: 37,839,000
M-1973(2-S3)SP. 18-30 31-45
how: 122mm: 315: 225 M-1938, 90 M-1974 SP; Men: 3,986,700 3,894,800
152mm: 50 M-l943. Women: 3,853,500 3,863,600
WARSAW PACT 53
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: Naval Aviation: 1 div (2,300); 44 combat ac.
Regulan 402,000 (251,000 conscripts; incl Attack: 1 regt: 3 sqns: 34 Mikoyan-
Internal Defence troops (see Para-Military)). GuryevichMiG-17.
Terms of service. Army, internal security forces, Recce: 1 sqn with 5 Ilyushin 11-28, 5 MiG-17.
Air Force 2 years; Navy, special services, Hel: 1 regt; 3 sqns: 10 Mil Mi-2, 20 Mi-4,
afloat 3 years, ashore 2 years. 5 Mi-8.
Reserves: 501,000: (On order 1 Kaszug frigate, 2 Tarantul I corvettes.)
Army some 415,000; Navy some 55,000 (to age
Coast Defence: arty: ?6 bns; SSM: ?3 bns.
50); Air some 31,000 (to age 60).
Engrs: reported.
ARMY: 295,000 (215,000 conscripts) (incl 65,500 Equipment: (7M-1937) 152mm gun/how, AT-3
Internal Security troops). Sagger ATGW, SS-C-2B Samlet SSM.
3 Military Districts:
5 armd divs (all at Cat 1). AIR FORCE: 88,000 (30,000 conscripts); 675
8 mech divs (3 at Cat 1, 5 at 3). combat ac, some 12 armed hel.
1 AB div (Cat 1). 6 air divs (incl AD):
1 amph assault div (Cat 1). FGA: 240: 3 divs; 6 regts; 18 sqns:
4 arty bdes, 1 arty regt. 3 with some 40 Sukhoi Su-7/-7U;
3 ATK regts. 3 with some 40 Su-20;
4 SSM bdes with Scud. 3 with some 40 Su-22;

1 AD bde with SA-4; 8 AD regts: 6 with SA-6, 2 9 with 120 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-17.
with SA-8 SAM. Interceptors: 3 divs; 11 regts; 33 sqns:
Equipment: 400 MiG-21/U/-23.
Tks: 3,400 T-54/-55, 70 T-72. It 100 PT-76. Recce: 3 sqns: 35 MiG-21RF.
AFV: 4,500: recce: 800 FUG/BRDM-2; Tpfc 2 regts: 9 Antonov An-2, An-12, 12 An-26,
APC: 900 BMP-1, 2,100 SKOT/SKOT-2AP, 12 Ilyushin 11-14.
600 TOPAS/TOPAS-2AP. Comms/liaison: 1 sqn with 2 Tupolev Tu-134A, 6
Arty: ?2,100: guns: 122mm: some 400 M-1931/37; Yakovlev Yak-40,11-18.
130mm: M-46. Hel: 3 regts: 100 Mil Mi-2, 12 Mi-4, 25 Mi-8
gun/how: 152mm: 230 ML-20, D-l. (some may be armed), 12 Mi-24 (attack).
how: 122mm: 850 M-1938, D-30 towed, Trg: 300 ac: PZL TS-8 Biesl-U Iskra, MiG-15/-
M-1974 SP; 152mm: 145 M-1943. 21UTI, Su-7U, PZL-130 Orlik.
AAM: AA-1 Alkali, AA-2 Atoll.
MRU 360: 122mm: BM-21; 140mm: BM-14, Air Defence Command: (48,000).
(?30) WP-8. SAM: 10 regts: 300 SA-2/-3.
SSM: 56 FROG-3/-5/-1, 32 Scud B. (On order PZL-130 Orlik trg ac.)
mor 750 82mm; 120mm.
ATK: guns: 100mm: some 70 T-12. RCL 73mm. Forces Abroad: Syria (UNDOF): 157.
ATGW: AT-1 Snapper, AT-3 Sagger (incl
BRDM-2 SP), AT-4 Spigot. PARA-MILITARY:
AD: guns: 800: 23mm: ZU-23, 150 ZSU-23-4 SP; Ministry of Defence: Internal Defence troops
57mm: S-60. (65,500): tks, AFV, ATK guns.
SAM: 250 SA-4/-6/-8/-9; SA-7. Ministry of Interior troops and border guard:
(24,000): 3 Provincial Commands: 8 bdes;
NAVY: 19,000 (6,000 conscripts). some 70 patrol craft incl 5 Obluze, 18 Pilica,
Bases: Gdynia, Hel, Swinoujscie, Kolobrzeg, 3 KP-131, 1 Oksywie, 12 Wisloka, 21 K-8,
Ustka; Gdansk (Coastguard). 9 Gdansk.
Subs: 3 W-class. Zomo (Police anti-riot units): 28,000.
Corvettes: 2 Tarantul I with twin SS-N-2C SSM, 1 'League for National Defence' (Citizen's Militia):
quad SA-N-5 SAM. some 200,000 active.
FAC(G): 12 Osa-l with 4 SS-N-2 SSM.
FAC(T): 4 Wisla.
Patrol craft: 8 mod Obluze large.
MCMV: 52: 12 Krogulec, 11 T-43 ocean, ROMANIA
4 Notée, 2 Leniwka coastal, 23 K-8 boats.
Amph: LCT: 23 Polnocny, LCA: 15 Eichstaden. NMP 1984e: lei 706.2 bn
Intelligence vessels (AGI): 2 B-10 (mod Moma). 1985e: lei 749.1 bn
Radar picket: 1 T-43. growth 1984: 7.7% 1985: 5.!
Spt: 7 tankers. GNP 1984e: lei $60.0-117.0 bn
54 WARSAW PACT
1984e: lei $60.0-120.0 bn Frigates: 3 Tetal.

Inflation 1984: 1.5% 1985: 0.2% Corvettes: 3 Poti.
Debt 1984: $8.00 bn 1985: $6.09 bn FAC(G): 6 Osa-l with 4 SS-N-2 SSM.
Defbdgt 1985: lei 12.278 bn (1.395 bn) FAC(P/ASW): 25 Ch Shanghai.
1986: lei 12.208 b n ( 1.327 bn) FAC(T): 42: 14 Epitrop, 22 Ch Huchwan( hydro-
$ 1 = lei 1985: 17.141 (off.) 8.8 (adj.)
1986: 16.892 (off.) 9.2 (adj.) foils, 6 Sov P-4(.
Patrol craft: 3 Kronshtadt large, 41 river incl
Population: 23,500,000 1 Brutar-dass, 18 VB-76 monitors.
18-30 31-45 MCMV: 38 minesweepers: 4 GDR M-40
Men: 2,207,000 2,241,000
Women: 2,123,400 2,201,000 Democratia coastal; 12 Sov T-301 (7 in reserve),
22 VD-141 inshore(; 2 Cosar MCM spt ships.
SAR hei: 4 Mi-4.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Regular: 189,700 (108,500 conscripts). Coastal Defence (2,000): HQ Constanta.
Terms of service. Army, Air Force 16 months; 4 sectors:
Navy 24 months. 10 coastal arty btys with some 100 130mm,
Reserves: 565,000; Army 500,000+ (300,000 with 150mm and 152mm guns; 1 SSM bn with
service in last 5 years); Navy 20,000 (to age 50);
SS-C-2B Samlet, observer post tps, radar,

Air 45,000 (to age 60). naval engineers.
Some 8 btys of AA arty reported; eqpt unknown.
ARMY: 150,000 (95,000 conscripts).
4 Army Areas: Would get 2 regts of naval inf on mobilization.
2 tk divs (1 at Cat. 1, 1 at 2). (On order 1 Muntania-dass DDG, Brutar-cla&s
8 motor rifle divs (1 Cat. 1, 3 at 2, 4 at 3). river monitors.)
3 mountain bdes/regts.
2 arty bdes; 4 arty regts.
1 ATK bde (5 regts). AIR FORCE: 32,000 (10,000 conscripts); 378 com-
2 AA bdes; 2 AA arty, 3 AD (SA-6) regts. bat ac.
2 Scud SSM bdes. 3 air divs (incl AD): 4 combat regts:
2 AB regts. FGA: 6 sqns: 90 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-17,
Equipment: some 30 SOKO/CIARIAR-93.
Tks: 200 T-34, 1,000 T-54/-55, some 200 M-77, Interceptor 12 sqns:
301-12. I with 40 MiG-23;
AFV: recce: 325 BRDM-1/-2. I1 with 200 MiG-21F/PF/U.
APC: 3,000 BTR-5O/-6O and TAB-72, TAB-77. Recce: 1 sqn with 18 Ilyushin 11-28.
Arty: guns: 76mm: 50 M-1942, 75 SU-76 SP;
85mm: 50 D-44; 100mm: M-1944, 175 Tpt 1 regt with 4 11-14, 3 11-18, 2 11-62, 11
SU-100; 122mm: M-1931/37. Antonov An-24, 8 An-26, 4 Lisunov Li-2 (DC-3
gun/how: 152mm: 150: M-1937, M-1955 (D-20). type), 1 Boeing 707.
how: 600: 122mm: M-1938, D-30; 152mm: Hel: 1 regt with 10 Mil Mi-4, 25 Mi-8, 45 IAR-
M-1938. 316B (Alouette III), 30IAR-330 (Puma).
MRU 122mm: 175 BM-21/RO; 130mm: 150 Trg: 40 Aero L-29, 20 MiG-15UTI, (710) L-39ZA,
M-51 (Z3L). 10IAR-28MA It.
SSM: 30 FROG, 15 Scud. AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
mon 700 82mm, 200 120mm. AD: 1 div: 18 SAM sites with 108 SA-2.
ATK: RCU 73mm, 260 76mm and 82mm. (On order some 125 IAR-93B FGA ac.)
guns: 57mm: M-1943.
ATGW: 120: AT-1 Snapper, AT-3 Sagger.
AD: guns: 300 30mm, 37mm, 250 57mm, 85mm, PARA-MILITARY: 37,000.
100mm. SAM: SA-6/-7. Border guards (17,000); 12 bdes.
Ministry of Defence security troops (20,000); AFV,
NAVY: 7,700 (3,500 conscripts).
ATK guns.
Bases: Mangalia, Constanta; Danube: Braila,
Giurgiu, Sulina, Tulcea. Local Defence: some 900,000 Patriotic Guard
Black Sea Fleet, Danube Sqn, Coastal Defence. (perhaps 12,000 full time).
Destroyer 1 Muntenia-class (4 twin SS-N-2C SSM) Youth Homeland Defence: 650,000.
(Kashin-type DDG). 'Voluntary Sports Association'.
55
(2) THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY

Many European NATO nations show a slight decline in uniformed manpower compared
with 1985. The exceptions are West Germany, Greece and Turkey which have increased
overall. With regard to the ground forces, British, Canadian, French and West German
forces, combine to show a slight rise in the total for Northern Europe. Increases by both
Greece and Turkey show a more marked enhancement in the south. That increase is due
more to the dispute between them than to NATO requirements.
Minor changes in the divisional structures have led to small increases in the divisional
totals; these are largely organizational and do not reflect any greater capability.
Main Battle Tank strength in the Northern and Central sectors has increased by perhaps
2%. The retirement of the elderly British carrier Hermes is noted, as is the commissioning of
Italy's Garibaldi; the inter-service dispute over the aircraft the latter is to carry has not yet
been resolved. Totals for all other categories of surface vessels show slight reductions. Com-
bat aircraft totals, on the other hand, show significant increases in all categories, marking
the progress of a number of major procurement programmes.
Budgetary constraints continue to have a major impact on defence, not least because they
are forcing governments toward greater international collaboration, as a way of getting bet-
ter value for money. A number of new joint programmes have been announced. These
include studies into a 12-country Precision Guided Missile project; a 7-country Modular
Stand-Off Weapon; a multi-function information distribution systems; a common NATO
Identification System (11 countries); computer language commonality; Stand-Off Radar;
Surveillance and Target Acquisition; and some 13 others. Standardization makes only slow
progress but agreement has been reached on a common fuel for jet aircraft. Although such
agreements are often confined to minor systems and support functions, joint arrangements
are in hand for a new European fighter aircraft (EFA), ASW helicopters, and Tripartite Mine
Counter-Measures vessels (MCMV) and there are signs of movement toward common Euro-
pean combat and transport helicopter programmes.
NATO anticipates European production in 1986 of 500 tanks, some 400 other Armoured
Fighting Vehicles, 100 artillery and field rocket pieces, 550 Milan and TOW ATGW and 800
SAM for the ground forces. New European naval procurement plans include a carrier, three
submarines, four destroyers, ten mine warfare vessels, one landing ship and six landing
craft. The Tornado and F-16 programmes continue, with a total of 180 planned; procure-
ment of 70 other aircraft include tankers and Airborne Early Warning (AEW).
Following the severe recession of the early 1980s, NATO Europe continues to enjoy mod-
est GDP growth, averaging 2.3% in 1985. The GDPs of Canada, Norway and Turkey grew at
a rate of over 4%, while Great Britain followed with about 3.5%; France (1.0%), Greece
(1.5%), and Belgium (1.7%) did less well, with the others ranging between 2 and 3%. (The
United States also achieved 2.3%, but this represented a significant decline from the 6.6%
growth achieved in 1984.)
Europe's success in fighting inflation is uneven. Inflation in 1985 ranged from 2.2% in
West Germany and the Netherlands to as high as 45% in Turkey. Greece and Portugal had
rates approaching 20%. The other states showed figures of 4.9% (Belgium and Denmark),
5.7% and 5.8% (Norway and France), 6.1% (Britain) and almost 9% (Spain). This relative
success is due in part to monetary and fiscal policies but in part also to the decline in the
prices of oil and other key commodities.
Most western countries face increasing government debt and mounting interest rates,
incurred in part because of the oil price rises in the late 1970s and increasing military out-
lays in the 1980s. In 1979 NATO countries had committed themselves to an annual real
increase of 3% in defence outlays, but only a few states have managed to sustain the com-
mitment. After the recession of 1980—82 (when GDP growth rates were in most cases either
negative or negligible), real defence growth in the face of spiralling social costs became for
many countries politically unsustainable. Despite this, half of NATO's members were able to
increase defence outlays until 1986, when Britain and West Germany and even the US were
56 NATO
forced to reduce their defence outlays — in the case of the latter two countries to zero or
even negative real growth.
On the positive side, the drastic decline in oil prices and the appreciation of the European
currencies against the US dollar has had a stimulating effect on European economies. If oil
prices remain at $10—15 a barrel, many European economies should experience a GDP
increase of 3—4%. Britain, however, may experience a serious short-term current account
deficit, while Norway (dependent on oil sales for 22% of government income) seems likely
to experience serious fiscal problems.
In the face of these trends, it is most unlikely that the major European NATO members
will significantly increase their defence outlays.
BELGIUM 4 engr bns (2 fd, 1 bridge, 1 eqpt).

4 It avn sqns.
GDP 1984 fr 4,486.0 bn ($77,634 bn) RESERVES: some on immediate recall status;
1985e: fr 4,772.0 bn ($80,366 bn) 1 mech, 1 mot inf bdes; combat, combat spt,
growth 1984: 1.5% 1985: 1.7% log spt tps. Territorial defence: 11 mot inf
Inflation 1984: 6.3% 1985: 4.9% regts, 4 mot inf bns.
Debt 1984: $31.8 bn 1985: $36.5 bn Equipment:
Defexp 1985: fr 106.665 bn ($1,796 bn); Tks: 334 Leopard 1; It 133 Scorpion.
NATO defn $2.69 bn. AFV: recce: 153 Scimitar. MO: 136 AIFV-B.
Defbdgt 1986: fr 110.0 bn ($2,405 bn); APC: 1,272 incl 305 M-113, 262 Spartan,
NATO defn n.a.
AMX-VCI, M-75 (to Reserves).
$l=fr (1983): 51.132 (1984): 57.784
(1985): 59.378 (1986): 45.745 Arty: how: 155mm: 168: 26 M-109A3, 15 M-109
fr = Belgian francs (being upgraded to A3), 127 M-109A2 SP;
203mm: 11 M-l 10 SP (being upgraded to A2);
Population: 9,902,000 SSM: 5 Lance.
18-30 31-45 ATK: guns: 80 JPK-90mm SP. ATGW: 420 Milan,
Men: 1,041,000 1,024,000 43 Striker AFV with Swingfire.
Women: 1,001,000 981,000 AD: guns: 20mm: 46; 35mm: 54 Gepard SP.
SAM: 39 Improved HAWK.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: Avn: ac: 12 Islander, hel: 64 Alouette II.
Regular 91,428 (3,600 women, 30,300 conscripts). (On order: 378 AIFV, 220 M-l 13A2 APC.)
Terms of service. 8 or 10 months.*
Reserves: 258,940. Army 180,489 (Medical NAVY: 4,500 (1,140 conscripts).
Service 32,600), to age 45; Navy 9,346; Bases: Kallo, Ostend, Zeebrugge.
Air 36,510. Frigates: 4 E-71 with 4 Exocet MM-38 SSM,
1 octuple Sea Sparrow SAM.
ARMY: 67,400 (ind separate Medical Service; MCMV: 6 US Aggressive, 1 Aster (Flower tripar-
25,400 conscripts). tite) ocean, 6 US Adjutant coastal; 14 Herstal
1 Corps HQ, 2 Div HQ.
inshore; 2 log spt/comd ships.
1 armd bde (2 tk, 2 mech inf, 1 SP arty bns, spt
Patrol craft, river: 2.
units).
Auxiliaries: 6 (+1 survey vessel).
3 mech inf bdes each with 1 tk, 2 mech inf, 1 SP
arty, 1 ATK bns, spt units.
1 para-cdo regt (3 para-cdo bns, armd recce and (On order: 9 Flower (tripartite) MCMV.)
spt units).
2 recce bns. AIR FORCE: 19,528 (3,760 conscripts).
2 tk bns. FGA: 5 sqns: 3 with Dassault Mirage 5BA/BD;
2 mot inf bns (territorial def). 2 getting General Dynamics F-16A/B.
4 arty bns (3 SP). AD: 2 ac sqns with F-16A/B; 4 SAM sqns with
1 SSM bn with Lance. Nike Hercules (modernized); 1 NADGE com-
4 AD bns: 2 SAM with 36 Improved HAWK; mand reporting centre, associated radar.
2 AA each with 27 Gepard. Recce: 1 sqn with Mirage 5BR.
NATO 57
Tpt: 2 sqns with Lockheed C-130H Hercules, TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Boeing 727QC, BAe/HS-748, Fairchild Merlin Regular: 323,800 incl 16,100 women and some
IIIA, Dassault Mystère-Falcon 20. 9,840 enlisted outside Britain.
Liaison: 1 flt with CM-170 Magister. Terms of service, voluntary.
Trg: 3 sqns: 1 with SIAI-Marchetti SF-260MB; Reserves: 305,030.
2 with Breguet-Dornier AlphaJet. Army: 239,300. Regular 153,000; Territorial
SAR hei: 1 sqn with Westland-Sikorsky Sea King Army (TA) 77,000+ (to be 86,000 by 1990);
Mk 48.
Equipment: 144 combat ac (plus 37 in store). Ulster Defence Regt (UDR) 6,500 (3,700
part-time); Home Service Force some 2,800
Aircraft: (to be 4,700).
Mirage: 72: 5BA/BD: 52 (FGA). 5BR: 20 (recce). Navy: 31,670. Regular 23,340; Volunteer
F-16: 72 (109): -A: 53 (27 FGA, 26 AD), plus 37 5,530 (to be 7,800); Auxiliary Service 2,800
in store. -B: 19 (9 FGA, 10 AD).
C-130: 12 (tpt). (to be 3,000).
Boeing 727: 2 (tpt). HS-748: 3 (tpt). Merlin Marines: 3,460. Regular 2,250; Volunteer 1,210.
IIIA: 5 (tpt). Mystère-Falcon 20: 2 (tpt). CM- Air: 30,600. Regular 29,600; Volunteer 1,000.
170: 21 (liaison). SF-260: 31 (trg). AlphaJet:
31 (trg). STRATEGIC FORCES: (2,300):
SLBM: 4 Resolution SSBN, each with 16 Polaris
Helicopters: A3TK msls.

Sea King: 5 (SAR). Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS)
Missiles:
station at Fylingdales (to be upgraded).
SAM: 36 Nike Hercules.
AAM: AIM-9 Sidewinder.
(On order: 44 F-16A/B ftr ac.) ARMY: 162,100 (incl 6,600 women and 9,450
enlisted outside Britain, of which some 8,100
Forces Abroad: Germany: 28,500 (to be are Gurkhas).
reduced by some 400); 1 corps HQ, 1 div HQ, 1 corps, 3 armd, 1 inf divs, 27 bdes (incl 1 arty,
1 armd, 1 mech inf bdes; 2 recce, 2 tk, 3 arty, 1 sigs), 1 Field Force HQ.
1 SSM, 2 Gepard AA, 2 SAM, 3 engr bns, 14 armd regts (2 trg).
240 MBT; 3 aviation sqns; 4 Nike SAM sqns. 5 armd recce regts.
53infbns(6Gurkha).
PARA-MILITARY: Gendarmerie 15,900; 62 FN, 4 3 para bns (1 in inf, 2 in para role).
RM/62F armd cars, 5 Alouette II, 3 Puma hel. 1 Special Air Service (SAS) regt.
1 SSM regt with Lance (3 btys, each 4 msls).
* Conscripts serve 8 months if posted to Germany, 18 arty regts: 1 hy (203mm), 2 'depth of fire'
10 months if serving in Belgium. (175mm), 8 SP, 6 fd (1 cdo), 1 locating;
4 indep SAM btys (2 Blowpipe, 2 Javelin).
3 SAM regts with Rapier. 2 of 3 btys (36
launchers), 1 of 4 btys (2 SP) (48 launchers).
13 engr regts: 11 fd (1 Gurkha), 1 armd, 1 amph.
4 army aviation regts; 16 sqns (1 cdo), 5 indep
BRITAIN fits; 2 trg sqns, 6 fits.
GDP 1984: £318.090 bn ($399.664 bn) RESERVES: 2 armd, 3 It recce regts, 40 inf bns,
1985e: £348.860 bn ($480.607 bn) 2 SAS, 2 fd, 1 arty recce, 4 AD, 7 engr regts
growth 1984: 1.8% 1985: 3.4% (4 airfield repair sqns, 2 more forming), 1 hel
Inflation 1984: 5.0% 1985: 6.1% sqn. Ulster Defence Regiment: 9 bns (internal
Debt 1984: $62.0 bn 1985: 96.5 bn security role in Northern Ireland only in
Def exp 1985/6e:£ 18.059 bn ($24.879 bn); peace-time). Home Service Force: some 42
NATO defn $25.356 bn coys (to be 47).
Defbdgt 1986/7: £18.479 bn ($28.011 bn); Equipment:
NATO defn $28.705 bn Tks: some 250 Challenger, 900 Chieftain (210 in
$1=£ (1983/4): 0.6710 (1984/5): 0.7959 reserve); It: 271 FV 101 Scorpion.
(1985/6): 0.7259 (1986): 0.6597 AFV: recce: 290 FV 107 Scimitar, 1,070 Ferret,
Population: 56,132,000 some 200 Fox.
18-30 31-45 APC: 2,338 FV 432, some 60 FV 603 Saracen,
Men: 5,737,000 5,596,000 500 FV 103 Spartan, some 200 AT-105
Women: 5,511,000 5,531,000 Saxon, some 12 MCV-80 (trials).
58 NATO
Arty: guns: 260: 105mm: 220: 100 towed, 120 Carriers: 3 Invincible ASW, each 5 Sea Harrier
FV 433 Abbot SP; 5.5-in. (140mm): 4 trg; v/STOL ac, 9 Sea King hel, 1 twin Sea Dart
175mm:36M-107SP. SAM, 20mm Phalanx AD system.
how: 155mm: 173: 72 FH-70 towed, 101 Destroyers: 15 GW:
M-109/A2/A3 SP. 203mm: 16 M-l 10 SP. 2 County with 1 twin Seaslug, 2 quad Seacat SAM,
MRL: 4 MLRS 227mm (trials). 4 Exocet SSM, 1 Westland Lynx HAS-2 hel.
SSM: 12 Lance. 1 Bristol with 1 twin Sea Dart SAM (to get Phal-
mor: 81mm. anx AD system).
ATK: RCL 84mm: Carl Gustav, 120mm. 12 Sheffield (Type-42) with 1 twin Sea Dart,
ATGW: Milan (to get FV 103 Spartan SP), 1 Lynx hel.
Swingftre (incl FV 102 Striker, FV 438 SP). Frigates: 39:
SAM: Blowpipe, Javelin; 120 Rapier (some 48 SP). 7 Broadsword (Type-22) with 4 Exocet SSM,
Avn: ac: .9 DHC-2 Beaver AL-1. 2 sextuple Sea Wolf SAM, 2 Lynx hel; 1 trg.
hel: 40 Westland Scout, 9 SA-315 Alouette IIC, 6 Amazon (Type-21) with 4 Exocet SSM,
159 SA-341 Gazelle AH-1,110 Westland Lynx 1 quad Seacat SAM, 1 Lynx hel.
AH-1 (some with TOW), 4 Agusta A-109. 23 Leander (1 trg) with 1 Wasp/Lynx:
Landing craft: 39: 2 Ardennes, 2 Arromanches log, 2 6 with Ikara ASW, 2 quad Seacat,
90-ton -109, 6 small, 1 munitions; 2 tugs, 32 12 with Exocet SSM and SAM (4 with 2 quad
other service vessels (Royal Corps of Transport). Seacat, 3 with 3 quad Seacat, 5 with 1 sex-
(On order: some 125 Challenger MBT; some tuple Sea Wolf).
1,048 MCV-80 Warrior MICV; some 320 5 with 1 quad Seacat.
AT-105 Saxon APC; LA fF-80 RL, Milan, TOW 3 Rothesay with 1 quad Seacat, 1 Wasp hel.
ATGW; some 30 SP Rapier, Javelin, 48 Blow- Minor Surface Combatants: 72:
pipe SAM; 5 Gazelle, 10 Lynx AH-5 hel (some MCMV: 43:
with TOW), 3 LCM, 3 patrol craft, 12 combat 10 Hunt, 23 7b» (3 reserves, 7 fishery patrol),
spt craft.) 10 River (reserves); 1 Abdiel spt ship.
Patrol vessels: 29: 1 Endurance, 5 Peacock,
DEPLOYMENT (see also Forces Abroad, below): 7 Island, 2 Castle, 5 Bird (2 trg), 3 Protector,
United Kingdom Land Forces (UKLF): 42,100: 4 Fleet tenders (trg); 2 32-metre.
Reinforcements for 1 Br Corps, Germany: Amph:
1 inf div HQ, 4 inf bdes (2 Regular, 2 TA). LPD: 2: each 4 LCU, 4 LCVP, 4 quad Seacat SAM.
United Kingdom Mobile Force (UKMF): 1 air logistic (LSL) (RFA): 6 (1 leased commercial). See
portable inf bde and log spt gp. also Army.
Allied Command Europe Mobile Force (LAND) Spt (all RFA): fleet replenishment ships: 4;
(AML(L)): 1 inf bn, 1 armd recce, 1 sigs sqns, tankers: 14: 4 large, 5 spt, 5 small fleet;
1 arty bty, 1 log bn; 1 avn fit. repair 2 hel spt, 1 forward repair ships.
Home Defence: 10 inf, 1 AB bdes. Mise: 1 Royal Yacht (hospital ship), 1 sub tender,
HQ Northern Ireland: (some 10,200): 2 inf bde 9 survey vessels, 1 seabed ops vessel.
HQ, up to 10 major units in inf role (6 resi- RMAS (see above): 8 coastal trg craft (1 mooring
dent, 4 temporary inf bns), 1 SAS, 1 engr sqn, and salvage vessel, 1 twin unit tractor tug).
2 sqns, army aviation regt. Incl in above refitting or in reserve are: 1 SSBN, 2
SSN, 4 diesel subs, 1 carrier, 1 destroyer, 5 frigates,
NAVY: 68,300 (incl Air, Marines, 3,500 women 4 MCM, 1 patrol vessel, 1 LPD, 2 survey ships.
and 390 enlisted outside Britain).
FLEET AIR ARM (FAA):
Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA): (2,350 civilians)
man major spt vessels. AD/attack ac: 3 sqns with BAe Sea Harrier
Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service (RMAS): (2,880). FRS-1, 1 T-4N.
(Reserves): 6 HQ units, 11 Sea Trg Centres (STC), ASW hel: 7 sqns:
6 with Westland-Sikorsky Sea King HAS-2/-5;
12 Comms Trg Centres (CTC), 1 MCM sqn:
1 with Westland Wasp HAS-1 (in indep fits).
9 MSF, 2 MCMV, 9 MCM, 8 patrol, 72 auxiliary ASW/attack hel: 2 sqns with Westland Lynx
service units.
HAS-2/-3 (in indep fits).
Bases: Devonport, Faslane, Portland, Ports- AEW hel: 1 sqn with Sea King AEW-2.
mouth, Rosyth. Cdo/assault rpt hel: 3 sqns:
Subs (attack): 29: 2 with Sea King HC-4;
SSN: 14 (3 Trafalgar, 6 Swiftsure, 2 Valiant, 1 with Westland-Sikorsky Wessex HU-5.
3 Churchill). Spt/SAR hel: 2 sqns with Wessex HU-5.
SS: 15(13 Oberon, 2 Porpoise (to retire 1987)). Trg: 2 sqns: 1 with BAe Jetstream ac; 1 with
Principal Surface Combatants: 59 (incl 2 LPD): SA-341 Gazelle HT-2 hel, Chipmunk T-10 ac.
NATO 59
Fleet spt: BAe Canberra T-18/-22, BAe Hunter AD: 9 sqns:
T-7/-8, GA-11, 3 Dassault Mystère-Falcon 20. 2 with BAe Lightning F-6/F-3/T-5;
Liaison: BAe/HS-125 (VIP), DH Sea Heron, 7 with McDonnell-Douglas Phantom (7 sqns
DH Sea Devon. Tornado F-2 to be formed).
Equipment: 26 combat ac, 154 tned hel. Recce: 2 sqns with Jaguar GR-1; 1 fit with BAe
Aircraft: Canberra PR-9.
Sea Harrier/Harrier: 26. Sea Harrier FRS-1: 23 MR: 4 sqns with BAe Nimrod MR-1/-IA/-2 (Har-
(15 ftr, 8 trg); T-4N: 2 (trg). Harrier T4:1 (trg). poon ASM, Sidewinder AAM being fitted).
Canberra: 10 (spt). Hunter: 24 (spt). HS-125: 2 AEW: 1 sqn with BAe Shackleton AEW-2.
(VIP tpt). Mystere-Falcon 20: 3 (spt). Tanker: 4 sqns:
Jetstream: 20; T-2: 16 (trg). T-3: 4 (trg). Sea 2 with BAe Victor K-2;
Heron: 4 (liaison). Sea Devon: 2 (liaison). 1 with BAe VC-10 K-2/-3;
Chipmunk: 13 (trg). 1 with Lockheed Tris tar K-l.
Helicopters: Tpt: 5 sqns:
Sea King: 113. HAS-2/-5: 83 (61 ASW, 22 trg). 1 strategic with VC-10 C-l/rrâtar-1-500;
HC-4: 26 (cdo). AEW-2: 4. 4 tac with C-130H/-HC3 Hercules.
Lynx: 75. HAS-2: 55. HAS-3: 20. Liaison: 2 comms sqns with BAe (/HS-125, /HS-
Wasp HAS-1: 32 (22 ASW/survey, 10 trg). 748 Andover, Pembroke), Piper Chieftain.
Wessex: 41. HU-5: 21 cdo, 7 SAR, 3 spt, 10 trg. Queen's Fit: BAe/HS-146-100 Andover.
Gazelle: 19 (trg). ECM: 3 ECM/target facility/calibration sqns with

Missiles: Canberra, Nimrod MR-1, Andover E-3/C-1.
ASM: Sea Skua. AAM: AJM-9 Sidewinder. Trg: 12 OCU: Tornado GR-1/F-2, Buccaneer S Mk
2, Phantom FGR-2, Jaguar GR-1/T-2, /far-
ROYAL MARINES: (7,600). rier GR-3/T-4, Nimrod, Canberra B-2/T-4,
1 cdo bde: 3 cdos; 1 cdo arty regt + 1 bty (Army); C-130H, Victor K-2.
2 cdo engr sqns (1 Regular, 1 Reserve), 1 log 2 tac weapons units: i/MHter F-6/GA-9/T-7,
regt (tri-Service); 1 It hel sqn. BAe Hawk T-l, BAe /e* Provost.
1 Special Boat Sqn: 3 assault sqns (2 raiding, 1 Trg units: #awfc T-l, Jet Provost, BAe
landing craft tps: 6 landing craft). Jetstream T-l, BAe Bulldog T-l, Chipmunk
(Reserve): 1 assault tp. T-10, HS-125 Dominie T-l (all BAe); Beagle
Equipment:
Arty: guns: 18 105mm. mor 18 81mm. Tac hel: 5 sqns: 1 with Westland-Sikorsky
ATK: RCL: 84mm: Carl Gustav. ATGW: Milan. Wewex; 2 with Westland-Aerospatiale Pw/wa
SAM: Javelin, Blowpipe. HC-1; 2 with ChinookHC-l (Boeing CH-47).
Hel: 12 SA-341 Gazelle AH-1, 6 Lynx AH-1. SAR hel: 9 fits: 5 with Wessex HC-2; 4 with
(On order RN: 1 Vanguard SSBN, 4 Trafalgar SSN, Westland-Sikorsky Sea King HAR-3.
4 Upholder (Type-2400) SS; 3 Duke (Type-23), Trg hel: Wessex, Westland-Sikorsky Whirlwind,
7 Type-22 frigates (1 for delivery 1986/7); 3 SA-341 Gazelle.
Hunt, 2 River (1986/7), 1 450-ton single-role AD: 2 SAM sqns with Bloodhound 2, 1 Royal
minehunter, 7 coastal trg craft; 1 landing ship Auxiliary AF sqn with 12 x 2 35mm Oerlikon
(logistic), 1 hel carrier trg auxiliary ship, 1 AA guns with Skyguard (see also RAF Regt).
replenishment oiler, 1 coastal survey vessel; 2 Equipment: some 635 combat ac.
salvage ships; 72 Trident II SLBM, 15 Goal- Aircraft:
keeper 30mm AD systems, Harpoon SSM, Sea- Tornado: some 204: GR-1:189 (148 strike, 19 in
wolf'SAM; 2000 Stingray torpedoes. tri-national trg sqn (Cottesmore), 22 in
FAA: 23 Sea Harrier FRS-1, 4 Jetstream Mk 3 weapons conversion unit); F-2: 15 (OCU).
ac; 14 Sea King (5 HAS-5, 9 HC-4); 7 Lynx Buccaneer: 52 (25 attack, 9 OCU, 18 reserve).
HAS-3 hel; Sea Eagle ASM. Jaguar. 75 (12 FGA, 24 close spt, 24 recce, 15
Marines: 18 Mk 4 LCVP, 3 LCU.) OCU).
Harrier. 52 (32 close spt, 20 OCU).
AIR FORCE: 93,400 (incl 6,000 women). Phantom: 150. FG-1: 36; F-3 (F-4J): 12 (ftr);
Strike: 11 sqns: FGR-2: 102 (48 FGA, 18 OCU, 36 reserve).
9 with Panavia Tornado GR-1; Lightning: 22 (ftr).
2 with BAe Buccaneer S-2A/B (assigned mari- Hunter. 5 (tac weapons unit).
time, with Sea Eagle ASM). Hawk: 117 (72 tac weapons unit (Sidewinder-
FGA: 5 sqns: capable), 45 trg).
3 with BAe Harrier GR-3/T-4; Canberra: 38. 31 (ECM/target facility/ cali-
2 with Jaguar. bration); PR-9: 3 (recce); B-2/T-4: 4 (OCU).
60 NATO
Nimrod: 34. 3 (ECM); 3 (ocu); MR-1/-1A/-2: GR-3 FGA, 4 Puma hel), 1 Rapier AD det
28 (MR). (4 fire units) RAF Regt.
Shackleton: 10 (5 AEW, 5 reserve). Brunei: Army: some 900: 1 Gurkha inf bn, 1 hel fit
Victor: 23(16 tanker, 7 OCU). (3 ac).
Tristan 9. 2 (tanker/cargo, to be 6), 7 (strategic Canada: Army: training and liaison unit.
tpt, to be 3). Cyprus: 4,664. Army: 3,253: UNFICYP (741):
VC-10: 20. C-1: 11 (strategic tpt); K-2: 5 1 inf bn less 2 coys, 1 armd recce sqn, 1 hel fit,
(tanker); K-3: 4 (tanker, to be 5). engr and log spt; Garrison: 1 inf bn plus 2 inf
C-130: 45 (40 tac tpt, 5 OCU). coys, 1 armd recce, 1 engr spt sqns, 1 hel fit.
Andover. 12 (5 ECM/target facility/ calibration, RAF: 1,393: 1 hel sqn, dets of Phantom, Light-
3 Queens Ht, 4 comms). HS-125: 25; T-1: 19 ning ac, 1 It armd sqn RAF Regt. Navy/
(trg); CC-1/-2: 6 (comms). Pembroke: 6 Marines: 18.
(comms). BAe-146: 1 (comms). Jet Provost: Egypt (Sinai MFO): 38 technical and admin
147 (2 tac weapons unit, 145 trg). Jetstream: personnel.
11 (trg). Chieftain: 3 (comms). Bulldog: 11 Falkland Islands: some 2,000 (being reduced).
(trg). Chipmunk: 60 (trg). Husky: 1 (trg). Army: 1 inf bn gp, 1 AD bty, 1 engr fd sqn,
Helicopters: 1 sqn army air. Navy: 1 SSN/SS, 2 escorts,
Wessex: 56 (20 tac tpt, 18 SAR, 4 OCU, 14 trg). 3 patrol, spt and auxiliary ships. RAF: 1 Phan-
Chinook: 32 (27 tac tpt, 5 OCU). tom sqn (9), 6 Hercules K-l, 3 Sea King HAR-3,
Puma: 31 (26 tac tpt, 5 OCU). 6 Chinook hel, 1 sqn RAF regt (Rapier SAM).
Sea King: 14 (SAR). (Details may vary through the year.)
Gazelle: 22 (trg). Whirlwind: 5 (trg). Germany: 69,548. Army (BAOR): 55,977; 1 corps
Missiles: HQ; 3 armd divs incl 8 armed, 1 air mobile
AAM: Sidewinder, Sparrow, Red Top, Fire- (trials) inf bdes; 1 arty bde (11 armd, 2 recce, 12
streak, Sky Flash. arty (1 msl), 2 AD, 7 engr, 3 army air (10 air
ASM: Martel, Harpoon, Sea Eagle. sqns, 2 indep fits) regts; 13 inf bns). Berlin Inf
SAM: 64 Bloodhound. Bde: 3,000; 3 inf bns, one armd sqn. RAF:
(On order, Harrier GR-3/T-4, 62 Harrier II 10,571; 13 ac, 2 hel sqns: 2 Phantom FGR-2,
(AV-8B = GR-5), Tornado (some 30 GR-1, 150 6 Tornado, 1 Jaguar (recce), 2 Harrier, 1 Pem-
F-2), 11 Nimrod AEW-3, HS-125-700, BAe- broke (comms); 1 Puma, 1 Chinook (tpt). RAF
146-100 (VIP), 3 VC-10 K-2/-3, 130 Short/ regt 2 Wing HQ; 4 Rapier SAM, 1 It armd sqns.
Embraer Tucano trg; Sea King HAR hel; AIM- Gibraltar 1,947. Army: 771; 1 inf bn, 1 engr team,
9L Sidewinder, Rapier SAM, Sky Flash AAM, 1 arty surveillance tp. Navy/Marines: 720; 1
750 ALARM, Sea Eagle ASM.) escort, 1 spt ship; Marine dets, 2 twin Exocet
ROYAL AIR FORCE REGIMENT: launchers (coast defence). Base unit. RAF: 456;
5 Wing HQ. periodic Jaguar ac dets.
5 It armd sqns. Hong Kong: 8,945: Army: 8,017 (British 1,917,
9 SAM sqns (Rapier). Gurkha 4,765, Hong Kong Regt 1,335); Gurkha
36 Scorpion It tks; 90 Spartan APC; 72 Rapier SAM. Field Force with 1 Br, 4 Gurkha inf bns, 1 each
Gurkha engr, sigs, tpt regts, 1 hel sqn (-) with 10
(Reserves (Royal Auxiliary Air Force)): 1 air Scout AH-1, spt units, 3 small landing craft, 3
movements sqn; 6 fd def sqns; 1 It AA gun sqn other vessels. Navy: 650 (378 locally enlisted); 5
with 1 2 x 2 35mm Oerlikon and Skyguard. Peacock patrol craft, (12 patrol boats in local
DEPLOYMENT: service), 1 Marine Raiding sqn. RAF: 278; 1
Strike Command: 3 Gps; operational home com- Wessex hel sqn (10 HC-2).
mand responsible for the UK Air Defence India/Nepal: Army: 1,330 locally enlisted personnel.
Region and Near and Far East; overseas com- Indian Ocean: Navy: 1 destroyer/frigate, 1 spt
mand (RAF Germany, Belize and Falklands). ship; Diego Garcia, 1 naval party, 1 Marine det.
Support Command: training, supply and mainten- West Indies (see also Belize): Navy: 2 destroyers/
ance support of other commands. frigates, 2 survey vessels, 2 RFA.
Military Advisers: 662 in 30 countries.
Forces Abroad: 93,164 (1985). Army 70,641,
Navy/Marines 5,321, Air Force: 17,202.
Antarctica: Navy: 1 ice patrol ship.
Ascension Island: RAF: Hercules C-1P tanker CANADA
(C-130Hmod)dets.
Belize: 1,500. Army: some 1,200; 1 inf bn, GDP 1984: $C 436.08 bn ($US 330.48 bn)
1 armd recce tp, 1 fd arty bty, 1 engr sqn, 1 hel 1985e: $C 469.78 bn ($US 340.90 bn)
fit (4 Gazelle AH-1). RAF: 200; 1 fit (4 Harrier growth 1984: 4.2% 1985:2.5%
NATO 61
2 Annapolis each with 1 Sea King hel.
Inflation 1984: 4.4% 1985:4.0% 6 St Laurent each with 1 Sea King hel.
Debt 1984: $US 110.0 bn 4 Improved Restigouche with ASROC.
SUS 120.5 bn A Mackenzie.
Def bdgt 1985/6: $C 9.383 bn (SUS 6.809 bn);
3 Restigouche.
NATOdefn* $US 7.4 bn
1986/7: $C 9.955 bn (SUS 7.187 bn); Replenishment spt ships: 3, each with 3 Sea King heL
NATO defn n.a. Auxiliaries (civilian-manned): 11:
$ 1 =$C (1983/4): 1.2395 (1984/5): 1.3196 3 océanographie research, 1 diving spt, 7 tugs (2
(1985/6): 1.3781 (1986): 1.3851 ocean, 5 coastal().
Trg: 22: 6 coastal, 5 gate, 1 yacht(, 10 small.
Population: 25,454,000 (On order 6 Halifax-dass ASW destroyers (DDH-
18-30 31-45 330); 36 RGM-84D Harpoon ASM; Sea Spar-
Men: 3,112,000 2,834,000 row SAM; radar.)
Women: 3,016,000 2,790,000
DEPLOYMENT AND BASES:
Atlantic: Halifax; 3 subs, 4 DDH-280, 2 Anna-
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: polis, 6 St Laurent, 1 Restigouche (in reserve,
Regulan 83,000 (planned 90,000 by 1989; 7,400 non-operational) frigates, 2 replenishment spt
women).t ships, 2 sqns each with 7 Aurora, 1 sqn with 6
Terms of service, voluntary. Tracker, 3 hel sqns, 32 Sea King ASW.

Reserves: 24,700.
Pacific: Esquimalt; 10 ASW frigates (incl 4 trg,
Army (Militia) 19,000; Comms 1,500; Navy
3,200; Air 1,000. (Total planned to increase to 2 in reserve, non-operational), 1 replenishment
spt ship, 6 patrol vessels (trg); 2 MR sqns:
40,000 by 1989.)
Commands:! 1 with 4 Aurora, 1 with 3 Tracker.
Mobile Command (about 18,000 land and air).
Maritime Command (MARCOM; about 15,000). AIR FORCE: 15,300.f
Air Command (23,000). Canadian Air Group (CAG):
Communications Comd. Ftr: 2 sqns with CF-18 (F/A-18 Hornet) (third
Canadian Forces Training System. sqn due in 1987).
Fighter Group:
ARMY (Land Forces): 21,000.f FGA: 3 sqns (1 trg) with CF-116/-116D
2 bde gps: each 1 armd regt, 3 mech inf bns, (Northrop F-5A/D) (1 NATO-assigned); to get
1 arty (2 close spt, 1 AD btys), 1 engr regts, spt CF-18 from 1987. 1 trg sqn with CF-18D.
units. AD: 2 sqns with CF-18 (trg sqn to augment).
1 special service force (4,000): 1 armd regt, 1 inf ECM: 1 trg sqn with CC-117 (Dassault Mys-
bn, 1 AB, 1 arty, 1 engr regts, 1 spt unit. tère-Falcon 20), CT-133 (Lockheed T-33),
1 mech bde gp: 1 armed regt, 2 mech inf bns, CF-101 (McDonnell-Douglas Voodoo).
1 arty, 1 engr regts, spt units. EWng: 13 North Warning System sites, sup-
(Reserves): 131 combat arms and spt units. plemented by 39 short-range radar sites;
Equipment: Region Operational Control Centre (ROCC).
Tks: 114 LeopardC-l. 1 space tracking and identification site.
AFV: recce: 174 Lynx, 195 Cougar. Maritime Air Group:
APC: 961 M-l 13, 269 Grizzly. MR: 6 sqns:
Arty: how: 105mm: 12 model 44 (L-5) pack, 190 4 (1 trg) with CP-140 Aurora (Lockheed P-3
towed; 155mm: 50 M-109 SP. mod);
ATK: RCL 84mm: 787 Carl Gustav. 2 (1 reserve) with CP-121 Grumman Tracker.
ATGW: 149 TOW. ASW: 3 hel sqns (1 trg) with CH-124 Sikorsky
AD: guns: 40mm: 57 L-40/60. Sea King, afloat.
SAM: 111 Blowpipe. Liaison: 2 utility sqns with Lockheed T-33,
(On order TOW-2 ATGW; 30 Oerlikon twin 35mm CP-121 acr, CH-135 (Bell 212) hel.
with Skyguard radar AD/ATK system (ADATS).) Tactical Air Group (TAG):
Tac hel: 6 sqns with CH-135, CH-136 (OH-58)
NAVY (Maritime Forces): 5,5OO.f Kiowa, CH-147 (CH-47) Chinook.
Subs: 3 Oberon. Air Transport Group:
Escorts: 23 ASW: Tpfe 6 sqns:
4 DDH-280 each with 2 CH-124 Sikorsky Sea 4 (1 trg) with CC-130E/H Lockheed Hercules.
King hel, 2 quad Sea Sparrow SAM. 1 with CC-137 (Boeing 707).
62 NATO
1 with CC-109 Cosmopolitan (Convair 440), Canadian Rangers: 620; Ranger cadets: some 600
CC-132 (DHC-7R Ranger), CC-144 Chal- (component of Militia).
lenger (Canadair 600/601).
SAR: 5 tpt/SAR sqns with CC-130, CC-129 * Canadian fiscal year is 1 April—31 March. NATO data
(DC-3), CC-115 PHC-5 Buffalo), CC-138 refers to calendar year.
(DHC-6 Twin Otter) acr, CH-113/-113A (BV- t The Canadian Armed Forces were unified in 1968.
107) Labrador, CH-135 heL Of the total strength, some 41,200 are not identified by
Liaison hel: 4 base hel flights with CH-118 (Bell service.
205), CH-135. $ Mobile Command commands land combat forces, and
Training Group: Maritime Command all naval forces. Air Command com-
Trg: 3 flying schools with CT-133, CT-134 mands all air forces, but Maritime Command has oper-
ational control of maritime air forces. Mobile Command
(Beech T-34) Musketeer, CT-114 (CL-41) has operational control of TAG. HQ 4 ATAF in Europe has
Tutor, CC-129 (C-47) acr, CH-139 (Bell 206) operational control of CAG.
hel. 1 demonstration unit with CT-114.
Equipment: 140 combat ac; 32 armed hel.
Aircraft
CF-116 (F-5): 49. -A: 24 (FGA); -D: 25 (FGA).
DENMARK
CF-18D (F/A-18A/B): 56 (50 FGA, 6 trg).

CF-101: 2 (1 ECM, 1 trg). GDP 1984: kr 561.14 bn ($54.180 bn)
CP-14O:18(MR). 1985: kr 605.30 bn ($57.125 bn)
CP-121: 22 (15 MR, 3 liaison, 4 reserve). growth 1984: 3.5% 1985: 2.7%
CC-130E/H: 28 (tpt). Inflation 1984: 6.3% 1985: 4.7%
CC-137: 5 (tpt). CC-109: 7 (tpt). CC-117: 4 (EW Debt 1984: $36.8 bn 1985: $36.6 bn
trg). CC-144: 8 (tpt). CC-132: 1 (tpt). CC-138: Def exp 1985: kr 12.579 bn ($1.187 bn);
8 (tpt). CC-115: 11 (tpt). T-33: 9 (liaison). CT- NATO dfn $1.298 bn
133: 17.(trg). CT-114: 111 (trg). CT-134: 20 Defbdgt 1986*: kr 12.771 bn ($1.553 bn);
(trg). CC-129: 2 (trg). NATO dfn n.a.
Helicopters: $l=kr (1983): 9.1450 (1984): 10.357
CH-124: 35 (32 (ASW afloat, 3 reserve). (1985): 10.596 (1986): 8.226
CH-135: 38 (31 tac, 5 tpt, 2 liaison). kr = Danish kroner
CH-136: 36 (tac). Population: 5,145.,000
CH-147: 7 (tac). CH-113: 13 (tpt). CH-118: 9
(tpt). CH-139: 14 (trg). 18-30 31-45
Men: 512,000 582,000
(On order 80 CF-18 (50 F-18A, 30 -B) ftrs, Women: 490,000 559,000
4 CC-144 (CL-601 Challenger) EW/trg/test,
6 DHC-8 (2 CC-142 tpt, 4 CT-142 trg);
Sidewinder, Sparrow AAM.) TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Regular 29,525 (6,825 conscripts).
Forces Abroad: Terms of service. 9—12 months (up to 18 months
Europe: in certain ranks).
1 mech bde gp (to be 4,203 end 1986); 1 armd, 2 Reserves: 162,700: 72,500 active.
inf, 1 arty bns, engr regt, hel sqn, log/adm bn. Home Guard 75,200 (11,100 women) (to age 50).
59 Leopard 1 MBT, 363 M-113 APC/recce, 59 Amy: 128,900.
Lynx comd/recce, 24 M-109 155mm SP how, Augmentation Force (immediate recall): (to
40 TOW ATGW, 42 40mm AA guns, 31 Blow- wartime 'covering force') 4,500.
pipe SAM, 12 CH-136 Kiowa hel. 1,415 Mobilization Forces: Field Army Reserve
reinforcements in Canada. (FAR) 51,900 — comprising Covering Force
1 Air Group: (2,700). 2 ftr sqns with 42 CF-18. 1 Reserve (12,000): 5 mech inf bns (1 per
det; 1 CC-132 and 4 CT-133 liaison ac. bde), men (to bring units to war strength);
Cyprus (UNFICYP): 515. Other (39,900); 5 mot inf bns, men for regi-
Syria/Israel (UNDOF): 226. mental combat teams, combat and log spt.
Other Middle East (UNTSO): 20. Regional Defence Force: 7 Regions: 14,000.
Egypt (MFO): 136. Hjemmevaemet (Home Guard): 58,500 (8,100
women); some 550 Coys.
PARA-MILITARY: Navy: 9,400: 4,500 active. Home Guard: 4,900
Coast Guard: 6,561 (civilian-manned); 1 large, (1,500 women).
7 med, 3 It icebreakers, 38 SAR vessels, 25 Air 23,400: 11,600 active. Home Guard:
tenders, 2 DHC-7R ac, 37 hel, 5 hovercraft. 11,800 (1,700 women); some 90 sqns.
NATO 63
ARMY: 15,600 (5,200 conscripts): Standing Force Air Defence Group:
(7,000); ('Covering Force') HQ, schools, adminis- AD: 1 SAM bn: 6 batteries with Improved HAWK
tration (some 4,250) (trg force 4,000, UN 323). (2 more forming 1986).
To be 72,000 on mobilization. Air Material Command:
3 geographical commands: 2 div HQ. Tpt 1 sqn, 3 comms fits with C-130H Her-
5 mech inf bdes, each with 1 tk, 2 mech, 1 arty cules, Gulfstream III, SAAB T-17.
bns, spt units. SAR 1 sqn with Sikorsky S-61A hel.
6 regimental combat teams, each with 2—3 inf, 1 Trg: 1 flying school with T-17.
arty bns, spt units. Equipment: 96 combat ac.
8 indep inf bns. Aircraft
1 Army avn unit, some 8 platoons (being re-org). F-16A/B: 64 (FGA).
Reserves: 10 inf (5 mech, 5 mot), 4 arty bns, ATK F-35: 32. F-35XD: 16 (FGA/AD); RW5XD: 16 (recce).
sqns, spt units. C-130: 3 (tpt). Gulfstream III: 3 (tpt). SAAB T-17:
Equipment: 22 (7 tpt, 15 trg).
Tks: 208: 120 Leopard 1, 88 Centurion; Hel:
lt48M-41. S-61: 8 (SAR).
APC: 650 M-l 13, 68 M-106 mor-armed. Msls:
AAM: Sidewinder.
Arty, guns: 155mm: 24 M-59 towed. SAM: 36 Improved HAWK.
how. 324: 105mm: 144 M-101; 155mm: 168: 96 (On order 12 F-16A/B FGA/trg; AIM-9L
M-l 14 towed, 72 M-109 SP; 203mm: 12 Sidewinder AAM.
M-l 15 towed.
mor 81mm, 120mm. Forces Abroad:
ATK: RCU 84mm: 400 Carl Gustav, 106mm: 252. Cyprus (UNFICYP): 1 bn: 323.
RL- LAW. ATGW TOW. Other 159.
AD: guns: 40mm: 36 L/60.
SAM: Hamlet (Redeye). * 1 Jan 1985 price levels. Supplemented at year-end with
Avn: ac 16 SAAB T-17 It. hel: 12 Hughes 500M. inflation allowance.
NAVY: 6,925 (825 conscripts).

Bases: Copenhagen, Korsor, Frederikshavn.
Subs: 4: 2 Narhvalen; 2 Delfinen. FRANCE
Frigates: 10:
5 (2 Peder Skram (at cadre crew status, 1986), 3 GDP 1984: fr 4,284.1 bn ($490.222 bn)
Niek Juel) with 2 quad Harpoon SSM, Sea 1985: fr 4,595.4 bn ($511.441 bn)
Sparrow SAM; growth 1984: 1.6% 1985: 1.1%
5 Hvidbjemen fishery-protection (1 Lynx hel). Inflation 1984: 7.4% 1985: 5.8%
Debt 1984: $94.0 bn 1985: $67.0 bn
FAC(G): 10 Willemoes with 8 Harpoon SSM. Defbdgt* 1985: fr 150.2 bn ($16.716 bn);
FAC(T): 6 Seteven (2 in active reserve). NATO defn $20.728 bn
Patrol craft: 27: 1986: fr 158.026 bn ($22.342 bn);
22 large (8 Daphne (to be replaced), 3 Agdlek, 2 NATO defn $27.715 bn
Maagen, 9 Barso); 5 Botved coastal(. $l=fr (1983): 7.6213 (1984): 8.7391
Minelayers: 7 (4 Falster, 2 Lindormen, 1 Lange- (1985): 8.9852 (1986): 7.0730
land).
Minesweepers: 6 Sund (US MSC-60) coastal. Population: 55,502,000
Mise 2 coastal tankers, 4 ice breakers, 1 Royal Yacht 18-30 31-45
Coast defence unit 2 coastal fortresses; 150mm guns. Men: 5,609,000 5,956,000
Hel: 7 Lynx (up to 4 embarked). Women: 5,432,000 5,674,000
Reserves (Home Guard): 37 coastal patrol craft
(On order 3 Kobben subs, 7 Standard Flex 300 TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
multi-role patrol boats, Type 617 torpedoes, Har- Regular 557,493 (13,600 women, 253,300 con-
poon SSM, Sea Sparrow SAM.) scripts) (incl Gendarmerie, Service de Santé,
Inter-service Central Staffs). To be reduced by
AIR FORCE: 7,000 (800 conscripts). 37,500 by 1988.
Tactical Air Comman± Terms of service. 12 months plus post-conscription
FGA: 4 sqns with General Dynamics F-16A/B. voluntary system of 16—24 months.
FGA/AD: 1 sqn with SAAB F-35XD Drohen. Reserves: 391,000; Army 305,000, Navy 28,000,
FGA/recce 1 sqn with RF-35XD Draken. Air 58,000.
64 NATO
STRATEGIC NUCLEAR FORCES: (18,820, some 1 air mobile div (5,100): 1 inf, 3 combat hel,
2,499 Army, 5,053 Navy, 9,957 Air Force, 747 1 comd/spt regts (to be 2 inf, 4 combat hel
Gendarmerie, 564 others). regts) see ALAT.
SLBM: 6 SSBN: 1 log bde spt units (ind 1 sigs, 1 tpt regts).
1 with 16 M-4/TN-70; Indep regts: 1 EW, 1 para, 6 arty, 4 engr, 6 tpt
5 with 16 M-2Q/TN-60 msls (1 on long refit ind Foreign Legion (8,300). 1 armd, 1 para, 4 inf (trg), 2
conversion to M-4/TN-71, Exocet SM-39 SLCM). engr regts.
IRBM: 18 SSBS S-3D/TN-61 msls in 2 sqns. (Test Reserves: (8,500):
centre: 4 silos). Immediate manning, 1 Army, FAR units, 45,000.
Aircraft; 105 combat ac. Forces in Germany ( 18,500) 1 inf div.
Bbrs: 2 wings, 4 sqns. Military Regions: 7 bdes (each some 3,500 men; It
3 sqns with 22 Dassault Mirage IVA (AN-22 armd, 2 inf regts, engrs); Strategic nuc defence:
nuclear bombs). 1 div (5 inf regts); Frontier defence: 6 inf regts;
1 sqn with 8 Mirage IVP (ASMP nuclear ASM, Territorial defence: 23 regts (each some 1,000
one more sqn to be operational end-1986; 10 men, some with It armd sqn, engrs.
more Mirage IVA being converted to IVP; ARMY AVIATION (ALAT) (7,000). 177 combat hel.
totall8acbyend-1987). 1 Air mobile div:
Trg: 12 Mirage TUB, 2 Dassault Mystère-Falœn 20P. 1 regt with 4 manoeuvre sqns each 11 Puma; 1
Tankers: 1 wing: liaison sqn with 16 SA-341 Gazelle.

3 sqns with 11 Boeing KC-135F/FR. 3 regts each with 1 manoeuvré sqn with 11 Puma,
Comms: 4 Transall C-160 ASTARTE airborne 1 observation sqn with 9 SA-34l/Athos, 1
comms centres. gunship sqn with 10 SA-341, 3 ATK sqns each
Reserve: 6 Mirage TVA recce. 10 SA-342//7Oror.4/oue«e/SS-ll.
'Prestrategic' Nuclear Forces: (8,628). (240 hel: 77 Puma, 20 Alouette ////SS-11, 70
French doctrine considers shorter-range nuclear SA-342/HOT, 30 SA-341/gun; 27 SA-341/
forces to fill this role. They include: Athos, 16 SA-341 recce.)
Army (6,129): Pluton SSM; 3 corps hel regts, each 10 Puma, 16 SA-341/-342/
Navy (154): Super Etendard strike acr, Alouette ATK, 10 Gazelle.
Air (2,208): 5 sqns: 4 territorial defence groups.
3 with 45 Jaguar, 2 with 30 Mirage III; all with 2 hel schools, detachments to 3 armd, inf, arty
AN-52 bombs; schools.
(On order 1 SSBN (1994), 48 M-4/TN-71 SLBM, 1 Army liaison sqn, overseas detachment
ASMP nuclear ASM.) Equipment:
Tks: 1,300 AMX-30 (248 -B2); It 327 AMX-13.
ARMY: 296,480 ind Army Aviation, 6,250 women AFV: recce: 225 AMX-10RC, 60 ERC-90F4 Sag-
(189,000 conscripts). aie, 650 AML-60/90 (perhaps 300 in store).
1 army HQ, 3 corps HQ. MICV: 780 AMX-lOP/PC/M/an.
6 armd divs. APC 1,100 AMX-13 VTT, 2,060 VAB, 60 VAB
2 It armd divs. (HOT).
2 motor rifle (APC) divs. Arty. 763. guns: 155mm: 110 AU-F-1 SP.
1 para regt how 105mm: 30 AU-50; 155mm: 623:165 HM-2,
3 SAM regts (11 btys with 66 HAWK) (1 school). 208 BF-50, 36 TR-F-1 towed, 214 F-3 SP.
1 sigs, 2 EllNT/EW regts. SSM: 44 Pluton.
Army/corps unity. 3 armd recce, 1 special ops, mon 120mm: 552.
1 drone, 1 hy arty, 5 SSM with Pluton, 5 SAM (each ATK: RU 12,000 89mm, Apilas 112mm.
of 4 btys) with 139 Roland UÜ and twin 30mm ATGW: 113 AMX-13/SS-11, 1,400 Milan.
AA guns, 2 inf, 3 combat heL 5 engr, AD: guns: 817: 20mm: 90 76T1, 475 53T2; 30mm:
7 sigs, 3 tpt, 3 military police (traffic), 1 cadre 390 towed, 57 AMX-30 DCA twin SP. SAM: 220:
(sqn) regts; 3 log bdes. 69 HAWK, 151 Roland Uli.
Rapid Action Force (FAR): 45,000. Avœ hel: 180 SA-315 AlouetteE, 65 SA-316 ffl(AS-11
1 para div (13,500): 6 para inf, 1 It armd, ATCW), 130 SA-330 Puma, 162 SA-341F/M and
1 arty, 1 engr, 1 comd spt regts, 1 spt b a 128 SA-342M Gazelle hd with HOT.
1 air portable marine div (8,000): 4 inf, 1 It armd, ac 17 MH-1521 Broussard, 18 CL-89 drones;
1 arty, 1 engr, 1 comd/spt regts. Cessna L-19 reported.
1 It armd div (7,400): 2 It armd, 2 APC inf, (On order 630 AMX-30B2 MBP, 600 Panhard M-l 1
1 arty, 1 engr, 1 comd/spt regts. VBL, 60 AMX-10RC, 120 ERC-90F4 armd cars;
1 alpine div (8,500): 6 mountain inf regts, 1 It AMX-10P MICV; 294 VAB APC, 170 AU-F-1
armd, 1 arty, 1 comd/spt regts; 1 engr bn. 155mm SP guns; 145 TR-F-1 155mm how, 3
NATO 65
227mm MRL; 58 120mm mor, 12,500 Apilas RL; ASW: 2 fits with Breguet Alizé (mod).
850 HOT (VAB and Gazelle), ACCP ATGW; 170 MR: 6 fits, 4 with Breguet Atlantic, 2 with Dassault
20mm AA guns; 31 Roland, 297 Mistral SAM; Gardian (Mystèi* Façon 20).
AS-332 Super Puma (with battlefield surveillance Recce: 1 fit with Etendard IVP.
radar), 26 SA-342M (HOT) heL) OCU: Etendard IVM; Fouga Zepfer, ^//zi.
Trg: 4 units with Nord 262 Frégate, Piper Navajo,
NAVY: 66,345 ind Naval Air, (1,500 women; EMB-121 Xingu, MS-760 Paris, Mystère-
17,680 conscripts). Falcon 10MER.
Comds: 2 home (CECLANT, CECMED), 2 overseas. Mise 3 comms/liaison units (1 VIP) with DC-6, Fal-
Bases: Cherbourg, Brest, Lorient, Toulon. con 10MER, Nord 262, Navajo.
Subs (attack): 17. 1 trial unit with Nord N-2504.
SSN: 2 Rubis (with SM-39 Exocet SSM). 2 It ac units with 12 Rallye 880, 6 CAP-10.
SS: 15: 4 Agosta, 9 Daphne, 2 Narval. ASW hel: 3 sqns with Westland Lynx.
trials: 1 SSB. Cdo hel: 2 assault sqns with SA-321 Super Frelon.
Principal Surface Combatants: 46. Trg hel: SA-316/-319 Alouette II/HI.
Carriers: 3: Mise hel: 2 comms/SAR units with Alouette II/III,
2 attack Clemenceau, 39 ac (3 fits with 20 SA-332 Super Puma. 1 trials unit with Alouette
Dassault Super Etendard, 1 with 7 F-8E Cru- II/III, Wesüand Lynx, Super Frelon.
Equipment: 122 combat ac, 24 combat heL
sader, 1 with 6 Breguet Alizé, 1 det with 4

Etendard rvp, 4 hel). Aircraft
1 ASW (LPH): Jeanne d'Arc (capacity 8 Westland Super Etendard: 37 (strike).
Lynx hel) with 6 Exocet SSM (trg). Etendard: 20. WP: 8 (recce); IVM: 12 (trg).
Cruiser 1 command with 4 Exocet SSM, 1 twin Crusader 12 (ftr).
Masurca SAM. Alizé: 21 (16 ASW, 4 trg, 1 mise).
Destroyers: 17. Atlantic: 26 (MR) (2 -NG (modernized)).
ASW. 15: Gardian: 5 (MR).
5 Leygues (C-70) ASW with 4 Exocet, 1 octuple Zephir. 12 (trg). Nord 262: 23 (13 trg, 10 mise).
Crotale SAM, 2 Lynx hel; Navajo: 11 (2 trg, 9 mise). Xingu: 14 (9 trg, 5
2 S i # w i with 4 Exoc«, 1 Malafon ASW/SSM, 1 mise). Rallye 880:16 (trg). CAP-10: 5 (trg). MS-
twin Masurca SAM; 760: 8 (mise). Mystère-Falcon 10MER: 6 (mise).
3 Tourville (F-67) with 6 £xoc«, 1 octuple Nord N-2504: 1 (mise).
Crotale SAM, 1 Malafon, 2 Lynx, Helicopters:
1 T-56 with 1 Malafon, 1 hel; Lynx 26 (24 ASW, 2 mise).
1 T-53 with 4 Exocet, 1 Lynx; Super Frelon: 15 (12 cdo, 3 mise).
2 T-47 with 1 Malafon; Alouette: 38 (10 trg, 28 mise).
1 C-65 with 8 Exocet, 1 Malafon. Missiles:
AA: 2 T-47 with 1 Tartar SAM. ASM: Exocet AM-39, AS-12/-30, Martel AS-37.
AAM: R-530, R-550 Magic, Sidewinder.
8 /tfv/m? (4 with 4 MM-38 Exocet); COMMANDOS (590): 4 assault units (I reserve), 1
17 Type A-69 (4 with 2 £jcoaï, 6 with 4). sub spt unit
Minor Surface Combatants: NAVAL BASE DEFENCE FORCE (2,400).
FAC: 7 P-400 (3 more in 1987), 4 i>a*ra, 1 La
(On order 4 Rubis SSN, 1 nuclear-powered aircraft
MCMV: ocean: 5 Type-D. coastal: 20: 5 Berlaimont, carrier, 1 C-70 ASW, 4 AA (Cassaret) destroyers; 1
5 Eridan, 5 Circe, 5 Cantho. FL-25, 6 A-69 frigates; 3 P-400 FAQG); 5 Eridan
Amph: assault ships: 6. 2 Ouragan (3 SA-321 Super minehunters; 1 TCD-90 LSD, 2 LCT, 1 ocean
Gazelle/Alouette hel, 9 LCM or 2 LCU), tanker, 33 Exocet SM-39 sub-launched SSM; 14
Crotale EDIR SAM; 16 Atlantic II ASW ac (total of
1ST. 2. UT. 9. LCU: 6. 42 to be bought).)
Tankers: 6 ocean, 6 maintenance/log/supply.
PUBLIC SERVICE FORCE (MHSP): Naval person-
Msls: SSM: Exocet MM-38, MM-40, SM-39 sub- nel, general coastguard, fishery, SAR duties; 1
launched. ASW: Malafon. Sterne, 1 Mercure patrol craft, 1 ex-trawler, 1
SAM: Crotale, Masurca, Tartar.
P-681 Albatros fishery protection vessel, 3 N-262
NAVAL AIR FORCE: (9,000). ac, 1 Dauphin heL (To get 4 more vessels.)
Strike: 3 fits with Dassault Super Etendard (AN-52
nuclear weapons; 20 to be mod for ASMP). AIR FORCE: 95,978 (5,850 women, 35,400 conscripts).
Ftn 1 fit with F-8E (FN) Crusader. Air Defence Command (CAFDA): (7,150).
66 NATO
Ftn 11 sqns: 1 with Dassault Mirage IQC (in Noratlas: 19 (10 tac tpt, 5 AEW, 4 OCU).
Djibouti); 8 with Mirage F-1C; 2 with Mirage Frégate: 22 (21 mise, 1 trials). Mystère-Falcon:
2000C/B. 13. -20: 12 (mise), -50: 1 (mise). MS-760: 23
Trg: 1 OCU with Mirage F-1B; 4 trg fits with (mise). Broussard: 38 (trg, mise). DHC-6: 10 (9
CM-170 Magister, MH-1521 Broussard. mise, 1 trials). Caravelle: 4 (mise). Xingu: 25 (17
AD system: automatic STRIDAIL 10 radar stations. trg, 8 mise). Magister 174 (trg). Epsilon: 76
SAM: 12 sqns (1 trg) with 24 Crotale btys (48 fire, (trg). CAP-10B/20: 56 (trg).
24 radar units). Helicopters:
AA: 300 btys (20mm guns). Alouette: 64. Il: 9 (OCU); ll/lll: 48 (It tpt); III: 7 (OCU).
AAM: R-530, Super 530F, R-550 Magic I/H, Puma: 29 (27 tpt, 2 OCU).
Sidewinder. Dauphin: 1 (tpt).
Tactical Air Force (FATAC) (19,350). Ecureuil: 8 (tpt).
FGA: 10 sqns: 3 with Mirage HIE; (On order some 19 Mirage 2000C/B, 47 -2000N, 17
2 with Mirage 5F; 5 with Jaguar A. F-1CR ftrs; 91 Epsilon trg ac; 16 Ecureuil-2 hel, 40
Recce: 3 sqns: 1 with Mirage IIIR/IIIRD; 20mm AA guns.)
2 with Mirage F-1CR.
Trg: 2 OCU: 1 with Mirage mB/E; INTER-SERVICE CENTRAL STAFFS: 4,517.
1 with Jaguar A/E.
8 trg fits with Magister, Broussard. SERVICE DE SANTÉ: 8,465 (2,140 conscripts).
AAM: Sidewinder, R-550 Mzgic, R-530.
ASM: AS-30/-30L, Martel AS-37. Deployment
(Attached to COTAM): Navy:
AEW: 2 sqns. 1 with Nord-2501 Noratlas; 1 Atlantic Fleet 6 SSBN, 8 other subs, 1 hel carrier, 17
with Douglas DC-8 (EE-51) EUNT. escorts, 11 MCM, 8 amph.
liaison: 3 sqns with Magister, Broussard. Channel Flotilla: 3 frigates, 9 MCM.
Hel: 1 sqn with SA-315/316.4/ot«?ßeII/ffl. Mediterranean Fleet 2 SSN, 9 subs, 2 camers,14
Conuns Gp (GTT): 2 sigs, 1 EWng sqns. escorts, 5 MCM, 5 amph.
Air Transport Command (COTAM) (4,200).
Tpt 21 sqns: Forces Abroad:
1 hy with DC-8F; 6 t a c Europe: Germany. 50,000; 3 armd divs (400 MBT; to
5 with C-160/-160NG, 1 with Noratlas; be increased).
14 It tpt/trg/SAR with Nord 262 Frégate, Berlin: 2,700; 1 armd regt, 1 inf regt
Dassault Mystère-Falcon 50, MS-760 Paris, Overseas Dependencies: 21,500; Army 12,700, Navy
Broussard, DHC-6 Twin Otter, AS Caravelle, 3,350, Air 1,450, Gendarmerie 3,900.
EMB-121 Xingu. Four inter-service overseas commands:
Trg: 1 OCU with Frégate, C-160. Antilles-Guyana 7,900: 1 marine inf, 1 Foreign
Hel: 5 sqns with Alouette II/III, Puma, SA-365 Legion regts, 1 marine inf bn, 2 ships, 1
Dauphin, AS-350 Ecureuil. Atlantic MR ac, 1 air tpt unit (C-160 ac, Puma,
Trg net 1 OCU with Alouette M i l , Puma, Ecureuil. Alouette II hel).
Training Command (CEAA) (5,500). South Indian Ocean (Mayotte, La Reunion):
Trg: Breguet-Dornier AlphaJet, Magister, Noratlas, 3,300 ind AUNDIEN; 1 marine inf regt, 2 inf
Xingu 1, AS Epsilon, Mudry CAP-10B/-20. coys, 1 air tpt unit (C-l 60 ac, Alouette III hel).
Mise (trials units): 1 sqn with Mirage F-l, Mirage New Caledonia 4,900: 1 marine inf regt, 4 inf
2000, Jaguar, 1 sqn with DHC-6, Frégate. coys, 1 air tpt unit (C-l 60 ac, Alouette m hel).
Equipment: 555 combat ac. Polynesia 5,400 (ind AIPACI): 1 marine, 1
Aircraft Foreign Legion regts, 1 air tpt unit (Caravelle,
Mirage: 411. F-1B: 14 (OCU); F-1CR 127 (ftr, trials); Twin Otter ac; Super Puma, Alouette ni hel).
F-1CR: 32 (recce); NIC: 10 (ftr); HIE' 75 (30 strike, Two naval commands:
30 FGA, 15 ftr); IIIB/BE 21 (trg); IHR: 19 (recce); Indian Ocean (A1JNDIEN) (1,800): 5 frigates, 2
IIIRD: 11 (recce); -5F: 30 (FGA); IVA: 22 (bbr); IVP: minor combatants, 2 amph, 4 spt ships (1
8 (bbr); -2000:39 (ftr, trials); (also 1 F-l, 2 -2000 comd), 1 Atlantic MR a c
in trials sqn). Pacific (ALPACI) ( 1,400): 3 frigates, 4 minor com-
Jaguar 138+. -A: 116 (45 strike, 71 FGA, + trg and batants, 8 amph, 12 spt ships, 5 Falcon
trials ac); -E 22 (trg, trials). Gardian MR a c
AlphaJet 102 (trg). Other Overseas (some 11,000 from all services; num-
DC-8: 6 (5 tpt, 1 EE-51 AEW). bers vary according to local circumstances): ind 120
Transall C-160: 62 (T 36 tac tpt, 7 OCU, 19 -NG AFV, spt vessels, 25 combat and 25 tpt ac, 43 heL
tac tpt). Central African Republic (CAR.) (1,600):
NATO 67
garrison: 1 bn gp ind 2 motor coys; 1 pla- TOTAL ARMED FORCES:

toon AML armd cars (6); spt coy with O-1E Regular 485,800 (228,850 conscripts).f
It ac, 120mm mor, Milan ATGW. Terms of service. 15 months (to be 18 months
from France: 2 AML armd car sqns and 1 tp, 2 inf from 1989).
coys, 1 arty bty (105mm), 1 ALAT det (10 Reserves: 770,000 (men to age 45, officers/NCOs to
attack, 6 med tpt hel); air elms with Jaguar, 60): Army 645,000, Navy 22,000, Air 95,000,
C-160 tpt acr, Puma, Gazelle (HOT) heL Others 8,000.
Chad (1,300): 3 inf coys; Jaguar, Mirage F-1C,
Atlantic MR, C-160 tpt ac; Puma heL ARMY: 340,800 (181,300 conscripts).*
Djibouti (4,000): 2 regts; 2 It tk (AMX-13/AMX- HQ Support Elements: 25,400. General Army Office
SS-11), 1 mixed armd sqns; 2 motor inf coys; 1 subordinate echelon and spt tps.
arty bty (105mm); 1 AA arty bty, 1 Pioneer coy, Field Army. 266,000.
1 ALAT det (5 attack, 5 med tpt hel); 1 sqn with 3 corps: 12 divs (6 armd, 4 armd inf, 1 mountain,
7 Mirage HIC, 1 C-160 tpt ac, 3 Alouette II heL 1 AB);
Gabon (600): 1 marine inf bn; Jaguar, 1 G160, 38 bdes: 17 armd (each with 3 tk, 1 armd inf, 1
Atlantic ac, 1 Alouette III heL armd arty bns), 15 armd inf (each with 1 tk, 3
Ivory Coast (500): 1 marine inf bn; 1 Alouette DI heL armd inf, 1 armd arty bns), 1 mountain, 3 AB,
Senegal (1,250): 1 marine inf regt; Jaguar, Atlantic MR 2 Home Defence.
aç 1 airtptunit(G160tptac;^«5MeïteII/IIIhel).
Total: 70 tk, 64 armd inf, 2 inf, 4 mountain, 12

Middle East Lebanon (UNIHL) (1,391): 1 inf bn, para, 33 armd arty, 1 mountain arty, 2 fd
log b a Sinai MFO (40): incl 2 DHC-6 Twin arty bns.
Otter, 1 C-160 tpt ac. 11 armd recce bns.
Corps arty: 4 SSM bns with Lance.
PARA-MILITARY: Div arty: 11 regts (each 3 btys: 18 FH-70, 18
Gendarmerie (ind Penal Affairs): 85,708 (incl 1,112. 203mm, 16MRL).
women, 9,080 conscripts, 960 civilians); 3,667 ter- 3 AD regts, 1 AD bn with Roland's. SAM.
ritorial squads, 133 intervention units; 93 general 11 AA regts with Gepard 35mm SP guns.
traffic units, 24 highway sqns, 6 platoons; 130 3 army aviation comds, each with 1 It, 1 med tpt
mobile sqns; 234 overseas units. 121 AML, 28 hel regt; 1 indep ATGW hel regt
VBC-90 armd cars; 33 AMX-VTT, 155 VBRG- 1 mixed aviation regt
170 APQ 288 81mm mor, 58 patrol boats; 6 Engr units.
Cessna 206C acr, 18 Alouette H, 12 Ecureuil, 12 Territorial Army (Cadre): 49,400.
Alouette III heL 3 Territorial Commands, 5 Military District Com-
mands, 29 Military Region Commands, 80
* A 5-year military develpment plan for 1984—8, totalling fr Sub-region Commands (county/town level): 10
850 bn, is being implemented. Home Defence bdes (4 with 2 tk, 2 It inf, 1 arty
t Ind Inter-Service Central Staff and Service de Santé, but
not Gendarmerie. bns; 6 with 1 tk, 2 inf, 1 arty bns): 2 with Field
Army, 2 at 65%, 2 at 52% manning levels, 4 eqpt
holding units only in peacetime.
4 Territorial Service spt comds.
Security tps: 15 Home Defence Regts (with 45 mot
GERMANY: FEDERAL REPUBUC inf bns only), 150 coys, 296 security platoons;
defensive, comms, military police gps and ser-
GDP 1984: DM 1,745.6 bn ($613.374 bn) vice units on mobilizatioa
1985: DM 1,830.4 bn ($621.739 bn) Equipment:
growth 1984: 2.7% 1985: 2.3% Tks: 4,895: 295 M-48A2/A2C, 650 M-48A2G (Terri-
Inflation 1984: 2.4% 1985: 2.2% torial bns), 2,437 Leopard 1A1, 1,513 Leopard 2.
Debt 1984: $109.0 b a 1985: $120.7 bn AFV: recce: 408 SPz-2 Luchs. MICV: 2,136 Marder AI
Defbdgt* 1985: DM 49.014 bn ($16.649 bn); (1,000 to be upgraded to A3).
NATO dem $19.922 bn APC 876 TPz-1, 2,560 M-l 13.
1986: DM 49.911 bn ($22.487 bn); Arty: how: 1,227: 105mm: 199; 155mm 216 FH-70,
NATOdefn $27.203 bn 586 M-109 (to be upgraded to A3); 203mm: 226
$ 1 = D M (1983): 2.5533 (1984): 2.8459
M-110A2SP.
(1985): 2.9440 (1986): 2.2195
MRL 110mm: 209 LARS; 227mm: 2 MLRS.
Population: 61,134,000 SSM: 26 Lance.
18-30 31-45 mor 120mm: 955 (535 SP on M-l 13).
Mea 6,527,000 6,484,000 ATK: guns 90mm: some 200 JPz-4-5 SP.
Women: 6,174,000 6,154,000 RCL 105 106mm.
68 NATO
ATGVK 1,928 Milan systems, 346 TOW sys- Equipment combat 105 ac; 12 heL
tems, 316 RJPz-iHOT) Jaguar 1, 243 RJPz- Aircraft
(TOW) SP; (see also PAH-1 hel below). F-104:40. F/TF-104G: 25 (FGA); RF-104G: 15 (recce).
AD: guns 2,395. 20mm: 1,712 towed; 35mm: 432 Tornado: 46 (FGA).
Gepard SP; 40mm: 251 L-70. AVanUc: 19 (14 MR, 5 HINT).
SAM: 723 Redeye, 143 Marder/Roland SP. Do-28:19 (17 liaison, 2 environmental protection).
Ara: hel: 187 Bell UH-1D, 148 SA-316 Alouette m , Helicopters:
210 PAH-1 (MBB BO-105P with HOT), 95 Sea Lynx 12 (ASW).
BO-105M, 105 Sikorsky CH-53G. Sea King: 22 (SAR).
(On order 377 Leopard 2 MBP, 312 Wiesel AB recce/ Missiles:
MICV; 114 TPz-1 APC, 198 227mm MLRS MRL; ASM: AS-30, Kormoran.
115 Marder/Roland SAM (with 4,000 missiles).) (On order 66 Tornado, 8 Sea Lynx)
NAVY: 36,300, ind naval air (9,450 conscripts)4 AIR FORCE 108,700 (38,100 conscripts)4
Bases: Borkurn, Cuxhaven, Eckernforde, Emden, Tactical Command (GAFTAC).
Flensburg, Kiel, Olpenitz, Wilhelmshaven. 4 divs: 2 tac, 2 AD.
Subs: 24: 18 Type 206; 6 Type 205. FGA: 20 sqns: 3 with Lockheed F-104G;
Destroyers: 7: 4 with McDonnel-Douglas F-4F;
3 Lütjens (1 Type 103A with 1 Standard SAM, 8 6 with Panavia Tornado;

ASROC, 2 103B with 2 quad Harpoon SSM; 2 7 with Breguet-Dornier AlphaJet.
RAM-ASMD SAM planned for all 3); Ftn 4 sqns with F-4F.
4 Hamburg (Type 101A) with 2 twin Exocet Recce: 4 sqns with RF-4E
MM-38 SSM. ECM: 1 trg sqn with HFB-320 Hansa Jet.
Frigates: 9: SSM: 8 sqns with Pershing 1A.
6 Bremen (Type 122) with 2 quad Harpoon, 1 SAM: 3 regts (each 2 bns of 4 btys) with Nike
octuple Sea Sparrow, 2 RAM-ASMD, 2 quad Hercules; 3 regts (each 3 bns of 4 btys) with
Stinger SAM, 2 Lynx hel; Improved HAWK.
3 Köln (Type-120). Radar. 4 aircraft control and warning regts; 9 sites; 1 US
Corvettes: 5 Thetis (Type 420). Control Report Centre (CRC) and 3 remote radars.
FAC(G): 40 with 4 Exocet MM-38 SSM: AAM: Sidewinder.
10 Type 143,10 Type 143A, 20 Type 148, (to get 1 Transport Command (GAFTC).
RAM-ASMD SAM). Tpt 3 wings: 4 sqns with Transall C-160.
MCMV: 57: Special operations: 1 special air mission wing: 2 sqns
12 Type 331 coastal minehunters (MHC); with Boeing 707-320C, C-140 Jetstar, Hansa Jet,
6 Type 351 Troika drone control minesweepers VFW-614, Domier Do-28 aq Bell UH-1D heL
(MSCD) with 18 F-l drone vessels (MCD); HeL 1 wing 5 sqns with UH-1D (liaison).
21 Schütze (7 Type-340, 14 Type-341) fast Training Command:
minesweepers; FGA: 1 det (Cottesmore, UK) with Tornado.
8 Ariadne (Type-393/393B), 10 Frauenlob (Type- Ftn OCU (George AFB, US) with F-4E
394/394A) inshore minesweepers; Trg: NATO joint pilot trg (Sheppard AFB, US) with
2 spt ships. Cessna T-37B, Northrop T-38A;
Amph: LCIE 22 Type-520 (ind 1 tig, 2 in reserve); LCM: primary trg unit with Piaggio P-149D.
28 Type-521 (ind 22 in reserve). Liaison range base fits with Do-28D.
M i s e 10 Rhein depot, 4 Lüneburg (Type 701 A), 4 Equipment 525 combat a c
Coburg (Type 701C) spt ships, 4 tpts, 10 Aircraft
tankers, 2 repair ships, 3 Type-422A/B AGI, 1 F-104G: 90 (FGA).
Bürkner utility/trials. F-4:186. -F: 120 (60 FGA, 60 ftr); -E 8 (OCU); RF4E
(On order 2 Bremen (Type-122) frigates; 10 Type- 58 (recce).
332 MHC, 2 Type-423 AGI; 110 SM-1 Standard, Tornado: 143 (81 FGA, 22 OCU, 20 in tri- national
126 RIM-7M Sea Sparrow SAM.) trg sqn, 20 reserve).
NAVAL AIR ARM: AlphaJet 173 (126 FGA, 47 reserve).
FGA: 3 sqns with Panavia Tornado (1 with Lockheed Transall C-160: 75 (tpt).
F-104 converting 1986). Boeing 707: 4 (special). Jetstan 3 (special). Hansa
Recce: 1 sqn with RF-104G. Jet 13 (6 special, 7 ECM trg). VFW-614: 3
MR/ELINT: 2 sqns with Breguet Atlantic. (special). Do-28: 71 (6 special, 65 liaison). T-37&
Liaison: 1 sqn with Dornier Do-28-D2. 35. T-38A: 41. P-149D: 34 (trg).
ASW heL 1 sqn with Westland Sea Lynx Mk 88. Helicopters:
SARheL 1 sqnwithWesuand-Sikorsky5^!Aî>^Mk41. UH-1D: 96 (92 liaison, 4 special).
NATO 69
Missiles: 1 para-cdo div (1 para, 1 cdo, 1 marine regts, 3 cdo, 3

SSM: 72 Pershing 1A. It arty bns).
SAM: 432: 216 Nike Hercules, 216 HA WK. 3 armd bdes (each 2 armd, 1 mech inf, 1 arty bns).
(On order Tornado FGA, 40 Tornado ECR, 7 CLr601 4 armd recce bns.
Challenger ac; 100 AIM-9L Ätorarf (Sidewinder) (400 12 fd arty bns.
msls), 14 /tarâf (779 msls), 95 Roland, 310 AGM- 8 AA arty bns.
65B Maverick ASM; 866 AGM-88A i£4KM msls.) 2 SAM bns with Improved HA WK
3 army aviation bns.
1 indep aviation coy.
PARA-MILITARY: Equipment
Border Police (Ministry of Interior) 20,000: MOWAG Tks: 1,776: 320 M-47, 1,100 M 4 8 (ind 250 -A3, 265
SW-1/-2 APQ 2 P-149D, 1 Do-27 ac, MBB -A5), 250 AMX-30, 106 Leopard 1A3.
BO-105M, 32 ,4/owefle H, 13 UH-1D, 10 Bell 212, It 21 ft 186M-24, 24M41A3.
22 Puma heL AFV: recce: 288: 180 M-8, 108 M-20 armd cars. Micv:
Coastguard: 1,000; 1 tug, 8 large, 5 small patrol vessels. 240 AMX-10P. APC 1,850: 300 Leonidas, 120
M-3 half-track, 430 M-59, 1,000 M-l 13.
* Exd Berlin support costs, which amounted to DM 15.1 bn Arty: 1,376: guns 72: 155mm: 36 M-59, 175mm: 36
in 1985 and DM 15.3 bn in 1986. M-107 SP.
t Ind 11,200 military personnel in the Ministry of Defence, how. 1,304: 105mm: 790: 180 M-56 pack, 324
Central Military Agencies, Central Medical Agencies and M-101,216 M-102,70 M-52 SP; 155mm: 442:54
6,000 reserve duty training positions. M-44 SP, 240 M-l 14, 40 M-198, 108 M-109 SP;
% Exd inter-service personnel and part-time reservists. 203mm: 72: 40 M-l 15, 32 M-l 10 SP.
mon 81mm: M-l, EBO Type E44, M-125A1 SP,
M-4A1 (M-2/-3 APC) SP, AMX-10M-81 SP,
GREECE Leonidas Gr W.I SP; 107mm: M-2, M-30, M-84
SP (M-59 APC), M-106A1 SP, 120mm: EBO Type
GDP 1984: dr 3,772.30 bn ($33.466 bn) E-56, Leonidas Gr W.2 SP.
1985: dr 4,509.40 bn ($32.648 bn) ATK: RCU 90mm: 1,080 EM-67; 106mm: some 700
growth 1984: 2.6% 1985: 1.8% M40A1.
Inflation 1984: 18.5% 1985: 19.3% ATCW. 82 M-113A2 SP TOW, 14 M-901 Improved
Debt 1984: $14.0 bn 1985: $17.0 bn TOW, SS-11, Cobra, TOW, Milan,
Defexp 1985c dr 281.713 bn ($2.04 bn); AD: guns 20mm: RH-202 twin; 40mm: ind M-42
N A T O dem $2.329 bn twin SP; 75mm: M-51; 90mm: M-l 17/118.
FMA 1984: $530.0 m 1985: $550.0 m SAM: 36 MEM-23B Improved HAWK(216 msls), 37
$1 = d r (1983): 88.06 (1984): 112.72 M-48 Chaparral, Redeye.
(1985): 138.12 (1986): 140.65 Avn: ac 2 Super King Air, 2 Aero Commander, 1
dr = drachmas DHC-2 Beaver, 50 U-17A.
hel: 8 Bell AH-1 with TOW, 10 Boeing-Vertol
Population: 10,372,000 CH-47C, 5 Bdl 47G, 22 Bell UH-1D, 50 Agusta-
18-30 31-45 Bell AB-204B/-205, 10 AB-206A.
Men: 961,00C) 904,000 (On order. 106 Leopard 1 MBT; 36 M-901 Improved
Women: 910.00C1 951,000 TOWSP ATGW (108 msls); 18 M-198 155mm how,
Artemis 30 twin 30mm AA guns; 20 AH-1S attack
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: hel (160 TOW), 20 Naidi-Hughes 300C trg hel; 300
Regular 209,000 (136,500 conscripts, 1,800 women). Milan ATGW.)
Terms of service. Army 21, Navy 25, Air Force TERRITORIAL ARMY: 23,000 (ind 10,000 conscripts,
23 months.
5,000 reservists on refresher trg).
Reserves: some 404,000 (to age 50). Army some 350,000 3 Territorial, 17 Sub-Commands.
(Field Army 227,000, Territorial Army 23,000, 12 indep inf bdes (6 mountain).
National Guard 100,000 (ind 5,000 reservists on 4 armd bns.
4-week tig)); Navy about 24,000, Air about 30,000.
NATIONAL GUARD: 100,000.
ARMY: 165,500 (108,500 conscripts ind 1,400 women). 100 inf bns (mainly coastal defence).
100 It arty btys.
Field Army ( 142,500): 3 Military Regions.
4 corps, 1 special oomd HQ. Equipment
1 armd div (2 armd bdes, 1 arty regt). It has been impossible to reconcile with confidence reports
I mech div (2 mech bdes). of equipment held respectively by the Territorial Army
II infdivs. and the National Guard. Some may be identical to
70 NATO
older items in the Field Army inventory, some no Tpt net 3 sqns with Agusta-Bell AB-205A,
longer in that inventory may include Ihe following AB-206A, Beü 47G, Bell UH-1D, AB-212,
Tks: 28 M-26; It 57 M-41A3. CH-47C Chinook.
AFV: recce: 60 M-20. APC 380 M-2/-3. SAM: 1 wing. 1 gp with Nike Ajax.
Arty: gun/hew 468 25-pdr (88mm) (plus some 33 in store). Air Training Command:
how: 75mm: 108 M-116 pack; 155mm: M-114. Trg: 4 sqns.
mor 60mm, 81mm: M-l, M-4/-5, M-4A1 SP, 1 with T-41A Mescalercr, 1 with T-37B/Q 2 with
107mm: M-2. Rockwell T-2E
ATK: RCi: 57mm: 900 M-l 8; 75mm: 396 M-20; HeL 2 Nardi-Hughes 300.
106mm: 420 M-40A1. Equipment: 292 combat ac.
Aircraft
NAVY: 19,500 (12,000 conscripts ind 200 women); 14 A-7H: 51: 46 (FGA); TA-7H: 5 (FGÀ).
combat heL F-104: 66: F/IF-104G (FGA).
Bases: Salamis, Patras, Mrüini, Thessaloniki, Souda Bay. F-5: 76: -A: 54 (18 FGA, 36 ftr); -B: 8 (6 FGA, 2 ftr);
Subs: lft RF5A: 14 (recce).
8 209-dass: 4 Glavkos (Type-1100), 4 Poseidon F-4E: 54: 47 (ftr); RF4E 7 (recce).
(Type-1200); Mirage F-1GC: 33 (ftr).
F-84F: 32: 16 (trg); RF-84: 16 (trg/recce; in reserve).
2 US Guppy (trg).
Destroyers: 14: HU-16B: 12 (MR). C-130H: 12 (tpt). YS-11-200: 6
7 Gearing (6 with 1 octuple ASROC, 1 with 1 (tpt). C-47:12 (tpt). Noratlas: 20 (tpt). Guffsfream
SA-316 Alouette m hel); I: 1 (VIP tpt). T-33A: 48 (liaison). T-41: 20 (trg).
1 Sumner (facilities for 1 Alouette hel); T-37: 25. T - 2 36.
6 Fletcher. Helicopters:
Frigates 7: AB-205A: 12 (tpt). AB-206A: 3 (tpt). BeO 47G: 5 (tpt).
2 Kortenaer (8 Harpoon SSM, Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 AB-212: 4 (tpt). CH-47C: 6 (tpt). NH-300: 2 (trg).
AB-212 hel); Missiles:
4 US Cannon; AAM: Sparrow, Sidewinder, Falcon.
1 FRG Rhein (depot ship, employed as frigate). ASM: Maverick Bullpup. SAM: 36 Nike Ajax.
FACXG): 16: 14 La Combattante II/III (8 with 4 (On order 40 Mirage 2000 ac; 18 NH-300 hel; AIM-7
Sparrow AAM; Artemis 2 x 30mm AA guns.)
Exocet, 6 with 6 Penguin SSM);
2L'E«m?/with4SS-12; Forces Abroad: Cyprus: 2,500. 1 inf bn (950), cdos
FAQT): 6 FRG Type-143. (350), spt elms (550); officers/NOOs seconded to
Patrol craft: 9: 8 coastal(, 1 Scimitar. Greek-Cypriot forces (650).
Minelayers: 2 (ex LSM-1).
MCMV: 14 coastal (9 MSC-294, 5 US Adjutant).
Amph: LSD: 1, LST 7, LSM: 5, LOT 2, LCU 6; PARA-MILITARY: Gendarmerie: 25,000; MOWAG
smaller classes: 62. Roland, 15 UR-416 APC. Coastguard and Customs:
Spt 2 support, 4 harbour tankers, 1 depot ship, 3 tpts. 4,000; some 100 patrol craft, 2 Cessna Cutlass ac.
ASW: 1 hel div (3 sqns: 2 with 10 Agusta-Bell AB-212,
1 with 4 Alouette HI).
(On order 2 Poseidon (Type 1200) SS; 10 OL-76 23m ITALY
FAQ 5 LCA; 2 Phalanx 20mm AD, Artemis 30 twin
30mm gun systems.) GDP 1984: L 612,112 bn ($348.385 bn)
1985s L 688,613 bn ($360.643 bn)
AIR FORCE 24,000 (16,000 conscripts ind 200 women). growth 1984: 2.6% 1985: 2.4%
Tactical Air Force: 7 combat wings, 1 tpt wing. Inflation 1984: 10.8% 1985: 9.2%
FGA: 6 sqns: 3 with LTV A-7H Corsair, Debt 1984: $67.5 b a 1985: $73.3 bn
3 with Lockheed F-104G. Defexp 1985: L 16,380 bn ($8.579 bn);
Ftr 7 sqns: 3 with McDonnell-Douglas F-4E; NATO dem $9.458 bn
2 with Northrop F-5A/B; Defbdgt 1986: L 17,600 bn ($14.063 bn);
2 with Dassault Mirage F-1CG. NATO dem n.a.
Recce: 2 sqns: 1 with Republic RF-84F, RF-4E; 1 $1=L (1983): 1,518.8 (1984): 1,757.0
with RF-5A. (1985): 1,909.4 (1986): 1,251.5
MR: 1 sqn with HU-16B Grumman Albatross. L = lire
Tpt 3 sqns with C-130H Hemdes, NAMC YS-11, Population: 57,207,000
Nord-2501 Noratlas, C-47 (Douglas DC-3), 18-30 31-45
Dornier Do-28, Gulfstream. Men: 5,656,000 5,653,000
Liaison: Lockheed T-33A. Women: 5,447,000 5,637,000
NATO 71
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: Carrier (hel): 2:

Regular 387,800 (274,500 conscripts). 1 Garibaldi with 14 SH-3D hel, 4 Teseo {Otomat
Terms of service. Army and Air Force 12, Navy Mk 2) SSM, 2 Albatros/Aspide SAM;
18 months. 1 Vittorio Veneto with 9 AB-212 ASW hel, 4 Teseo
Reserves: 799,000. Army 520,000 (obligation to age SSM, 1 twin Terrier/Standard SAM.
45), immediate mobilization 240,000. Navy Cruisers: 2 Andrea Doria with 4 AB-212 ASW hel, 1
221,000 (to age 38 for men, variable for officers to twin Terrier SAM.
73). Air 28,000 (to age 25 or 45 (specialists)). Destroyers: 4 GW:
2,4Mukœ with 2 AB-212 ASW hel; 1 Standard'SAM;
2 Impavido with 1 Standard SAM.
ARMY: 270,000 (220,000 conscripts). Frigates: 16:
3 corps HQ (1 alpine). 8 Maestrale with 4 Teseo SSM, 1 octuple Albatros/
1 armd div (2 armd, 1 mech bdes). Aspide SAM, 2 AB-212 hel;
3 mech divs (each of 1 armd, 2 mech bdes). 4 Lupo with 4 Teseo SSM, 1 octuple Sea Sparrow
2 indep mech bdes. SAM, 1 AB-212 hel;
4 indep mot bdes. 2 Alpino with 2 AB-212 hel;
5 alpine bdes. 2 Bergamini with 1 AB-212 heL
1 AB bde (incl 1 Special Operations Force bn). Corvettes: 8:
2 amph bns.
4 De Cristofaro,
1 hy spt bde (1 Lance SSM, 3 hy arty, 3 Improved 4 Albatros.
HAWK SAM bns). Hydrofofls: 7 Sparviero with 2 Teseo SSM.
Aviation: MCMV: 24:
4 wings org in sqns and fits (fit usually has 6 ac/heL) 2 Lerid, 4 Storione (US Aggressive) ocean;
9 It ac fits with SIAI-Marchetti SM-1019/Cessna O-1E 7 Mandorlo (US Adjutant) minehunters;
10 hel sqns, 14 fits wilh AB-206. 9 Agave coastal (retiring from 1987X 7 minesweepers).
Multi-role: 17 hel sqns: 1 with AB-204B; 15 with Amph: \ST.2\JSDe Soto County. LEM: 19. LCW. 7.
AB-205; 1 with AB-212B. Spt 2 Stromboli replenishment tankers, 1 spt ship, 5
Med tpt 4 hel sqns with CH-47 Chinook. coastal tpt
Other 1 trg, 1 repair units. Marines:
Equipment: 3gps
Tks: 1,72ft 500 M-47, 300 M-60A1, 920 Leopard 1. 1 ops (frogmen/raiding);
APC: 4,110: M-106, M-113, M-548 and M-577, 1 inf (trg);
AMX-VCI. Hog.
Arty: 1,11ft guns: 18: 175mm: 18 M-107 SP. Equipment 30 VCC-1, 10 LVTP-7 APC, 16 81mm
how: 1,092: 105mm: 320 Model 56 pack; 155mm: mor, 8 106mm RCL, 6 Milan ATGW.
724: incl 164 FH-70 towed, 220 M-109E SP;
203mm: 36 M-l 15, 12 M-l 10 SP. NAVAL AIR ARM (1,500); 83 combat hel.
SSM: 6 Lance. ASW: 5 hel sqns with 30 SH-3D Sea King, 53 Agusta-
mor 81mm, 120mm. Bell AB-212.
ATK: RCL 57mm, some 80mm, 106mm (to retire). ASM: Marte Mk 2.
ATGW: Cobra, SS-11, TOW, Milan. (On order. 2 mod Sauro subs, 2 Audace destroyers, 4
AD: guns: 20mm, 230 40mm. Minerva corvettes with Albatros multi-role weapon
SAM: 60 Improved HAWK, Stinger. system, 2 LPD; 5 SH-3D, 3 AB-212 heL)
Avn: ac 70 SIAI-Marchetti SM-1019, 30 Cessna O-1E
(tgt acquisition/utility). AIR FORCE 70,600 (29,000 conscripts).
hel: AB-47G/J, 5 AB-109 Hirundo, 18 AB-204B FGA: 6 FGA/recce sqns.
(multi-role), 100 AB-205A, 140 AB-206A/A1 3 with Panavia Tornado;
multi-role/utility, 14 AB-212, 24 CH-47C 1 with Lockheed F-104S;
Chinook recce/tgt acquisition/utility/tpt 2 with Aeritalia G-91Y.
(On order SP-70, M-109 155mm how, 20 FIROS 6 Tac 3 sqns.
51mm MRU Milan ATGW; FIM-92A Stinger SAM + 1 It attack with Aermacchi MB-339;
msls; 45 A-129 Mangusta heL) 2 It attack/recce with G-91R/R1/R1A/R1B (to be
replaced).
FJn 7 sqns with F-104S.
NAVY: 47,200, incl 1,500 air arm, 750 marines Recce: 2 sqns with F/RF-104G.
(25,500 conscripts). MR: 2 sqns with Breguet Atlantic (Navy-assigned;
Bases: La Spezia, Tarante, Ancona, Brindisi, Augusta, being increased).
Messina, La Maddalena, Cagliari, Naples, Venice. ECM: 1 ECM/recce sqn with Aeritalia G-222VS and
Subs: 9: 4 Sauro, 4 Toti, 1 US Tang. Piaggio PD-808.
72 NATO
Calibration: 1 navigation-aid calibration sqn with LUXEMBOURG

G-222, PD-808.
Tpfc 3 sqns: 2 with G-222; 1 with C-130H Hercules. GDP 1984: fr 186.90 bn ($3.234 bn)
Comms: sqns with Gulfstream EL Dassault Mystère- 1985c fr 198.22 bn ($3.338 bn)
Fakon 50, Piaggjo P-166, SIAI-208M, PD-808, growth 1984: 2.2% 1985: 1.7%
MB-326, Douglas DC-9 acr, SH-3D Sea King heL Inflation 1984: 5.7% 1985: 4.1%
Trg: 1 OCU with TF-104G; Debt 1984: $750 m 1985: $750 m
1 det (Cottesmore, UK) with Tomador, Defbdgt 1985: fr 1.393 bn ($23.46 m);
6 sqns with G-91, MB-339A, SIAI-Marchetti SF- NATO defh $39.021 m
260M ac; AB-204B, AB47 heL 1986: NATO defh $55.879 m
SAR net 1 sqn and 3 dets with Sikorsky HH-3M. $l=fr (1983): 51.132 (1984): 57.784
AD: 8 SAM groups with Nike Hercules; (1985): 59.378 (1986): 45.330
4 It btys with Spada. fr = Luxembourg francs
Equipment: 378 combat ac. Population: 367,400
Aircraft 18-30 31-45
Tornado: 64 (54 FGA, 10 in tri-national trg sqn). Men: 27,300 26,100
F-104: 155. -& 102 (18 FGA, 84 ftr); F/RM04G: 29 Women: 26,900 25,000
(recce); TF-104G: 24 (OCU).

G-91: 122. -Y: 36 (FGA); -R: 36 (It attack/recce); -T:
50 (trg). TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
MB-339: 80 (15 tac, 65 calibration, trg). Regular. 690.
MB-326: 30 (liaison). Terms of service, voluntary, minimum 3 years.
Atlantic: 14 (MR).
C-130:10 (tpt). G-222:38 (32 tpt, 4 calibration; -VS: ARMY: 690.
2 ECM). DC-9: 2 (liaison). C-47: 4 (calibration). 1 kinfba
Gulfstream 111: 1 (VIP tpt). Mystère-Falcon 50: 2 1 indep coy.
(VIP tpt). P-166: 22 (liaison). PD-808: 14 (6 ECM, Equipment
calibration, 8 liaison). SF-260: 30 (trg). SIAI-208: APC 5 Commando.
32 (liaison). ATK: K : LAW. ATGW: TOW.
Helicopters:
CH-a 19 (SAR), SH-3D: 2 (liaison). AIR FORCE (Luxembourg has no air force of its own,
AB-2048: 20 (trg). but for legal purposes NATO's E-3A AEW ac have
AB-212: 25 (SAR). Luxembourg registration.)
AB-47: 20 (trg). 1 sqn with 18 E-3A Sentry (NATO Standard).
Missiles:
AAM: AIM-7E Sparrow, AIM-9B/L Sidewinder. PARA-MIUTARY: Gendarmerie 470.
ASM: Kormoran.
SAM: 96 Nike Hercules, Spada.
(On order 20 Tornado; 187 AMX FGA; 20 MB-339 It
attack, SF-260M trg àc; 11 AB-212, 10 HH-3F hel;
AGM-65 Maverick ASM; Spada SAM systems, NETHERLANDS
Aspide AAM.)
GDP 1984: gld 394.86 bn ($123.059 bn)
Forces Abroad: 1985: gld 412.70 bn ($124.255 bn)
Egypt (Sinai MFO) (90); 3 minesweepers. Lebanon growth 1984: 1.7% 1985: 2.0%
(UNIFIL) (51). Inflation 1984: 3.3% 1985: 2.3%
Debt 1984: $16.5 bn 1985: $15.9 bn
PARA-MILITARY: Defbdgt 1985: gld 13.420 bn ($4.040 bn);
Carabinieri 90,000: 1 mech bde: 13 bns, 1 AB bn, 2 NATO defh $3.978 bn
cav sqns; 37 M-47 MBT, Fiat 6616, 80 M-6, M-8 1986: gld 13.739 bn ($5.498 bn);
armd cars; 470 Fiat 242/18AD, 240 M-l 13 APÇ 23 NATO defh n.a.
AB-47, 2 A-109, 5 AB-205, 23 AB-206 heL $l=gld (1983): 2.8541 (1984): 3.2087
Ministry of Interior Public Security Guard 67,927: 11 (1985): 3.3214 (1986): 2.4990
mobile units; 40 Fiat 6614 APC, 3 Partenavia P-64B gld = guilders
acr, 1 AB-47, 6 A-109, 12 AB-206, 4 AB-212 heL Population: 14,515,000
Treasury Department Finance Guards 48,691; 6 18-30 31-45
AB-47J, 69 Nardi-Hughes 500M hel; 350 patrol craft. Men: 1,626,000 1,676,000
(On order 3 AB-212, 1 A-109 heL) Women: 1,557,000 1,572,000
NATO 73
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: ASW hel: 1 sqn with Westland Lynx SH-14B/C
Regular 105,134 (ind 3,909 Royal Military Constabu- SAR hel: 1 sqn with Lynx UH-14A.
lary); 1,450 women; 48,482 œnscripts. Equipment: combat 13 ac, 17 hel.
Terms of service. A m y 14—16, Navy and Air Force Aircraft
14—17 months. P-3: 13 (MR).
Reserves: 171,300 (men to ags 35, NOOs to 40, officers to Helicopters:
45). Army 145,300 (some (at the end of their period of Lynx 22.
conscription) on short leave, immediate recall), Home SH-14B/C: 17 (ASW).
Guard (4,300), Navy some 20,000 (7,500 on immedi- UH-14A: 5 (SAR).
ate recall), Air 6,000 (immediate recall). MARINES: (2,800).
2 amph cdo gps.
ARMY: 66,200 (42,250 conscripts), though see Reserves. 1 mountain/arctic warfare coy.
1 Corps HQ, 3 mech div HQ. (Reserve): 1 amph cdo gp.
2 armd bdes.
4 mech inf bdes. (On order 4 Walrus SS; 1 Heemskerk, 8 Zeven
1 SSM bn with Lance. Provinden frigates; 6 Alkmaar MCMV.)
3 hel sqns (Air Force manned).
(3 AD bns forming). AIR FORCE 17,957 (4,500 conscripts).
Reserves: 1 armd, 2 mech inf bdes, corps troops and 1 FGA: 5 sqns:
indep inf bde would be completed by call-up of 3 with General Dynamics F-16;
reservists; some inf bdes could be mobilized for ter- 2 with Northrop NF-5A (converting to F-16).
ritorial defence. Ftn 2 FGA/ftr sqns with F-16A.
Home Guard: 3 sectors; inf weapons. Recce: 1 sqn with F-16B.
Equipment: MR: 2 F-27 (assigned to Navy).
Tks: 913: 468 Leopard 1A4, 445 Leopard 2. Tpt 1 sqn with Fokker F-27.
A P C 744 M-113, 718 YP-408 (to retire 1986-9), OCU:2sqns:
1,490 YPR-765. 1 with NF-5B;
Arty. how. 476: 105mm: 42 M-101; 155mm: 140 1 with F-16B (temporarily integrated with 1 F-16A
M-114 (85 to be mod), 218 M-109; 203mm: 76 ftrsqn).
M-110A2SP. SAR heb 1 fit with SA-316 Alouette ffl.
SSKôLanœ. AD: SANE 14 sqns: 12 with Improved HAWK (8 in Ger-
mar. 81mm: 333; 107mm: 195; 120mm: 152. many); 2 with Nike Hercules, 100 Stinger, guns: 25
ATK: RCL Carl Gustav 84mm, 175 106mm. VL4/41 Flycatcher radar, 40 L-70 40mm systems.
ATGW 359 Dragon, 322 TOW. Equipment: 210 combat ac.
AD: guns 40mm: 541^70 towed; 35mm: 95 Gepard SP. Aircraft
Avru het 64 SA-316 Mouette m (to be replaced), 30 NF-5: 89. -A: 61 (FGA), -B: 28 (OCU).
MBB BO-105. F-16:119.-A 75 (FGA); -B: 44 (26 ftr/OCU, 18 recce).
Marine: 1 tk tpt, 3 coastal, 15 river patrol boats. F-Z7: 14 (12 tpt; 2 MR).
(On order. 644 YPR-765 APQ 486 Sänger SAM.) Helicopters:
Alouette: 4 (SAR).
NAVY: 17,068, ind naval air arm and marines (On order 81 F-16A/B FGA ac; 20 Patriot SAM
(1,390 conscripts). launchers, 160 msls.)
Bases. Den Hdder, Flushing, Curacao.
Subs 5: 2 Zwaaravb, 2 Potvis, 1 Dolfijn. INTER-SERVICE ORGANIZATION: 1,050 (232
Frigates 17, all with 8 Harpoon SSM: conscripts).
2 Tramp (flagships);
1 Van Heemskerk with SM-1 Standard, octuple Sea Forces Abroad-
Sparrow SAM, 1 Westland Lynx hel; Germany: 5,500. 1 armd bde, 1 recce, 1 engr bns, spt
10 Kartender ASW with octuple Sea Sparrow SAM, dements.
1—2 Lynx hel; Egypt (Sinai MFO): 105: 1 sigs det
4 Van Spdjk ASW with 2 quad Seacat SAM, 1 Lynxhd. Netherlands Antilles: 1 frigate, 1 amph combat det, 1
MCMV: 20: 11 Dokkum coastal, 9 Alkmaar. MR det with 2 F-27MPA ac.
Arnpfc LCA/LCVR 12(. Iceland: 1 P-3C Orion, 30 personnd (at Keflavik).
Mise 2 Poolster combat support, 3 survey (2 Buyskes,
1 Tydeman). PARA-MILITARY: 8,700:
NAVAL AIR ARM: (1,682); Royal Military Constabulary (Koninklijke Mare-
MR: 3 sqns (1 trg) with P-3C Orion n, Fokker F-27 (see haussee): 3,909 (342 conscripts); 3 'divs' comprising 9
Air Force). districts with 87 Tries'.
74 NATO
Civil Defence {Corps Mobiele Cobmesy. 22,000 on APC MICK NM-135 (M-113/20mm).
mobilization; disaster relief under Army command. APE M-l 13, 200 Bv-206 over-snow vehs.
Arty: 405: how: 105mm: M-101; 155mm: M-l 14 towed,
130 M-109 SP. mon 81mm, 107mm.
ATK: RCU 57mm M-18; 84mm: Carl Gustav, 106mm:
NORWAY M-40A1. RL 66mm: M-72
ATCW: TOW.
GDP 1984: kr 45273 bn ($55,471 bn) AD: guis 20mm: FK20-2; 40mm: L60/70.
1985: kr 497.84 bn ($57,907 bn) SAM: 108 RBS-70.
growth 1984: 3.8% 1985E 3.1% Aviu It ac 20 Cessna O-1E, 8 Piper L-18C
Inflation 1984: 62% 1985: 5.7% (On order 36 M48A5 MBT; 60 M-l 13 APC (44 with
Debt 1984: $29.5 bn 1985: $34.0 bn TOWy, 1,800 Bv 206 over-snow veh; 300 TOWU
Defbdgt 1985: kr 14.751 bn ($1,716 bn>, ATGW; RBS-70 SAM.)
NATO dem $1.795 bn
1986: kr 15.901 bn ($2102 bn);
NAVY: 7,600, ind 2000 coast artillery (5,500 conscripts)i
NATO dem a a
Bases: Horten, Haakonsvem (Beigen), Ramsund,
$1 = kr (1983): 72964 (1984): 8.1615
(1985): 8.5972 (1986): 7.5660 Oavsvem (Tromso).
kr = kroner 8 Naval/Coast defence commands.

S 4 s 14 Kobben (Type 207) (6 to retire, 6 reconditioned)i
Population: 4,162,000 Frigates 5 Osb with 6 Penguin SSM, 1 ochçle Sea Spar-
18-30 31-45 row SAM, 1 sextuple Terne ASW.
Men: 421,000 441,000 Corvettes 2 Sldpner with 1 sextuple Terne ASW.
Women: 401,000 421,000 FAQG) with Penguin Mk 2 SSM: 37:
17 Storm, 14 Hank (6 msls); 6 Snogg (4 msls).
TOTAL ARMED FORCES MCMV: 2 Victor minelayers; 9 Sauda (US MSC-60), 1
Regular 37,300 (23,700 conscripts). Tana (minehunter); 2 diving tenders.
Terms of service. Army, Navy coast arty, Air AD elms, Ampk LET 5 Reirwyswid.
Home Guard 12; Navy, Air Force 15 months. Spt 1 Horten depot/trg ship, 7 coastal tots, 2 trg, 1 patrol
Reserves: 208000; vessels, 12 harbour tpt
Army 145,000 (officers to 55, men 60:3 to 5 periods Coast defence some 30 fortresses:
of refresher training, 1 to 4 weeks refresher training 50 arty, mine and torpedo btys 75mm, 105mm,
to age 44, may volunteer for extension). 127mm, 150mm guns.
Navy 22,400. SAR/recoe 1 hel sqn with 6 Westland Lynx (coastguard).
Air 30,600. (On order: 6 Ula (Type 210) SS; 8 120mm coast defence
Home Guard 10,000. turret guns.)
Second line reserves 65,000, (all services). Home Guard
79,700. (See Para-military below.)
AR FORCE 9,400 (5200 conscripts).
Civilian resources mobilization: engr eqpt, tpt veh,
On mobilization, 30,000 (-tS,000 reserves).
50-60 tpt ac, 80—100 med/hy hel, 220 vessels. FGA: 5sqns
War strength, full mobitotion, ind Gvil Defence,
4 with General Dynamics F-16;
some 438,000. 1 (OCU) with Northrop F-5A/R
MR: 1 sqn wMi P-3B Orion (2 assigned to coastguard).
ARMY: 20,000 (13,700 conscripts). Tpt2sqns:
4 Land, 4 Regional (12 defence districts) commands.
1 with G130 Heroes, Dassault Mystère-Fakon 20;
1 bde 2 inf, 1 border garrison, 1 tk, 1 SP fd arty bns, 1 1 with DHC6 Twin Otter se, Beffl UH-1B heL
AA bty, spt units (North Norway). Tig SAAB MFI-15 Safari
2 bn all-anns gps inf, tk coys, fd arty, AA btys (South HetSAR 1 so^withWest]andîkorsky1StoÄff^Mk43.
Norway). Coaslguaid: het 1 sqn whh Wesfland Lynx Mk 86.
1 inf bn (Royal Guard). liaison: 2 utility sqns with UH-1B.
Reserves: 42 cadre units to form on mobilization, 3 div AD: 8 It arty bns; 1 SAM bn (4 btys).
HQ, 13 indep bdes (each some 5,000 men), 28 indep Equipment 94 combat ac
inf bns, 7 indep arty bns plus 50—60 territorial inf Aioaft
bns, tank sqns, arty btys, engr, sigs, Home Guard and F5A/B: 3ft 16 (OCU); 14 (reserve).
spt units. F-16:68: -ft 58 (FGA), -ft 10 (FGA).
Equipment; M B 7 (MR).
Tks 80 Leopard 1, 42 M-48A5. C-130K 6 (tot).
lt70NM-116(M-24/90). Mystkef äbon 20& 3 (EW).
NATO 75
DHC-& 4 (tpt). Safari 15 (tig). Population: 10,352,000

Hefcopters: 18-30 31-^5
Sea King: 10 (SAR). Lynx Mk 86: 6 (Coastguard). Men: 1,103,000 869,000
U*1& 28 (2 tpt, 26 utility). Women: 1,080,000 1,004,000
Missies:
AAlft AIM-9L/N Sidewinder.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ASM: CVR (AGM-12B Biäpup).
Regular. 68,252 (43,980 conscripts): see Army.
Air Defence:
Terms of service. Army 16, Navy 24, Air Force
Guns 40mm: 32 L60, 64 L-70.
21—24 months.
SAM: MIM-14B Nike Hercules 128.
Reserves: 190,000 (all services) (obligation: men to age 45;
(On oder 4 P-3C MR ac (toreplace5 P-3B), 12 B d 412 hd
(to replaœ UH-1BX (lease) 54 ImprovedHAWKhun±as officers to 70).
and 162 msk (6 btys; 1987); Penguin Mk 3 ASM.)
ARMY: 40,000 (30,000 conscripts, 3 intakes a year, 4
JOINT SERVICES ORG& 300. months alternating service).
6 Geographical Commands (4 military region, 2 island).
Forces Abroad: 884: I mixed bde.
Lebanon (UNIHL) 864; 1 inf bn, 1 service coy, plus HQ 2cavregts.
personnel II inf regte, 3 indep inf bns.

Other UN: 20. 1 special ops bde 1 cdo regt, 4 spt bns.
2 fd, 1 AA, 1 coast arty regts.
2engrregls.
PARA-MEJTARY: 1 sigsregt
Home Guarcfc 79,700 find 10,000 reservists). 1 military police regt
Land 71,400; 18 districts each divided into 2 - 6 sub Equipment
districts and 500 areas (500-1,500 men), subareas Tks 6ft 20 M47,40 M48A5.
(100-300 men). AFV: recce 30 Saladin, 63 AML60/-90 It armd, 32 Femt
Sea- 5,700; 8 Tjeld FACCT), 2 Kvatund LCT, 400 Mk4.
fishing vessels. APC 105 M-113 Cind A2 TOW), 18 M-577A2 (81mm
Air. 2,600; 2 bns (7 btys), 2 indep btys, It AA; 72 L60 mor), 85 Oiahnite.
40mm guns (to be replaced by 20mm). Arty: guns 5.5ii (140mm): 24;
(On order Cari Gustav RCL) tow 118:105mm: 72 36 M-101A1,18 M-101/L, 18 pack
Civil Defence Permanent staff: some 500; mobiliz- towed; 155mm 46c 6 M-109A2 SP, 40 M-114 towed
ation strength 80,000; industrial: 32,500. Total war coast 27 150mm; 152mm, 234mm.
strength 112,000. mor 81mm, 20 107mm.
Regional 54 Districts, 14 mobile columns. 108 local units. ATK: BEL- 90mm: 90, 106mm: 15.
Coastguaid: 680: 375 Navy, 139 Air Force, 166 civilians. ATGW: 45 TOW, 36 SS-11, 38 Milan.
13 patrol vessels (3 Nordkapp fitted for 6 Penguin Mk 2 AD: guns 20mm: 30 Rh-202; 40mm: 20 Bofors L60.
SSM, 3 Nomen/Farm, 7 chartered), 6 Lynx hd (Air SAW 16 Blowpipe.
Force manned), 7 armed fishery protection vessels.
DEPLOYMENT.
3 inf regts, 2 coast arty, 2 AA btys in Azores and Madeira.
NAVY: 14,452 ind marines (4,380 conscripts).

PORTUGAL Bases. Lisbon (Alfeite), Faro.
Subs 3 Albacora (Fr Daphne).
GDP 1984e esc 2,896.34 bn ($19.785 bn) FHgates: 17: 4 Bdcr, 3 Suva (1 fishery protection); 4
1985s esc 3,54223 bn ($20.789 bn) Andrade, 6'Coutinho.
growth 1984: -1.9% 1985: 25% Pabnl craft 19:
Inflation 1984: 29.5% 1985: 19.6% 10 Cadne large;
Debt 1984: $20.5 bn 1985: $224 bn
2 Aleixo, 5 Albatmz coastal;
Defbdgt 1985: esc 115.0 bn ($674.922 m>,
2 Bonanca, 3 other harbour patrol craft.
NATO dem $628.52 m
Amph: LCH 3. LOVE 10.
1986: esc 140.0 bn ($930.665 m);
Spt 1 tanker.
NATO dem a a
$71.0 m 1985: $73.0 m (On order 3 Mafo-200 frigates.)
FMA 1984:
$1 = esc (1983): 110.70 (1984): 146.39 MARINES: (2,600) (1,200 conscripts).
(1985): 170.39 (1986): 150.43 3 bns (2 inf, 1 police), spt units.
esc = escudos Equipment: Chaimite APC, mor, amph craft.
76 NATO
AIR FORCE 13,800 ind 2,000 para (4,600 oonsoipts). 18-30 31-45
1 combat command, 5 administrative wings. Men: 4,085,000 3,557,000
PGA:4sqns Women: 3,968,000 3,616,000
2 with A-7P Corsair,
1 with AeritaHa G-91RVT3; TOTAL ARMED FORCES
1 with G-91R4/T3. Regular 320,000 (214,000 conscripts) (to be reduced).
Recce 1 sqn with CASA G212B. Terms of service. 12 months.
Reserves 1,085,000 (au services) (to age 38 (men)).
1 with
1 with C-212 ARMY: 230,000 (160,000 conscripts); being reduced
SAR:3sqns:
1986-90.
1 with G212 ac; 6 Military Regions (Regional Operational Commands), 2
2 vàâiSA-330 Puma ht±
Overseas Commands.
liaison: 4 scpjs
1 armd div (1 armd, 2 mech (1 reserve) bdes).
2 ac with Rrims<jessna FIB-337G;
1 mech div (1 mech, 2 mot (1 reserve) bdes).
2 utility hd with SA-315 Alouette IL
1 mot div (3 mot (1 reserve) bdes).
OCÜ: 1 with Northrop T-38 Talon.
2 mountain divs (each 2 bdes).
1ig:3 sqns:
1 armd cav bde.
1 with G212 ac, SA-316 Alouette III hd; 8 inf bdes (7 to be disbanded).
1 with Cessna T-37Q 1 airportàble bde (3 bns).
1 with DH Chipmunk 1 Spanish Legion (3 regts, spt units (overseas forces), 1
Para: 1 para bde (3 bns), Milan.
dept regt, 1 Special ops gp).
Equipment: 101 combat ac
Genera! Reserve Force:
Aircraft
1 para bde (3 bns).
A-7: 48 (42 PGA, 6 Irg).
1 arty msl bde (ind 1 HAWK SAM gp, 1 Nike
&81:49. -fö 19 (PGA), -Rt 20 (FGA>, -T3t 10 (irg).
T-38: 12 (OOJ). Hemdes bry).
C-212: 24 (12 tpt, 6 SAR; -ft 2 (tig); -ft 4 EUNT). 1 arty bde (1 locating, 1 fd rocket, 1 It AA regts).
C-130: 5 (tpt). T-37: 20 (Irg). Cessna 337:26 (liaison). 2 hy arty regls.
7 coast/AA arty regts.
Ctipmrk. 25 (trg).
1 engr, 1 sigs regts.
Hefcoptere:
1 chemical/audear defence regt
ftraa-12 (SARX
Special Task Units:
/Uoueöe Il/lit 40 (37 liaison, 3 trg). 1 engr, 2 railway engr regts.
(On order 3 C-130 tpt ac; 12 A-109 hd (4 with TOW)) 1 sigs regt
Independent Units
PARA-AfflJTARY: Army HQ inf gp.
National RepubBcan Guard 15^10, Commando Mk III APC Royal Guard Regt (ind inf, naval, air force coys and
Public Security Police 13,000. escort cav sqn).
Border Security Guard 8,853. Army Aviation (FAMEI): 40 armed heL
HQ with 1 hd, 1 spt, 1 trg sqns.
1 attack bn.
1 tpt bn (1 med, 1 hy coys).
SPAIN 3 utility units.
GDP 1984: pts 25,935 bn ($161.327 bn) Tks 883:319 AMX-30,400 M47E, 164 M-48 (105mm).
1985E pts 28,762 bn ($169.148 bn) 1127 M-41.
growth 1984: 23% 1985: 1.7% AFV: MOE 510 BMR-600. recce 140: 60 AML60, 90
Inflation 1984: 113% 1985: 8.8% VEC, 80 AML-90. APC 1,1% M-113.
Debt 1984: $37.0 bn 1985: $35.5 bn Arty: gins 19ft 122mm: 178 122/46 towed; 175mm: 12
Defbdgt 1985: pts 816.144 bn ($4.800 bn>, M-107 SP.
NATO dem n a coast 88mm: 200 Preserve); 6m. (1524mm): 127;
1986: pts 842397 bn ($5.939 bn>, 203mm: 24; 12-in. (305mm): some 14; 15-in.
NATO ddh oa. (381mm): some 15.
FMA 1984: $400.0 m 1985: $415.0 m haw 1,078:105mm: 858:810 M-26 and M-56 pack, 48
$1 = pts (1983): 143.43 (1984): 160.76 M-108 SP, 155mm: 192 84 M-114, 12 M-44, %
(1985). 170.04 (1986): 141.83 M-109A SP, 8-in. (203mm): 28: 24 M-l 15 towed, 4
pts = pesetas M-55 SP.
Population: 39,778,000 m: R-2B 105mm, 12 Tend 140mm.
NATO 77
irar 1,200 81mm, 107mm; 400 120mm. ASWC 2 sqns: 1 with Hughes 50O, 1 with Sikorsky
ATK: ROI 106mm: 350. RL 88.9mm: 42 M-65; 90mm: SH-3D/G Sea fang.
C-90G ATGW 50 Milan, 50 Cobra, 18 Dragon, HOT, tac 1 sqn with AH-1G Cobra.
12 TOW. comd/recce 1 sqn with Agusta-Bdl AB-212
AD: gins 20mm: GAI-BOI; 35mm: 64 GDF002 twin; Saison: 1 sqn with Bell 47G.
40mm: 260 L-7O, 90mm 90 MA. Equipment 10 combat ac, 43 h d
SAW 9 Nike Hercules, 24 Improved HAWK Aircraft
AMI: het 59 HU-8/-10B (Bett UH-1B/H), 3 HA-16 (SA- AV-a 10 (8 AV-SA; 2 TAV-SA) FGA,
316 Alouette HI), 72 HA-15 (MBB BO-105; 12 with Comanche: 2 (liaison). Citation Ib 2 (liaison).
20mm guns, 28 with # 0 7 ) , 3 Agusta-Bell AB-206A, 6 Helicopters:
AB-212, 17 HR-12B (Bell OH-58B), 12 HT-17 (CH- A&-212: 14 (comdAecce).
47C Chinook). Sea King: 14 (ASW).
Hughes 500: 11 (AS\V).
(On order (?145) VEC recce, 650 BMR-600 MICV; SB
AH-1G: 4 (tac).
155/39 155mm how, 1,100 G90C 90mm RL, 540
BeB 47G: 10 (liaison).
TOW, 250 Milan, 150 # 0 T ATGW; 18 AS-332, 6
CH-47C, 28 AB412,18 OH-58A hel; 18 Roland SAM MARINES: (11,500).
launchers (500 msls>, 13 Skyguard/Aspiae SAM 1 marine regt (3,000): (2 inf, 1 spt, 1 log bns; 3 arty btys).
launchers (100 msls).) 5 marine garrison regts.
Equipment
DEPLOYMENT Tlac 18 M-48S.
Regional Operational Commands: 6: AFV: 17 Scorpion It te, 19 LVTP-7 amph.
Centre, South, East and West Pyrenees, North West Arty: how: 105mm: 12 OTO Melara M-56 pack, 8
Ceuta and M e l k 21,000, M-52A1 SP. mor 81mm.
2 annd cav, 2 Spanish Legion, 2 coast/AA arty, 2 engr, ATK: RCL 72 106mm RL M-72 66mm,
4 Reguläres inf regts, 2 special sea coys. ATGW. TOW, Dragon.
Overseas Forces Comas. 2
Balearic Islands: 5,800; (On order 1 It carrier (1986), 5 FFG-7 frigates (1 in 1986),
3 inf, 2 coast/AA regis; 1 engrbn; 1 ttcavgp; 1 cdocoy. 4 322-m patrol craft, 20 15.9-m patrol vessels; 12 Brow
Canary Islands: 10,000, (AV-8B) ac, 18 Sikorsky SH-60 hd; 80 RGM-84A
2 inf regts (1 cadre); 1 Spanish Legion (2 bns, 1 It cav Harpoon SSM, SM-1 Standard SAM.)
gp); 2 coast/AA arty regts; 1 engr gp (2 bns); 1 sea coy.
AIR FORCE 33,000 (to be reduced):
NAVY: 62,500, ind marines (44,000 conscripts). Air Combat Command (MACOMf. 3 wings.
Bases: Ferrol (Galiria), Cadiz (San FemandoyRota, Ftn 6sqns
Cartagsna, Majorca. 2 with McDonndl-Dougbs F-4C Phantom,
9 Commands (Fleet, Naval Air, Submarine, Mine War- 2 with Dassault Mirage UJEE/EB;
fare, Marines, 4 Naval Region HQ). 2 with Mirage F-1CE/BE
Subs 8: 4 Agosta, 4 Daphne. liaison: 1 fit with Dornier Do-27.
Carrier 1 Dedab (9 AV-8A, 24 hel). Tactical Command (MATA0: 2 wings.
Destroyas 11: 1 deLauria, FGA: 2 sqns with Northrop F-5A, F-5B, RF-5A.
5 US GearingvA&i 1 ASROC, 1 Hughes 500 hel; MR: 1 sqn with Lockheed P-3A Orion.
5 US Fletcher (3 to retire). liaison: 2 fits with Cessna O-1E, Do-27, Do-28.
Frigates 11: AAM: Sparrow, Sidewinder, R.-550 Magic
5 Baléares (F-70) with 2 quad Harpoon SSM, 16 Stan- Air Command, Canary Islands (MACAN):
dardSAM,\ octuple ASROC, . FGA: 1 sqn with Mirage¥-\C
6 Descubierta (F-30) with 2 quad Harpoon SSM, 1 Tpfc 1 sqn with C-212 Aviocar, Do-27.
octuple Sea Sparmw/Aspiae SAM. SAR 1 sqn with Fokker F-27 ac, Agusta-Bdl AB-
Corvettes 4 /4/rewab (1 to retire). 205 heL
FAC(P> 12 6 lozqgo, 6 Barceb. Transport Command (MATRA)-. 3 wings.
Patrol craft 85: 14 large (3 ex-minesweepers), 38 coastal, Tpt 5 sqns with G130 Hercules, KC-130, CASA
33 inshore(. C-212, 12 DHC4 Caribou, Do-27.
MCMV: 12 4 US Aggressive ocean, 8 „ t a r coastaL Training Command (MAPER):
Amph: ISO: 1.1ST. 3. LET 6. LCUt 2 ICK 12 CCU: 2 sqns with F-5A/B, Do-27.
Tp«s:2 Trgac 14 sqns with Piper (Aztec, Navap), Beech (Bon-
NAVAL AIR anza, Baron, King Air), CASA C-101 Avbjet, C-212
PGA: 1 !qpvtäAV^Matador(ßA£HamerlI),TAV-8A. CASA 1-131 (Bucker 131A Jungmanri), T-6 Texan.
Liaison: 1 sqn with 7 Piper Comanche, Cessna Citation. ht* 2 sqns with AB-205, Hughes 300C, Bdl UH-1H
Hefc5sqns: Air Force HQ Group (ACGAjr.
78 NATO
Tpfc 2 scps with Dougbs DC«, C-212, Dassault $1=TL (1983): 225.46 (1984): 366.68
Mystère-Fakon 20, Navqjo. (1985): 521.98 (1986): 689.74
Spfc 3 sqns wffli Canadair CL-215, Do-27, C-212, TL = Turkish liras
DHC4A,T-7.
Population: 51,421,000t
SAR 2 seps with G212, Do-27 ac, SA-332 Super Puma,
18-30 31-45
AB-205, AB-206, AB47, SA-316 Mouette ffi h d Men: 6,186,000 4,165,000
liaison: 1 hd sqn with SA-330 Puma.
Women: 5,877,000 4,011,000
Tig 1 sep with C-101, G212
Equipment: some 175 combat ac.
Aircraft TOTAL ARMED FORCES
F& 35: -A: 13 (FC3A>, -B: 6 (PGA), RF-5A: 16 (reoœ). Regular 654375 (575,825 conscripts).
Mirage: 94: MC: 21 (FGA); MCE 44 (fut, MCÇtëE 3 Terms of service: 18 months.
(flr); IDŒ: 20 (mt, BEB: 6 (fir). Reserves: 951,000 to age 46 (all). Army 808,000, Navy
M C 38 (34 flr, 4 RF4C recœ). 73,000, Air 70,000.
F-1& (bang delivered mid-86).
M A : 6 (MR). ARMY: 542,000 (497,000 conscripts)4
DC-8-52: 2 (tpt, to be replaced in 1987). 4 army HQ 10 corps HQ.
C-130H: 11: 5 (tpt); KC-130H: 6 (tanker). 2mechdivs.
O-212: 82 (55 tpt, 4 SAR, 5 spt, 2 tig-E 14 tig TR-12D: 14 inf divs.
2EW). 6 indep armd bdes.
C-101: 86(trg). 2 indep mech bdes.
CL-215: 12 (spt). DHC-4 32 (30 Ipt, -A: 2 spt). 11 indep infbdes.
Mystèœfakxn 20:4 (tpt). F-27:3 (SAR). Do-27/-2& 1 parabde.
60. -27:40 (12 Ipt, 4 SAR, 24 spt); -Z7/-28:20 (liaison). ledobde.
T-6: 45 (trg). 0-1: 6 (Baison> Other 48 {Aztec 6, 5 Fortress Defence regts (coastal).
Navqjo 2, Bonanza 29, King Air 6, Boron 5). 1 SAM bty forming {Rapier).
Helicopters: Corps units: 10 tk, 30 hy/med, 20 AA arty bns.
AB-205C 20 (SAR). AB-206: 4 (SAR). /Wouette lib 3 Equipment:
(SAR). Ama: 5 (liaison) SLper Puna: 11 (SAR). Tks some 3,700: 900 M-47 (700 in reserve, 200 in store),
Huîes 300C: 18 (tig). Bel 47:25 (trg). 1,085 M-48A1 (to be -AS), 1,615 M-48A5, some 77
(On order some 72 F-18 Hornet ftr (fiom mid- 1986), 2 Leopard 1A3.
P-3C OKW MR, 2 Boeing 707 tkr/tpt, 40 T-35C Tamz It (100 M41 in store).
(PiBän) ac; 6 CH47 Chinook hd; SiperSidewickrAAM.) AFV: recce (M-8 in store).
APC 3,750: 700 M-59,2250 M-113, some 800 M-2/-3
PARAMILITARY: (perhaps 300 in store).
Guardia CM 65,000: 25 inf teroas (regts), 3 reserve Arty: some 2,000.
mobile comds, 1 rauway securily, 1 traffic security gps, guis 186: 155mm: 150 M-59 towed; 175mm: 36
1 antkerrorist special gp (UAR>, BLR APC, 1 B-11T M-107 SP.
(BK-117) h d (On oiden 20 BO-105, 3 BK-117 hd) IKMT 75mm: 100 M-l 16A1; 105mm: 600 M-101A1,72
PoUda Naäonal 47,000: 26infbns,2cavsqngps,3cav M-108 SP, (108 M-7 SP and 216 M-52 in storeX
tps, 1 special ops cdo gp (GBOX civil security gps. 155mm: 144 M-44 SP (some in storeX 378
Ministry of Transportation and Communications: Mari- M-114A1; 203mm: 104 M-l 15, (81 M-55 (US) SP
time SurveiÈmce Force, some 54 patrol boats (10 320- in store), 16 M-l 10A2 SP.
ton, 4 32-m, 16-ni), many aimed. mor 1,800. 81mm: M-l, M-4A1 (M-2/-3 APC) SP,
SöHam M-125A1 SP, 107mm (vod 42-ii> M-2,
M-30, M-84 (M-59 APC) SP, M-106A1 SP, 120mm:
10ft Sattem, TOSAM Mk E HY12-DL
TURKEY ATK: no: 57mm: 1,400 M-18; 75mm: 1,000 M-20;
106mm: 12004- M-40. ATGw: 85 Cotm, SS-11, TOW
GDP 1984: TL 18,188 bn ($49.602 bn)
1985e TL 27,282 bn ($51266 bn)
AD: guK 20mm: 30ft HSS20, Mk 20 RH-202 twin;
growth 1984: 5.9% 1985: 4%
Inflation 1984: 48.4% 1985: 442% 35mm; 40mm: 900 M-1A1, L/60, M-42; 75mm: M-51;
Debt 1984: $25.9 bn 1985: $28.5 bn 90mm:M-117/-118.
Defbdgt 1985: TL 860.8 bn* ($1.649 bn>, SAM: Redeye, some 4 Rapier launchers with 54 msls.
NATO dem $1295 bn Avœ ac 2 DHC-2 Beaver, 100 U-17 (Cessna 185), 70
1986: TL 1,307 bn ($1.895 bn>, O-1E, 8 Cessna 206,20 Cessna 421, 5 Domier Do-27,
NATO dem aa. 5 Do-28, 15 Beech Baron, 5 T42 (Beech CocHse\ 40
FMA 1984: $660.9 m 1985: $750 m Champion Citabria 150S trg
NATO 79
het 65 Agusta-Befl AB-204/-205, 15 AB-206A, 20 1 with C-130 Hercules,

Befl 47G, 30 Befl UH-1D, 40 UH-1H, 30 Hughes 1 with Transall G160;
TH-55. 3 with C47 (Dougbs DG-3), Beech C45, BAe
(On order TOW, 1,040 Milan ATGW; 26 AH-1S Ccbra Viscount 794 ( w ) ac; Beïï UH-1H heL
(Improved TOW) attack, 25 UH-1H hel; Rapier SAM VIP: 1 fit with G47, Cessna Citation.
(some 8 launchers, 108 was)) Liaison:
3 fits G47, Beech AT-11, Lockheed T-33 ac; UH-1H hd;
NAVY: 55,000, ind marines (42,000 consorts).
10 base fits with C47, T-33, AT-11 ac; UH-1H,
Bases: Gölcük, Istanbul, Izmir, Eregli, Iskenderun,
UH-19B (Sikorsky S-55) heL
KaraMurseL
Subs 17: OCU: 5 sqns 2 with F-5PJZ, F-104G, 2 with T-33,
6 Tjpe 1200C 9 US GuppyQ. in reserve); 2 7àrç£(on lcan)i Northrop T-38; 1 with Cessna T-37C
Destroyers 13: Tiç 3 sqns with T-33, T-34 Beech Mentor, T-41 Cessna
9 G&zrcrçg- (5 with 1 octuple ASROQ, 2 Carpenter, 1 Mescalem, trg schools with G47 ac, UH-1H heL
Simmer, 1 Stojitfi. SAM: 8 sqns with Nike Hercules, 2 Rapier sqns (to have
Frigates 4: 24 launchers, 324 msls).
2 & * each with 1 hel; 2 AZ&t Etpapment: 448 combat ac.
FAQG> 15:
Aircraft
6 Dogan (Luissen FPB-57) whh 2 quad Harpoon, 9 F& 91: -A: 30 (R3A>, -ft 16 (FGA>, -tyB: 24 (OCUX
Äizrtä/ (/öguor-type) with 4 Penguin 2 SSM; RF6A: 18 (recce), RF5& 3 (recce).
FAC(I> 11: 5 S-141 Jaguar, 6 Zobeltyps.
Patrol traft 28: F-100D/R 40 (PGA).
24 large (1 Giro; 1 US AshevŒe, 12 AB-25,6 PC-1638, F 4 E 97: 90 (PGA), RRE 7 (recce).
4 PGM-71); F-104 22ft -0/G: 160 (FGA>, -& 32 (ftr>, TF-104: 28: 20
4 coastal 83-ft(. (FGAX4(flrX4(OCU).
Minelayers: 7:1 Nusret, 6 coastal C-130: 7 (tpt). Transal C-160D: 20 (tpt). Viscaunb 3
Minesweepers: 26:12 US Adjutant, 4 Cdn, 6 FRG fêsacfc (VIP). O47: 44+(40tpt,2viP, 2baseflt + comms
coastal; 4 US Cape inshore; 8 minehunting craft. fit, Hg school ac). CHaOav 2 (VIP tpt). AT-11: 18.
Ample 1ST. 7 (4 are duatpurpose mindayers); UX. 40. UM Beech 18: 2 (tpt). T-33: 82 (48 trg/OCU, 34-A
13. LCM 20. liaison/OCU). T-37:35 (OCU). T-34:15. T-41:30 (trg).
Auxiliary ships ind 1 HQ ship; 1 destroy tender, 1 sub HeBoopters:
tender, 2 repair ships; 4 depot ships; 1 fleet, 6 spt, 3 har- UH-1rt 15+(15 tpt, others in Bason, base fits, tigschools)i
bour tankers; 38 tpts. UH-19& 5 (base fits, trg schools).
NAVAL AVIATION: 15 combat ac 6 combat heL Missiles
ASW: 1 sqn with 15 S-2A/E Tracker ac 3 Agusta-Bell SAM: 72 Nike Hercules, 24 Rapier.
AB-204B, 3 AB-212 heL (On order 160 F-16 fir, 18 S-2E Trader ASW, 2 Citation
MARINES 1 bde (4,000). HQ, 3 bns, 1 arty bn (18 guns), n tig ac; 15 AH-1S Cobra hâ, Super Sidewinder, Spar-
spt units. row AAM; AGM-65 Maverick, 24 Rapier SAM msls.)
(On order 1 Type 1200 SS, 4 Meko-200 frigates, 12 LCT.) Forces Abroad: Cyprus 1 corps of 2 inf divs (23,000>,
150 M-47/-48 MET, 100 M-59 APQ 108 107mm mar,
AIR FORCE 57^75 (36,825 conscripts).
2 tac, 1 tpt, 1 air trg commands. 150 105mm, 155mm, 203mm guns/how, 72 40mm
PGA: 19sqns AAguns.
2 with Northrop F-5A/B;
2 with F-100D Super Sabre, PARAMILITARY. Gendarmerie 125,000 (md 3 mobile bdes
5 with McDonnell-Douglas F-4E; with V-150, UR-416 APC> Coastguard 1,1(0 36 large, 9
10 with Lockheed F-104G/TF-104.
coastal patrd craft, 4 tpts. (On order 4 SAR-33 FAC)
Ftn 2 sqns with F-1O4S/TF-1O4G.
Recce 2 sqns:
1 whh F5A, RF-5A; *Exd some TL 100 bn for military police and internal security,
1 with RF4E t Based on prdiminary results of October 1985 census.
Tï>fc5sqns: % About half the divs and bdes are below strength.
80
(3) OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Albania: Albania joined the Warsaw Pact in 1955 but left it in 1968, moving into a closer
relationship with China. After Chairman Mao's death in 1976, Chinese aid has progressively
reduced. Since 1978 little military aid has been received from any source. The Constitution
precludes the establishment of foreign bases or the stationing of foreign troops in Albania.
Austria: Austria's constitution contains a declaration of permanent neutrality. A small
indigenous arms industry supplies many of the Armed Forces' needs and provides a few
foreign sales.
Cyprus: In 1959 Britain, Greece and Turkey signed a Treaty of Guarantee assuring the inde-
pendence, territorial integrity and security of the Republic of Cyprus. Under this Treaty
Britain maintains a garrison in two Sovereign Base Areas (SBAs) at Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
An associated Treaty of Alliance with the Republic entitles both Greece and Turkey to main-
tain contingents on the island. The Turkish-Cypriot and Greek-Cypriot communities each
maintain armed forces. In 1963 a constitutional dispute led the Turkish-Cypriot community
to withdraw from the central government. In 1983 it formed the 'Turkish Republic of North-
ern Cyprus'; it is this entity which is shown as 'Northern Cyprus' on p. 83. A numerical error
appeared in this entry in the 1985—6 edition and has now been corrected. The United
Nations has interposed a peace-keeping force (UNFICYP) between the communities since
1964. The United States has a signals establishment on the island.
Finland: Finland pursues a policy of neutrality. Under the 1948 Treaty of Friendship,
Co-operation and Mutual Assistance, Finland is committed to repel aggression against itself
or against the USSR through Finnish territory. In such a case, Finland can, if needed,
request assistance from the USSR, subject to special agreement. Finland maintains a perma-
nent UN peace-keeping force and has provided personnel for UN duties since 1956.
Finland's own defence industry provides nearly half its needs. Its major arms systems have
been acquired from the USSR and Sweden, together with special equipment from Britain,
France and the United States.
Ireland: Independent since 1922, Ireland plays an active role in UN peace-keeping oper-
ations. With no significant arms industry, it has bought arms from many sources, including
Britain, France, Sweden and the US.
Malta: After independence in 1964, Malta had a defence agreement with Britain. The island
was a NATO base from 1972 to 1979. In September 1980 Malta undertook to remain neutral,
outside any alliances, and banned foreign troops and bases, including Soviet warship docking
facilities. In 1980 Italy agreed to consult if Malta were attacked and to guarantee its indepen-
dence; this agreement was not renewed (1984). In December 1981 France and Algeria also
agreed to support and guarantee Maltese neutrality. In November 1984, and despite disputes
over territorial waters, Libya signed a five-year Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation under
which Malta agreed to exclude foreign military bases and Libya to answer requests for assist-
ance against aggression.
Sweden: Neutral in both World Wars, Sweden has a permanent peace-keeping organization
which has provided personnel for UN duties since 1964. Its self-defence organization is
largely supported by a domestic defence industry but some external purchases have been
made, mainly from the United States.
Switzerland: Neutral since 1815, Switzerland belongs to no defence alliance. Its small arms
industry produces most of its equipment and plays a small but significant role in exports.
Yugoslavia: Expelled from the Cominforrn in 1948, Yugoslavia has since been a leading force
in the Non-Aligned Movement, maintaining a balanced relationship with each Bloc. It has
no defence alliances, though a limited naval repair agreement exists with the USSR. It has its
own defence industry but has bought most of its major military equipment from the USSR.
OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 81
ALBANIA Tpt: 1 sqn with 3 Ilyushin I1-14M, 10 Antonov

An-2.
GNP 1983e: lekë 17.21 bn ($2.868 bn) Hel: 2 sqns with 30 Mil Mi-4.
lekë 18.50 bn ($2.387 bn)
1984E: Trg: 1 sqn with MiG-15UTI.
Debt* 1984: $5.4 bn 1985: $5.6 bn SAM: some 5 SA-2 sites.
Defbdgt 1985e: lekë 1.70 bn ($188.889 bn)
1986e: lekë 2.30 bn ($230.000 bn) PARA-MILITARY: 12,000.
$1 lekë (1983): 6.00 (1984): 7.75 Internal security force (5,000).
(1985): 9.00 Frontier guard (7,000).
Population: 3,064,000 • Est total since 1949.
18-30 31-45 t Spares are short; some eqpt may be unserviceable.
Men: 387,000 260,000
Women: 373,000 253,000
AUSTRIA
TOTAL ARMED FORCES:.
Regular: 42,000 (22,400 conscripts). GDP 1984: OS 1,284.9 bn ($64.214 bn)
Terms of service. Army 2 years; Air Force, 1985: OS 1,371.0 bn ($66.264 bn)
Navy and special units 3 years. growth 1984: 2.2% 1985: 3.0%
Reserves: 155,000 (to age 56): Army 150,000, Inflation 1984: 5.7% 1985: 3.3%
Navy/Air 5,000. Debt 1984: $11.8bn 1985: $12.5 bn
Defbdgt 1985: OS 17.875 bn ($863.944 m)
ARMY: 31,500 (20,000 conscripts). 1986: OS 18.768 bn ($1.204 bn)
1 tk bde. $1=OS (1984): 20.009 (1985): 20.690
4 inf bdes. (1986): 15.588
3 arty regts. OS = schilling
6 It coastal arty bhs.
Equipment:^ Population: 7,565,000
Tks: 190:T-34, T-54. 18-30 31-45
AFV: recce: 13BRDM-1. Men: 802,000 772,000
APC: 80: BTR-40/-50/-152, K-63. Women: 776,000 762,000
Arty: guns: 76mm: M-1942, SU-76 SP; 85mm:
D-44, Type-56; 122mm: M-1931/37; TOTAL ARMED FORCES (Air Services form
130mm: Type-59-1. part of the Army):
gun/how: 122mm: M-1938, Type-60; 152mm: Regular: 54,700 (27,300 conscripts, some
M-1937,Type-66. 70,000 reservists on refresher training).
Terms of service. 6 months recruit trg; 60 days
how: 152mm: D-l.
reservist refresher trg during 15 years (or 8
MRU 107mm: Type-63. months trg, no refresher), 30—90 days
mor: 120mm, 160mm.
additional for specialists.
ATK: RCU 82mm: T-21. guns: 45mm: M-1942;
Reserves: 186,000; 970,000 (being increased)
57mm: M-1943; 85mm: D-44, Type-56.
AD: guns: 50: 37mm: M-1939; 23mm: ZU-23 twin. have a reserve commitment (men to age 51,
specialists, NCOs, officers 65).
NAVY: 3,300 (1,000 conscripts), f
Bases: Dürres, Valona, Sazan Island, Pasha liman. ARMY: 50,000 (25,000 conscripts).
Subs: 2 Sov W-class (1 trg). Army HQ.
Patrol craft: 2 Sov Kronshtadt large. Standing Alert Force (some 15,000):
FAC: 6 Ch Shanghai-ll. 1 mech div of 3 mech bdes (3 tk, 3 mech inf,
FAC(T): 12ChP-4. 3 SP arty, 2 SP ATK bns); 3 comd/spt, 1 AA,
Hydrofoil: 32 Ch Huchwan(. 1 engr, 1 sigs bns.
MCMV: 2 T-301 inshore, 6 PO-2 utility. Field Units (regional defence force — cadre units):
(Plus, in reserve: 1 W-class sub, 2 Kronshtadt Army: 1 HQ, 1 recce bns; 1 sigs, 1 log regts.
patrol craft, 2 T-43, 4 T-301 minesweepers). Corps:
2 HQ, 1 air-mobile, 2 mountain, 1 guards,
AIR FORCE: 7,200 (1,400 conscripts); some 100 2 arty, 1 SP ATK, 2 AA, 2 engr, 2 sigs bns.
combat ac.f 2 log regts.
Ftrs: 6 sqns with 20 Mikoyan-Guryevich 9 Regional (county) Commands.
MiG-15/F-2, 20 MiG-17, 40 MiG-19/J-6, 30 Landwehrstammregimente (trg regts):
20 Shenyang J-7. Peacetime: trg and maintenance.
82 OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Mobilization: active personnel for mobile REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS

and territorial forces.
Cadre Force (full strength on mobilization):
8 mobile bde HQ: GDP 1984: £C 1.316 bn ($2.242 bn)
1985: £C 1.427 bn ($2.341 bn)
Bde tps (45,000): 24 inf, 8 arty, 3 engr/ATK,
growth 1984: 5.0% 1985: 3.5%
8 comd/spt bns.
Territorial tps (82,000): Inflation 1984: 6.0% 1985: 5.0%
26 inf regts, 86 inf coys, 42 guard coys; 16 hy, Debt 1984: $817.0 m 1985: $983.0 m
Defbdgt 1984: £C 35.00 m ($59.637 m)
15 It inf, 11 inf/ATKbns, 13 engr, 6 ATKcoys.
1985: £C 37.90 m ($62.183 m)
Equipment: $ 1 = £ C (1984): 0.5869 (1985): 0.6095
Tks: 50 M-60A3, 120 M-60A1. APC: 460
Saurer 4K4E/F. Population: 677,500
Arty: how: 105mm: 108 IFH (M-2A1); 155mm: 18-30 31-45
24FHM-1, 59M-109/-A2. Men: 478,750 608,500
MRL- 128mm: 18 M-51. Women: 457,450 578,000
mor 81mm: 551; 107mm: 105 M-2/M-30;
120mm: 82 M-60 (M-38/41).
ATK: RU LAW. TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
RCL* 74mm: Miniman; 84mm: Carl Gustav, Regular: 13,000.

106mm: 397 M-40A1. Terms of service, conscription, 26 months,
guns: 75mm: M-6 PAR; 84mm: (20-pdr tk then Reserve to age 50 (officers 65).
guns, turret mounted) PAR; 85mm: 240 Reserve: 60,000 (have yearly refresher training):
M-1944 (T-34/-85 tk), M-52/M-55 towed; 30,000 immediate; 30,000 second-line.
90mm: some 100 M-36, M-47 (tk); 105mm:
some 180 L-7A2 (Centurion tk mobile and NATIONAL GUARD: 13,000.*
fixed), 284 Kuerassier JPz SK SP, 150 M-68
3 recce/mech inf bns.
(L-7A1); 155mm: 24 SFKM2 fortress.
AD: guns: 20mm: 512; 35mm: 74 Oerlikon twin 20 inf bns (under strength).
1 cdo bn.
towed; 40mm: 38 M-42 twin SP.
(On order: 18 GHN-45 155mm gun/how.) 8 arty bns.
8 spt units.
Equipment:
AIR FORCE: 4,700 (2,300 conscripts); 32 com- Tks: 8 T-34.
bat ac. AFV: 120 EE-9 Cascavel, 20 EE-3 Jararaca, 20
1 Air Div HQ; 3 Air Regts:
Marmon-Harrington armd cars (in reserve).
Multi-role (ftr/FGA/recce): 4 sqns with 32
SAAB 105OE. APC: 84 VAB-VTT/-VCI, 20 BTR-152.
Recce: some Cessna O-1E (arty fire control, Arty: 164: guns: 76mm: 12 M-42; 100mm: 36
retiring). M-1944; 105mm: 20 M-101; 25-pdr
Hel: 6 sqns: (88mm): 54.
recce/arty fire control: 12 Bell OH-58B Kiowa, how: 42: 75mm: 6 M-116A1 pack; 105mm:
16Agusta-BellAB-204. 36 M-56.
tpt (med): 23 AB-212; (It): 12 AB-206A. MRU 128mm: 8 Yug YMRL-32.
SAR: 12 SA-316 Alouette III. mor: 81mm: 70 M-29; 82mm: 80 M-41/-43;
Liaison: 1 sqn: 2 Short Skyvan 3M, 12 PC-6B 107mm: 6 M-2.
Turbo Porter. ATK: RU 89mm: 198 M-20. RCL 57mm: 198
Trg: 18 SAAB 91D Safir, some 10 PC-7 M-18; 106mm: 132M-40.
Turbo-Trainer. ATGW: Milan.
AD: 3 bns with 36 20mm, 18 M-65 twin 35mm AD: guns: 100: 20mm: M-55; 40mm; 3.7-in.
AA guns; Super-Bat and Skyguard AD, (94mm). SAM: SA-7.
Goldhaube EWng, Selenia MR(S-403) 3-D Patrol craft: 3: 1 30-metre, 2 10-metre.
radar systems. Air wing: ac: 1 BN-2 Islander.
(On order: 24 J-35D Draken interceptors, 6
PC-7 Turbo-Trainer.) PARA-MILITARY:
Armed police 3,000; 1 96-ton patrol boat.
Forces Abroad: Cyprus (UNFICYP): 1 inf bn
(301). Syria (UNDOF): 1 inf bn (532). Other * Mainly Greek-Cypriot conscripts, but some 650
Middle East (UNTSO): 13. seconded Greek Army officers and NCOS.
NORTHERN CYPRUS ARMY: 30,000 (22,300 conscripts).

7 Military Areas; 23 Military Districts:
Def bdgt* 1984: TL 2,988.10 bn ($8,149 m) 1 armd bde (1 armd, 1 mech inf, 1 ATK, 1
1985: TL 2,765.00 bn ($5,297 m) arty bns, 1 AA bty).
$ 1 = T L (1984): 366.68 (1985): 521.98 7 inf bdes (each 3 inf bns (1 cadre), some with
TL = Turkish lira 1 artybn).
7 indep inf bns.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: Field arty: 3 regts, 2 indep bns.
Regular some 4,500. Coast arty: 2 regts, 3 indep bns (1 mobile).
Terms of service. 1 AA arty regt (incl 1 SAM bn with SAM-79).
Terms of service: conscription, 24 months, then 4 indep AA arty bns.
reserve to age 50. 2 engr bns.
Reserves: 7,500 first-line, 10,000 second-line. Sigs: 1 regt, 1 bn.
Equipment:
7 inf bns. Tks: T-54/-55/-72. It PT-76.
1 armd coy. AFV:MICV:BMP-1.
Equipment: APC: BTR-50P, some 60 BTR-60, some 50
Tks: 5 T-34 (operability questionable). A-180 Sisu, MT-LB reported.
Mor: 75: 81mm, 120mm. Arty: guns: 130mm: M-54 (M-46).
coastal: 100mm: D-10T (tank); 122mm: M-60;

* Reported defence budget figures. 130mm; 152mm.
gun/how: 155mm: K-83. how: 105mm: M-37/-
61; 122mm: M-38/D-30; 150mm: M-40;
152mm: M-38.
FINLAND mor. 81mm, 120mm.
ATK: BCU 55mm: M-55; 74mm: Miniman;
GDP 1984: m 307.88 bn ($51.228 bn) 95mm: SM-58-61. ATGW. M-82 (AT-4 Spigot),
1985: m 337.60 bn ($54.470 bn) M-83 (BGM-71C Improved TOW).
growth 1984: 3.0% 1985: 2.8% AD: guns: 20mm; 23mm: ZU-23; 30mm; 35mm:
Inflation 1984: 7.0% 1985: 5.9% GDF-002; 40mm: L-60/L-70; 57mm: S-60
Debt 1984: $24.3 bn 1985: $28.9 bn towed, ZSU-57-2 SP.
Def bdgt 1985: m 4.693 bn ($757.192 m) SAM: SAM-79 (SA-3), SAM-78 (SA-7).
1986: m 5.146 bn ($999.417 m) (On order: some 250 A-180 Sisu APC; Apilas
$l=m (1984): 6.010 (1985): 6.1979 ATK weapon.)
(1986): 5.149
m = markkaa NAVY: 2,000 (1,200 conscripts).
Population: 4,854,000 Bases: Upinniemi (Helsinki), Turku.
18-30 31-45 4 functional Flotillas (gunboat, missile, patrol,
Men: 475,000 604,000 mine warfare).
Women: 454,000 573,000 Corvettes: 2 Turunmaa.
FAC(G): 9: 4 Helsinki (8 RBS-15SF SSM);
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: 4 Tuima (Sov Osa-ll); 1 M M (trg/trials) with
Regular: 34,900 (25,000 conscripts). 4 MTO-66 (SS-N-2) SSM.
Terms of service. 8—11 months (11 months for FAC: 6 Nuoli.
officers and NCOs); three entries per year. Patrol craft: 5 Ruissalo large ASW;
Reserves (all services): some 700,000 (35,000 a 1 Hurja coastal( (experimental).
year do conscript training; 44,000 reservists a MCMV: 2 minelayers (1 trg), 6 Kuha; 7 Kiiski
year do refresher training: total obligation 40 'slave' inshore minesweepers.
HQ/logship: 1.
days (75 for NCOs, 100 for officers) between Spt: 3 Pukkio.
conscript service and age 50 (NCOs and Tpt: 5 Valas, 6 Hauki{. LCU: 14(.
officers to age 60)).
Some 210,000 would, with the Regulars, form AIR FORCE: 2,900 (1,300 conscripts); 80 com-
the 'fast deployment force' to cover full bat aircraft.
mobilization. 3 AD districts: 3 fighter wings.
Mobilization units in military areas support Ftrs: 3 sqns with 30 Mikoyan-Guryevich
general, local or spt forces; org in some 20 MiG-21bis, 33 SAAB J-35F/BS/XS Draken.
bdes, some 100 indep bns, etc. OCU: 5 MiG-21U/UM, 4 J-35B/-C.
Recce: 1 fit with 8 BAe Hawk Mk 51. 12 inf bns (3 with MICV coy; 1 UNIFIL bn ad
Tpt: ac: 1 sqn with 3 Fokker F-27-100, 3 Gates hoc — dets from other bns).
Lear jet 3 5 A. hel: 1 fit with 7 Mil Mi-8 (also 1 tk sqn.
SAR), 2 Hughes 500. 4 recce sqns (1 armd).
Trg: 41 Hawk Mk 51, 27 Valmet L-70 Vinka. 3 fd arty regts (each of 2 btys); 1 indep bty.
Liaison: 14 Piper (8 Cherokee Arrow, 6 Chief- 1 AD regt (1 regular, 3 reserve btys).
tain). 3 fd engr coys.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll, RB-27, RB-28 (Falcon). 1 Ranger coy.
(On order: AD system.) Reserves:
4 Army Gps (garrisons).
Forces Abroad: 961 (UN only, not within Force 18 inf bns.
totals). Cyprus (UNFICYP) 10. Syria (UNDOF) 6 fd arty regts.
1 bn (402). Lebanon (UNIFIL) 1 bn (514). 3 motor sqns.
Other Mid-East (UNTSO) 22. Pakistan 3 engr sqns.
(UNMOGIP) 4. 3 supply, 8 tpt coys.
3 sigs coys.
3 AA btys.
PARA-MILITARY: Equipment:
Ministry of Interior: Frontier Guard 4,400; Tks:lt 14 Scorpion.

4 frontier, 3 coastguard districts, 18 coys; AFV: recce: 20 AML-90, 32 AML-60.
5 large, 10 coastal, 34 patrol craft<; ac, 3 Mi-8 APC: 60 Panhard VTT/M3, 10 Timoney.
(SAR), and 1 Agusta-Bell 412 hel. Arty: guns: 105mm: 12 It. gun/how: 48 25-pdr.
(On order 2 Lokki coastal patrol craft (, mor: 60mm: 199; 81mm: 250; 120mm: 72.
2AB-412hel.) ATK: RCL 84mm: 447 Carl Gustav, 90mm: 96
PV-1110. ATGW: 4 Af//a«.
AD: guns: 40mm: 24 L/60, 2 L/70.
SAM: 4 RBS-70.
IRELAND
NAVY: 943 (to be increased to about 1,500).
GDP 1984: £1 16.282 bn ($17.700 bn) Base. Cork.
1985e:£I 17.585 bn ($18.738 bn) Patrol vessels: 5: 1 P-31 (with 1 Dauphin hel),
growth 1984: 4.4% 1985: 2.0% 4P-21.
Inflation 1984: 8.6% 1985: 5.5% MCMV: 2 Br Ton coastal (fishery protection).
Debt 1984: $16.1 bn 1985: $18.1 bn
Def bdgt 1985: £1 277.000 m ($295.171 m) AIR FORCE: 890; 15 combat ac.
1986: £1 252.415 m ($344.042 m) 3 Wings (1 trg):
$ 1 = £ I (1984): 0.9199 (1985): 0.9384 COIN: 1 sqn with 6 CM-170-2 Super Magister.
(1986): 0.7337 COIN/trg: 1 sqn with 9 SIAI-Marchetti
Population: 3,632,000 SF-260WE ac, 2 SA-342L Gazelle trg hel.
18-30 31-45 Liaison: 1 sqn with 7 Reims Cessna F-172H,
Men: 395,000 319,000 1 F-172K.
Women: 379,000 307,000 Hel: 1 sqn with 8 SA-316 Alouette III.
Composite sqn: 3 Beech King Air (2 MR, 1
trg), 1 BAe/HS-125-700 (VIP).
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: (On order 5 SA-365F Dauphin II hel (3 SAR,
Regular: 14,115. 2 MR.)
Terms of service, voluntary, 3-year terms to
age 60, officers 65. Forces Abroad: (759).
Reserves: 16,049 (obligation to age 60, officers Cyprus (UNFICYP) 8. Lebanon (UNIFIL) 1 bn+
57—65). Army: first-line 1,070, second-line (746); 4 AML-90 armd cars, 13 VTT/M-3
(14,564). Navy (415). APC, 4 120mm mor. Other Middle East
(UNTSO) 21.
ARMY: 12,282.
1 infforce(2infbns).
4 inf bdes: 2 with 2, 1 with 3 inf bns, 1 fd arty MALTA
regt, 1 motor recce sqn, 1 engr coy; 1 with
2 inf bns, 1 armd recce sqn, 1 fd arty bty. GDP 1984: LM 461.10 m ($1.001 bn)
Army tps: 1 tk sqn, 1 AD regt, 1 Ranger coy. 1985: LM 463.30 m ($990.815 m)
Total units: growth 1984: 0.0% 1985: -0.5%
Inflation 1984: -0.4% 1985: -0.3% mobilizable to about 800,000 in 72 hours,
Debt 1984: $120.0 m 1985: $125.0 m 850,000 maximum excl 500,000 auxiliary
Defbdgt 1985: LM6.10m ($13.045 m) orgs. 25,000 civilians provide spt services.
1986: LM6.70m ($17.114 m) Terms of Service. Army and Navy 7.5—15
FMA 1984: $3.0 m months, Air Force 8—12 months.
$1 = LM (1984): 0.4604 (1985): 0.4676 Reserves (ail services; obligation to age 47):
(1986): 0.3915 709,000;
LM = lira Army 550,000, Navy 102,000, Air 57,000;
Population: 385,000 voluntary auxiliary organizations 500,000.
18-30 31-45 ARMY: 47,000 (38,000 conscripts).*
Men: 43,300 42,100 6 Military commands; 26 Defence districts
Women: 41,900 44,500
(Laens).
Peace establishment:
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: 50 armd, cav, inf, arty, AA, engr, sig, spt regts
Regular: 775. (local defence, cadre for mobilization, basic
Terms of service: voluntary. conscript plus refresher trg).
War establishment (700,000 on mobilization,
'TASK FORCE': 500. incl 100,000 Home Guard):

1 inf coy; RPG-7 RL, 81mm and 82mm mor, 4 armd bdes.
50 ZPU-4 14.5mm quad machine guns. 1 mech bde.
1 coast arty bty (82mm mor). 19 inf, 4 Norrland, 1 Gotland'bdes.
1 marine section; 11 patrol, 4 spt craft (. 60 indep armd, inf, arty and AA arty bns.
1 hel fit; 1 Agusta-Bell AB-206, 1 AB-204 (SAR), I army aviation bn (4 coys; 40 hel).
3 AB-47G, 3 SA-316 Alouette III (service- I1 arty aviation platoons (66 ac and hel).
ability questionable). Local Defence Districts: 100 indep bns, 400—
500 indep coys and Home Guard units.
'ARMED FORCES OF MALTA': 275. Equipment:
1 AD bty; 6 40mm AA guns. Tks: 340 Strv-101, Strv-102/-104 (Centurion),
1 general duties coy. 330 Strv-103B. It: 200 Ikv-91.
1 electrical and mechanical engr coy. APC: 1,000 Pbv-302.
Arty: guns: 155mm: BK-1A SP. how: I05mm:
Type-40; 150mm: M-39; 155mm: FH-77-A
PARA-MILITARY: and (SP)-B. mor: 81mm, 120mm.
Reserves (Id Dejma) some 900. ATK: RCU 74mm: Minirnan; 84mm: Carl
Gustav, 90mm: PV-1110.
ATGW: RB-53 (Bantam), RB-55 (TOW).
AD: guns: 20mm, 40mm.
SWEDEN SAM: RB-69 (Redeye), RBS-70 (incl Lvrbv SP),
RB-77 (ImprovedHAWK).
GDP 1984: Skr 787.15 bn ($95.161 bn) Avn: ac: 66 SK-61C (BAe Bulldog) observation,
1985e: S kr 860.30 bn ($99.990 bn) Dornier Do-27 tpt.
growth 1984: 4.0% 1985: 2.4% hel: 15 HKP-3 (Agusta-Bell AB-204B) tpt, 10
Inflation 1984: 8.1% 1985: 5.7% HKP-5 (Hughes 300C) trg, 24 HKP-6 (Bell-
Debt 1984: $47.5 bn 1985: $51.0 bn 206) utility.
Defbdgf 11985/6: S kr 25.50 bn ($3.239 bn)f (On order: Pvrbv 551 TOW veh; 20 MBB
1986/7: S kr 25.70 bn ($3.306 bn) BO-105 (HKP-9A) hel with TOW ATK, RBS-
$1 =kr (1984): 8.2718 (1985): 8.6039 56 Bill ATGW).
(1986): 7.1680
kr = kronor NAVY: 9,650, incl coast arty (6,250 conscripts)^
Population: 8,351,,000 some vessels with Coast Def, 10 combat hel.
18-30 31-45 Bases: Muskö, Harnösand, Karlskrona, Göte-
Men: 765,000i 991,000 borg (spt only).
Women: 731,000 645,000 Subs: 13:
3 Nacken;
5 Sjö'ormen;
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: 4 Draken;
Regular: 64,650 (49,600 conscripts): 1 Mala two-man.
FAC(G): 30: AAM: RB-24, AIM-9J/L Sidewinder, RB-27

2 Stockholm (Spica III) (6 RBS-15 SSM); (Falcon), RB-28 (Improved Falcon), RB-71
16 Hugin (6 RB-12 (Penguin)); (Skyflash).
12 Spica II (R-131) (4 RBS-15 SSM). ASM: RB-04E, RB-05A, RB-75 (Maverick).
FAC(T): 4 Spica I (T-121). AD: Semi-automatic control and surveillance
Patrol craft- 4 Hand' large; 1 Jägaren, 3 Dalarö, system, Stril 60, co-ordinates all AD com-
8 Skanör, 17 other coastal(. ponents.
Minelayers: 3 large (1 trg); 13 coastal, 22 in- (On order: 50 JA-37 Viggen, 30 JAS-39 Gripen
shore (, 1 spt ship. multi-role ac; 2 BO-105 SAR hel; RBS-15F
MCMV: 4 Landsort, 6 Arko coastal, 18 in- ASM, AIM-9L Sidewinder AAM.)
shore.
Amph: LCM: 12. Forces Abroad: (526). Cyprus (UNFICYP) 1 inf
Icebreakers: 7. bn (374). Lebanon (UNIFIL) medical tps (144).
Spt: 1 AGI, 3 spt tkrs.
COAST DEFENCE: PARA-MILITARY:
Arty: 5 bdes: 30 mobile and static bns: Coast Guard (550); 2 TV-171 fishery protec-
guns: 40mm, 75mm, 120mm (mobile); 75mm, tion vessels, 70 patrol craft(; (Air Arm:) 1
120mm (static).
Cessna 337G, 1 402C. (On order: 2 CASA

SSM: RBS-17 Hellfire (to equip planned mech C-212 MR ac.)
bns), RBS-08A, RB-52. Civil Defence: shelters for some 5 million
Rangers (coys): people outside military ages (16—65).
Minelayers: 10 coastal, 17 inshore.
Patrol craft: 18 60-/70-class. • Def bdgt incl about 7% allocated to civil defence
Amph: 9 LCM, 80 LCU, 55 LCA. and economic defence. Additional funding for a
defence development plan of kr 2.2 bn for 1984—7.
NAVAL AIR: t The exchange rate used here for this dollar conver-
Hel: 2 sqns with 14 HKP-4B/C (Kawasaki- sion is an average for the fiscal year.
Vertol KV-107) ASW, 10 HKP-6 (Agusta-Bell % There are normally some 95,000 more conscripts
AB-206) liaison. (70,000 Army, 4,500 Navy, 6,000 Air Force) plus
15,000 officer and NCO reservists doing 11—40 days
(On order. 4 A-17 Västergötland subs, 4 KKV- refresher training at some time in the year. Obligation
90 Göteborg FAC(T), 4 Landsort minehunters; is 5 times per reservist between ages 20 and 47.
RBS-15 SSM; 6 MCMV; 1 CASA C-212 MR ac,
6 Hellfire SSM (coast arty); 4 HKP-4 hel (to
transfer from Air Force).)
SWITZERLAND
AIR FORCE: 8,000 (5,350 conscripts);* 369
combat ac. GDP 1984: fr 214.10 bn ($91.118 bn)
1 attack gp. 1985: fr 225.70 bn ($91.856 bn)
4 AD districts. growth 1984: 2.1% 1985: 3.2%
9 wings liaison ac: 48 SK-50 (SAAB 91 Safir). Inflation 1984: 2.9% 1985: 3.4%
FGA: 6 sqns: 5 with 100 SAAB AJ-37 Viggen, Debt 1984: $30.0 bn 1985: $28.0 bn
1 with 20 SK-60B/C (SAAB 105). Def bdgt* 1985: fr 5.128 bn ($2.087 bn)
AD: 11 sqns: 4 with 80 J-35F Draken, 7 with 1986e: fr 4.835 bn ($2.657 bn)
100JA-37 Viggen. $l=fr (1984): 2.3497 (1985): 2.4571
Recce: 3 sqns: 52 SH/SF-37 Viggen; 2 Aero- (1986):; 1.8200
spatiale Caravelle (ELINT). fr = francs
OCU: 1 with 15 SK-37 Viggen (6 SK-35C
Draken in store). Population: 6,552,000
Tpt: 1 sqn with 8 C-130E/H Hercules. 18-30 31-45
Comms units: SK-60A, 2 Cessna 404, 1 Men: 510,000 563,000
Fairchild Metro HI (leased). Women: 413,000 646,000
Trg: incl 124 SK-60A/B/C, 54 SK-61 (BAe Bull-
dog), 22 J-32 Lansen (14 -32E ECM trg, 8 TOTAL ARMED FORCES (Air Corps forms
-32D target tug). part of the Army):
SAR: 1 sqn with 10 HKP-4 (Kawasaki-Vertol Regular: about 1,500 regular and 18,500 re-
107, 4 to transfer to Navy), 2 HKP-9B cruitsf (mobilizable to some 1,100,000, incl
(MBB BO-105). Civil Defence, in 48 hours).
Utility unit: 6 HKP-2 (to retire), 7 HKP-3 Terms of service: 17 weeks recruit training fol-
(Agusta-Bell AB-204) hel. lowed by reservist refresher training of 3
weeks over an 8-year period between ages Trg: incl 40 PC-7 Turbo-Trainer, 37 DH-100
20—32 for Auszug, 2 weeks over 3-year Vampire T-55, 65 Vampire Mk 6, 4 Mirage
period (33—42) for Landwehr, 1 week over IIIBS, 68 Pilatus P-3.
2-year period (43—50) for Landsturm. AAM: Sidewinder, AIM-26B Falcon.
Reserves (all services): 625,000 (45,000 officers, ASM: AS-30.
110,000 NCOs, 3,000 women auxiliaries). 1 air force fd bde (3 fd regts, 1 para coy, 1 It
ac wing).
ARMY: War establishment: 580,000 on 1 airbase bde with 3 AA arty regts, each with
mobilization. 4 batteries of 20mm and 35mm guns.
3 fd corps, each of 1 mech, 2 inf divs: 1 AD bde with 1 SAM regt (2 bns, each of 2 btys;
Corps tps:
3 inf, 3 cyclist, 3 engr regts (3 bns); 3 sigs, 64 B/l^64 (Bloodhound), 60 Rapier SAM); 7 AA
3 traffic control bns; 3 hel sqns, 3 It ac fits. arty regts (each of 3 btys; 20mm and 35mm
1 mountain corps of 3 mountain inf divs: guns, Skyguard fire control).
Corps tps: 3 comd and comms, 1 log regts.
1 mountain inf, 1 engr, 1 sigs regts; 7 indep (On order: 500 AGM-65 Maverick ASM.)
inf, 2 pack horse bns; 1 traffic control bn,
1 hel sqn. PARA-MILITARY:
17 indep bdes (11 frontier, 3 fortress, 3 re-
Civil Defence: 480,000 (300,000 fully trained).

doubt). Shelter programme for 5,500,000; emergency
6 Territorial Zones: supplies and medical facilities.
13 medical, 12 log, 11 civil def regts.
Indep units: 3 hy arty, 3 engr, 2 sigs. * Exd civil defence bdgt of about fr 250 m p.a.
20 Fortress Guard companies. t Two recruit intakes a year (Feb/Jul) each of 17,000.
Equipment: Some 400,000 reservists a year do refresher training.
Tks: some 30 Pz-Leopard 2, 300 Pz-55/-57 (Cen-
turion), 150 Pz-61, 390 Pz-68.
APC: 1,475 M-63/-73/-64 (mor) (M-113).
Arty: guns: 105mm: some 900 Model-35. YUGOSLAVIA
how: 105mm: Model-46; 155mm: M-50 towed,
380 PzHb-66/74 (M-109U) SP. GMP 1984e: YD 6,454.0 bn ($42.232 bn)
MRL 81 mm: RWK-014 30-tube. 1985e: YD 11,685.0 bn ($43.252 bn)
mor 3,000: 81mm: M-33, M-72; 120mm: growth 1984: 2.0% 1985: 0.5%
M-74. Inflation 1984: 55.4% 1985: 74.5%
ATK: guns: 90mm: 1,340 Model-50/-57. Debt 1984: $19.3 bn 1985: $19.5 bn
RCL 106mm: M-58. Def bdgt 1986: YD 765.0 bn ($1.870 bn)
RL 83mm: 20,000 M-58, M-80. Def exp 1985: YD 457.0 bn ($1.692 bn)
ATGW: 6 MOWAG Piranha with TOW; 800 $1 •YD (1984) 152.822 (1985): 270.160
B/B-65 (Bantam), B/B-77 (Dragon). (1986) 409.180
AD: guns: 20mm: 1,200; 35mm: 600 GDF-002. YD = dinar
SAM: B/L-84 (Rapier).
Marine: 11 Aquarius patrol craft(. Population: 23,495,000
(On order some 374 Leopard 2 MBT, 310 18-30 31-45
Men: 2,565,000 2,375,000
MOWAG Piranha with TOW-2 ATK vehs, Women: 2,465,000 2,338,000
Dragon, TOW-2 ATGW.)
AIR FORCE: 45,000 on mobilization (mainten- TOTAL ARMED FORCES:.
ance by civilians); 297 combat ac. Regulan 210,000 (123,000 conscripts).
3 air regts. Terms of service. 12 months.
FGA: 9 sqns with 139 BAe Hunter F-58/T-68. Reserves: Army 500,000 (to age 55, officers 60;
Ftrs: 6 sqns with 98 Northrop F-5E, 12 F-5F. mobilization troops to complete units to war
Interceptors: 2 sqns with 30 Dassault Mirage establishment), Navy 45,000, Air 30,000.
IIIS/BS.
Recce: 1 sqn with 18 Mirage IIIRS. ARMY: 161,500 (110,500 conscripts).
Liaison/SAR: 4 sqns with 16 Pilatus PC-6 Porter, 7 Military Regions; 1 Military District.
24 PC-6A Turbo-Porter, 6 Domier Do-27, 3 3 Corps HQ.
Beech Twin Bonanza. 12 inf divs: 7 active (est 75% strength), 5 reserve.
Hel: 4 sqns with 21 SA-315 Alouette II, 76 9 inf bdes (3 mech, 3 mot, 3 It).
7 indep tk bdes.
3 mountain bdes. Amph: LCT/minelayers: 10 DTM-211 (to retire

6 hy fd arty regts. from 1986 (PO-91 to replace)).
6 ATK regts. LCU: 22 DJC-601-type(.
11 AA arty regts. Spt: 9 coastal tpts, 6 tankers, 1 flagship.
4 SAM regts (SA-6). 2 marine bdes (2 regts, each of 2 bns).
Equipment:
25 coast arty btys (2,300):
Tks: 760 T-54/-55, some 200 M-84 (T-74; mod
T-72) and T-72, 60 M-47. It 20 PT-76. guns (Army): 85mm: 58 M-44; 88mm: 69
AFV: recce: 100 M-3A1, 20 M-8, some 50 M-36; 122mm: 75 M-37; 130mm: 82 M-54;
BRDM-2. MICV: 300 M-80. 152mm: 75 D-20.
APC: 200 BTR-40/-50, 300 M-60P. SSM: SS-C-3 Shaddock, Brom (truck-mounted
Arty: guns: 76mm: 1,800 M-48 pack, 411 SS-N-2).
M-1942, SU-76 SP; 100mm: SU-100 SP; (On order 9 Kobra FAC(P) (status doubtful),
122mm: 241 M-1931/37; 130mm: 186 M-46; 1 PO-91 spt/trg ship.)
155mm: 132 M-59.
gun/how. 215: 152mm: M-1937, D-20. AIR FORCE: 36,000 (7,000 conscripts); some 355
how: 556: 105mm: M-101, M-56, M-18, M-7 combat ac, 30 armed hel.
SP; 122mm: 378 D-30, M-1938, 2S1 SP;
2 air corps each 1 air def div, incl ac, AA arty, SAM.
155mm: 426 M-65, M-l 14.
FGA: 12 sqns: 25 P-2 Kraguj, 90 SOKO Galeb/
MRU 128mm: 122 M-73, M-63.
mor 3,215 82mm, 2,703 120mm. Jastreb, some G-4 Super Galeb.
SSM: 4 FROG-1. Interceptors: 9 sqns: 120 Mikoyan-Guryevich
ATK: guns: 75mm: 748: M-l943, PAL-40; 90mm: MiG-21F/PF/M/bis, 20 MiG-21U.
540: M-63B2 (incl SP); 100mm: 511 T-12. Recce: 4 sqns: 45 Galeb/Jastreb RJ-1, 25 SOKO
RCL 57mm: 1,418; 82mm: 1,838 M-60PB SP; Orao MR.
105mm: 526 M-65. OCU: 30 Galeb/Jastreb J-1/Ty-l, some Orao.
ATGW: Bov-1 veh with ATGW, AT-1 Snapper, ASW hel: 1 sqn with 10 Kamov Ka-25 (Navy-
AT-3 Sagger. assigned).
AD: guns: 20mm: 2,178: M-55/-75, Bov-3 SP triple; Tpt hel: 1 sqn with 20 Mil Mi-8, SA-341
30mm: 540: M-53, M-53/59, Bov-3 SP; 37mm: Gazela (Navy-assigned).
418 M-1939; 40mm: 128: M-l, 1770; 57mm: Tpt: 6 sqns:
304: S-60, ZSU-57-2 SP; 85mm: 260 M-l944; ac: 2 sqns: 6 Yakovlev Yak-40, 2 Antonov
90mm: 210 M-l 17; 3.7-in. (94mm): 46. An-12, 15 An-26, 2 Douglas DC-6B, 2 Das-
SAM: SA-6/-7/-9.
Reserves: some 250 T-34/85, 400 M-4 MBT, AA sault Mystère-Falcon 50 (VIP), 3 Canadair
guns; 300 M-18 Hellcat 76mm, M-36B2 90mm CI^215, Pilatus PC-6 Porter,
SP ATK guns in store. hel: 4 sqns: 70 Mi-8, 45 Gazela, 2 Agusta
(On order. M-84 MBT, some 200 M-80 MICV.) A-109 (some 20 hel (2 sqns) are armed).
Trg: ac incl 80 Galeb/Jastreb, 100 UTVA-75,
NAVY: 12,500 incl 1,500 marines, 2,300 coast UTVA-66; hel: 15 Gazela.
defence (5,500 conscripts). AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
Bases: Lora/Split, Pula, Sibenik, Kardeljevo, Kotor. ASM: AGM-65 Maverick.
Subs: 7: 15 AA arty regts.
2 Sava; 14 SAM bns (8 SA-2, 6 SA-3).
3 Heroj; 1 AB bde (Air Force-manned, Army offrs and trg,
2 Sutjeska (trg).
2 S-l 1 (Una) two-man diver veh. HQ control).
Frigates: 3 Koni with 4 SS-N-2B SSM, 1 twin (On order: Super Galeb, some 180 Orao FGA,
SA-N-4 SAM. PC-6A Turbo Porter It tpt ac, some 94
Corvettes: 3: 2 Momar, 1 Le Fougueux. SA-341 H Gazela hel.)
FAC(G): 16: 6 Rade Koncar, 10 Osa-1 with
2 and 4 SS-N-2A/B respectively.
FAC(T): 15 Shershen. PARA-MILITARY (under Army):
Patrol craft: 16 large: 10 Kraljevica, 6 Type 131 Frontier Guards 15,000; 9 Mima patrol craft.
(retiring); some 60 Type 80, 11 Mima. Territorial Defence Force (militia): 1 million:
MCMV: 21 minesweepers: 4 Vukov Klanac mobile inf bdes, arty, AA bns, TAB-71/-72
coastal, 10 inshore (4 Ham, 6 M-l 17), 7 Nestin APC, arty incl SU-76/-100, AA.
river( (some in reserve). Civil Defence 2 million on mobilization.
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The Middle East and North Africa

To cite this article: (1986) The Middle East and North Africa, The Military Balance, 86:1, 89-112, DOI:
10.1080/04597228608459974
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89
The Middle East and North Africa
Bilateral Agreements with External Powers

The Soviet Union signed a twenty-year Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation with Iraq in
April 1972 and a further agreement in December 1978. A similar treaty was signed with
Syria on 8 October 1980. A Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation with South Yemen was
ratified in February 1980, and an agreement for Joint Co-operation was signed in January
1983. Soviet units continue to use some of Aden's naval and air facilities but there is uncer-
tainty over the status of Khormaksar air base. All three countries have received significant
Soviet arms deliveries. Despite this, Iraq has tried to broaden its contacts with the West,
particularly with France and Italy. In November 1979 Iran unilaterally abrogated two para-
graphs of a 1921 treaty under which the USSR reserves the right to intervene in Iran's
internal affairs if a third country threatens to attack it from Iranian territory; the USSR has
Downloaded by [Carnegie Mellon University] at 11:49 02 February 2015
refused to accept this abrogation. A 20-year Treaty of Friendship between the USSR and
North Yemen was signed in October 1984; details are not known.
Bulgaria and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY; South Yemen) signed
a Protocol for Co-operation in April 1980 and a Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation on
14 November 1981. Similar agreements with Hungary were reported in April and Novem-
ber 1981. Libya signed treaties of Friendship and Co-operation with Bulgaria and
Romania in January 1983. Sudan and Romania signed an agreement providing technical
co-operation and training in November 1982.
The United States concluded a mutual defence agreement with Israel in July 1952. A sub-
sequent strategic co-operation understanding, reported in early 1982, led in March 1984 to
a series of agreements covering aid and support, details of which have still not been pub-
lished. A 1981 agreement enables the US to use Egyptian bases, but only under strict con-
ditions. A similar agreement was reached with Morocco in May 1982. An agreement has
been concluded with Oman to provide economic and military aid in exchange for per-
mission conditionally to use Salalah and Masirah as staging bases. An agreement with
Bahrain permits the US Navy to use port facilities. In November 1981, a strategic
co-operation agreement was signed with Tunisia.
Britain concluded Treaties of Friendship with Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates
(UAE) in August 1971 and a Defence Co-operation Agreement with Oman in June 1985. It has
supplied arms to Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and the
UAE. France has continuing arms-supply arrangements with Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya,
Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia. West Germany provided technical training assistance to Sudan
under a 1982 agreement. Spain has reached a defence agreement with Morocco enabling its
navy to use Moroccan ports; the benefits to Morocco have not been identified.
China signed a Treaty of Friendship with North Yemen in 1964, under which minor arms
were provided. Arms and spare parts have been sent to Egypt under agreements signed in
1978/9 and 1983. A military co-operation agreement was signed with Sudan in January
1982 and arms supplied. North Korea and Libya signed a Treaty of Alliance or Friendship
and Co-operation in November 1982 which permits exchanges of military data, specialists
and supplies.
Peace-Keeping Forces
The United Nations (UN) withdrew the 4,000-man Emergency Force (UNEF) from the Sinai
on 24 July 1979; its duties were temporarily assumed by the Truce Supervisory
Organization (UNTSO), 298 officers (including Observer Group Beirut of some 50 officers).
It has monitored the cease-fire on Israel's northern border since 1949. The Egyptian-Israeli
border is now patrolled by the 2,642-man Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) under
the Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty; contingents come from the US (1,186), Australia (which
90 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
is being replaced by Canada in 1986) (109), Britain (37), Colombia (500), Fiji (500), France
(43), Italy (90), the Netherlands (102) and Uruguay (75).
The UN also deploys in the Golan Heights the 1,317-man Disengagement Observer Force
(UNDOF), made up of contingents from Austria (532), Canada (226), Finland (402) and
Poland (157).
The UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) consists of some 5,827 men from France
(1,391), Fiji (627), Finland (514), Ghana (690), Ireland (746), Italy (51), Nepal (800), Nor-
way (864) and Sweden (144).
Arrangements Within the Region

Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco,
Oman, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan,
Syria, Tunisia and North and South Yemen are members of the League of Arab States
(Egypt's membership was suspended in March 1979). Among its subsidiary bodies are the
Arab Supreme Defence Council, comprising Foreign and Defence Ministers (set up in
1950), the Permanent Military Committee of Army General Staffs (1950), which is an
advisory body, and the Unified Arab Command (1964).
Syrian and Palestine Liberation Army forces, initially deployed as the Arab Deterrent
Force, remain in parts of northern Lebanon. Syria has reinforced its component and main-
tains a measure of control over the Arab guerrilla group elements in the Beqa'a Valley and
northern Lebanon. Israeli forces, supported by a Lebanese Christian militia and a Home
Guard, exercise a measure of control over a strip of territory in the south of Lebanon.
Algeria and Libya signed a defence agreement in 1975. Egypt and Sudan signed a joint
defence agreement in 1977. The Egyptian-Sudanese Joint Defence Council's minutes of
December 1981 were tantamount to another agreement, and in October 1982 an 'Inte-
gration Charter' was signed covering, inter alia, military policy; these are probably no
longer in effect. Saudi Arabia has long supported Morocco against Polisario guerrillas; the
two countries signed a security pact in February 1982. A Mutual Defence Agreement
between Libya and Morocco was ratified in September 1984; no change in Saudi policy is
reported. Libya signed a 'Strategic Agreement' with Iran in June 1985; no details have been
released. An understanding between Saudi Arabia and Iraq is believed to have been signed
in 1979. Jordan and Iraq ratified a defence agreement in March 1981. The Gulf
Co-operation Council (GCC), created in May 1981 by Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia and the UAE, is developing a mutual defence structure to include a joint 'rapid
deployment' force, air defence, transport and procurement. It is being reinforced by internal
security pacts between Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, Qatar, Oman (1982) and the UAE. A
draft Gulf security agreement is being considered.
Morocco has loaned forces to the UAE. Libya, South Yemen and Ethiopia formed the
Aden Treaty Tripartite Alliance in 1981; it included a joint defence commitment but
nothing has since been reported, and the commitment has probably lapsed. North and
South Yemen have agreed in principle to a merger (1981, 1986); the details remain obscure.
Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and North Yemen have announced the departure of unspecified
numbers of'volunteers' to assist Iraq in the war against Iran, but no formed units have been
despatched. Iraq has stated that multinational composite units have been formed; their
roles are obscure. Sudan and Ethiopia agreed a regime of security, stability and non-
interference in each other's internal affairs in July 1982. Actions since the coup in Sudan in
April 1985 suggest the possibility that this agreement is being implemented.
Arms movements in the region are peculiarly complex. Egypt has supplied arms to
Morocco, Sudan and Iraq. Algeria and Libya have supplied arms to Polisario, and most Arab
countries have supplied Palestinian guerrillas with arms. In some cases a third nation funds
the recipient's foreign arms purchases. Iran has reportedly received arms, supplies and spares
from, inter alia, Israel, North Korea and Eastern Europe and is also buying material on the
open market in Western Europe. Some Chinese weapons have been identified in Iranian ser-
MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 91
vice, and more are reported as being delivered. Iraq has apparently recently received arms
from Egypt, the USSR, China, North Korea, France, Portugal and Brazil.
In 1975 an Arab Organization for Industrialization (AOI) was set up in Egypt, under the
aegis of Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the UAE and Sudan, to encourage indigenous Arab arms pro-
duction. Arab involvement ended in 1979 following Egypt's rapprochement with Israel.
Egypt replaced the AOI with an existing Egyptian Arab Military Industries Organization and
with foreign aid. Some of this aid is from Saudi Arabia for limited specific projects. Egypt
also has been entering into co-production agreements with Britain, France, the US and
Yugoslavia. For their part, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar and the UAE agreed in 1979
to replace the AOI with an $8-billion arms industry in the UAE. This proposal is still before
the GCC and may now be moribund.
Military Developments
North Africa has been a main area of conflict over the past year, with combat in Libya,
Western Sahara, Chad and the Sudan. Libya received Soviet SA-5 SAM late in 1985. These
were being installed at the time of the US air strikes against Libya but were inadequate to
protect Libyan airspace. It is not known whether they are fully operational, nor whether
these systems have been modified to bring them to the latest specifications. Libyan actions
in Chad were intermittent and not very successful. Polisario continues to operate in West-
ern Sahara; the Moroccan defensive wall limits those operations to hit-and-run raids which
are being contained. Losses occur on both sides and there are indications that budgetary
constraints have delayed some of the purchases of replacements by the Moroccan Forces.
The civil war in the Sudan continues to frustrate national development and any improve-
ment of military capability. The transfer from interim military rule to a civil adminis-
tration has not brought with it the hoped-for reconciliation between the North and South.
No major arms purchases have been noted.
The Gulf War continues, with no apparent change in the balance between Iranian numeri-
cal superiority on the one hand and Iraqi material superiority on the other. Reports of
losses and confusing indications of resupply make evaluations of strength difficult and of
limited reliability. The 'Tanker War' also goes on but without any major impact on exports.
The Iraq-based Kurds have taken advantage of the War to strengthen their position. The
apparent increase in total Iranian personnel strength stems largely from our inclusion this
year of the Revolutionary Guards as Regulars, reflecting their actual position.
Israeli financial constraints appear to have caused delays in naval equipment programmes
and may interfere with the export sales plans for the indigenously-designed Lavi fighter.
Despite financial constraints, Saudi Arabia has gone, ahead with its order for Tornado FGA
and air defence aircraft and Hawk and Pilatus trainers. Oman, on the other hand, has post-
poned the delivery of Tornado — presumably for financial reasons. Decisions by the United
States Congress and Senate to oppose further orders for equipment has Saudi Arabia
seeking alternative sources. The political conflict in Southern Yemen resulted in bitter
fighting and the destruction of a considerable proportion of its military equipment; reports
on replacement continue to be inconclusive and conflicting.
Economic Factors
The Middle East is experiencing the worst economic recession in recent history. After dra-
matic economic growth on the part of the oil-exporting countries, and substantial economic
improvements in many non-oil-producing states (e.g Jordan) during the 1970s, all states of
the region are now having to come to terms with economic difficulties until recently confined
to the western hemisphere and Africa: large external debts, a drastic reduction in income; and
massive trade deficits and deficit financing, which is being partially offset by drawing down
reserves. Moreover, the Middle East and North Africa are experiencing significant population
growth and urbanization which may have unforeseeable economic consequences and serious
implications for regional security, especially in the Gulf.
The drastic decline of oil prices (in many cases by over 50%), an equally drastic fall in
petroleum output, due to conservation measures by the consumer countries and the world-
wide recession, are only some of the reasons for this economic malaise. The Iraq—Iran War
(and its concomitant economic effects on the GCC), the continuing crisis in the Lebanon and
Syria's expensive involvement there, the instability of Sudan, Egypt's expensive moderniz-
ation of the military, and Libyan and Moroccan military involvement in the Saharan belt
are also contributing factors. Moreover, massive infrastructure development projects over
the past decade, especially in the major oil-producing countries, have committed these
states to their upkeep, forcing them to abandon, or at least to curtail, further development
projects. Finally, due to the severe manpower shortage in the Gulf states, Iraq and Libya,
many regional states with surplus manpower (e.g. Egypt and Pakistan) have become depen-
dent on hard-currency remittances, and during the past two years these have been drasti-
cally reduced.
Regional debt, excluding Iran, Iraq and Israel, is estimated to amount to about $110 bn.
Iran's debt is negligible in comparison to those of other Middle Eastern states, amounting to
well under $1 bn. Iraq's debt, on the other hand, is somewhere between $65 bn and $85 bn
(three times its GDP), $50—60 bn of which is owed to the GCC states and probably will have
been written off; the rest consists of debts to western and Asian creditors and especially to
its arms suppliers: the USSR, France and Brazil. Israel's debt — one of the highest in per-
centage terms of GDP and servicing ratios — amounts to over $30 bn. Of the other states,
Sudan, Egypt and Morocco continue to have the highest total national debts, but Jordan,
Tunisia, and the Yemen Arab Republic are also dangerously over-exposed (with debts rep-
resenting about 70% of GDP).
Regional GDP growth for 1984 was expected to be about 2.5%; in reality, however, it fell
to under 1%, while in 1985 GDP actually declined by at least 1.6%, or probably more. With
the oil price collapse in 1986, the region will have entered a steep decline (probably around
-10%) in terms of GDP output. While the rich oil producers (especially members of the
GCC) have sufficient capital reserves to deal with the fall in income in the short run, the
poorer states (Jordan, Egypt, Sudan, etc.) will have to find other means to finance their
budget deficits.
With some of the world's highest population increases (between 3 and 5%), economic pro-
gress is constantly being eroded; there has been a constant annual rate of decline, ranging
from 3% to 5%, in real per capita GDP in the 1980s. The seriousness of the economic
situation is further indicated by the decline in trade. Regional exports declined from $253
bn in 1980 to $131 bn in 1985, while imports remained more or less unchanged (falling
from $129 bn in 1980 to $116 bn in 1985), and this has caused serious balance-of-payments
difficulties in some countries (e.g. Libya, Egypt and Sudan). Some countries, such as Sudan,
are near financial collapse, while Israel, with the highest inflation rate and debt exposure,
has to be supported financially by Western powers, especially the United States. Their bur-
dens are accentuated by involvement in external conflicts (Morocco, Syria, Iraq, Iran,
Israel and Libya) or by serious internal problems (Sudan). Political and military insecurity,
and high population growth, therefore remain the greatest obstacles to economic advance-
ment in the Middle East.
ALGERIA Debt 1984: $15.8 bn 1985: $17.2 bn

Def bdgt* 1985: D 4.793 bn ($953,300 m)
GDP 1984: D 230.3 bn ($46,213 bn) 1986: D 5.459 bn ($1,114 bn)
1985e:D 250.0 bn ($49,723 bn) $ 1 = D (1983): 4.7888 (1984): 4.9834
growth 1984: 3.7% 1985: 5% (1985): 5.0278 (1986): 4.9000
Inflation 1984: 4.6% 1985:6.6% D =dinar
Population: 22,840,000 FAC(G): 12: 3 Osa-l, 9 Osa-ll with 4 Styx SSM.
18-30 31-45 Patrol: 1 Zhuk coastal.
Men: 2,530,100 1,374,000 MCMV: 1 T-43 ocean minesweeper.
Women: 2,450,000 1,510,000 Amph: LST: 2 Brooke; LSM: 1 Polnocny.
Coastguard (Para-Military): 550;
24 vessels: 6 Kebir FAC; 18 patrol craft < (2 P-6,
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: 16 Baglietto (6 Mangusta, 10 Type-20 GC)).
Regular: 169,000 (70,000 conscripts). (On order: 2 corvettes, 3 Kebir (Brooke Marine
Terms of service. 2 years Army only; 6 37-m) FAC, 3 P-1200 patrol craft, 2 802 har-
months basic, 18 months 'National Ser- bour craft.)
vice' = civil engineering.
Reserves: Army: up to 150,000. AIR FORCE: 12,000;
some 363 combat ac, some 35 armed hel.
FGA: 10 sqns:
ARMY: 150,000 (70,000 conscripts). 1 with 12 Sukhoi Su-7BM;
6 Military Regions. 4 with 60 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-17;
2 armd bdes (2 tk, 1 mech, 1 arty, 1 engr bns,
4 with some 80 MiG-23BM;

recce coy, ATK, log bns). 1 with some 18 Su-20 (Fitter C).
6 mech bdes (2 mech, 1 tk, 1 arty, 1 engr recce, Interceptors: 9 sqns:
ATK, log bns). 8 with 125 MiG-21MF/F;
8 mot inf bdes (3 inf, 1 arty, 1 engr bns). 1 with 15 MiG-25 Foxbat A.
1 AB/special force bde. Recce: 1 sqn with 6 MÏG-25R Foxbat B.
28 indep inf bns. MR: 1 sqn with 8 Fokker F-27-400 (Navy-
4 para bns. assigned), 2 Beech Super King Air T-200T.
5 indep arty bns. Tpt: 1 sqn with 8 Antonov An-12, 11 C-130H
5 AD bns. Hercules, 6 C-130H-30, 1 Ilyushin 11-18,
4 engr bns. 1 Dassault Mystère-Falcon 20, 2 Aerospatiale
12 coys desert troops. Caravelle Super B.
Equipment: Hel: 9 sqns.
Tks: 890: 90 T-34, 375 T-54/-55, 325 T-62, 100 attack: 3 sqns with 35 Mil Mi-24;
T-72. It 30 PT-76. tpt (hy): 3 sqns with 30 Mi-8 (some may be
AFV: recce: 130 BRDM-2. MICV: 690 BMP-1. armed), 4 Mi-6;
APC: 660: 460 BTR-50/-60, 200 BTR-152. (med): 2 sqns with 28 Mi-4, 5 SA-330 Puma;
Arty: 1,000: (It): 6 Hughes 269A, 4 SA-318C Alouette II.
guns: 390: 76mm: 70 ZIS-3 (M-1942); 85mm: Mise 2 Canadair CL-215 SAR, 27 Beech (12 King
90 D-44; 122mm: 110 M-1931/37, 70 Air, 12 Sierra 200, 3 Queen Air).
M-1974; 152mm: 50ISU-152 SP. Trg: combat 25 MiG-17/-21UTI, 3 Su-7U, 6 MiG-
how: 300: 122mm: 50 M-30, M-1938, 170 23U, 3 MiG-25U, 5 MiG-15U, 6 Beech T-34C;
D-30; 152mm: 80 M-1937. basic: 25 CM-170 Magister, 41 Gumhuriya
MRU 130: 122mm: 100 BM-21; 240mm: 30 (Biicker-181 type).
BM-24. AD: guns: 3 bdes+: 85mm, 100mm, 130mm;
mor: 180: 120mm: M-43; 160mm: M-43. SAM: 1 regt: 30 SA-2 (96 msls), some 20 SA-3.
ATK: guns: 185: 57mm: 135 ZIS-2; 100mm: 50 AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
SU-100SP.
RCU 140: 82mm: 100T-21; 107mm: 40B-11.
ATGW: AT-3 Sagger (some SP/BRDM-2), Milan. PARA-MILITARY:
AD: guns: 14.5mm: 50 ZPU-2/-4; 20mm: 100; (Ministry of Interior): Gendarmerie 30,000; 44
23mm: 60 ZU-23; 37mm: 150; 57mm: 60; Panhard AM1^60/M-3 APC.
85mm: 20; 100mm: 150; 130mm: 20 towed;
210 ZSU-23-4 and ZSU-57-2 SP. * Excl eqpt and internal security costs.
SAM: 50 SA-6, SA-7/-9.
NAVY: 7,000.
Bases: Algiers, Annaba, Mers el Kebir. BAHRAIN
Subs: 2 R-class.
Frigates: 3 Koni with 1 twin SA-N-4 SAM. GDP 1984: D 1.89 bn ($5.027 bn)
Corvettes: 4 Nanuchka with 4 SS-N-2b/c SSM, 1985e: D 1.68 bn ($4.468 bn)
1 twin SA-N-4 SAM. growth 1984: 3.0% 1985: 2.4%
Inflation 1984: 0.3% 1985: 0.5% EGYPT

Debt 1983: $420.0
m 1984: $330.0 m GDP 1983/4: £E 27.595 bn ($39.427 bn)
Def bdgt* 1986: D 50.70 m ($134.518 m) 1984/5E: £E 30.500 bn ($43.578 bn)
1987: D 51.50 m ($136.641 m) growth 1983/4: 6.2% 1984/5: 5.3%
$1=D (1983): 0.3760 (1984): 0.3760 Inflation 1984: 17.0% 1985: 13.4%
(1985): 0.3760 (1986): 0.3769 Debt* 1984: $29.0 bn 1985: $33.7 bn
D = dinar Def exp 1985/6e: £E 2.90 bn ($4.143 bn)
1986/7E: £E 3.65 bn ($5.215 bn)
Population: 420,000e (excl some 150,000 FMAt 1985/6: $1.18 m 1986/7: $1.30 m
non-Bahrainis) $1=£E (1982/3/4/5/6): 0.6999
Population: 49,500,000
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: 18-30 31-45
Regular 2,800. Men: 5,536,000 4,100,000
Terms of service: voluntary. Women: 5,400,000 4,080,000
ARMY: 2,300. TOTAL ARMED FORCES:

lbde: Regular. 445,000 (some 250,000 conscripts).
1 inf bn. Terms of service. 3 years (selective).
1 armd car sqn. Reserves: 604,000; Army 500,000, Navy 14,000,
1 arty, 2 mor btys. Air Force 20,000, AD 70,000.
Equipment:
AFV: recce: 8 Saladin, 20AML-90, 8 Ferret ARMY: 320,000 (perhaps 180,000 conscripts).
APC: some 10 AT-105 Saxon, 90 Panhard M-3. 2 Army HQ:
Arty: guns: 8 105mm It. mor 6 81mm. 4 armd divs (each with 2 armd, 1 mech bdes).
ATK: RCL 6 MOBAT 120mm. 5 mech inf divs (type: 2 mech, 1 armd bdes).
ATGW: BGM-71A TOW. 3 inf divs (each with 2 inf, 1 mech bdes).
AD: SAM: 6 RBS-70. 1 Republican Guard bde.
(On order: 54 M-60A3 MBT, 7 M-198 155mm 1 indep armd bde.
how, 7ÜW ATGW). 3indepinf bdes.
2 airmobile, 1 para bdes.
NAVY: 300. 3 indep arty bdes (2 more to form).
Base: Jufair (Manama). 2 hy mor bdes.
FAC(G): 2 Liirssen 45-metre with 4 Exocet 7cdogps(l,000men).
MM-40 SSM. 2 SSM regts (1 with FROG-1, 1 with Scud B).
FAC: 2 Liirssen 38-metre. Equipment:
Amph: LCU: 1 40-metre. Tks4 MBT 2,250: 900 T-54/-55, 600 T-62, 753
(On order 2 Liirssen type 62-001 (62-metre) with M-60A3.lt 15PT-76.
Harpoon SSM.) AFV: recce: 300 BRDM-2.
MICV: 200 BMP-1, some 230 BMR-600P.
AIR FORCE: 200; 6 combat ac. APC: 2,500: OT-62, Walid (to National
FGA: 1 sqn with 6 Northrop F-5E. Guard), Fahd (being introduced), BTR-50;
1,200 M-113A2.
Tpfc 1 Gulfstream II (VIP).
Hel: 1 sqn with 10 Agusta-Bell AB-212, 3 MBB Arty: guns: 85mm: 1,500 D-44; 100mm: M-1944
towed, 200 SU-100 SP; 122mm: M-31/37;
BO-105, 2 Hughes 500D. 130mm: M-46.
AAM: AIM-9P3 Sidewinder.
gun/how: 152mm: M-1937, D-20.
(On order 4 F-5E, 2 F-5F FGA ac.) how: 122mm: M-1938, D-30 (some SP);
15 5mm: some 100 M-109A2 SP.
PARA-MILITARY (Ministry of Interior): MRL about 300: 80mm: VAP-80-12; 122mm:
Coast- guard 180; 21 coastal patrol craft, 2 land- BM-21/&Z0M8/-3O; 130mm: M-51/Praga
ing craft, 1 hovercraft. V3S; 132mm: BM-13-16; 140mm: BM-14-
Police 2,000; 2 Bell 412,2 Westland Scout AH-1 heL 16; 240mm: BM-24.
(On order: 3 Wasp 30-metre coastal patrol craft.) SSM: 12 FROG-1, 9 ScudB.
mor. 400: 120mm: M-43; 160mm: M-43;
• Excl eqpt expenditures and a $1.0-bn GCC subsidy 240mm: M-1953.
shared between Bahrain and Oman. Also excl internal ATK: RCL 900: 82mm: B-10; 107mm: B-l 1.
security costs, est at D35 m for 1986 and 1987. guns: 900 57mm: M-1943; 76mm: M-1942;
t Incl some 150,000 non-Bahrainis. 100mm: T-12.
ATGW: 1,000 AT-1 Snapper, AT-2 Swatter, Bbr: 1 bde (sqn): 10 Tupolev Tu-16.
AT-3 Sagger, Milan; Swingfire, 480 TOW AD/FGA: 2 bdes (4 sqns):
(ind 52 on M-901 (M-l 13) SP). 70 Shenyang J-6, 32 McDonnell-Douglas F-4E.
AD: guns: 1,000: 14.5mm: ZPU-4; 23mm: ZU-23-2, FGA: 2 bdes (4 sqns):
ZSU-23-4 SP; 57mm: S-60, 254 ZSU-57-2 SP. 54 Dassault Mirage 5SDE2 (Mirage 2000EM
SAM: 75 SA-6, SA-7/as-Saqr, SA-9, 20 Crotale. being delivered), 36 Breguet-Dornier
(On order some 325 BMR-600P, some 100 AlphaJet MS-2.
M-109A2 155mm SP how; 2,000 Swingfire Interceptors: 6 bdes (9 sqns):
ATGW; as-Saqr (SA-7), 25 btys (384 msls) 5 sqns with 100 Mikoyan-Guryevich
Chaparral SAM.) MiG-21F/PFS/FL/PFM/M/MF;
1 with 12 J-6;
NAVY: 20,000 (10,000 conscripts).* 1 with 20 Xian J-7;
Bases: Alexandria, Port Said, Mersa Matruh, 2 with 35 General Dynamics F-16A.
Port Tewfig, Hurghada, Safaqa. Recce: 1 bde (2 sqns):
Subs: 12: 6 Mirage 5SDR, 15 MiG-21F/RF, 10 Ilyushin
10 R-class (6 Ch Type-O-33); 2 Sov W-class. 11-28 (MR).
Destroyers: 3: ELINT: 2 EC-130H Hercules.

2 Sov Skory (1 with 1 twin Styx SSM); Hel: 11 sqns:
1 Br Z-class (trg). attack: 1 bde (4 sqns): 24 SA-342M Gazelle
Frigates: 6: (HOT), 24 SA-342L (20mm gun).
FFG: 4: 2 Ch Jianghu with 4 Hai Ying-2 SSM; 2 ASW: 1 bde (sqn) with 5 Sea King Mk 47.
Spanish F-30 (Descubierta) with 2 quad tac tpt 3 bdes: (hy): 1 sqn with 15 CH-47C
Harpoon; Chinook, (med): 3 sqns with 50 Mil Mi-8,
FF: 2 Br (1 Black Swan, 1 Hunt). 1 sqn with 23 Westland Commando Mk 2
FAC(G):32: (2 VIP). (It): 1 sqn with Hiller UH-12E.
6 Ramadan with 4 Otomat SSM; Tpt: 2 bdes (3 sqns):
8 Sov Osa-l with 4 Styx SSM, SA-7 SAM; 22 C-130H, 5 DHC-5D Buffalo, 4 Dassault
8 October-6 (P-6)( with 2 Otomat; Mystère-Falcon 20 (VIP), 2 Gulfstream-lU,
6 Hegu (Komar-typt)( with 2 Ha/ Ying-2 SSM; 1 Boeing 707, 1 Boeing 737.
4 Komar{ with 2 SS-N-2A SSM. Trg: incl 16 MiG-19 (OCU), 9 AlphaJet MS-1,
FAC(T): 13: 3 Shershen, 10 P-6(. 50 Aero L-29 (being replaced), 36 Gumhuria
FAC: 21: (Bücker-181 type), 36 Yakovlev Yak-18 Max,
3 Shershen BM-21 (8-tube) 122mm or 1 PZL-104 Wilga, 4 Shenyang JJ-6 (2-seat),
BM-24 (12-tube) 240mm MRL, 1 SA-7 SAM; 6 Mirage 5SDD, 6 F-16B, 2 EMB-312 Tucano,
12 P-6( with 1 octuple BM-21; 4 DHC-5 Buffalo (after modification).
6 Shanghai II. AAM: AA-2 Atoll, R-530, MATRA Sparrow,
Patrol craft: 39 large: R-550 Magic, AIM-9P3/AIM-9L Sidewinder.
12 Sov SO-1 (6 with 1 BM-21 (8-tube) 122mm ASM: AS-1 Kennel, AS-5 Kelt, AGM-65 Maver-
MRL, some with SA-7 SAM), ick, HOT.
8 Ch Hainan, 12 Timsah, 4 Swift 93-ft, 3 (On order: Some 40 Shenyang J-7, 80 F-16C/D,
SRN-6 hovercraft. some 40 Mirage 2000EM, 4 -BM, 16 Mirage
MCMV: 12 minesweepers: 5E2 ftrs, 26 J-6; 5 Grumman E-2C AEW,
10 ocean (6 T-43, 4 Yurka), 2 T-301, 2 K-8 6 Beech 1900 ESM, 3 C-130H tpt, some 18
inshore. Tucano trg ac; 12 Sea King ASW, AS-332 Super
Minelayers: 3 SRN-6 hovercraft. Puma, 24 AH-1 Cobra with TOW, 15 CH-47,
Amph: LSM: 3 Polnocny, 18 Hiller UH-12E, 24 Gazelle (some 12 with
LCU: 13(9 Vydra, 4 SMB1). HOT ATGW), 4 Bell 222, 1 Agusta-Sikorsky
Coastal defence unit (Army tps, Navy control): AS-61 tpt hel; Sparrow, 560 Sidewinder AAM;
guns:SSM-4-l 130mm. Exocet AM-39, Maverick ASM.)
SSM: 30 Otomat and Samlet.
(On order 4 Lüda DDG; 6 Cormoran FAC(G);
2 Tripartite MCMV (1986), 5 Swift, 10 Timsah, AIR DEFENCE COMMAND: 80,000 (50,000
3 Hyundai patrol boats; 11 SRN-6 hovercraft; conscripts).
6 LST; Stingray torpedoes; 16 Harpoon, 12 centres under construction.
Otomat SSM.) AD: 4 divs: regional bdes.
lOOAAbns.
AIR FORCE: 25,000 (10,000 conscripts); some 65 SA-2, 60 SA-3 bns.
443 combat ac, 53 armed hel (incl AD comd)4 Radar bns.
Equipment: 3 mech divs (each 3 bdes: 9 armd, 18 mech bns).

Arty: guns: 2,500: 20mm, 23mm, 37mm, 40mm, 7 inf divs.
57mm, 85mm; 100mm. 1 AB bde.
SAM: some 400 SA-2, 240 SA-3. 1 Special Forces div (4 bdes).
Some 18 Amoun AD systems (Skyguard/AJM-TF Some indep armd, inf bdes (incl 'coastal force').
Sparrow AD systems — some 36 twin 35mm guns, 12 SAM bns with HA WK.
some 36 quad SAM). 75 SA-6, 9 btys Improved Ground Forces Air Support units.
HAWK(108 launchers, 389 msls), 16 Crotale. Reserve: 'Qocfa' bns (ex-service).
Equipment.^
Radan AN/TPS-43/-59/-63, AN/TSQ-73, Fan
Tks: MBT perhaps 1,000: T-54/-55, Ch T-59, T-62,
Song, Flat Face P-15, Spoon Rest P-12, Low
1-12, Chieftain Mk 3/5, M-47/-48, M-60A1.
Blow, Straight Flush missile/gun and Squint It 50 Scorpion.
Eye, Long Track EWng. AFV: recce: 130 EE-9 Cascavel. MICV: 180 BMP-1.
(On order: Ch CSA-1, Spada/Aspide SAM, LPD- APC: 500 BTR-50/-60, perhaps 250 M-113,
20 search radar.) perhaps 300 EE-11 Urutu.
Forces Abroad: Iraq ('volunteers'), Oman, Arty: some 600+:
guns: 130mm: M-46 towed, 175mm: 30 M-107 SP.

Sudan, Somalia, Zaire.
how: 105mm: M-101; 155mm: M-109A1 SP;
203mm: lOM-HOSP.
PARA-MILITARY: 439,000. MRL: 12 x 107mm: Ch Type-63; 40 x 122mm:
Central Security Forces 300,000. 65 BM-21.
National Guard 60,000 (getting Walid APC). mon 81mm, M-30 4.2-in. (107mm), 3,000
Frontier Corps 12,000. Defence and Security 120mm.
60,000. SSM: Scud.
Coast Guard 7,000; 3 Nisr, 6 Crestitalia, 6 ATK: RCL 57mm, 75mm, M-40A/C 106mm.
Bertram patrol boats, 34 rescue launches. ATGW: ENTAC, SS-11/-12, M-47 Dragon, BGM-
71A TOW.
* Est military debt $12 bn, excl that to the USSR. AD: guns: 1,500: 23mm: ZU-23 towed, ZSU-23-4
t Excl credit arrangements with individual suppliers. SP; 57mm: ZSU-57-2 SP.
$ Most Soviet eqpt now in reserve, ind MBT, some combat SAM: HAWK/ImprovedHAWK, SA-7, RBS-70.
aircraft. Some shown as Soviet has been rebuilt with West-
ern, Chinese and domestically-produced components. Avn: ac incl 56 Cessna (185, 310,0-2A), 2 Fokker
F-27, 5 Rockwell Shrike Commander, 2
Dassault Mystère-Falcon;
hel: (attack): AH-1 Cobra; (hy tpt): CH-47C
IRAN Chinook. (270 Bell 214A, 35 AB-205A, 15
AB-206 were also held.)
GDP 1983/4: r 13,750.0 bn ($157.632 bn)
1984/5: r 15.030 bn ($ 163.544 bn) (Captured Iraqi eqpt in service.)
growth 1984/5: 0% 1985/6:-10.0% (On order: no confirmed information.)
Inflation 1984: 9.0% 1985: 4.4%
REVOLUTIONARY GUARD CORPS {Pasdaran):
Defexp 1985/66: r 1,295 bn ($14.091 bn)
Defbdgt 1986/7e: r 465.0 bn ($5.894 bn) some 350,000; still independent of the Army.
$1 = r (1983/4): 87.228 (1984/5): 91.902 Perhaps 8 divs and many indep bdes, which may
(1985/6): 87.733 (1986): 78.889 incl inf, armd, para, arty, engr, AD and border
r = rial defence units, serve indep or with Army; small
arms, spt weapons from Army, Naval elm;
Population: 45,200,000* some Air.
25-50 31-45
Men: 5,200,000 3,500,000 NAVY: 14,500, incl naval air and marines.t
Women: 5,151,400 3,400,000 Bases: Bandar Abbas, Bushehr, Kharg, Bandar-
e-Anzelli, Bandar-e-Khomeini, Chah Bahar
(building).
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: Destroyers: 3:
Regular: 704,500. 1 Br Battle with 2 quad Standard SSM, 1 quad
Terms of service. 24 months. Seacat SAM;
Reserves: Army: 350,000, ex-service volunteers. 2 US Sumner.
Frigates: 4 Saam with 1 quintuple Seakiller SSM,
ARMY: 305,000 (perhaps 200,000 conscripts). 1 triple Seacat SAM (2? non-operational).
(?3) Army HQ. Corvettes: 2 US PF-103.
FAC(G): 8 Kaman {La Combattante II) with a deliveries possible but unconfirmed; MRL identified. Oper-
total of 7 Harpoon SSM (?3 serviceable). ational status of US-source eqpt impossible to confirm.
Patrol craft: large: 7:
3 Improved PGM-71, 4 Cape, 2 BH-7
hovercraft?.
MCMV: 2 US MSC 292/268 coastal. IRAQ
Amph: LST: 4 Hengam; LCT: 4 Neth.
Spt: 1 replenishment, 2 fleet supply, 1 repair ship. GDP 1984e:D 8.4 bn ($27.018 bn)
Marines: 3 bns. 1985e:D 7.0 bn ($22.515 bn)
(On order: 6 Type-1200 subs.) growth 1984: -10.0% 1985: -14%
Inflation 1984: 22.0% 1985: 25.0%
NAVAL AIR: 2 combat ac, 12 combat hel. Debt* 1984: $45-50 bn 1985: $55-75 bn
MR: 1 sqn with 2 P-3F Orion Def exp 1984e: D 4.3 bn ($13.831 bn)
(?non-operational) may 1985e:D 4.0 bn ($12.866 bn)
ASW: 1 hel sqn with ?12 have $1=D (1982): 0.2984 (1983/4/5): 0.3109
Sikorsky SH-3D combined. D = dinar
MCM: 1 hel sqn with 2 Sikorsky RH-53D.
Tpt: 1 sqn with 4 Rockwell Shrike Commander, 4 Population: 15,400,000
Fokker F-27, 1 Dassault Mystère-Falcon 20 ac, 18-30 31-45

7Agusta-BellAB-212hel. Men: 1,750,000 1,180,000
Women: 1,680,000 1,140,000
AIR FORCE: 35,000; perhaps 68 serviceable com-
bat acf TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
FGA: 8 sqns: Regular: 845,000.
4 with some 35 (?20) McDonnell-Douglas Terms of service: basic 21—24 months,
F-4D/E; extended for war.
4 with some 45 (?30) Northrop F-5E/F.
Interceptor/FGA: (? 10) Grumman F-14. ARMY: 800,000 (incl perhaps 230,000 active
Recce: 1 sqn (dets) with some 5 F-14A, 3 RF-4E. reserves).
Tanker/tpt: 2 sqns: 17 Boeing (10 707, 7 747). 7 corps HQ.
Tpt: 5 sqns: 26 C-130F7H Hercules, 9 Fokker 5 armd divs ('Type': 1 armd, 1 mech bde; varies).
F-27, 2 Rockwell Aero Commander 690, 4 3 mech/mot inf divs.
Dassault Mystère-Falcon 20. 10 inf divs.
Hel: 10 Sikorsky S-55 (HH-34F), 10 Agusta-Bell 1 Presidential Guard Force (3 armd, 1 inf, 1
AB-206A, 5 AB-212, 39 Bell 214C, 10 CH-47 cdo bdes).
Chinook, 2 Sikorsky S-61A4. 2 special forces divs (6 bdes).
Trg: incl 26 Beech F-33A/C Bonanza, 7 Lock- 9 Reserve bdes i All on active duty.
heed T-33, 46 Pilatus PC-7, 2 Shenyang J-6. 15 Peoples Army/ > Strength perhaps sufficient
SAM: 5 sqns: Rapier, 25 Tigercat. volunteer inf bdes J for a further 8 divs.
AAM: Phoenix, AIM-9 Sidewinder, AIM-7 Sparrow. Equipment^
ASM: AS-12, Maverick. Tks: MBT: some 4,500: T-54/-55/-62/-72, 1,500
(On order no confirmed information.)
T-59/
Forces Abroad: Lebanon: Revolutionary -69 II, 150 Chieftain Mk 3/5, M-60, M-47.
Guard 1,000. It 100 PT-76.
AFV: about 4,000:
recce: incl BRDM-2, FUG-70, ERC-90, MOWAG
PARA-MILITARY: Roland, EE-9 Cascavel, EE-3 Jararaca.
Basij 'Popular Mobilization Army' volunteers, MICV. 1,000 BMP.
mostly youths; small arms, org in 'bns' APC: BTR-50/-60/-152, OT-62/-64, VC-TH
(strength 300—350), under control of Revol- (with HOT ATGW), M-113A1, Panhard M-3,
utionary Guard Corps. EE-11 Urutu.
Gendarmerie (70,000 incl border guard elm); Arty: 5,500:
Cessna 185/310 It ac, AB-205/-206 hel, guns: 122mm: D-74; 130mm: M-46, Type 59-1;
patrol boats.t 155mm: some 5 GCT SP.
Sevama secret police. gun/how: 152mm: M-1974.
how: 105mm: M-56 pack, M-102; 122mm:
* Figures do not account for war losses. D-30 towed, M-1938, M-1974 SP; 152mm:
t Losses and incomplete reporting of resupply makes eqpt M-1943, M-1973 SP, 155mm: AMX-30
estimates very tentative. Reports of Chinese tk and ac GCT, M-114/M-109SP.
MRU 200: ind 122mm: BM-21; 127mm: 60 Recce: 1 sqn with 5 MiG-25.
ASTROS II; 132mm: BM-13/-16. Tpt: ac: 2 sqns:
SSNi: 30 FROG-1, 20 Scud B. 10 Antonov An-2 Colt, 10 An-12 Cub, 6 An-24
mor: 120mm, 160mm. Coke (retiring); 2 An-26 Curl, 13 Ilyushin
ATK: RCU 73mm: SPG-9; 82mm: B-10; 107mm. 11-76 Candid, 2 Tu-134 Crusty, 13 11-14
guns: 85mm; 100mm towed; 105mm: 100 JPz Crate, 1 DH Heron.
SK-105SP. Trg: incl MiG-15/-21/-23U, Su-7U, BAe Hunter
ATGW: AT-3 Sagger, SS-11, Milan, HOT. T-69; 16 Mirage F-1BQ; 50 L-29 Delfin, 40
Avn (Army Air Corps): (7150) armd hel. L-39 Albatros, 50 PC-7 Turbo Trainer, 11
attack (?40) Mil Mi-24 Hind; 50 SA-342 Gazelle EMB-312 Tucano.
(some with HOT); 10 SA-321 Super Frelon, AAM: R-530, R-550 Magic, AA-2/-6/-7/-8.
some with Exocet AM-38 ASM; some 30 ASM: AS-30 Laser, Armât, Exocet AM-39, AS-4
SA-316B Alouette III with AS-12 ASM; some Kitchen, AS-5 Kelt.
44 MBB BO-105 with SS-11 ATGW. (On order, no confirmed information.)
tpt (hy): 10 Mi-6 Hook, (med:) 100 Mi-8, 20
Mi-4, 10 SA-330 Puma.
PARA-MILITARY:
ATGW: 360 HOT, AS-11/-12, AT-2 Swatter. Frontier Guards.

AD: guns: 4,000: 23mm, ZSU-23-4 SP, M-1939 Security troops 4,800.
and twin 37mm, 57mm incl ZSU-57-2 SP, People's Army 650,000.
85mm, 100mm, 130mm.
SAM: 120 SA-2, 150 SA-3, SA-6, SA-7, SA-9, OPPOSITION: Kurds.
60 Roland. Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP): 10,000 (20,000
(Captured Iranian eqpt in service.) more in militia); small arms, some Iranian It
(On order: no confirmed information.) arty reported.
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) 10,000.
NAVY: 5,000*
Bases: Basra, Umm Qasr. * Incl military debt to USSR and other Warsaw Pact
Frigates: 2: members.
1 Lupo with 8 Otomat-2 SSM, 1 octuple
Albatros/Aspide SAM, 1 hel; •f Losses and incomplete reporting of resupply makes
lYug(trg). eqpt estimates very tentative.
Corvettes: 6 (?5) Assad with 1 quad Albatros/
Aspide SAM; ISRAEL
2 with 2 Otomat-2 SSM, 1 hel;
4 with 6 Otomat-2. GDP 1984: NS 7.069 bn ($24.110 bn)
FAC(G): 10 Osa with 4 Styx SSM. 1985: NS 25.966 bn ($22.027 bn)
FAC(T): 5 P-6(. growth 1984: 0.9% 1985: 1.7%
Patrol craft: large: 3 SO-1; Inflation 1984: 373.0% 1985: 304.0%
coastal: 8: Poluchat, Nyryat II, PO-2, Zhuk{. Debt 1984: $30.0 bn 1985: $30.2 bn
Minesweepers: ocean: 2 Sov T-43 3 Yevgenya(; Defbdgt 1985/6: NS 4.980 bn ($4.225 bn)
inshore: 3 Nestin(. 1986/7: NS 8.030 bn ($5.378 bn)
Amph: LSM: 4 Polnocny, LST: 3. FMA* 1985: $1.4 bn 1986: $1.723 bn
Sptship: 1. $1=NS (1983): 0.0562 (1984): 0.2932
(On order 3 Lupo FFG, 1 Stromboli (reported (1985): 1.1788 (1986): 1.4930
commissioned but undelivered); 1 Agnadeen NS = new shekel
tanker, 1 tpt.)
AIR FORCE: 40,000 incl 10,000 AD personnel; 18-30 31-45
some 500 combat ac* Men: 472,800 410,000
Bbrs: 2 sqns: Women: 450,000 405,000
1 with perhaps 7 Tupolev Tu-22,1 with 8 Tu-16.
FGA: 11 sqns: TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
4 with some 40 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-23BM; Regular 149,000 (93,300 male and female
4 with 20 Dassault Mirage F-1EQ5 (Exocet- conscripts).
equipped), 23 Mirage F-1EQ-200; Terms of Service, officers 48 months, men 36
3 with Sukhoi Su-7 and Su-20. months, women 24 months (Jews, Druze
Interceptors: 5 sqns: only; Christians and Arabs may volunteer).
Some 25 MiG-25, some 40 MiG-19, some 200 Annual training as reservists thereafter to age
MiG-21, 30 Mirage F-1EQ. 54 for men, 34 (or marriage) for women.
Reserves: 554,000 (all services) Army 494,000; Patrol craft: 41 coastal (:
Navy 10,000, 1,000 immediate recall; Air 32 PCBR Mk 1 Dabur, 9 Yatush.
Force 50,000, 9,000 immediate recall. Amph: LSNi: 3; LCH 6; LCM: 3.
MR: ac: 7 Seascan 1124N.
Spt: 1 tender, 2 armed tpts, 2 trg ships (1(),
ARMY: 112,000 (88,000 conscripts, male and 4 coastal patrol auxiliaries(.
female); some 606,000 on mobilization. Naval cdo: (300), 1 Firefish III attack craft.
11 armd divs (many cadre; on mobilization com-
prise 33 armd bdes (each 3 tk, 1 mech inf bns). AIR FORCE: 28,000 (2,000 conscripts, in AD),
9 mech inf bdes. 78,000 on mobilization; some 629 combat ac
3 inf bdes. (perhaps 90 stored), 58 armed hel.
7 para bdes. FGA/intercepton 15 sqns:
12 territorial/border inf bdes with Nahal militia. 2 with some 50 McDonnell-Douglas F/TF-15;
15 arty bdes (each 5 bns of 3 btys). 5 with 131 McDonnell Douglas F-4E;
AD: 2 Vulcan/Chaparral btys. 5 with 150 IAI Kfir C1/C2/C7;
Equipment^ 3 with 67 General Dynamics F-16A, 8-B.
FGA: 4 sqns with 130 A-4N/J Skyhawk.
Tks: 3,660: incl 1,100 Centurion, 600 M-48A5,

1,210 M-60/A1/A3, 250 T-54/-55, 150 T-62, Recce: 13 RF-4E.
350 Merkava I/II. AEW: 4 Grumman E-2C.
AFV: recce: about 400 incl Ramta RBY, M-2/-3, ECM: 4 Boeing 707 (some comd), 2 C-130
BRDM-2. APC: 5,900 M-l 13, BTR-50P. Hercules.
Arty: guns: 130mm: 85 M-46; 175mm: 140 Tpt l wing: incl 7 Boeing 707 (2 tanker mods), 20
M-l07 SP. C-130E/H, 18 C-47 (Douglas DC-3), 2 KC-130H.
how: 105mm: 70 M-101; 122mm: 100 D-30; Liaison: 1 BN-2 Islander, 19 Dornier (5 Do-27,
155mm: 300 Soltam M-68/-71, M-839P/- 14 Do-28D); 22 Cessna (18 U-206C, 2 T-41D,
845P, L-33 SP; M-50, 450 M-109A1/A2; 2 180); 12 Beech Queen Air 80; 2 IAI
Westwind; 20 Piper Super Cub.
203mm: 48 M-l 10 SP. Trg: incl 20 TA-4E/H Skyhawk, 50 Kfir (incl
MRU 122mm: BM-21; 160mm: LAR-160; TC-2), 85 CM-170 Magister/Tzugit.
240mm: BM-24; 290mm: MAR-290. Hel: attack: 1 sqn with 30 Bell AH-1G/S, 1 with
SSM: MGM-52C Lance, Ze'ev (Wolj). 28 Hughes 500MD;
mor: 1,100 81mm, 120mm, 160mm (some SP). ECM/SAR: 1 sqn with 70 Bell 206, 212;
ATK: RL 82mm: B-300; RCU 106mm: 250. tpt (hy): 17 Sikorsky CH-53A/D; (med): 8
ATGW: BGM-71 TOW, Cobra, M-47 Dragon, SA-321 Super Frelon, 17 Bell UH-1D; (It): 2
Picket 81mm, Togger (TOW/Sagger de- sqns with 50 Bell 206A, 212.
rivative). Drones: Mastiff \ Scout, Teledyne Ryan 124R,
AD: guns: 30 M-l 63 Vulcan 20mm gun and M-48 MQM^CC/mfazrll.
Chaparral msl systems, 900 20mm, 50 ZSU-23-4 SAM: 15 bns with MIM-23B HAWK/Improved
23mm SP, 30mm, 37mm and L-70 40mm. HAWK.
SAM: MIM-42A Redeye. AAM: AIM-9/-9L Sidewinder, AIM-7E/F Spar-
(On order. Merkava MBT, Re'em AFV; M-107 row, Shafrir, Python III.
175mm SP guns; Lance SSM, TOW, Dragon ASM: Luz, AGM-65 Maverick, AGM-45 Shrike,
ATGW.) AGM-62A Walleye, AGM-12 Bullpup, Gabriel
III (mod).
NAVY: 9,000 (3,300 conscripts), 19,000 on (On order 75 F-16 ftrs; 60 Kfir-Cll-TC-2 trg ac;
mobilization. 12 AS-365 Dauphin hel; 200 Improved HAWK
SAM; 200 Sidewinder AAM.)
Bases: Haifa, Ashdod, Eilat.
Subs: 3 Type 206. Forces Abroad: Lebanon (e 500).
Corvettes: 6 Aliya (JSa'ar 4.5) with 4 Gabriel II
and 4 Harpoon SSM, 2 with 1 Bell 206 Kiowa
ASW hel. PARA-MILITARY:
FAC(G): 23: Border Guards 4,500; BTR-152 APC.
8 Reshef {Sa'ar 4) with 5 Gabriel III, 4 Har- Arab Militia; small arms.
poon SSM; Coastguard; 3 US PBR, 3 other patrol craft.
6 Sa'ar 3 with 3 Gabriel III, 1 twin Harpoon; Gadna (youth bns), volunteers 15—18, pre-
6 Sa'ar 2 with up to 5 Gabriel II; military service trg by Defence Force.
1 Dvora with 2 Gabriel III;
hydrofoil: 3 Shimrit (Flagstaff!) with 2 Gabriel • US military aid has so far reached a total of $21.4 bn-,
III, 4 Harpoon SSM. of which $11.2 bn is to be repaid.
t Does not include captured PLO equipment: T-34, Patrol craft: 6 (2 armed().
T-54 MBT, APC, 130mm guns, BM-21 MRL, ZSU-23-4 (On order: patrol craft.)
AA guns, SA-9 SAM.
AIR FORCE: 7,200; 119 combat ac, 24 armed hel.
FGA: 3 sqns with 67 Northrop F-5E/F.
Interceptor 2 sqns with 34 Dassault Mirage
JORDAN F-1CJ/EJ.
OCU: 1 sqn with 15 F-5A, 3 F-5B.
GDP 1984: D 1.523 bn ($3,965 bn) Tpfc 1 sqn with 6 C-130B/H Hercules, 2 North
1985e: D 1.675 bn ($4,252 bn) American Sabreliner 75A, 2 CASA C-212A.
growth 1984: 2.3% 1985: 4.8% VIP: 1 sqn with 2 Boeing 727, 3 Dassault
Inflation 1984: 3.8% 1985: 5.5% Mystère-Falcon 20, 1 T-39 Sabreliner ac, 4
Debt 1984: $2.9 bn 1985: $4.2 bn Sikorsky S-76 hel.
Defbdgt 1985: D 206.0 m ($522.807 m) Hel: 4 sqns:
1986: D 243.7 m ($735.365 m) 2 with 24 Bell AH-1S (with TOW ASM; for
FMA 1984: $400.0 m
eventual transfer to Army);

$1 = D (1983): 0.3630 (1984): 0.3841 2 with 16 SA-316B Alouette III, 14 S-76, 8
(1985): 0.3940 (1986): 0.3314
D = dinar Hughes 500D hel.
Trg ac 13 Cessna T-37C, 19 BAe Bulldog, 1
Population: 2,720,000 (excl West Bank) C-212, 12 Piper Warrior-W, 6 Piper Seneca-ll.
18-30 31-45 AAM: AIM-9 Sidewinder.
Men: 407,000 218,000 ASM: TOW.
Women: 370,000 210,000 AD: 2 bdes:
14 btys with 112 Improved HA WK SAM.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: (On order 14 CASA C-101/5 Aviojet trg/COIN, 2
Regulan 70,200. CASA-Nurtanio CN-235 tpt, 1 C-212 It tpt ac;
Terms of service, voluntary conscription, 2 6 Maverick ASM.)
years authorized.
Reserves (all services): 35,000. Army 30,000 PARA-MILITARY: 6,000:
(obligation to age 40). Public Security Force 3,500.
Civil Militia 'People's Army' 2,500: Men 16-65;
ARMY: 62,750. Women 16-45.
2 armd divs (?each 2 tk, 1 mech inf bdes). Palestine Liberation Army: 1,500; bde.
2 mech inf divs (?each 2 mech inf, 1 tk bdes).
1 indep Royal Guards bde.
1 Special Forces bde (3 AB bns).
16 arty bns. KUWAIT
4 AA bdes.
Equipment: GDP 1983/4: D 6.415 bn ($21.969 bn)
Tks: some 790: 140 M-47/-48A5 (in reserve), 186 1984/5: D 6.425 bn ($21.474 bn)
M-60A1/A3, 270 Khalid, 191 Centurion. growth 1983/4: -1.5% 1984/5: -4.0%
APC: 1,200 M-l 13, 32 Saracen. Inflation 1984: 1.2% 1985: 1.0%
Debt 1984: $5.0 bn 1985: $3.7 bn
Arty: some 247: Defbdgt* 1984/5s:D 490.0 m ($1.638 bn)
guns: 155mm: 17 M-59.
1985/6e:D 540.0 m ($1.827 bn)
gun/how: 180GHN45. $1=D (1982/3): 0.2908 (1983/4): 0.2920
how: 105mm: 36 M-101A1; 155mm: 38 M-l 14 (1984/5): 0.2992 (1985/6): 0.2956
towed, 20 M-44, 108 M-109A2 SP; 203mm: 4 D = dinar
M-l 15 towed, 24 M-l 10 SP.
mor: 400 81mm, 107mm and 120mm. Population: 1,710,000 (ind 1.1 m expatriates)
ATK: RCL 300 106mm. 18-30 31-45
ATGW: 300 BGM-71A TOW, 310 M-47 Dragon. Men: 224,000 252,000
AD: guns: 20mm: 100 M-l63 Vulcan; 40mm: 16 Women: 159,000 125,000
ZSU-23-4, 250 M-42 SP. SAM: SA-7B2 Redeye,
34 SAM-8, Improved HAWK. TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
(On order. Javelin, Rapier SAM.) Regular 12,000.
Terms of service: 2 years (university students,
NAVY (Coast Guard): 250. 1 year).
Base: Aqaba. Reserves: planned conscript force.
ARMY: 10,000. LEBANON

2 armd bdes. Given the continuing conflict in the Lebanon, the
1 mech inf bde. development of at least two economies, the
1 SSM bn. political impotence of the President and the
Equipment: National Assembly, and the existence of several
Tks: 70 Vickers Mk 1, 10 Centurion, 160 Chieftain.
armed forces, it is no longer possible to provide
AFV: recce: 100 Saladin, 60 Ferret. APC: 175
macro-economic, population or meaningful de-
M-113, 100 Saracen.
fence economic data.
Arty: guns: 155mm: 20 AMX Mk F-3 SP. how: 18
M-109A2 SP. SSM: 4 FROG-!. There are no longer any truly 'national' forces.
mon 81mm. Even the respective sectarian militia forces vary
ATGW: HOT, BGM-71A TOW, Vigilant. in their degrees of cohesion. They all have small
SAM: SA-6, SA-7, SA-8 Gecko. regular cadres, rapidly expanded by mobilizing
(On order Scorpion It tks, 188 M-113 APC, 56 reserves. Much of the equipment of the former
M-113 SP TOW, 4,800 Improved TOW, SA-7, national forces is held by these groups; some is
stored unserviceable. The militias have their own
SA-8 SAM.)
ources of supply, and it has not been possible to
determine types and quantities accurately.

NAVY (administered by Ministry of the
Interior): 1,100.
Base. Kuwait City. CHRISTIAN:
FAC(G): 6 Lürssen TNC-45 with 4 Exocet
MM-40 SSM. ARMY: some 15,000.
FAC: 2 Lürssen FPB-57. 5 nominal brigades.
Patrol craft: 50 coastaK (15 armed). Equipment:
Amph: LCu: 6 Loadmaster, 7 landing craft, 3 spt Tks: some 90 M-48 A1/A5. It: 50 AMX-13 (35
with 75mm, 15 with 105mm guns).
ships (320-ton).
AFV: recce: 80 Saladin, 20 Ferret. APC: 300
(On order. 20 Sedan patrol craft; 6 SRN-6
M-113, Saracen, 20 VAB-VTT.
hovercraft; SA-365N Dauphin II hel; Exocet Arty, guns: 130mm: M-46. how: 122mm: 18
MM-40 SSM.) M-102, M-1938/D-30; 155mm: 36 M-50,
M-114, M-198. mon 200 81mm; 120mm.
AIR FORCE: 2,000 (excl foreign personnel); ATK: RU 85mm: RPG-7; 89mm: M-65.
80 combat ac, 23 armed hel. RCL 106mm.
FGA: 2 sqns with 30 A-4KU, 4 TA-4KU Skyhawk. ATGW: ENTAC, Milan, BGM-71A TOW.
Interceptor 1 sqn with 32 Dassault Mirage AD: guns: 20mm; 23mm: ZU-23; 30mm: towed;
F-1CK, 2 F-1BK. 40mm:M-42SP.
COIN/trg: 1 sqn with 12 BAe Hawk. NAVY: some 300.
Tpt: 2 McDonnell-Douglas DC-9; 4 Lockheed
Base. Juniye.
L-l00-30; used also in civil role. Patrol craft: 4: 1 38-m, 3 30-m coastal (.
Hel: 3 sqns: Landing craft 2 Fr EDIC 670 ton.
attack: 23 SA-342K Gazelle,
tpt: 12 SA-330 Puma, 5 AS-332 Super Puma. AIR FORCE:
Trg: incl 9 BAe/BAC-167 Strikemaster. 1 operational base.
AD: 1 bn (4 btys) with 8 twin Improved HAWK Equipment (?operational):
SAM. Ftrs: 7 BAe Hunter F-70.
AAM: R-550 Magic, Super R-530, AIM-9 Hel: 1 sqn:
Sidewinder. attack: 4 SA-342 Gazelle with SS-11/-12 ASM;
ASM:AS-11/-12. tpt: (med): 7 Agusta-Bell AB-212, 12 SA-330
(Store: 12 BAe Lightning, 9 BAe Hunter.) Puma; (It): 9-SA 315/316 Alouette II/III.
(On order 6 AS-332F Super Puma hel; 12 Exocet Trg: 5 BAe Bulldog, 3 CM-170 Magister.
AM-39 ASM; AD radar and command system.) Tpt: 1 DH Dove, 1 Rockwell Turbo-
Commander 690B.
PARA-MILITARY: PARA-MILITARY:
National Guard: Palace, Border Guard. Ministry of the Interior
20 V-150, 62 V-300 Commando APC. Internal Security Force 8,000 (largely ineffec
tive: law courts closed); 30 Chaimite APC.
* Excl capital expenditure. Customs: 1 Tracker, 5 Aztec patrol craft.
MILITIAS: Equipment:
Lebanese Forces Militia (Kata'eb = Phalange): Tks: M-48, 50 T-54/5.
4,500 regulars, 30,000 reservists. AFV: recce: Saladin. APC: VAB, BTR, M-l 13.
Equipment: Arty: guns: 130mm. how. 105mm, 122mm,
Tks: 110 T-34, 50 M-48; 5 M-4, 55 T-54. 155mm. MRU 107mm, 122mm.
It:some20AMX-13tks. ATK: guns: 85mm, 100mm. ATGW: AT-3 Sagger.
APC:M-113. AD: guns: 23mm ZU-23. SAM: SA-7.
Arty: some 100: 122mm, 130mm, 155mm.
Al Amal al Islam (Islamic Amal; break-away
mor 60mm, 81mm, 120mm.
ATK: RPG-7. faction, links with Iranian Revolutionary
AD: 12.7mm, 14.5mm, 23mm guns. Guard Corps): (600).
Patrol boats: 1 Tracker, 2 Yatush. Equipment incl
Arty: 130mm. mor.
Guardians of the Cedars: (Right-wing): ?300. ATK: RU RPG-7.
Marada Brigades (Zehorta Liberation Army) AD: guns: 20mm ZPU-2.
(pro-Syrian): ?200. Hizbollah ("The Party of God'; fundamentalist,
South Lebanon Army (SLA; Israeli-backed): pro-Iranian): (1,000).

Maronite and some Shi'ite: perhaps 1,000. Equipment incl:
Equipment: AFV, arty, RL, RCL, ATGW, AA guns.
TKS: 40 M-4, 15 T-54. Islamic Resistance Movement (Hizbollah-
Arty: M-1938 122mm, M-46 130mm, M-198 linked): (400).
155mm. Equipment.
Al-Tanzim: (extremist): ?600. ATK: RU 'Grad' (BM-21 122mm). ATGW: AT-3
Sagger.
DRUZE:
1 nominal army bde. OTHER:
Lebanese Arab Army: Lebanese Army deserters;
MILITIA: pro-Syrian (numbers decreasing).
Progressive Socialist Party (Jumblatt): (5,000 Lebanese National Resistance Front: umbrella for
regular, perhaps 12,000 reservists); anti-Israeli forces in South Lebanon.
Equipment:
Tks: 50 T-34/-54.
APC:BTR-60/-152.
Arty: 122mm, 130mm. MRL mon 82mm. LIBYA
Patrol craft: 18 small.
GDP 1984e:D 6,700 bn ($22.627 bn)
SUNNI: 1985K D 5.900 bn ($19.926 bn)
1 nominal army bde. growth 1983: -21.0% 1984: -4%
Inflation 1983: 9.0% 1984: 11.0%
MILITIAS: Debt 1984e:$2.0bn 1985e:$4.0bn
Islamic Unity Movement (Taweed): Tripoli, Def exp 1982e: D 210.0 m ($709.338 m)
(1,000), small arms incl ATK. $1 = D (1982/3/4/5): 0.2961
D = dinar
Al-Mourabitoun (independent Nasserites, Population: 3,800,000
underground: (400).
18-30 31-45
October 24 Movement (secular). Men: 455,000 390,000
Junudullah ('soldiers of God', PLO-financed): Women: 375,000 264,000
(?few hundred).
TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Regular 71,500.
SHI'A: Terms of service, selective conscription, term
3 nominal army bdes. varies — 3 to 4 years.
Reserves: People's Militia, some 40,000.
MILITIAS:
Amal (orthodox pro-Syria; Bern): (6,000 regulars; ARMY: 55,000.
some 10,000 reservists). 1 tk, 2 mech inf div HQ.
38 tk bns. AIR FORCE: 10,000; some 489 combat ac, 60
54 mech inf bns. armed hel.*
1 National Guard bde. Bbrs: 1 sqn with 7 Tupolev Tu-22.
41 arty, 2 AA arty bns. Interceptors: 3 sqns and 1 OCU:
14 para/cdo bns. some 26 Dassault Mirage F-1ED, 6 F-1BD, 135
6 SSM bdes. Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-23 Flogger E, 50
3 SAM bdes. MiG-25 Foxbat A, 50 MiG-21, 5 MiG-25U.
Equipment:* FGA: 5 sqns and 1 OCU:
Tks: 2,200 T-54/-55/-62, 160 T-72. 45 Mirage 5D/DE, 13 5DD, 14 Mirage F-l AD,
AFV: recce: 250 BRDM-2, 400 EE-9 Cascavel. 40 MiG-23BM Flogger F, 14 MÏG-23U,
MICV: 800 BMP. APC: 700 BTR-50/-60, some 50 Sukhoi Su-20/-22 Fitter E/F/J.
OT-62/-64, 100 EE-11 Urutu, Fiat 6614. COIN: 1 sqn with 30 Soko J-l Jastreb.
Arty: some 1,300: Recce: 1 sqn with 2 Mirage 5DR.
guns: 122mm: 60 D-74; 130mm: 360 M-46. Tpt: 2 sqns:
how: 105mm: some 60 M-101; 122mm: 330 20 Antonov An-26 Curl, 8 C-130H Hercules,
M-1938, D-30 towed, 120 M-1974 SP; 2 Boeing 707, 17 Aeritalia G-222, 2 Das-
152mm: 48 M-1973, DANA SP; 155mm: 200 sault Mystère-Falcon-20, 2 C-140 Lockheed
Palmaria, 18 M-109 SP. Jetstar, 2 Canadair CL-44, 15 Ilyushin 11-76
MRU some 600: 122mm: BM-21/RM-70; Candid, 1 Aerospatiale Corvette 200, 2
130mm: M-51. Beech King Air, 6 Fokker F-27-600, 16
SSM: 48 FROG-1, 70 Scud B. TurboletiAXO.
mor: 450: 81mm, 120mm, 160mm, 240mm. Hel: 9 sqns:
ATK: RCU 200 106mm. ATGW: 3,000: Vigilant, attack: 2 with 30 Mil Mi-24 Hind;
Milan, AT-3 Sagger (ind BRDM SP). ASW: 2 with 30 Mi-14 Haze,
AD: guns: 600: 23mm: ZSU-23-2, ZSU-23-4 SP, SAR: 1 with 8 SA-321 Super Frelon.
30mm: M-53/59 SP; 40mm: L/70; 57mm. tpt: (hy): 1 with 19 CH-47C Chinook, (med): 1
SAM: SA-7, 30 quad Crotale. with Mi-8, 2 Agusta-Bell AB-212; (It): 1
(On order MBT, BMD AB MICV, Fiat 6616 recce, with 5 AB-206, 1 with 10 SA-316B^/ot/e«e
/ISraOS II SS-40MRLS.) III, 9 AB-47.
Trg: 4 sqns:
NAVY: 6,500. 2 with 61 Soko G-2 Galeb ac; 2 with 20 Mi-2
Bases: Tarabulus, Benghazi, Darnah, Tubruq, {Hoplite) hel; 2 Tu-22 Blinder D, 100 Aero
Bardiyah, Al Khums. L-39ZO, 12 CM-170 Magister, 139
Subs: 6 Sov F-class; 2 R-2 'Afa/a'-class submersible. SIAI-Marchetti SF-260WL.
Frigates: 2: AAM: AA-2 Atoll, AA-6 Acrid, AA-7 Apex, AA-8
1 Vosper Mk 7 with 4 Otomat SSM, 4 Aphid, R-550 Magic.
Albatros/Aspide SAM; ASM: Swatter ATGW (hel-borne).
1 ATom'-class with 4 SS-N-2C SSM. AD Comd: (13,000).
Corvettes: 7: 3 SA-5A bdes: each 2 bns of 6 launchers, some
4 Assad with 4 Otomat SSM (1 with 1 quad 4 AA gun bns; radar coys, 2 AD schools.
Aspide SAM); 3 Regional Sections: 2 bdes each 18 SA-2,
3 Sov Nanuchka II with 4 SS-N-2C SSM, 1 twin 2—3 bdes each 12 twin SA-3, ?3 bdes each
SA-N-4 SAM. 20/24 SA-6/-8.
FAC(G): 24: (On order MiG-25, MiG-23 ftrs; 25 EMB-121
9 Sharara {La Combattante II) with 4 Xingu tpt, 50 SF-260M trg ac; SA-342 Gazelle,
Otomat SSM; 2 Agusta A-109 hel; Super 530 AAM.)
12 Sov Osa-II with 4 SS-N-2C SSM;
3 Susa with 8 SS-12M SSM. Forces Abroad:
Patrol craft: 8:
Chad: some 5,000; 2 mech bns, 2 tk bns: T-55 tks,
4 Garian, 3 100-ft Benina large;
1 78-ft coastal. BMP-1 MICV, MRL, AD guns, SAM, 5 SF-260W
MCMV: 7 Sov Natya. ac, 3 Mi-24
Amph: LST: 2 PS-700; LSM: 3 Polnocny,
LCU: 20 C-107.
Mise 1 tpt (could use as minelayer). PARA-MILITARY:
Drone craft: 50. Liwa Haris Al-Jamahiriya (Revolution Guard
(On order 2 Rade Koncar-Xype FAC(G), 1 Benina Corps). Eqpt MBT: T-54/-55. AFV: armd cars, APC
patrol craft.) Arty: MRL. AD: ZSU-23-4, SA-8 (Army inventory).
Islamic Pan-African Legion, some 2,500; 1 4 engr bns.

armd, 1 inf, 1 para/cdo bdes. Eqpt: MBT: some 4 armd car sqns.
75 T-54/-55. MICV: EE-9. APC: BTR-50/-60 Equipment:
(Army inventory). Tks: 110 M-48A5. It 70 AMX-13.
Muslim Youth. AFV: recce: 20 EBR-75, some 50 AMX-10RC,
People's Cavalry Force; parade unit. 162 AML-90, 30 AML-60-7, 25 Eland 90mm.
Customs/Coastguard (Naval control). Eqpt: 2 APC: 20 M-8, 400 M-113, some 420 VAB (270
SAR-33 Lürssen-type FAC; 3 Benina, 3 Jihad -VTT/VCI, 20 with 120mm mor, 130 other
patrol craft. mods), 70 UR-416, 65 Ratel-20, 40 M-3, some
OT-62/-64 may be operational.
* Much eqpt, ind 1,200 MBT, 450 combat ac (Tu-22, Arty: guns: 85mm: 30 D-44; 100mm: 10 SU-100
MiG-21/-23/-25, Su-22) in storage. Syrian pilots also SP; 105mm: 36 It; 130mm: 12 M-46; 155mm:
reportedly fly Libyan ac, while some Soviet, Korean 50 AMX-F-3 SP.
and Pakistani personnel act as instructors. Some 2,000 how: 105mm: 25 M-101 towed; 155mm: 20
Soviet personnel reportedly man the SA-5 complexes.
Expatriates form a large proportion of the technical M-114towed,36M-109SP.

support staff. MULT 122mm: 15BM-21.
mon 575 60mm, 600 81mm, 70 82mm, 440
120mm.
ATK: RL LAW 66mm, M-20 3.5-in. (88mm),
MOROCCO STRIM-S9.
RCi: 75mm: 250 M-20; 90mm: 20 M-67;
GDP 1984: D l 05.60 bn($l 1.985 bn) 106mm: 325 M-40.
1985e: D 123.55 bn ($12.279 bn) guns: 90mm: 25 M-56; 105mm: 121 Steyr
growth 1984: 2.2% 1985: 4.3% SK-105 Kuerassier SP.
Inflation 1984: 6.2% 1985: 12.4% ATGW M-47 Dragon, Milan, BGM-71A TOW.
Debt 1984: $13.6 bn 1985: $14.1 bn AD: guns: 14.5mm: 15 ZPU-4; 20mm: 50 towed,
Defbdgt 1985: D 5.257 bn ($522.461 m) 55 M-163 Vulcan SP; 23mm: 87 ZU-23-2;
1986: D 6.837 bn ($749.671 m) 37mm: M-38/-39; 57mm: 60 S-60; 100mm: 10
FMA 1984: $39.0 m 1985: $77.0 m
$1=D (1983): 7.111 (1984): 8.811 KS-19towed.
(1985): 10.062 (1986): 9.120 SAM: SA-7, 35 M-730 Chaparral.
dirham (On order some 30 AMX-10RC armd cars.)
Population: 23,000,000 NAVY: 7,000 incl 1,000 naval infantry.
18-30 31-45 Bases: Casablanca, San, Agadir, AÏ Hoceima,
Men: 2,700,000 1,367,000 Dakhla.
Women: 2,564,000 1,550,000 Frigates: 1 Descubierta with 4 Exocet MM-40
SSM, 1 octuple Albatros/Aspide SAM.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: FAC(G): 4 Lazaga with 4 Exocet MM-38.
Regular 205,000 incl Gendarmerie. FAC: 2 PR-72.
Terms of service: conscription authorized 18 Patrol craft:
months; most enlisted personnel large: 4: 1 Sirius ex-MCMV, 1 NATO 174-ft,
volunteers. 1 CMN 133-ft, 1 VEsterel 104-ft;
Reserves: individual obligation; details of age coastal: 13: 6 P-32, 3 Arcoz 31,4 Ifri.
limits unknown. Amph: 4: LSKi: 3 Batral; LCU: 1 EDIC-type.
1 naval inf bn.
ARMY: 150,000.
(On order 6 Vigilante patrol boats.)
3 mech inf bdes.
1 It security bde. AIR FORCE: 13,000; 119 combat ac; 25 armed hel.
1 para bde. FGA/recce: 4 sqns:
1 AAgp. 2 with 21 Dassault Mirage F-1E, 18 F-1C;
9 mech inf regts. 2 with 29 Northrop F-5 (5 A, 14 E, 3 B, 4 F, 3
9 arty groups.
7 armd bns. RF-5A).
1 Royal Guard bn. COIN/recce: 1 sqn with 6 OV-10 Bronco.
4 camel corps bns. Tpt 1 sqn with 17 C-130H Hercules, 3 KC-130H,
2 desert cav bns. 1 Gulfstream, 4 Beech King Air,
1 mountain bn. 4 Domier Do-28D.
4 cdo bns. Hel: attack: 25 SA-342 Gazelle.
tpt (hy): 9 CH-47 Chinook-, (med): 30 ARMY: 16,500.

SA-330 Puma, 33 Agusta-Bell AB-205A; (It): 2 bde HQ.
14AB-206.4AB-212; 1 armd regt (2 tk sqns, 1 SP arty bty).
Trg: 24 Breguet-Dornier AlphaJet, 21 CM-170 3 arty regts (2 It, 1 med), 1 It AA bty.
Magister, 11 Beech T-34C, 11 AS-202/18A Bravo. 1 recce regt (2 armd car sqns).
AAM: AIM-9J Sidewinder, R-530, R-550 Magic. 8 inf'regts'(bns).
(On order. 20IA-58 Pucarâ COIN, 25 AMIN Gepal 1 sigs regt.
Mk IV trg ac; 381 AGM-65 Maverick ASM.) 1 fd engr regt (2 sqns).
1 para regt.
DEPLOYMENT: South West Sahara: 75,000. Equipment:
Tks: 6 M-60A1, 33 QuayidAlArdh {Chieftain). It
Forces Abroad: 30 Scorpion, 6 VBC-90.
Equatorial Guinea: 300. AFV: MICV (VAB): 2 VCAC with Milan, 2 VD (AD;
United Arab Emirates: some 500. 20mm), 2 PC.
APC: 6 VAB VCI, 15 AT-105 Saxon.
PARA-MIUTARY: 35,000 ind Gendarmerie Arty: guns: 105mm: 39 ROFlt; 130mm: 12 M-1946.
Royale, Force Auxiliare and Mobile Interven- gun/how: 18 25-pdr (88mm).
tion Corps: 2 Socata Rallye ac; 8 SA-315/-316 how: 155mm: 12 FH-70, 12 M-109A2 SP.
Alouette II/III, 6 Gazelle, 6 Puma hel. mon 60mm; 81mm: L-16; 4.2-in. (107mm): 12
M-30; 120mm: 12.
OPPOSITION-.
ATGW: 10 BGM-71A TOW, Milan.
Polisario: 15,000 (perhaps 4,000 'Regulars') org in AD: guns: 4 ZU-23-2 23mm. SAM: Blowpipe.
bns, spt elms.
Eqpt: MBT: T-55; AFV: MICV: BMP-1, some 20—30 NAVY: 2,000.
EE-9 Cascavel; Arty: how: M-1931/37 122mm; Bases: Muscat, Raysut, Ghanam (Goat) Island;
MRL BM-21 122mm; mon 120mm, 160mm. AD: WadamAlwi(1986).
guns: 23mm ZSU-23-2; SAM: SA-6, SA-7. FAC(G): 4 with Exocet SSM:
(Captured Moroccan eqpt incl AML-90, Eland 3 Province (2 with 2 quad, 1 with 2 triple MM-40);
AFV, Ratel-20, Panhard APC, Steyr SK-105 1 Brook Marine with 2 MM-38.
105mm SP ATK guns.)
Patrol craft: 4 inshore(.
Amph: 1ST: 2 (1 comd); LCM: 3; LCU: 2.
Trg ship: 1.
(On order. 1 Province-class FAQG).)
OMAN
GDP 1984: R 3.047 bn ($8.822 bn) AIR FORCE: 3,000; 52 combat ac.
1985: R 3.400 bn ($9.844 bn) FGA: 2 sqns with 20 Sepecat Jaguar S(O) Mk 1,
growth 1984: 11.0% 1985: 2% 4T-2.
Inflation 1984: -2.0% 1985: -1.1% FGA/recce: 1 sqn with 12 BAe Hunter FGA-73,
Debt 1984: $2.0 bn 1985: $2.0 bn 4T-7.
Defbdgt 1985: R 717.0 m ($2.076 bn) COIN/trg: 1 sqn with 12 BAC-167 Strikemaster
1986E: R 601.0 m ($1.561 bn)
FMA see note* Mk82.
$1=R (1983/4/5): 0.3454 (1986): 0.3850 Tpt 3 sqns:
R = rial 1 with 3 BAC-111,1 Dassault Mystère-Falcon 20;
2 with 7 BN-2 Defender/Islander, 15 Short
Population: 1,000,000— 1,600,000t Skyvan 3M, 3 C-130H Hercules.
18-30 31-45 Hel: 2 sqns:
Men: 135,000 118,000 tpt (med): 20 Agusta-Bell AB-205, 4 AB-212, 2
Women: 120,000 92,000 AS-332 Super Puma, 5 AB-214B.
(It): 3 AB-206.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: AD: 2 sqns with 28 Rapier SAM.
Regular 21,500 (excl Royal Household tps, but AAM: AIM-9 Sidewinder, R-550 Magic.
incl some 3,700 foreign personnel). (On order 8 Panavia Tornado ftr, 1 C-130H, 2
Terms of service, voluntary. DHC-5D Buffalo tpts; 6 Bell 214ST hel; 300
Reserves: National Volunteer Reserve Force AIM-9P Sidewinder AAM; 2 S-713 (3-D radar)
(Army): 1,000; obligation to age 35—45. systems, 28 Blindfire radars.)
ROYAL HOUSEHOLD: Patrol craft 6 Vosper Thomycroft 120-ton;

1 Royal Guard bde. coaslal<: 43: (2 75-ft, 4 Tracker, 2 13-ton,
1 special force regt. 7 P-1200-type, 25 Spear, 2 Interceptor (SAR),
Royal Yacht 1. 1 other).
Royal fit 1 Gulfstream, 1 Douglas DC-8, 1 BAe Coast defence: 3 Exocet MM-40.
VC-10 tpts; 2 AS-202 Bravo.
AIR FORCE: 300; 23 combat ac; 2 armed hel.
FGA: 14 Dassault Mirage F-l (12 -B, 2 -E),
PARA-MILITARY:
2 BAe Hunter FGA-6, 1 T-79, 6 Breguet-
Tribal Home Guard (Firqat) 5,000.
Police Coastguard; 15 AT-105 APC, 11 coastal, Dornier AlphaJet.
3 inshore patrol, 13 spt craft, 28 speedboats(. Tpt 1 BN-2 Islander, 1 Boeing 727, 2 707.
Air Wing: 1 Gates Learjet, 2 Dornier 228-100, Hel: 2 SA-341 Gazelle, 20 Westland (3 Whirlwind,
2 Fairchild Merlin IVA, 2 DHC-5 Buffalo ac, 4 Commando Mk 2A, 10 Mk 2B, 3 Lynx).
5 AB-205, 3 AB-206 hel. SAM: 5 Tigercat.
Musandam Security Force (Shikuk Tribal Militia) 85. (On order 6 SA-330 Puma hel.)
* $1.8 bn military subsidy from GCC between 1984 PARA-MILITARY; Police: 3 Lynx, 2 Gazelle hel.
and 1994.
t Breakdown based on World Bank projections and
total population of 1.3 m.
SAUDI ARABIA
QATAR
GDP 1984: R 371.25 bn ($105.355 bn)
GDP 1984: R 12.377 bn ($3.400 bn) 1985: R 339.22 bn ($93.653 bn)
1985: R 11.100 bn ($3.050 bn) growth 1984: 0.9% 1985: -7.5%
growth 1984: -10.0% 1985: -7.5% Inflation 1984: -1.1% 1985: -3.4%
Inflation 1984: 3.5% 1985: 3.0% Debt 1984: $13.3 bn 1985: $14.7 bn
Debt 1984: $650.0 m 1985: $1.1 bn Def bdgt 1984/5: R 79.90 bn ($22.674 bn)
Def bdgt 1983/4e: R 604.0 bn ($ 165.939 bn) 1985/6: R 64.085 bn ($17.693 bn)
$1 = R (1983/4/5): 3.6399 (1986): 3.6410
R = rial $1=R (1983): 3.4548 (1984): 3.5238
(1985): 3.6221 (1986): 3.7510
Population: 300,000 (incl foreigners; indigenous R = rial
population est 80,000) Population: 8—12 million (based on 1986 World
Bank projection of 11.6 million)
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: 18-30 31-45
Regular. 6,000. Men: 1,450,000 1,250,000
Terms of service, voluntary. Women: 1,100,000 772,000
ARMY: 5,000. TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
1 Royal Guard regt. Regular 67,500 (incl 10,000 National Guard).
1 tk bn.
3 inf bns. Terms of service, voluntary; conscription, males
1 arty bty. aged 18—35, authorized.
1 SAM bty with Rapier.
Equipment: ARMY: 40,000.
Tks: 24 AMX-30. 2 armd bdes.
AFV: recce: 10 Ferret. Micv: 30 AMX-10P. APC: 25 4 mech bdes.
Saracen, 136 VAB, 8 Commando Mk 3. 1 inf bdes.
Arty: gun/how: 8 25-pdr (88mm). how: 6 Mk F-3 1 AB bde (2 para bns, 3 special forces coys).
155mm SP. mon 81mm. 1 Royal Guard regt (3 bns).
AD: SAM: 18 Rapier, Blowpipe. 5 arty bns.
18 AAartybtys.
NAVY: 700 incl Marine Police. 17 SAM btys:
Base. Doha. 12 with 105 Improved HA WK{2\(, msls);
FAC(G): 3 La Combattante IIIB with 8 Exocet 3 with 12 Shahine (48 msls) and AMX-30SA
MM-40 SSM. 30mm SP AA guns.
Equipment: AD: Air Defence Command; to control msl, gun

Tks: 300 AMX-30,150 M-60A1 (converting to A3). and radar elms.
AFV: recce: 200 AML-60/-90. MICV: 350 AMX-10P, SAM: 2 btys Shahine [Crotale); 10 btys
some BMR-600P. APC: 600 M-113, 30 EE-11 Improved HAWK.
Urutu, 130 Panhard M-3. (On order 42 Panavia Tornado IDS FGA, 24
Arty: how: 105mm: some 24 Model 56 pack, 100 Tornado ADV ftrs; 1 F-5F trainer, 10 RF-5E
M-101/-102; 155mm: 72 FH-70, 34 M-198 recce; 5 E-3A AWACS; 1 Boeing 747, 10
towed, 275 M-109 and GCT SP. CASA-Nurtanio CN-235, 5 CASA C-212-200
mor: 81mm: 200; 4.2-in (107mm): 360 M-30. tpts; 10 Boeing KE-3A (707-320C) (7 tankers, 3
ATK: RCL: 75mm, 90mm, 106mm. ECM), 2 BAe Jetstream 31, 30 BAe Hawk trg, 30
ATGW. BGM-71A TOW(inc\ 200 VCC-1 SP), M-47 Pilatus PC-9 trg; 22 AB-212 hel; 1,000 AIM-7F
Dragon, HOT (ind some on AMX-10P). Sparrow, 3,000 AIM-9L/P Sidewinder AAM; 400
AD: guns: 20mm: 48 M-163 Vulcan; 30mm: Maverick ASM.)
AMX-30SA; 35mm: 200; 40mm: M-42 SP.
SAM: FIM-92A Stinger, FIM-43 Redeye,
Shahine, MIM-23B Improved HA WK. PARA-MILITARY:
National Guard (10,000 regular, est 15,000 reserve;
(On order 100 M-60A3 MBT; 60 AMX-10P, some

140 BMR-600, EE-11 Urutu APC; 8 M-198; tribal levies):
some 400 JPz SK-105 SP ATK guns; ASTROS II Bde HQ:
MLRS; TOW ATGW; Shahine SAM.) 4 all-arms, 16 regular inf, 24 irregular inf bns.
1 ceremonial cav sqn.
NAVY: 3,500; 20 combat hel. spt units.
Bases: Western Fleet: Jiddah (HQ), Al Wajh, Equipment:
Yanbu. Eastern Fleet: Jabayl (HQ), Al Qatif, Ras APC: 240 V-l 50 Commando.
Tanura, Al Dammam, Ras al Mishab. Arty: how: 50 M-102 105mm. mon 81mm.
2 Fleet HQ. ATK: RCU 106mm. ATGW: TOW.
Frigates (FFG): 4 F-2000 with 8 Otomat-2 SSM, AD: guns: 30 20mm Vulcan.
1 Crotale SAM, 1 AS-365 hel. (On order 489 Commando ind V-300 APC, V-150
Corvettes (FLG): 4 PCG-1 with 2 quad RGM-84A SP 20mm AA guns, SP TOW, 90mm armed AFV.)
Harpoon SSM. Foreign contract military personnel: 10,000 (2 bdes).
FAC(G): 9 PGG-1 with 2 twin Harpoon SSM. Ministry of Interior
FAC(T): 3 Jaguar (Liirssen). Counter-terrorist unit; hel.
Patrol craft large: 1 (100 tons); coastal{: 45. Frontier Force and Coastguard 8,500; 8 BH-7,
MCMV: 4 MSC-322 coastal. 16 SR-N6 hovercraft, 130 coastal, 300
Atnph: LST: 3; LCU: 4 US Type-1610; inshore patrol craft.
LCNi: 8 US Type-6; LCVK 4. General Civil Defence Administration units; 10
Spt: 2 Durance log spt ships, 2 Royal Yachts. Kawasaki hel.
Hel: 24 AS-365N Dauphin 2 (4 SAR, 20 with
AS-15TTASM).
(On order 2 Breguet Atlantic D MR ac; 100 Harpoon,
Otomat coast defence SSM; AS-15TT ASM.)
SUDAN*
AIR FORCE: 14,000; 216 combat ac.
FGA: 3 sqns with 65 Northrop F-5E. GDP 1982/3e: ?S 6.600 bn ($9.400 bn)
Interceptor 3 sqns (1 forming) with 45 F-15C. 1983/4B: ?S 8.500 bn ($7.299 bn)
Recce: 1 sqn with 10 RF-5E. growth 1983: -2.7% 1984: -6.0%
OCU: 2 with 24 F-5F, 16 F-5B, 17 McDonnell- Inflation 1983: 31.0% 1984: 42.0%
Douglas TF-15D. Debt 1984: $9.0 bn 1985e: $12.0 bn
Tpt: 3 sqns: 40 C-130E/H Hercules, 9 KC-130H, 2 Def bdgtf 1984/5: ?S 275.0 m ($211.538 m)
VC-130H, 2 L-100-30HS (hospital ac), 35 1985/6: ?S 336.0 m ($134.400 m)
CASA C-212, 2 C-140 Jetstar. FMA 1984: $65.0 m 1985: $82.0 m
Hel: 2 sqns: 20 Agusta-Bell AB-206B, 20 AB-205, $1=?S (1982/3): 0.7021 (1983/4): 1.1164
25 AB-212, 15 Kawasaki-Vertol KV-107. (1984/5): 1.3000 (1985/6): 2.5000
Trg: 39 BAC-167 Strikemaster Mk 80, 6 Panavia
Tornado IDS. Population: 24,100,000
AAM: Red Top, Firestreak, AIM-9J/L/P 18-30 31-45
Sidewinder, AIM-7F Sparrow. Men: 2,405,000 1,685,000
ASM: Maverick. Women: 2,321,000 1,664,000
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: AAM:kA-2 Atoll.

Regular 56,750. (On order some 8 Northrop F-5E, 6 J-6 ftr,
Terms of Service, voluntary (conscription 4 C-212 (1985/6), 2 C-130 tpt ac; 10 IAR-330,
legislated, not implemented). 6 Bell 212 hel.)
ARMY: 53,000 (incl AD). PARA-MILITARY: 3,000: National Guard 500;

10 Regional Commands. Border Guard 2,500.
1 armd div HQ.
1 Republican Guard bde. OPPOSITION: Sudanese People's Liberation Army
2 armd bdes. (SPIW): est 12,500 org in bns; mainly small arms;
lOinfbdes.
arty reported; operating only in southern Sudan.
1 para bde.
3 arty regts.
1 engr regt. • Due to the internal security problems and the
economic situation it is difficult to arrive at an accurate
Air Defence (3,000):
economic and defence profile.
2 AA arty bdes. f Official figures. Actual 1984/5 expenditure — i.e. incl
1 SAM bde (3 btys) with SA-2. eqt and internal security expenditure — est as high as
Equipment.-^ $500 m; 1985/6 budget est as high as ?S 875.0m).
Tks: 120 T-54/-55, 20 M-60A3. t Eqpt serviceability questionable.
It 78 Ch Type-62.
AFV: recce: 6 AML-90, 48 Saladin, 55 Ferret,
BRDM-1/-2. APC: 50 BTR-50/-152, 30
OT-62/-64, 30 M-l 13, 48 Walid.
Arty: guns: 85mm: 30 D-44; 25-pdr (88mm): 55; SYRIA
100mm: 25 M-l944; 122mm: Type-60; 130mm:
36 M-46 and Ch 59-1; 155mm: 11 Mk F-3. GDP 1983: ?S 73.049 bn ($ 18.611 bn)
how: 105mm: 18 M-101 pack; 122mm: 64 1984: ?S 75.126 bn ($19.140 bn)
M-1938/Type-54/D-30. growth 1983: 3.1% 1984: 3.0%
MRU 122mm:^/5fl^r-30. Inflation 1983: 6.0% 1984: 9.6%
mor 120mm: 30. Debt* 1984: $3.5 bn 1985e: $4.0 bn
ATK: guns: 85mm: 20 D-48. ATGW: Swingfire. Def bdgt 1985: ?S 13.672 bn ($3.483 bn)
AD: guns: 20mm: M-l67 towed, M-l63 SP; 23mm: 1986e: ?S 14.220 bn ($3.623 bn)
ZU-23-2; 37mm: 100 M-1939/Type-63; 40mm: $1=?S (1983/4/5/6): 3.925
80 1760; 85mm: KS-12; 100mm: KS-19 towed. Population: 11,250,000
SAM: 20 SA-2, SA-7. 18-30 31-45
Men: 1,270,000 680,000
NAVY: 7504 Women: 1,164,000 660,000
Base. Port Sudan.
Patrol craft: ?11:
large: 7: 4 Yug PBR, 3 70-ton; TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
coastal: 4 10-ton; Regular. 392,500.
river (3 reported). Terms of service. 30 months.
Amph: LCr. 2 Yug DTM-221. Reserves (to age 45): 272,500. Army 270,000
active, Navy 2,500.
AIR FORCE: 3,000; 35 combat ac4
FGA/intercepton 1 sqn with some 8 Mikoyan- ARMY: 320,000 (135,000 conscripts, 50,000
Guryevich MiG-21. reservists).
FGA: 1 sqn with 8 Shenyang J-5 (MiG-17 type), 6 HQ: 2 corps.
Shenyang J-6 (MiG-19 type), 10 MiG-17. 5 armd divs (each 3 armd, 1 mech, 1 arty bdes).
COIN: 1 sqn with 3 BAe/BAC-167 Strikemaster 3 mech divs (each 2 armd, 2 mech, 1 arty bdes).
(forming). 2 indep armd bdes.
MR: 2 CASA C-212. 2 indep mech bdes (may be reorg as new mech div).
Tpt: 1 sqn with 6 C-130H Hercules, 1 Dassault 2 indep inf bdes.
Mystère-Falcon, 3 DHC-5D Buffalo, 8 PC-6A 3 arty bdes.
Turbo-Porter, 6 EMB-110P2 Bandeirante. 1 special forces div (9 para/cdo bdes).
Hel: 1 sqn with 8 IAR/SA-330 Puma, 10 MBB 3 SSM bdes:
BO-105, 5 Bell 212. 2 (each 3 bns) with FROG, Scud;
Trg: incl 3 BAe Jet Provost Mk 55,3 MiG-15UTI, 2 1(2 bns) with SS-21.
MÏG-21U, 2 JJ-5 (2-seat J-5), 2 JJ-6 (2-seat J-6). 9 SAM bns (27 btys) with SAM-6.
Coast Def: Trg: incl 150 Aero (90 L-39, 60 L-29),

1 bde with SS-C-1B Sepal, arty and msl bns. 50 MBB-223 Flamingo.
(Reserves: 9 mech and inf bdes.) Hel: attack: 40 Mil Mi-24 Hind, 35 SA-342 Gazelle
Equipment: (ATK), perhaps 25 armed Mi-8;
Tks: 4,200f: 1,800 T-54/-55, 1,300 T-62 M/K, tpt 100 Mi-8, 30 Mi-17 (mod-8), 10 Mi-2 Hoplite,
1,100 T-72/-72M. ASW (Navy-assigned): 3 Kamov Ka-25 Hormone,
AFV: recce/ATK: 800 BRDM-2. 20 Mi-14 Haze.
MICV. 1,400 BMP-1. AAM: AA-2 Atoll, AA-6 Acrid, AA-7 Apex.
APC: 1,200 BTR-40/-50/-60/-152, OT-64. ASM: AT-2 Swatter ATGW.
Arty: guns 3,800: 85mm: D-44; 122mm: (On order MiG-29 ac; 12 SA-342 Gazelle hel; AAM.)
M-1931/-37/-38, ISU-122; 400 M-1974 SP; 130mm: AIR DEFENCE COMMAND: (60,000);
M^6; 152mm: KU-152 SP, 180mm: S-23. 20 AD bdes (some 95 SAM btys):
gun/how: 152mm: M-1937. 11 (some 60 btys) with some 392 SA-2/-3;
how: 122mm: M-38, D-30, 36 T-34/D-30 SP; 9 (27 btys) with some 200 SA-6, AA arty and radar.
152mm: D-l, M-1943; 200 M-1973 SP. 2 AD regts (each 2 bns of 2 btys) with some 48 SA-5.
MRU 122mm: BM-21; 140mm: BM-14-16;

220mm: BM-27; 240mm: BM-24. Forces Abroad: Lebanon: 2—3 indep bdes (?a div
SSM: 18 FROG-1, 12 SS-21, 18 Scud-B; SS-C-1B eqivalent) plus 1 def coy bde: 12,500.
Sepal coastal.
mon 120mm, 160mm, 240mm. PARA-MILITARY:
ATK: guns: 100mm: T-12. ATGW 1,300 AT-3 Sagger Ministry of Defence:
(incl BRDM-2 SP), AT-4 Spigot and Milan. Saraya ad-Difer (Defence Coys): 25,000:
AD: guns: 1,700: 23mm: ZU-23-2 towed, ZSU-23-4 4 armd, 3 mech bdes:
SP; 37mm: M-1939; 57mm: S-60, ZSU-57-2 SP; Internal Security Force incl Republican Guard
85mm: M-1939/-44; 100mm: KS-19. Desert Guard (Frontier Force) 1,800.
SAM: SA-6/-7/-8/-9/-13 SAM. Palestine Liberation Army 4,500: 3 bdes (in
Syria/Lebanon, some Syrian officers, nominally
NAVY: 2,500. under PLO); Eqpt: 90 T-54/-55 MBT, 105mm,
Basesr. Latakia, Tartus, Minet el-Baida. 122mm, 152mm how, MRL; AT-3 Sagger
Subs: 2 Romeo. ATGW; SA-7 SAM.
Frigates: 2 Petya II. Ministry of Interior Gendarmerie 8,000.
Corvettes: 2 Nanuchka II with 2 triple SA-N-6 Ba'ath Party: Workers Militia (People's Army).
Siren SSM.
FAC(G): 24 with SS-N-2A/C SSM; * Exd some $15—19 bn owed to USSR and eastem-bloc
6 Osa-1, 12 Qso-II (4 msls); 6 Komar( (2 msls); countries, probably half for military eqpt
FAC(T): 8 P-4(. t Tanks with units and training, perhaps 2,800; remainder
Patrol craft: 7: 1 CH large, 6 Zhuk coastal(. as static anti-tank or reserve.
MCMV: 9: 1 Natya, 1 T-43 ocean; 2 Vanya coastal; % Some aircraft believed to be in storage.
5 Yevgenya inshore.
Amph: LSM: 2 Polnocny.
(On order 1981: 2 Nanuchka II corvettes.)
TUNISIA
AIR FORCE: 70,000; some 483 combat ac; some
100 armed hel.t GDP 1984: D 6.235 bn ($8.027 bn)
FGA: 9 sqns: 1985e D 6.860 bn ($8.220 bn)
4 with 85 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-17; growth 1984: 4.5% 1985: 4.0%
1 with 18 Sukhoi Su-7; Inflation 1984: 8.3% 1985: 5.0%
2 with 40 Su-20; Debt 1984: $4.9 bn 1985: $5.5 bn
Defbdgt 1985: D 347.60 m1 ($416.537 m)
2 with 50 MiG-23BM Flogger F.
1986: D 413.57 m ($547.775 m)
Recce: perhaps 10 MiG-25R.
FMA 1984: $112.0 m 1985: $65.0 m
Interceptor 15 sqns:
$1=D (1984): 0.7768 (1985): 0.8345
2 with 30 MiG-25 Foxbat E;
(1986): 0.7550
10 with 180 MiG-21PF/MF;
D = dinar
3 with 70 MiG-23 Flogger E/G.
Tpfc 2 sqns: Population: 7,300,000
3 Antonov An-24 Coke, 6 An-26 Curl, 4 Dyushin 18-30 31-45
11-76 Candid, 4 Tupolev Tu-134 Crusty, 2 Men: 888,200 466,650
Dassault Mystère-Falcon- 20F. Women: 874,000 526,000
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE)

Regular 40,300 (27,000 conscripts) (ind
Gendarmerie). GDP 1983: Dh 101.10 bn ($27.540 bn)
Terms of service. 12 months selective. 1984e Dh 94.50 bn ($25.742 bn)
growth 1983: -7.5% 1984: -8.0%
ARMY: 30,000 (25,000 conscripts). Inflation 1984: 2.0% 1985: 3.0%
2 mech bdes (each with 1 armd, 2 mech inf bns). Defbdgt 1985: Dh 7.50 bn ($2.043 bn)
1 Sahara bde. 1986: Dh 6.90 bn ($1.880 bn)
$1 = Dh (1983/4/5/6): 3.671
1 para-cdo bde.
Dh = dirham
2 armd recce regts.
3 fd, 2 AA arty regts. Population: 1,300,000 (including foreigners)
1 engrregL 1&-30 31-45
Equipment: Men: 238,000 303,000
T k s 14 M-48A3, 54 M-60A3. It 45 AMX-13, 10 Women: 86,000 73,000
M-41,45 Steyr SK-105 Kuerassier.
AFV: recce: 20 Saladin, 10 AML-60, EE-3 Jararaca, TOTAL ARMED FORCES:*

18 EE-9 Cascavel. Regular: 43,000 (perhaps 30% foreign)
APC 96 M-l 13A1/-2, 24 EE-11 Urutu. Terms of service, voluntary.
Arty: gun/how: 25-pdr (88mm): 6.
how: 105mm: 48 M-101A1/A2 towed, 10 M-108 ARMY: 40,000.
SP; 155mm: 10M-114A1, 10M-109SP. 3 regional commands: Western (Abu Dhabi), Central
mor 81mm: (ind M-125 SP); 82mm; 107mm: (12 (Dubai), Northern (Ras al Khaimah).
M-106A2 SP). 1 Royal Guard *bde'.
ATK: RU STRIM-89. ATGW: MGM-71A TOWQad 35 1 armd bde.
M-113sp),Afdan,SS-ll. 1 mech inf bde.
AD: guns: 20mm: 26 M-l 63 Vulcan SP; 37mm: 10 2 inf bdes.
M-1939/Type-55. 1 arty, 1 AD bde (each 3 bns).
SAKE RBS-70, 20 MIM-72 Chaparral. Equipment:
T k s 100 AMX-30, 36 OF-40 Mk 2 (Lion).
NAVY: 3,500 (700 conscripts). It 60 Scorpion.
Bases: Bizerte, Sfax, La Gouliette, Kelibia. AFV: recce 90 AML-90, VBG40.
Frigate 1 US Savage. WCV:30AMX-10P.
FAC(G): 6: APC 30 AMX VCL. VCRTT, 300 Panhard M-3,
3 La Combattante UM with 4 Exocet MM-40 SSM; VAB, 66 EE-11 Urutu (some with TOW ATGW).
3 P-48 with 8 SS-12 SSM. Arty: guns 105mm: 50 ROF It; 155mm: 20 Mk F-3
FAG 2 Ch Shanghai XL SP. ho« 105mm: 18 M-56 pack.
Patrol craft: 17: mon 81mm.
5 large (1 Le Fougeux, 2 Adjutant ex-MCMV, ATK: RCU 84mm. ATGW Vigilant, TOW.
2 Vosper Thomycroft 103-ft); 12 I'Esterel 32m AD: guns 20mm: 60 M-3VDA SP, 30mm: 30
and 35m coastal{. GCF-BM1 SAW Rapier, Crotale, RBS-70.
(On order 2 Iiirssen 23-metre FAC) (Store 70 Saladin armd, 60 Ferret scout cars; 12
Saracen APC.)
AIR FORCE 3,500 (700 conscripts); 29 combat aircraft. (On order 20 Scorpion It Iks; 42 Improved HAWK
FGA: 10 Northrop F-5E, 4 F-5F. SAM, 343 msls.)
COIN: 1 sqn with 5 Aermacchi MB-326K,
3 MB-326L NAVY: 1,500.
p Bases: Abu Dhabi: Dalma, Mina Zayed; Ajman; Dubai:
liaison: 4 SIAI-Marchetti S-208M ac. Mina Rashid, Mina Jabal 'Ali; Fujairah; Ras al
T i g 17 SIAI-Marchetti SF-260,7 MB-326B, 12 North Khaimah: Mina Sakr, Shaijah: Mina Khalid, Khor
American T-6, 12 SAAB Sqftr. Fakkan; Taweela (under construction).
Heb 1 wing with 7 SA-316 Alouette m , 2 Bell UH-1H, FACXG): 6 Luissen TNC-45 with 2 twin Exocet
1 SA-330 Puma, 18 Agusta-Bell AB-205,6 Bell 205, MM-40 SSM.
6 AS-350B Ecureuil, 1 SA-365N Dauphin. Patrol craft 9: 6 Vosper Thomycroft large,
3 Keith Nelson coastal(.
PARA-MILITARY: 10,300: Spfc 2 Cheverton tenders(.
Gendarmerie (Public Order Brigade; part of armed
forces): 3,300: 3 bns; 110 Fiat 6614 APC AIR FORCE (ind Police Air Wing): 1,500; combat ac,
National Guard: 7,000. 7 armed heL
Interceptor: 2 sqnx ARMY: 35,000 (perhaps 25,000 conscripts).

24 Dassault Mirage 5AD, 3 5RAD, 2 5DAD. 5 armd bdes (bns).
FGA: 1 sqn with 3 Breguet-Dornier/l/pW& 1 mech, 6 inf bdes (1 reserve).
COIN: 1 sqn: 8 Aermacchi MB-326KD/LD. 1 Special Forces bde.
Tpfc ind 5 Lockheed (4 C-130H Hercules, 1 para/cdo bde.
1 M00-30), 1 Boeing 707-320B, 1 Aeritalia G-222, 1 central guard force.
4 CASA C-212, 1 BAe/HS-125, 5 BN-2 Islander, 9 3artybdes.
DHC-5D Buffalo, 1 Cessna 182. 3 AA arty, 2 AD bns (1 with SA-2 SAM).
Equipment:
Hefc ind 7 SA-316 Alouette m with AS-11,8 Agusta Bdl
T k s 100 T-34,450 T-54/-55,45 T-62,64 M-60A1.
AB-205, 6 AB-206, 3 AB-212, 3 BeD 214, 9 SA-330
AFV: recce 50 Saladin, Ferret. APC 90 M-113, 300
Puma, 6 AS-332F Super Puma, 10 SA-342 Gazelle.
BTR-40/-60/-152, Al Walid.
Trg: some 14 Pilatus PC-7,21 BAe Hawk (15 Mk 63, Arty: guns 76mm: 200 M-1942; 100mm: 30 SU-100
6 Mk 61), 6 SIAI-Marchetti SF-260TP, 2 SP; 122mm: M-1931/37.
Aermacchi MB-339. how: 105mm: M-101 105mm; 122mm: M-38;
AAM: R-550 Magic 155mm: M-l 15.
ASM: AS-11/-12. MRC 122mm: 65 BM-21.
(On order 36 Mirage 2000 ftrs (3 recce, 3 tig), mor 200: 82mm, 120mm.
3 AlphaJet FGA/trg, 1 G-222, 1 C-130H-30 tpt, ATK: miLAW.WX. 75mm: M-20; 82mm.
2 MB-339, some 24 Hawk (8 Mk 61,16 Mk 63) trg ATOM 20 Vigilant, BGM-71A TOW, 24 M47 Dragon.
ac; 30 A-129 Mangusta, 4 AS-332F Super Puma, AD: guns 20mm: 52 M-167, 20 M-163 Vulcan SP,
Westland Lynx hel; Skyguard AD system with twin 23mm: ZU-23, ZSU-23-4; 37mm: M-1939; 57mm:
35mm guns.) S-60. SAMT SA-2/-6/-9.
NAVY: 550.
PARA-MILITARY: Coastguard (Ministry of the Base. Hodeida.
Interior): 57 coastal patrol boats/craft. Patrol crafb 6(:
3 Sov (2 Zhuk, 1 Poluchat);
* The Union Defence Force and the armed forces of the 3 US Brvadsword (Tnon-operauoaai).
United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ras Al Khaimah MCMV: 2 Yevgenya inshore.
and Shaijah) were formally merged in 1976; Abu Dhabi and Ampk ICK 4: 2 T-4, 2 Ondatra.
Dubai still maintain a degree of independence. Non-nationals
ind some 500 Moroccans. AIR FORCE 1,000; 95 combat ac*
Ftrs:5sqns:
2 with 40 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-21;
1 with 20 MÏG-17F;
1 with 11 Northrop F-5E;
YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC (NORTH) 1 with 20 Sukhoi Su-22.
Tpts 2 C-130H Hercules, 2 C47 (Douglas DC-3), 2
GDP 1983c R 16.10 bn ($3.353 bn) Short Skyvan, 3 Antonov An-24 Coke, 3 An-26 Curl
1984: R 17.95 bn ($3.362 bn) Trg: 4 F-5B, 4 MiG-15UTL
growth 1983: 4.2% 1984: 5.0% HeL 20 Mfl Mi-8, 6 Agusta-Bell AB-206, 5 AB-212, 2
Inflation 1983: 5.3% 1984: 6.0% SA-315 Alouette.
Debt 1984: $1.7 bn 1985: $2.4 bn AD: 1 regt with 12 SA-2 SAM.
Defbdgt 1983: R 2.879 bn ($628.781 m) AAM: AA-2 Atoll, AIM-9 Sidewinder.
Defexp 1984: R 3.200 bn ($597.762 m)
$1=R (1983): 4.5787 (1984): 5.3533 PARA-MILITARY:
(1985): 6.4144 (1986): 0.5150 Ministry of National Security Force 5,000.
R = rial Tribal levies at least 20,000.
• Some 15 ac in storage.
18-30 31-45
Men: 845,000 450,000
Women: 965,000 710,000 YEMEN: PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC (SOUTH)
TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Regular 36,550 (perhaps 25,000 conscripts). GDP 1983e D 326.8 m ($946.149 m )
Terms of service, conscription, 3 years. D 378.2 m ($1.095 bn)
1984E
Reserves: Army: perhaps 40,000. growth 1983: 1.5% 1984E 4.5%
Inflation 1983: 15.0% 1984: 10.0% NAVY: 1,000.

Debt 1983e $1.3 bn 1984e $1.5 bn Bases: Aden, Perim Island, Al Mukalla.*
Defexp 1983: D 59.0 m ($170.816 m) FAQGy. 6 Osa-U with 4 SS-N-2B SSM.
1984: D 67.0 m ($193.978 m) FAQT): 2 P-6{.
$1=D (1983/4/5/6): 0.3454 Pafaol craft: 2 Zhuk(.
D = dinar
Amph: IST 1 Ropucha,
Population: 2,300,000 LSNC 3 Polnocny,
18-30 31-45 LCW5T-4.
Men: 225,000 130,000
Women: 236,000 161,000 AIR FORCE 2,500,113 combat ac, some 15 armed heL*
FGA:4sqns:
TOTAL AKMED FORCES: 2 with 40 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-17F;
Regular 27,500 (perhaps 18,000 conscripts).
1 with 12 MiG-21;
Terms of service. 2 years.
1 with 25 Sukhoi Su-20/-21
Reserves: Army. 45,000.
Interceptor 3 sqns with 36 MiG-2 IF.
ARMY: 24,000 (perhaps 18,000 conscripts). Tpt 1 sqn with 3 Antonov An-24, 3 G47 (Douglas
1 armd bde. DC-3).
1 mech bde (status uncertain). Hefc 1 sqn with 15 Mil Mi-24, 30 Mi-8.
10 inf 'bdes' (regts) (some being mechanized). S A M 1 regt with 48 SA-2.
1 arty bde. Trg: 3 MiG-15UTL
lOartybns. AAM.-AA-2 AUM.
2 SSM bdes with FROG-1 and Scud B. ASM: AT-2 Sagger.
2 SAM btys with SA-2/-3.
Equipment:*
Tfes 470 T-34/-54/-55/-62. PARA-MILITARY:
AFV: recce: BRDM-2; Micv: some 100 BMP-1. APC People's Mflitia 15,000.
300 BTR-40/-60/-152. Public Security Force 30,000 (increasing);
Arty: guns 350: 85mm: EM4; 130mm coastal M-46, 1 Tracker 2,4 Spear, 1 Interceptor patrol craft.
SM-4-1. how: 122mm: M-38, D-30. MRL 122mm:
BM-21; 140mm: BM-14. SSW 12 FROG-1, 6 Scud * Reports suggest that 145 tanks and up to 80% of Naval and
B. mor. 120mm, 160mm. 90% of Air eqpts were destroyed or seriously damaged as a
AD: guns 200: 23mm: ZU-23, ZSU-23-4 SP; 37mm: result of the civil war. Data on resupply is inadequate. Some
M-1939; 57mm: S-60; 85mm: KS-12. SAW 6 SA-2,3 eqpt believed in storage; some ac believed flown by Soviet
SA-3, SA-6/-7/-9. and Cuban crews.
This article was downloaded by: [RMIT University]
On: 15 March 2015, At: 02:38

Sub‐Saharan Africa
To cite this article: (1986) Sub‐Saharan Africa, The Military Balance, 86:1, 113-139, DOI: 10.1080/04597228608459975
113
Sub-Saharan Africa
Bilateral External Agreements

The US has mutual defence and assistance agreements with Kenya (February 1980) and
Somalia (August 1980) which give the US limited access to naval and air facilities and
Somalia some military aid.
The Soviet Union has Treaties of Friendship and Co-operation with Angola (October
1976), Mozambique (March 1977) and Ethiopia (November 1978, ratified April 1979).
Relations with the Congo Republic are close but no such agreement is known to exist. Mili-
tary aid has been given to Angola (under additional Military Co-operation Agreements,
including one signed in May 1983), Ethiopia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mozambique,
Nigeria, Somalia, Uganda and Zambia (1980). The Soviet Navy has facilities in the Dahlak
Islands, Ethiopia. Reports of a Soviet facility in Sâo Tome and Principe have been received.
China has military assistance agreements with Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea, Mali
and Tanzania, and has provided aid to Mozambique and Zaire (under a 1982 sales credit).
Britain maintains overflying, training and defence agreements with Kenya, helps
Zimbabwe form and train her forces, and heads a Commonwealth Training Team (Aus-
tralia, Britain, Canada, Guyana, Jamaica, Kenya, Sierra Leone and Tanzania) which is
helping to rebuild the Ugandan defence forces.
France has signed defence agreements with Cameroon (February 1974), the Central Afri-
can Republic (August 1960), the Comoro Islands (October 1978), Djibouti (June 1977,
including permission to deploy forces), Gabon (August 1974, 1985), Ivory Coast (April
1961), Senegal (March 1974) and Togo (July 1963). Agreements with Chad have led tem-
porarily to French military deployment and continued support. France has signed technical
military assistance agreements with 23 countries, including the above.
Belgium has a military co-operation agreement with Zaire. Spain has a military agreement
with Equatorial Guinea (1981) and has provided training since 1979 and some equipment.
Portugal signed a Protocol on Military Co-operation with Mozambique in April 1982.
Cuba has some 27,000 men in Angola, training the Angolan armed forces and assisting
with internal security, and 5,000 in Ethiopia. Cuban, Soviet and East German advisers are
present in a number of other African countries.
Some military links exist between Israel and both South Africa and Zaire, and between
both Mozambique and Angola on the one hand, and East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania
(1982) and Yugoslavia (1982) on the other. Hungary signed a Friendship Treaty with
Ethiopia and with Mozambique in September 1980. North Korea signed a Treaty of Friend-
ship and Co-operation with Togo in October 1981 and supplied a 100-man training team
to Zimbabwe (1981—84) and a 6-man team in 1985; reports persist of North Korean teams
in Angola and seven other countries (Benin, Congo, Malagasy, Mozambique, Seychelles,
Tanzania, Zambia), and a 200-man training team is in Uganda. Ethiopia signed a Treaty of
Friendship with Libya and South Yemen in 1981.
Multilateral Regional Agreements
The Organization of African Unity (OAU), constituted in May 1963 to include all
internationally-recognized independent African states except South Africa, has a Defence
Commission — responsible for defence and security co-operation and the defence of the
sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its members. In 1979 this approved in
principle an African Intervention Force and ordered planning for its formation, funding and
equipping, but little progress has been reported. It did agree in 1981 on an Inter-African
Force for Chad, with troops from Nigeria, Senegal and Zaire. OAU financing was inadequate
and the Force was withdrawn in June 1982.
114 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
In 1961 the Central African Republic, Chad, the Congo and Gabon formed the Defence
Council of Equatorial Africa, with French help. Chad's present position in relation to the
Council is unclear.
In May 1981 the Economic Community of Western African States (ECOWAS) adopted a
Protocol on Mutual Assistance on Defence Matters calling for a joint Defence Commission,
comprising Defence Ministers and their Chiefs of Defence Staff, and a Defence Council of
the Heads of State. It is intended to create a joint force, using assigned units of the national
armies, which could serve as an intervention or peace-keeping force. Of the then 16
ECOWAS members (Benin, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory
Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo and Upper
Volta), 12 have signed; Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau and Mali declined, and Mauritania
signed only after the Protocol was amended to call for the withdrawal of foreign troops once
ECOWAS could guarantee mutual defence.
Bilateral Regional Arrangements

Kenya signed a defence agreement with Ethiopia in November 1963 and a Treaty of Friend-
ship and Co-operation in January 1979; Kenya and Somalia agreed in 1981 to control bor-
der incursions. Sierra Leone and Guinea signed a Defence Agreement in 1971 and a
Mutual Defence Pact in August 1981. In December 1981 Senegal and The Gambia signed a
confederation pact which united the two countries as Senegambia. There is now a
confédéral army with one Gambian company. Each government has its own Gendarmerie.
Djibouti signed a Friendship Treaty with Ethiopia and with the Somali Republic in early
1981. Nigeria and Benin signed a military co-operation agreement in January 1983 provid-
ing for joint exercises and unspecified 'other things'. Tanzania had provided instructors for
Uganda under a defence pact signed in August 1981; present status of this arrangement is
unclear. Zaire trains Chadian forces. In March 1984 South Africa signed one agreement
with Mozambique mutually to curb insurgency and another with Angola providing for dis-
engagement by South African forces and mutual supervision of guerrilla activity. Angola
and Zaire agreed a Treaty of Security and Defence in February 1985; each guarantees not to
let its territory be used as a base for attacks on the other.
The only country in the area with an indigenous arms industry is South Africa, which
builds equipment both under licence and of its own designs.
Conflicts during the year included border incidents between Burkina Faso and Mali and the
continuing internal conflicts in Angola, Chad, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda and South
Africa. The conflict between Burkina Faso and Mali could not be sustained, and there has
been no report of any major change to organization or equipment of the miniscule armed
forces of the two countries. The data on Burkina Faso has been revised, but the information
leading to the amendments predates the conflict. Uganda has seen the overthrow of the pre-
vious (Obote) government and the collapse of that government's armed forces. The new
government's National Resistance Army has taken over some of the previous inventory and
may be absorbing some of the personnel who have not fled to the Sudan. Future plans and
programmes for this reconstituted force are unknown but a short-term increase in strength
is expected. The armed forces of Chad have received a modest amount of aid from France
in the form of APCs. There has been a reorganization in Chad's para-military structure with
the amalgamation of the National and the Territorial Military Police which had absorbed
the former Nomad Guard component. Details on the Opposition forces remain scanty; the
changes shown represent re-evaluation of data.
Details of the fighting in Angola have supported earlier reports of equipment deliveries.
More recent reports suggest that additional equipment has been sought by the Angolan Gov-
ernment from the USSR; deliveries cannot be confirmed. It is still difficult to assess how
much of the equipment reported is actually serviceable. In Mozambique the National
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 115
Resistance Movement (MNR or Renamo) appears to retain the initiative and has inflicted
major defeats on Government forces. Troops from Zimbabwe and Tanzania have been
deployed in varying strengths to protect communications links vital to those two countries'
economies. They have succeeded intermittently in establishing relatively secure zones in
their respective sectors but the Mozambique Government seems unable always to hold
them. Economic shortcomings exacerbate the military situation.
Arms procurement throughout the area continues to be inadequately reported and
difficult to verify. Deliveries seem to have slowed, but it could be that the arrival of equip-
ment is unreported. A possible exception is Nigeria, where a number of naval vessels are
reported to have been ordered. Some of these may, in fact, be intended for para-military
use. For most of the countries of the region, spares would appear to be more important than
major equipment items. Much of the equipmerit in use is not new, and a large proportion of
the respective inventories is probably no longer operable.
Economic Factors
Except for Nigeria and South Africa, the economic performance of Sub-Saharan African
countries generally continues to be disappointing. Real GDP growth rates in 1982 and 1983
hovered around 0.5%, rising only to 2% and 3% in 1984 and 1985. However, as population
growth continued to outstrip economic performance, per capita real GDP growth rates were
negative between 1981 and 1984, resulting in a marked fall in living standards. Figures for
1985 suggest that per capita GDP growth was around 1% — not enough to make up for the
3—4% p.a. decline over the previous four years.
Economic growth is expected to remain below 3% in 1986 (lower than projected population
growth), bringing little hope of immediate improvement. The drought that devastated
agriculture receded in 1985, but its effects will be long felt. Although food production rose by
some 30% in 1985 the increase was from the very low base of 1983—4, and over one third of
the population is still dependent on imported grain for sustenance. Notably, out of the six
countries singled out by FAO as requiring emergency relief in 1986, four — Angola,
Mozambique, Sudan and Ethiopia — face internal conflicts. Many low-income countries have
introduced economic adjustment policies as prescribed by international lending bodies, and
some (like Ghana and Zaire) implemented austerity programmes which, though unpopular,
have shown positive results. Other countries (for instance, Guinea, The Gambia, Ghana and
Mauritania) have realigned their foreign exchange, while others (like Tanzania, Mauritania,
Cameroon and Guinea), have reduced subsidies on food commodities, and increased prices
paid to farmers for export crops. However, as the outgoing President of the World Bank has
warned, 'adjustment through further economic contraction is not a feasible alternative in a
continent where per capita income levels are today no higher than they were 20 years ago'.*
Another major problem facing the region is the massive $ 110.5 bn debt, of which Nigeria and
South Africa account for $21.5 bn and $24 bn respectively. Debt service ratios continue to
deteriorate, increasing from 15.6% in 1980 to 20.2% in 1982 and 23.3% in 1984, reaching
29% in 1985 and being expected to exceed 30% in 1986. The situation for some countries is
extremely serious. Ghana, for instance, budgeted 50% of its export earnings for debt
servicing, while Nigeria estimated this ratio at 43%. Terms of trade for the region as a whole
are expected to worsen in 1986, making the debts of many countries unserviceable.
While West African countries might benefit from improvements in coffee prices (if they
do not over-supply and so depress prices, which remains a distinct possibility), the fall in oil
prices might be a mixed blessing for importing countries — on one hand, leading to a
reduction in the import bills; on the other, possibly causing a further reduction in funds
available for investment. Substantial external resources will be necessary if the regions'
economies are to recover and prosper. The shortfall in external financing is estimated at
between $4 bn and $7 bn p. a. A reversal in the trend towards restricting soft loans in favour
of short-term commercial credit, and a more generous attitude by Western creditor nations
(such as the cancellation of government-to-government debt) will be essential. Some signs of
a change in the attitudes of Western nations began to emerge in 1986, and if sufficient funds
become available and appropriate structural adjustments are undertaken, then the bleakest
years might be at an end.
* A.W. Clausen, foreword to Financing adjustment with growth in Sub-Saharan Africa 1986-90 (Washington DC:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 1986).
ANGOLA FAC(T): 5 Sov Shershen (?3 serviceable).

Patrol craft: 12: 4 large Port Argos; 8 coastal {: 1
GDP 1982e: K 126.0 bn ($4.186 bn) Zhuk, 2 Poluchat, 1 Jupiter, 4 Bellatrix class.
Debt* 1984e:$2.3bn 1985e:$2.7bn Amph: LCT: 3 Polnocny B, 1 Alfange (?unservice-
Def bdgtf 1985: K 29.43 bn ($983,689 m) able). LCM: 5 Sov T-4.
1986: K 32.73 bn ($1,094 bn)
$1=K (1983): 30.214 (1984): 29.920 AIR FORCE/AIR DEFENCE: 2,000; some 136
(1985): 29.918 (1986): 29.918 combat ac, some 27 armed hel.§
K = kwanza FGA: 4 sqns with 23 Mikoyan-Guryevich

MiG-23, 62 MiG-21MF, ?12 Sukhoi Su-22,
Population: 8,227,000 incl 2 trg.
18-30 31-45 Interceptor 3 sqns:
Men: 914,000 670,500 1 with 8 MiG-19, 2 with 30 MiG-21 bis.
Women: 945,000 699,000 MR: 1 Fokker F-27MPA.
Tpt: 2 sqns with 3 C-47 (Douglas DC-3), some
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: 12 CASA C-212, 10 Antonov An-2, 12 An-12
Field: 50,000 (perhaps 10,000 'Guerrilla Forces' (most may be Sov forces spt ac), 29 An-26, 4
(militia), 24,000 conscripts). PC-6 Turbo-Porter, 8 BN-2 Islander.
Terms of service, conscription, 2 years. Hel: 2 sqns with 21 Mil Mi-25 (?A), 13 Mi-17, 50
Reserves: Militia: 50,000. Mi-8, 24 SA-316B Alouette III, 4 SA-365N
Dauphin, 6 AS-341 Gazelle, some 6 IAR-316B.
ARMY: 36,000 (perhaps 24,000 conscripts); Trg: incl 1 MiG-15UTI, 6 Yakovlev Yak-11,
(see Para-military). 19PC-7.
10 Military Regions, (some may be fd HQ). AD: 5 SAM bns; 21 radar units.
5 mot inf bdes (each of 1 tk, 2 inf bns, arty). AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
19 inf bdes (2 'Guerrilla Force'). SAM: 10 btys; 12 SA-2 Guideline, 40 SA-3 Goa,
4 AA arty bdes. 72 SA-6 Gainful, 48 SA-8 Gecko, SA-9 Gaskin.
lOtkbns. Radar: EW: Tall King, Spoon Rest;
6 arty bns. search: Bar Lock, Flat Face, Squat Eye,
Equipment^ height-finding: Side Net;
Tks: 130 T-34, 260 T-54/-55, 90 T-62. msl comd: Fan Song (SA-2), Low Blow (SA-3),
It: some 50 PT-76. Straight Flush (SA-6), Land Roll (SA-8);
AFV: recce: 200 BRDM-2. AA arty: Flap Wheel, Fire Can, Gun Dish.
APC: 255 BTR-40/-50/-60/-152. (On order (status uncertain): An-26 ac; some 30
Arty: guns/how: 460: incl 76mm, 85mm, 100mm, IAR-316B attack hel.)
SU-IOOSP, 122mm, 130mm, 152mm.
MRL: 122mm: 75 BM-21. Forces Abroad: Säo Tome: some 1,000; 1 bde.
mor: 82mm: 460; 120mm: 40.
ATK: RCi: 900: 75mm, 82mm, 107mm. PARA-MILITARY:
ATGW: AT-3 Sagger. Militia (People's Defence Organization, ODP)
AD: guns: 300+: 14.5mm: ZPU-4; 20mm: M-55; 50,000; 11+ 'bdes'. Perhaps an average of
ZU-23-2, 23mm: M-1939; 37mm; 57mm: 70 10,000 serving with the Regular Army at any
S-60 towed, 20 ZSU-23-4, 40 ZSU-57-2 SP. one time.
SAM: SA-7. Border Guard (TGFA): 7,000.
South West African People's Organization
NAVY: l,500.§ (SWAPO): 8,900, most fighting UNITA; perhaps
Bases: Luanda, Lobito, Namibe. 1,500 against Namibia.
FAC(G): 6 Osa-ll with 4 SS-N-2 SSM. African National Congress (ANC) perhaps 1,000.
'Popular Vigilance Brigades': unarmed civ- ARMY: 3,200.

ilians support police in counter-intelligence 3 inf bns.
and security role. 1 para/cdo bn.
1 engr bn.
FOREIGN TROOPS: 1 service bn.
Cuba 27,000 (plus 8,000 civilian instructors/ 1 armd sqn.
advisers): some 13 inf regts in security and in 1 arty bty.
field roles, combat ac pilots, technicians, Equipment:
advisers. Tks: It: 10 PT-76.
E. Germany 500: intelligence and security advisers. AFV: recce: 7 M-8, 8 BRDM-2.
Portugal; other. 500 incl combat pilots, technicians. Arty: how: 105mm: 4 M-101.
USSR 950: advisers and technicians. mor: 60mm, 81mm.
OPPOSITION: NAVY: 150.

UNITA (Union for the Total Independence of Base. Cotonou.
Angola): some 26,000 'regulars' (1—2 years Patrol boats (: 5 Zhuk.
service), 34,000 militia (spt and log);
Eqpt: captured T-34/85 MBT; BM-21 122mm AIR FORCE: 160; no combat ac or hel.
MRL; 75mm, 76mm, 122mm fd guns; 81mm, Ac: 2 C-47 (Douglas DC-3), 2 Antonov An-26,
82mm, 120mm mor, 85mm RPG-7 RL; 1 Fokker F-27 Mk 600, 1 Dassault Falcon 20,
75mm RCL; 12.7mm hy machine guns; 1 Rockwell Aero Commander 500B,

14.5mm, 20mm and ZU-23-2 23mm AA guns; 1 Aérospatiale Corvette 200 (VIP), 2 Max
SAM-7; It ac reported (probably inactive). Holste MH-1521 Broussard tpts; 1 Reims
FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Cessna 337 It.
Angola): claims up to 5,000; small arms only. Hel: 1 SA-315B Alouette II, 2 AS-350B Ecureuil,
FLEC (Front for the Liberation of the Cabinda 1 Bell 47G.
Enclavé): (200—300); small arms only.
PARA-MILITARY:
• Some $1.5 bn owed to the Soviet Union, mostly Gendarmerie: 2,000; 4 mobile coys.
for armaments. Public Security Force.
t Angola is reported to have received up to $2 bn in People's Militia 1,500—2,000.
Soviet military materiel between 1983 and 1986.
% Delivery data incomplete; eqpt totals uncertain.
§ Serviceability, especially of non-Soviet eqpt, uncertain.
BOTSWANA
BENIN GDP 1983/4: P 1.264 bn ($1.131 m)
1984/5: P 1.536 bn ($1.078 bn)
GDP 1982: fr 342.90 bn ($ 1.043 bn) growth 1982/3:20.7% 1983/4:19.1%
1983: fr 385.30 bn ($1.011 bn) Inflation 1984: 8.5% 1985: 10.4%
Debt 1984: $800.0 m 1985e: $845.0 m Debt 1984: $280.0 m 1985s: $320.0 m
Defbdgt 1982: fr 7.82 bn ($23.80 m) Def exp 1983/4e: P 24.72 m ($22.10 m)
Def exp 1983e: fr 9.50 bn ($24.93 m) 1984/56: P 28.91 m ($20.29 m)
FMA 1986: $.40 m Defbdgt 1986/7: P 14.70 m ($7.815 m)*
$l=fr (1982): 328.61 (1983): 381.06 FMA 1984: $60.0 m 1985e: $10.4 m
(1984): 436.96 (1985): 449.26 $1 = P (1983/4): 1.1183 (1984/5): 1.4251
fr = francs CFA (1985/6): 1.8811 (1986): 1.8811
Population: 4,011,000 P = pula
18-30 31-45 Population: 1,028,000
Men: 391,000 251,000 18-30 31-45
Women: 461,000 312,000 Men: 99,700 57,600
Women: 126,000 77,600
TOTAL ARMED FORCES (all services form
part of the Army): TOTAL ARMED FORCES (both services form
Regular 3,510. part of the Army):
Terms of service: conscription (selective), 18 Regular: 3,000.
months. Terms of service, voluntary.
ARMY: 2,850. 1 arty 'bn': 1 tp.

2 inf bn gps (5 inf, 1 recce, 1 engr, 1 sigs, 1 log, 1 engr 'bn', 1 sigs 'bn'.
1 spt coys). Honour Guard.
Equipment: Garrison School.
AFV: recce: 30 Shorland, 11 Cadillac Cage. Equipment:
APC: 30 BTR-60. AFV: recce: 15 AML-60/-90, some 24 EE-9
Arty: guns: 105mm: 6 It. how: 105mm: 4 Model Cascavel reported, 10 M-8, 4 M-20, 30 Ferret.
56 pack, mor: 81mm: 10; 120mm: 10. APC: 13 M-3.
ATK: RCU 84mm: 20 Carl Gustav. Arty: how: 105mm: M-101. MRU 107mm: Ch
AD: SAM: some 60 SA-7. Type-63. mor: 60mm, 10 81mm.
ATK: RU M-20 3.5-in (89mm).
AIR FORCE: 150; 5 combat ac. RCL: RPG-7, Ch Type-52 75mm.
COIN: 1 sqn with 5 BN-2 Defender. AD: 30 14.5mm hy machine guns. SAM: SA-7.
Tpt: 1 sqn with 3 Short Skyvan 3M, 2 BN-2
Islander, 1 DHC-6 Twin Otter. AIR FORCE: 100; no combat ac or hel.
Comms/rrg: 1 sqn with 2 Cessna 152, 6 BAe Ac: 10: 2 C-47 (Douglas DC-3), 2 Nord 262
Bulldog 120. Frégate, 2 BAe/HS-748A/B, 1 Rockwell Aero
Hel: 2 AS-350 Ecureuil. Commander 500B, 1 MH-1521M Broussard,
2 Cessna (1 F-172N, 1 F-337E Super

PARA-MILITARY: 1,000 (Police mobile unit). Skymaster).
Hel: 3: 2 SA-316C Alouette HI, 1 SA-365 Dauphin.
* The National Development Plan 1979—85 allocated
some P 72.0 m to Defence in addition to the budget.
PARA-MILITAR Y: 2,100:
BURKINA-FASO Gendarmerie 650; 6 coys (2 mobile).
Security Company (CRG) 250.
GDP 1983: fr 429.4 bn ($1.127 bn)
1984E: fr 510.0 bn ($1.167 bn) • Est from initial results of 1985 census.
growth 1983: 4.5% 1984: 4.1%
Inflation 1984: 4.8% 1985: 6.9%
Debt 1984: $500.0 m 1985: $560.0 m BURUNDI
Defbdgt 1984: fr 12.5 bn ($28.607 m)
1985e: fr 15.3 bn ($34.078 m) GDP 1984: fr 115,954 bn ($968.624 m)
$l=fr (1982): 328.61 (1983): 381.06 1985: fr 132,368 bn($ 1.097 bn)
(1984): 436.96 (1985): 449.26
fr = francs CFA growth 1984: -1.2% 1985: 7.0%
Inflation 1984: 14.3% 1985e: 3.0%
Population: 7,920,000* Debt 1983: $290.0 m 1984: $350.0 m
18-30 31-45 Defexp 1984: fr 3.90 bn ($32.579 m)
Men: 816,000 458,000 1985e: fr 4.20 bn ($34.800 m)
Women: 792,000 637,000 $l=Bfr(1982) 90.00 (1983) 92.95
(1984) 119.71 (1985) 120.69
fr = Burundi francs.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES (all services incl
Gendarmerie form part of the Army): Population: 4,917,000
Regulan 4,000. 18-30 31-45
Terms of service, voluntary. Men: 571,000 301,000
People's Militia 2 years part time; men and Women: 579,000 346,000
women 20—35 (military and civic duties);
40,000 trained. TOTAL ARMED FORCES (all services incl
Gendarmerie form part of the Army):
ARMY: 3,900. Regular. 7,200 (incl Gendarmerie).
6 Military Regions. Terms of service, voluntary.
5 inf 'regts': HQ, 3 'bns' (each 1 coy of 5
platoons). ARMY: 5,500.
1 AB 'regt': HQ, 1 bde, 2 coys. 2 inf bns.
1 tk 'bn': 2 platoons. 1 para bn.
1 cdo bn. Equipment:

1 armd car coy. AFV: recce: M-8, Ferret, 8 Commando (20mm
Equipment: gun). MICV: 12 Commando (90mm gun).
AFV: recce: 6 AML-60, 12 -90, Shorland. APC: 29 Commando, M-3 half-track.
APC: 9 M-3, 20 BTR-40 Walid. Arty: how: 75mm: 6 M-116 pack; 105mm: 16
Arty: mor: 82mm: 18. M-101. mor: 60mm: M-1935; 81mm: 20
ATK: RL 83mm: Blindicide. M-1944; 120mm: 16 AM-50.
RCL: 75mm: 15 Ch Type-52. ATK: RU 89mm ACL-STRIM. RCL: 57mm: 13 Ch
AD: guns: 14.5mm: 15 quad. Type-52. 106mm: 40 M-40. ATGW: Milan.
AD: guns: 14.5mm: 18 Type-58; 35mm: 18
NAVY: 50. twin Oerlikon; 37mm: 18 Ch Type-63;
Base". Bujumbura. 40mm: 18 Bofors.
Patrol boats: 3 Lambro river( (2 in reserve).
NAVY: 350.
AIR: 150; 3 combat ac. Bases: Douala, Port Gentil.
COIN: 3 SIAI-Marchetti SF-260W. FAC(G): 1 P-48S La Combattante with 8 Exocet
Tpt: 1 Douglas DC-3, 3 Reims Cessna 150. MM-40 SSM.
Trg: 3 SF-260C.
FAC: 3: 1 PR-48 (could mount SS-12 SSM),

Hel: 2 SA-341 Gazelle, 3 SA-316C Alouette III. 2 Shanghai-ll.
Patrol craft(: 2 coastal; 12 inshore.
PARA-MILITARY: Gendarmerie (1,500). Amph: LCM: 2; LCVP: 5; 9 It assault/spt craft.
AIR FORCE: 350; 15 combat ac, 2 armed hel.

1 composite sqn.
1 Presidential fit.
CAMEROON FGA/COIN: 8 Breguet-Dornier AlphaJet, 4
Fouga Magister, 1 BN-2T Defender.
GDP 1983/4: fr 3,089.30 bn ($7.543 bn)
1984/5: fr 3,738.00 bn ($7.934 bn) MR: 2 Dornier Do-128D-6.
growth 1983/4: 5.0% 1984/5: 6.9% Tpt: 3 C-47 (Douglas DC-3), 1 DHC-4 Caribou,
Inflation 1983/4: 16.0% 1984/5: 13.0% 5 DHC-5D Buffalo, 3 C-130 Hercules, 2 BAe/
Debt 1983: $2.5 bn 1984: $2.8 bn HS-748, 7 MH-1521 Broussard, 1 Boeing
Def bdgt 1984/5: fr 61.800 bn ($131.174 m) 727-200, 1 IAI-201 Arava, 1 PC-6 Turbo
1985/6: fr 49.064 bn ($125.668 m)* Porter, 1 PC-7 Turbo Trainer.
FMA 1984: $5.10 m 1985: $5.00 m Hel: 1 SA-330 Puma, 1 AS-332 Super Puma,
$l=fr (1983/4): 409.5675(1984/5): 471.1300 3 SA-315B/316C Alouette II/III, 4 SA-341
(1985/6): 390.4225 Gazelle (2 with HOT ATGW), 1 SA-365
fr = francs CFA Dauphin II.
(On order 1 IAI-201 Arava tpt.)
18-30 31-45
Men: 1,016,000 735,000 PARA-MILITARY: 4,000.
Women: 1,033,000 772,500 Gendarmerie: 7 regional groups.
* Excl capital eqpt.

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Regular: 7,300.
Terms of service, voluntary (pre-military com-
pulsory training programme in force).
CAPE VERDE
ARMY: 6,600.
3 Military Regions; 7 Military Sectors: coy gps Population: 371,000
under command.
18-30 31-45
Men 40,500 9,100
1 armd car bn. Women 46,600 17,200
1 para/cdo bn.
4 inf bns.
1 engr bn. TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
5 fd, 6 AA arty btys. Regular 1,185.
HQ regt, spt units. Terms of service: conscription (selective).
ARMY: 1,000 (Popular Militia). AIR FORCE: 300; 2 combat ac.

4 inf coys. COIN: 2 Socata R-235 Guerrier.
Spt elms. Tpt: 5 Douglas (1 DC-4 (VIP), 4 DC-3/C-47),
Equipment: 2 Aérospatiale (1 Caravelle, 1 Corvette),
AFV: recce: 8 BRDM-2. 6 MH-1521 Broussard, 2 Cessna 337 Skymaster.
Arty: Hel: 1 SA-315B.4/oitt>«£>II, 4 H-34 (Sikorsky S-58).
mor: 82mm: 16 M-1941; 120mm: 8 M-1943.
ATK: RL: 3.5-in. (89mm).
PARA-MILITARY: some 10,000.
Presidential Guard 500.
NAVY: 160.
Gendarmerie 700; 3 Regional Legions, 8 'bdes'.
Base: Praia.
Republican Guard 700.
FAC: 2 Shershen.
Security Forces.
Patrol craft: 1 Zhuk coastal <.
National Young Pioneers 8,000 (boys and
Mise: 1 Kamenka survey ship/buoy tender.
girls 14—18); unarmed, some elementary
AIR FORCE: 25; no combat ac. drill and discipline.
Tpt: 2 Antonov An-26.
CHAD
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC GDP 1982: fr 181.0 bn ($550.805 m)
1983: fr 210.0 bn ($551.094 m)
GDP 1983e: fr 139.0 bn ($364.772 m) Debt 1983: $130.0 m 1984: $140.0 m
growth 1983: -2.3% 1984: 1.0% Def exp 1984e:fr 24.0 bn ($54.925 m)
Inflation 1983: 13.0% 1984: 12.4% 1985e: fr 17.0 bn ($37.840 m)
Debt 1984: $300.0 m 1985e: $355.0 m FMA 1984: $5.0 m 1985: $5.0 m
Def exp 1982e: fr 5.0 bn ($ 15.216 m) $l=fr (1982): 328.61 (1983): 381.06
1983e:fr 6.5 bn ($17.058 m) (1984): 436.96 (1985): 449.26
FMA 1983: $15.50 m fr = francs CFA
$l=fr (1982): 328.61 (1983): 381.06
(1984): 436.96 (1985): 449.26 Population: 5,100,000
fr = francs CFA 18-30 31-45
Men: 544,000 416,000
Population: 2,601,000 Women: 552,000 432,000
18-30 31-45
Men: 280,000 164,000 TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Women: 279,000 212,000 Regular. 14,200 (perhaps 6,000 conscripts).
Terms of service, conscription, 3 years.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Regular: 2,300. ARMY: 14,200; comprises regular and rejoined
Terms of service, conscription (selective), 2 rebel groups; mostly org as coys.
years, personnel have a Reserve obligation 3 inf bns.
thereafter, term unknown. 16 inf coys, 3 para coys.
1 recce sqn (Sahara).
ARMY: 2,000. 2 recce tps (camel).
1 regt HQ. 3 Nomad coys.
1 mech bn. 3 sigs coys.
1 inf bn. Presidential Guard (400 men).
1 engr coy. 1 armd bn.
1 sigs coy ('bn'). 2 indep para coys.
1 tpt coy. 2 arty btys.
Equipment: 1 tpt coy.
Tks: 4 T-55. Numerous indep cdo (guerrilla) 'bns' (gps).
AFV: recce: 22 BRDM-2, 10 Ferret. Equipment:
APC:4BTR-152. AFV: recce: 4 Panhard ERC-90, some 50
Arty: mor: 81mm; 120mm: 12 M-1943. AML-60/-90.
ATK: RCL: 14 106mm. Arty: guns: 76mm: 6 M-1942; 105mm: 6 M-101.
River patrol craft: 9<. mon 81mm: M-61; 120mm: AM-50.
ATK: BL: 68mm, 89mm. RCL 106mm: M-40; Defexp* 1985: fr 25.0 bn ($55.647 m)
112mm: APILAS. ATGW: Milan. $l=fr (1982): 328.61 (1983): 381.06
AD: guns: 20mm, 30mm. (1984): 436.96 (1985): 449.26
AIR FORCE: 200; 2 combat ac. fr = francs CFA
COIN: 2 PC-7 Turbo-Trainer (armed). Population: 1,791,000
Tpt: 1 Douglas DC-4, 2 C-130A Hercules, 9 C-47 18-30 31-45
(Douglas DC-3), 1 Nord Noratlas, 1 Aéro- Men: 200,000 113,000
spatiale Caravelle 6R (VIP), 1 CASA C-212, Women: 204,000 132,000
2 PC-6B Turbo-Porter, 2 MH-1521 Broussard;
It: 4 Reims Cessna 337.
Hel: 10 SA-315B/316C Alouette II/III, 4 TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
SA-330 Puma. Regulan 8,700.
Terms of service, voluntary (2 years).
PARA-MILITARY: perhaps 5,700.
National Military Police (PMN) and Territorial ARMY: 8,000.
Military Police (PMT). 1 armd bn (5 sqns).
2 Security Companies 1,000: 17 sub-units; 2 inf bn gps (each It tk tp, 76mm gun bty).
81mm mor. 1 arty gp (how, MRL).

Sûreté (Police) 800. 1 engrbn.
Village Militias 3,900. 1 para/cdo bn.
Equipment^
Tks: 35 T-54/-55, 15 Ch T-59.
OPPOSITION: 10,000.
It: 14 Ch T-62, 3 PT-76.
AFV: recce: 25 BRDM-1/-2.
North: Libyan-backed, mainly Arab. APC: M-3, 104 BTR (30 -50, 30 -60, 44 -152).
Army of National Liberation (ANL) armed wing: Arty: how: 75mm: 6 M-116 pack; 76mm:
Government d'Union Nationale du Tchad 8 M-1942; 100mm: 10 M-1944; 122mm:
(GUNT). Forces Armées Populaires (FAP) 8 M-1938.
?3,000. Conseil Démocratique de la Révolution MRU 8 BM-21.
(CDR) 200. Front de Libération du Tchad mor: 82mm; 120mm: 10 M-1943.
(Frolinat): rump only, several factions. Eqpt: ATK: guns: 5 57mm. RCU 57mm.
BMP MICV; BTR-60 APC; some EE-9 Cascaval AD: guns: 37mm: 28 M-1939.
AFV; BM-21 MRL; RPG-7 RL; B-10 RCL; (Some T-34 MBT in store).
120mm, 2 CL-106mm mor, ZU-23-2 AA guns;
SA-7 SAM; Libyan forces in spt incl tks, ac.
NAVY: 200.f
South: GUNT/ANL mainly African: Base: Point Noire.
Forces Armées du Tchad (FAT) ex-Chad army, FAC(P): 6: 3 Shanghai II; 3 Zhuk. (1 Shershen,
Gendarmerie; largely inactive. Front d'Action 3 Pirana HS non-operational).
Commune (FAC) 300. Mouvement Populaire Patrol craft: 8 river(: 4 ANCOR (2 13-metre
pour la Libération du Tchad (MPLT) ?300. Type 43, 2 11.4-metre Type 38), 4 Yulin.
Union Nationale Démocratique 100. Plus 7
other groups. Mainly small arms. AIR FORCE: 500; 21 combat a c t
FGA: 1 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-15, 20 MiG-17.
* Excl French military subventions. Total French costs Tpt: 1 Fokker F-28, 5 Antonov An-24, 5
in Chad est at French francs 1.2 bn. Ilyushin 11-14, 3 C-47 (Douglas DC-3), 1
Nord-2501 Noratlas, 1 Nord 262 Frégate, 2
MH-1521 Broussard.
Trg: 4 Aero L-39.
CONGO Hel: 1 SA-330 Puma, 4 SA-315B/316C Alouette
II/III, 1 AS-365 Dauphin.
GDP 1984e: fr 920.1 bn ($2.106 bn) PARA-MILITARY: 6,100:

1985e: fr 987.2 bn ($2.197 bn) Gendarmerie 1,400; 20 coys.
growth 1984: 3.0% 1985: 1.0% People's Militia 4,700.
Inflation 1984: 12.6% 1985e: 6.2%
Debt 1984: $1.8 bn 1985: $2.0 bn • Excl eqpt budget.
Defbdgt*1984: fr 21.6 bn ($49.432 m) t Spares are short; much eqpt may be non-operational.
DJIBOUTI Def exp 1982e: fr 1.318 bn ($5.998 m)

FMA 1986: $1.1 m
GDP 1983e: fr 65.90 bn ($370,808 m) $l=fr (1982): 219.72 (1983): 286.86
1984e: fr 60.23 bn ($331,955 m) (1984): 321.52 (1985): 449.26*
growth 1982: 1.2% 1983: 0.9% fr = francs CFA
Inflation 1983: 1.4% 1984: 1.8%
Debt 1983: $44.0 m 1984: $47.0 m Population: 419,000
Def exp 1983e: fr 4.95 bn ($27.853 m) 18-30 31-45
1984e: fr 4.90 bn ($27.006 m) Men: 41,000 32,000
1985e:fr 5.70 bn ($32.203 m) Women: 42,000 34,000
FMA* 1984: $2.1 m 1985: $2.5 m
$l=fr (1982): 177.72 (1983): 177.72 TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
(1984): 181.44 (1985): 177.00
fr D = Djibouti francs Regular 2,300.
Terms of service, voluntary.
Population: 404,000
18-30 31-45 ARMY: 2,000.
Men: 40,000 28,000 1 inf bn (5 coys).
Women: 38,000 27,000 Equipment:

AFV: recce: 10 BRDM-2. APC: 10 BTR-152.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES (all services, ind Mon 82mm: M-1937.
Gendarmerie, form part of the Army):
Regular: 4,500 incl 1,500 Gendarmerie. (Does NAVY: 150.
not incl French garrison — see France, Bases: Malabo (Santa Isabel), Bata.
Forces Abroad.) Patrol craft: 2: 1 P-6, 1 Poluchat{.
Terms of service, voluntary. (On order 1 patrol craft< (1986).)
ARMY: 2,870.
AIR FORCE: 150; 2 combat ac.
1 inf regt, incl mor, ATK platoons.
1 armd sqn. FGA: 2 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-17.
1 spt bn. Tpt: 1 Reims Cessna 337, 3 CASA C-212, 1 Yak-
1 border cdo bn. ovlev Yak-40.
1 para coy. Hel: 2 SA-316C Alouette III.
Equipment:
AFV: recce: some 10 BRDM-2, 4 AML-60, 16 PARA-MILITARY: some 2,000.
-90. APC: 12 BTR-60. mor 81mm, 4 120mm. Guardia Civil: 2 coys.
ATK: RU 89mm. RCU 106mm.
• In January 1985 the bipkwele (linked to the Spanish
NAVY: 40.
peseta at a rate of 1 peseta = 2 bipkwele since June
Base. Djibouti. 1980) was replaced by the franc CFA.
Patrol boats: 3: 2 Plascoa 23-m, 1 7ramarcoastal<.
Amph: LCA: 3(.
AIR FORCE: 90; no combat ac or armed hel.
Tpt: 1 Dassault Mystère 20 (VIP), 2 Nord 2501 ETHIOPIA
Noratlas; It: 1 Cessna 206G, 1 Socata 235GT.
Hel: 1 SA-315B Alouette II. GDP 1983/4: EB 10.06 bn ($4.857 bn)
1984/5: EB 9.90 bn ($4.783 bn)
growth 1983: 4.0%
PARA-MILITARY: 1,500. Inflation 1983: 0.7% 1984: 8.4%
Gendannerie: 1 bn, 1 patrol boat. Debt* 1984: $1.9 bn 1985e: $2.5 bn
Def bdgtf 1983/4: EB 1.044 bn ($504.348 m)
* Excl French military assistance. 1984/5e: EB 925.0 bn ($446.860 m)
$1=EB (1982): 2.07 (1983): 2.07
(1984): 2.07 (1985): 2.07
EQUATORIAL GUINEA EB = bin-
GDP 1982e: fr 35.0 bn ($159.294 m) 18-30 31-45
1983e: fr 20.0 bn ($69.720 m) Men: 4,003,000 2,751,000
Debt 1984e: $110.0 m 1985E: $124.0 m Women: 3,898,000 2,724,000
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: OPPOSITION:
Regular 227,0004 Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) some 6,500 (14
Terms of service: conscription, 30 months, incl 'bdes'), a unified organization consisting of
police, border guard. Eritrean Liberation Front—People's Liberation
Reserves: All citizens 18—50 do 6 months trg. Forces (ELF-PLF) some 5,000, ELF Revolutionary
Assigned to Army, Police and Border Guard. Council and ELF Revolutionary Committee.
People's Liberation Front Revolutionary Guard
ARMY (incl People's Militia): 220,090. (PLFRG) some 5,000;
22 inf divs (incl 3 mot, 4 mountain, 3 It) with Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) some
some 25 tk bns. 13,000.
4 para/cdo bdes. Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) some 600; 12 gps.
45 arty bns. Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) 5,000.
28 AD bns (incl 3 bns each of SA-2, SA-3 SAM). Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF).
Equipment^ Mainly small arms but captured eqpt incl T-54/55
Tks: 1,000?: 65 M-47, 40 T-34, 850 T-54/-55, tks; APC, 76mm, 85mm, 122mm, 130mm guns/
50 T-62, T-72 reported. It 15 M-41. how; 23mm, 37mm, 40mm AA guns.
AFV: recce: 165 BRDM-1/-2. Micv: 40 BMP-1.
APC: some 30 M-l 13, 600 BTR-40/-60/-152,
V-150 Commando. * Excl military grants and aid from USSR and Eastern
Europe (est at $2.5 bn).
Arty: gun/how: some 700 incl: 75mm: M-l 16 pack; t Incl internal security budget, but excl capital expendi-
105mm: 40; 122mm: 370 (incl SP); 130mm: ture (est at $275 m for 1983/4).
M-46; 152mm: D-20, 12 towed; 155mm: 6 $ Some 1,400 Soviet, 500 Cuban, 300 E. German tech-
M-l09 SP. nicians and advisers operate ac and hy eqpt. Some 4,000
MRU 122mm: BM-21. (?bde) Cuban military personnel (?to be withdrawn).
mor: 60mm, 81mm, 82mm, 120mm: 100 M-38; § War situation makes equipment data suspect; older
4.2-in. (107mm): 100 M-2/-30; 120mm. US eqpt probably unserviceable.
ATK: guns: 100mm: M-1955.
ATGW: AT-3 Sagger.
AD: guns: 23mm: ZU-23; 37mm towed, 23mm:
ZSU-23-4; 57mm: M-l950, ZSU-57-2 SP.
SAM: 18 SA-2, 18 SA-3, SA-7. GABON
NAVY: 3,000.§
GDP 1983: fr 1,320.0 bn ($3.464 bn)
1984: fr 1,455.6 bn ($3.331 bn)
Bases: Massawa, Assab.
Frigates: 2 Petya II. growth 1982: 2.5% 1983: 1.6%
FAC(G): 4 Sov Osa-II with 4 SS-N-2A SSM; Inflation 1984: 5.9% 1985e: 8.0%
Debt 1984: $1.0 bn 1985: $1.3 bn
FAC(T): 2 Sov Mol.
Patrol craft: 14: 7 large (1 Yug Kraljevica, 3 US Defbdgt* 1984: fr 29.364 bn ($67.201 m)
1985E: fr 35.500 bn ($73.232 m)
PGM, 3 Swiftships), 7 coastal< (4 Sewart, FMA 1984: $3.0 m 1986: $5.2 m
1 Poluchat, 2 Zhuk). $l=fr (1982): 328.61 (1983): 381.06
Amph: LSNi: 2 Polnocny B; LCVP: 4 T-4, 2 EDIC. (1984): 436.96 (1985): 449.26
Spt: 1 6,615-ton. fr = francs CFA
Trg: 1 US Barnegat.
AIR FORCE: 4,000; perhaps 145 combat ac; some 18-30 31-45
Men: 76,000 62,000
30 armed hel. Women: 79,000 65,000
FGA: 8 sqns: 1 with 10 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-
17; 6 with 100 MiG-21; 1 with 35 MiG-23.
Tpt: 1 sqn with 12 Antonov An-12. TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Trg: MiG-21 U, 10 Aero L-39; some 10 SIAI- Regular 2,700.
Marchetti SF-260TP. Terms of service, voluntary.
Hel: incl 32 Mil Mi-8 (some may be armed),
24 Mi-24, some Chetak (Alouette III). ARMY: 1,900.
(On order: some 10 Chetak hel.)
Presidential Guard bn gp (1 recce/armd, 3 inf
coys, arty, AA btys).
PARA-MILITARY: 169,000. Border Guard. 8 inf coys.
Mobile emergency police force (9,000). 1 engr coy.
1 para/cdo coy. $1=C (1982): 2.7503 (1983): 3.4495

1 service coy. (1984): 35.3356 (1985): 54.0541
Equipment: C = cedi
AFV: recce: 16 EE-9 Cascavel, 24 AML-90, 12 Population: 13,216,000
EE-3 Jararaca. APC: 12 EE-11 Urutu, 6 Com-
18-30 31-45
mando, M-3, 12 VXB-170.
Men: 1,503,000 861,000
Arty: how: 105mm: 4 M-101. MRU 140mm: 8. mor.
Women: 1,485,000 970,000
81mm, 120mm: 20.
RCL 67mm: Armbrust, 106mm.
AD: guns: 23mm: 24 ZU-23-2; 37mm: 10; 40mm: 2.. TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
(On order 6 ERC-90 Sagaie, 4 ERC-20, 14 VBL Regular. 11,200.
armd cars, mor, Milan ATGW.) Terms of service, voluntary.
NAVY: 200. ARMY: 9,000.

Base. Port Gentil. 2 Command HQ:
FAC(G): 1 Fr 150-ton with 4 SS-12 SSM. 2 bdes (6 inf bns and spt units).
FAC: 3: 1 Swiftships 118-ton; 1 Esterel 88-ton, 1 recce bn.
1 80-ton. 3 border tps bns (were police/customs).
Patrol craft 2< (1 Brazil Type V-3). 1 para bn.
1 mor bn.
Amph: LST: 1; LCM: 3.

Tpt: 1 Batral It. 1 fd engr bn.
(On order 2 P-400, 1 12-m patrol craft, 1 10-m 1 sigs bn.
coastal). Equipment:
AFV: recce: 25 Saladin.
AIR FORCE: 600; 13 combat ac. APE 50 MOWAG Piranha.
FGA: 9 Dassault Mirage 5GD, 1 DR, 2 RQ. Arty: mor 81mm: 50; 120mm: 28 Tampella.
MR: 1 EmbraerEMB-lllPl Bandeirante. RCU 84mm: 50 Carl Gustav. SAM: SA-7.
Tpt: 4 Lockheed Hercules (1 C-130, 1 L-100-20,2 NAVY: 1,200.
L-100-30), 4 Douglas (3 C-47, 1 DC-8-30), Bases: Sekondi, Tema.
4 EMB-110 Bandeirante, 1 Grumman Gulf- 2 Command HQ:
stream III (VIP), 1 Dassault Falcon, 1 Nihon Corvettes: 2 Kromantse ASW.
YS-11A, 3 Nord 262 Frégate, 4 MH-1521 FAC: 4: 2 FPB-57, 2 FPB-45.
Broussard; It: 2 Reims Cessna 337, 2 Fouga Patrol craft: 6:
Magister, 4 Beech T-34C. 2 Delà, 2 Br Ford large; 2 Spear II coastal.
Hel: 4 SA-330 Puma, 3 SA-316C Alouette III.
(On order 1 AS/Aeritalia ATR-42 tpt, 4 Beech AIR FORCE: 1,000; 10 combat ac.
T-34C1 It tpt ac; 2 AS-350 Ecureuil (armed), COIN: 1 sqn with 10 Aermacchi MB-326F/KB.
5 SA-342 Gazelle hel (3 armed).) Tpt: 1 sqn with 6 Short Skyvan 3M.
Comms/liaison: 1 sqn with 6 Fokker (5 F-27,
PARA-MILITARY: 1 F-28).
Coastguard 2,800; 9 patrol craft. Hel: 2 SA-316C Alouette III, 2 Bell 212.
Gendarmerie 2,000; 3 'bdes', 11 coys. Trg: 1 sqn with 11 BAe Bulldog.
Republican Guard.
Rapid Intervention Force. Forces Abroad: Lebanon (UNIFIL): 1 bn (690).
• Incl internal security. PARA-MILITARY:

Border Guards some 2,500.
People's Militia 5,000.
Committees for the Defence of the Revolution
GHANA (National Civil Defence Force).
GDP 1984s: C 276.00 bn ($7.811 bn)

1985e: C 313.20 bn ($5.794 bn)
growth 1984: 7.6% 1985: 5.3% GUINEA
Inflation 1984: 40.0% 1985: 10.3%
Debt 1984: $2.0 bn 1985: $2.2 bn GDP 1982e: sylis 35.50 bn ($1.598 bn)
Defexp 1984e: C 2.75 bn ($80.575 m) 1983e: sylis 36.30 bn ($1.551 bn)
1985e: C 3.25 bn ($59.755 m) growth 1983: 1.0%
FMA 1984: $0.30 m 1985: $0.33 m Debt 1983: $1.5 bn 1984: $1.4 bn
Defexp* 1982: sylis 1.85 bn ($83,251 m) * The USSR, Egypt and Libya have reportedly supplied
FMAt 1985: $3.0 m 1986e: $2.3 m military aid; value unknown.
$1 = sylis (1982): 22.222 (1983): 23.40 •f US military aid.
(1984): 25.36 (1985): 24.83
18-30 31-45
Men: 678,000 382,000 GUINEA-BISSAU
Women: 660,000 516,000
GDP 1983e: pG 8.0 bn ($177.778 m)
1984e: pG 14.5 bn ($183.544 m)
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: Debt 1983: $138.2 m
Regular 9,900 (perhaps 7,500 conscripts). Defbdgt 1982e: pG 375.0 m ($9.330 m)
Terms of service, conscription, 2 years. $ l = p G (1982): 40.20 (1983): 45.00
ARMY: 8,500. (1984): 79.00 (1985): 147.32
1 armd bn. pG = Guinea pesos
5 inf bns. Population: 869,000
1 arty bn. 18-30 31-45
1 engr bn.
Men: 87,000 60,000

1 cdo bn. Women: 99,000 79,000
1 special force bn.
1 AD bn.
Equipment: TOTAL ARMED FORCES (all services, incl
Tks: 45 T-34, 8 T-54. It 20 PT-76. Gendarmerie, are part of the Army):
AFV: recce: 25 BRDM-1/-2. Regular. 8,550.
APC: 40 BTR (16 -40, 10 -50, 8 -60, 6 -152). Terms of service. ?conscription (selective).
Arty: guns/how: 76mm: 8 M-1942; 85mm: 6 D-44;
122mm: 12 M-1931/38. ARMY: 6,200.
mor: 120mm: 20 M-1938/43. 1 armd bn (sqn).
ATK: guns: 57mm. 5 inf bns.
AD: guns: 30mm: twin M-53; 37mm: 8 M-1939; 1 recce sqn.
57mm: 12 S-60; 100mm: 4 KS-19. 1 engr coy.
SAM: SA-7, SA-8, 24 SA-6. 1 arty bn.
Equipment:
NAVY: 600. Tks: 10 T-34. It: 20 PT-76.
Bases: Conakry, Kakanda. AFV: recce: 10 BRDM-2.
FAC: 6 Ch Shanghai-ll. APC: 35 BTR-40/-60/-152, 20 Ch Type-56.
Patrol craft: 17: Arty: guns: 85mm: 8 D-44.
1 Swiftships 65-ft, 1 T-58 ex-MCM, 3 Sov how: 105mm: 1; 122mm: 18 M-1938/D-3O.
Shershen, 6 P-6; 6 coastal{ incl 4 Sov (2 mor 82mm: 40 M-1937; 120mm: 8 M-1943.
Poluchat, 2 MO-6), 2 Fr Stinger 26-ft inshore. ATK: RL 89mm.
Amph: LCU: 2. RCU 75mm: Ch Type-52; 82mm: B-10.
(On order 1 Swiftships 77-ft.) AD: guns: 23mm: 18 ZU-23; 37mm: 6 M-1939;
57mm: 10 S-60. SAM: SA-7.
FGA: 6 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-17F (service- NAVY: 275.
ability questionable). Base. Bissau.
Tpt: 6 Ilyushin (4 11-14, 2 11-18), 6 Antonov Patrol craft: 12:1 Shershen large; 2 Ch Shantou, 1
(4 An-14, 2 An-24), 1 Yakovlev Yak-40; Sov Poluchat, 8 other coastal(.
It: 1 Reims Cessna F-337. Amph: LCVP: 2 T-4.
Trg: 2 MÎG-15UTI, 5 Yak-18, 3 Aero L-29, (On order 4 Bazan coastal patrol craft(.)
2 Fairchild C-l 19.
Hei: 1 Bell 47G, 1 SA-330 Puma, 1 SA-341 AIR FORCE: 75; no combat ac or armed hel.
Gazelle, 1 Hiller UH-12B. Tpt: 2 Dornier Do-27, 2 Yakovlev Yak-40;
It: 1 Reims Cessna FTB-337.
PARA-MILITARY: 9,600. Hel: 1 SA-315B Alouette II, 2 SA-316C Alouette
People's Militia: 7,000. III, 1 Mil Mi-8.
Gendarmerie 1,000.
Republican Guard 1,600. PARA-MILITARY: Gendarmerie 2,000.
IVORY COAST liaison/VIP: 1 fit with: ac: 1 Fokker F-28 Mk

4000, 1 Fairchild Metro, 2 Gulfstream II/III;
GDP 1984: fr 2,800.0 bn ($6.408 bn) hel: 1 SA-330 Puma.
1985e: fr 2,996.0 bn ($6.669 bn) Other: ac: 2 Reims Cessna F-337, 1 Cessna 421, 1
growth 1984: -4.0% 1985: 4.0% Beech King Air, hel: 2 SA-365C Dauphin.
Inflation 1984: 4.3% 1985: 5.0%
Debt 1984: $7.0 bn 1985: $7.4 bn PARA-MILITARY: 7,800:
Defbdgt 1985*: fr 32.20 bn ($71.680 bn) Presidential Guard 1,100.
1986f: fr 32.42 bn ($91.693 bn) Gendarmerie 4,400; VAB APC, 4 patrol boats.
FMA 1985s: $.5 m 1986e: $.7 m Militia 1,500.
$l=fr (1983): 381.06 (1984): 436.96 Military Fire Service 800.
(1985): 449.26 (1986): 353.55
fr = francs CFA * Incl equipment cost.
t Incl Ministry of the Navy which has separate budget.
18-30 31-45
Men: 1,127,000 1,000,000
Women: 1,022,000 759,000 KENYA
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: GDP 1984: sh 85.881 bn ($5.958 bn)

Regular: 13,220 (incl full time para-military). 1985e: sh 100.051 bn ($6.089 bn)
Terms of service, conscription (selective), growth 1984: 3.9% 1985: 4.0%
6 months. Inflation 1984: 10.0% 1985: 12.0%
Reserves: 12,000. Debt 1984: $2.7 bn 1985: $2.9 bn
Defbdgt 1984/5e: sh 3.50 bn ($242.819 m)
ARMY: 6,100. 1985/6e: sh 4.20 bn ($255.599 m)
4 Military Regions: 3 inf bns. FMA 1984e: $25.0 m 1985e: $25.0 m
1 armd bn forming. $ l = s h (1982): 10.922 (1983) 13.312
1 arty gp forming. (1984): 14.414 (1985): 16.432
1 AA arty bty. sh = Kenyan shillings
1 engr coy. Population: 19,879,000
1 HQ coy. 18-30 31-45
1 spt coy. Men: 2,132,000 1,224,000
1 para coy. Women: 2,203,000 1,317,000
Equipment:
Tks:lt5AMX-13. TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
AFV: recce: 7 ERC-90. APC: 16 M-3. Regular 13,650.
Arty: how: 105mm: 4 M-1950. Terms of service: voluntary.
mon 81mm; 120mm: 16 AM-50.
ATK: RU 89mm STRIM. RCL 106mm M-40. ARMY: 13,000.
AD: guns: 20mm: 14 incl 4 M-3 VDA SP; 1 armd bde (2 armd bns).
40mm: 5. 2 inf bdes (1 with 2, 1 with 3 inf bns).
1 engr bde.
NAVY: 690. 1 armd recce bn.
Base. Abidjan. 2 arty bns.
FAC(G): 2 PR-48 Patra (4 Exocet MM-40 SSM). 2 engr bns.
Patrol craft: 8: 2 Vigilant (PR-48), 4 ANCOR- 1 indep air cav bn.
5 inf bns (cadre).
26-m, 2 31-m launches. 1 para bn.
Amph: 1 Batral LSM, 13 assault boats. 1 AA bn.
Trg ship: 1. Air wing with 15 armed hel.
Equipment:
AIR FORCE: 930; 6 combat ac. Tks: 76 Vickers Mk 3.
FGA: 1 sqn with 6 Breguet/Dornier AlphaJet. AFV: recce: 40 AM1^60/-90, 8 Shorland.
Tpt: 1 sqn with: ac: 7 Fokker (3 F-27, 4 F-28), APC: 50 UR-416, 10 Panhard M-3.
6 Beech F-33C Bonanza; hel: 3 SA-330 Puma, Arty: guns: 40 It; 105mm: 16 pack.
2 SA-316C Alouette III, 2 SA-365C Dauphin. mon 81mm: 20; 120mm: 10.
ATK: RCU 84mm: 50 Carl Gustav. 120mm: 1 armd recce sqn.

Wombat. ATGW: Milan, 8 Swingfire. 1 service bn.
AD: guns: 20mm: 50 TCM-20. 1 air recce bn (250).
Avn: (pre-1982 Air Force — now re-formed under Equipment:
Army): combat: 28 ac, 30 hel. APC: some MOWAG.
FGA: 11 Northrop F-5 (9 -E, 2 -F). Arty: how: 75mm pack; 105mm: 8.
COIN: 17 BAe (5 BAC-167 Strikemaster, mor. 60mm: 20; 81mm: 10; 4.2-in. (107mm).
12 Hawk T-52). ATK: RL 3.5-in. (89mm). RCL 57mm, 106mm.
Tpt: 22: 5 DHC-4 Caribou, 6 DHC-5D Buffalo, Avn: MR: 1 Cessna 337.
Dornier Do-28D, 2 Piper Navajo. tpt: 2 C-47 (Douglas DC-3).
Trg: U BAe Bulldog 103. It ac: 10 Cessna (2 172, 1 185, 1 207, 6 337).
Hel: 44: 10 SA-330 Puma, 2 Bell 47G, (On order. 7 IAI-201 Arava: 3 recce, 4 tpt ac.)
32 Hughes (15 500 Scout, 15 500MD with
TOfFATGW, 2 500Dtrg). NAVY (Coastguard): 450.
Msls: Sidewinder AAM, Maverick ASM. Bases: Monrovia, Bassa, Sinoe, Cape Palmas.
Patrol craft: 6: 3 Swed CG-27 50-ton, 3 Swift-
NAVY: 650.
ships (2 38-ton, 1 42-ton).
Base. Mombasa.
FAC(G): 4 Brooke Marine (1 37.5-m, 3 32.6-m) PARA-MILITARY: National Police 2,000.
with 4 Gabriel II SSM.

Patrol craft: 3 Vosper 31-m (Simba) large.
(On order 2 Province FAC(G); Gabriel SSM).
MADAGASCAR
PARA-MILITARY: GDP 1983e: fr 1,250.0 bn ($2.904 bn)
Police (General Service Unit) 1,800: 1984e: fr 1,400.0 bn ($2.428 bn)
Police Air Wing, 7 Cessna It ac, 3 Bell hel. growth 1983: 0.5% 1984: 1.5%
Inflation 1983: 19.0% 1984: 10.0%
Debt 1984e: $1.5 bn 1985e: $1.6 bn
Defbdgt 1984: fr 31.73 bn ($55.029 m)
LIBERIA 1985: fr 36.00 bn ($54.341 m)
FMA 1985: $3.0 m
GDP 1983: $L 920.00 m ($US 920.0 m) $l=fr (1982): 349.74 (1983): 430.45
1984e: $L 961.40 m ($US 961.4 m) (1984): 576.60 (1985): 662.48
growth 1983: 1.0% 1984:2.0% fr = Malagasy francs
Inflation 1983: 3.3% 1984:2.0%
Debt 1984: $USl.4bn 1985: $US 1.5 bn Population: 10,224,000
Defbdgt 1983/4: $L 22.40 m ($US 22.40 m) 18-30 31-45
1984/5E: $L 26.00 m (SUS 26.00 m) Men: 1,112,000 649,000
FMA 1984: $US12.8ml985:$US14.0m Women: 1,102,000 720,000
$US 1 = :$L (1982/3/4/5/6) 1.0
Population: 2,477,i000 TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
18-30 31-45 Regular 21,100.
Men: 229,000 179,000 Terms of service, national service (incl civil),
Women: 234,000 177,000 18 months.
ARMY: 20,000.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: 2 bn gps.
Regular. 6,750. 1 engr regt.
Terms of service, voluntary; militia conscrip- 1 sigs regt.
tion authorized, not in force. 1 service regt.
Reserves: 750,000 males 16—45. 7 construction regts.
Equipment:
ARMY: 6,300. Tks:lt 12PT-76.
1 Executive Mansion Guard bn. AFV: recce: 8 M-8, (?20) M-3A1, 10 Ferret,
6 inf bns. (?35) BRDM-2. APC: (?30) M-3A1 half-track.
1 arty bn. Arty: guns: 76mm: 12 ZIS-3. how: 122mm:
1 engr bn. 12 D-30. mor 81mm: 24; 120mm: 8.
ATK: BCL" 106mm. MARINE: 100.

AD: guns: 14.5mm: 50 ZPU-4. Base. Chilumba.
Patrol boats: 5: 1 Fr 21-m, 1 Spear, 3 lake(.
NAVY: 600 (incl 120 marines).
Base. Diego-Suarez. AIR: 150; no combat ac or armed hel.
Patrol craft: 1 PR-48 large. Tpt: 1 sqn with 14 Dornier (6 Do-27, 8 Do-28),
Amph: LSM: 1 Batram with 8 SS-12 SSM. 1 BN-2T Defender ac.
LCT: 1 EDIC. LCM: 1 N. Korean Nampo. Hel: 1 sqn with 3 AS-330 Puma, 1 SK-ildC Alouette
1 marine coy+. m, 1 AS-365 Dauphin, 1 AS-350 Ecureuil.
(On order 3 Dornier Do-228 It tpt ac.)
FGA: 1 sqn with 4 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-17,
8 MiG-21FL. PARA-MILITARY: 1,000; Police: 1 BN-2T
Tpt: 1 sqn with 1 BAe/HS-748 (VIP); 4 Antonov Defender ac (border patrol).
An-26; 2 Yakovlev Yak-40; 6 Douglas DC-3
(1 C-53D, 5 C-47); 1 BN-2 Defender, An-12;
1 Piper Aztec, 3 Cessna 337, 5 other It ac.
Hel: 1 sqn with 1 Bell 47, 1 SA-315B Alouette II, MALI
2 SA-316C Alouette III, 2 Mil Mi-8.
GDP 1983: fr 420.0 bn ($1.102 bn)

PARA-MILITARY: Gendarmerie 8,000, incl 1984: fr 480.0 bn ($1.098 bn)
maritime police with 5 patrol craft. growth 1982: 4.4% 1983: 2.5%
Inflation 1984: 25.0% 1985: 30.0%
Debt 1983: $880.0 m 1984: $1.1 bn
Defbdgt* 1985e: fr 12.50 bn ($27.824 m )
MALAWI 1986: fr 12.90 bn ($36.477 m )
Def exp 1984e: fr 26.00 bn ($59.502 m )
GDP 1984: K 1.735 bn ($1.228 bn) $1 =fr (1983): 381.06 (1984): 436.96
1985: K 1.799 bn ($1.053 bn) (1985): 449.26 (1986): 353.65
growth 1984: 4.1% 1985: 1.9% fr = francs CFA
Inflation 1984: 20.2% 1985E: 15.4%
Debt 1983: $720.0 m 1984: $900.0 m Population: 8,115,000
Defbdgt 1984e: K 27.9 m ($19.740 m) 18-30 31-45
1985e: K 35.5 m ($20.666 m) Men: 715,000 452,000
FMA 1984: $2.5 m 1985: $2.2 m Women: 784,000 653,000
$1=K (1982): 1.0555 (1983): 1.1748
(1984): 1.4134 (1985): 1.7081
K = kwacha TOTAL ARMED FORCES (all services form
part of the Army):
Population: 7,012,000 Regular 5,050.
18-30 31-45 Terms of service, national service (incl civil),
Men: 696,000 492,000 2 years (selective).
Women: 732,000 538,000
ARMY: 4,600.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES (ail services form 1 tk bn.
part of the Army): 3 inf bns.
Regulan 5,250. 1 arty bn.
Terms of service, voluntary, 7 years. 1 engr bn.
Reserves: Army: some 500; ex-soldiers have a 1 para bn.
5-year obligation. 1 special force bn.
2 AA arty coys.
ARMY: 5,000. 1 SAM bty.
3 inf bns. Equipment^
1 spt bn (incl 1 recce sqn). Tks: 21 T-34. It: 12 Type 62.
Equipment: AFV: recce: 20 BRDM-2.
AFV: recce: 10 Fox, 10 BRDM-2. APC: 30 BTR-40, 10 BTR-152, 10 BTR-60.
Arty: guns: 9 105mm. mon 81mm. Arty: guns: 85mm: 6 D-44; 100mm: 6 M-1944;
ATK: RL- 3.5-in. (89mm). RCU 57mm. 122mm: 8 D-30. MRU 122mm: 2 BM-21.
AD: guns: 14.5mm. SAM: 14 Blowpipe. mon 81mm; 120mm: 30 M-43.
AD: guns: 37mm: 6 M-1939; 57mm: 6 S-60. Equipment:

SAM: 6 SA-3. AFV: recce: 15 EBR-75 hy, 39 AML-60, 14 -90,
12 M-3A1. APC: 40 M-3 half-track.
NAVY: 50. Arty: mor: 81mm; 120mm: 8.
Baser. Bamako, Mopti, Segou, Timbuktu. ATK: RCU 57mm: M-18; 75mm: M-20; 106mm:
Patrol craft: 3 river(. M-40.
AD: guns: 14.5mm; 23mm: ZU-23-2; 37mm:
AIR FORCE (Army Air Coy): 400; 27 combat acf 6 M-1939. SAM: SA-7.
FGA: 5 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-17, 8 MiG-19,
14MÎG-21. NAVY: 320.
Tpt: 2 C-47 (Douglas DC-3), 7 Antonov (3 Bases: Port Etienne, Nouadhibou.
An-2, 2 An-24, 2 An-26), 1 Aérospatiale Cor- Patrol craft: 8: 1 Fr Patra-class; 3 Sp Barcelo;
vette 200 (VIP). 4 Fr EstereK (2 32-m, 2 18-m).
Trg: 1 MiG-15UTI, 6 Yakovlev Yak-ll/-18.
Hel: 3 Mil (2 Mi-4, 1 Mi-8). AIR FORCE: 150; 9 combat ac.
COIN: 5 BN-2 Defender, 4 Cessna 337.
MR: 4 Piper Cheyenne.
PARA-MILITARY: Tpt: 1 DHC-5D Buffalo, 1 Aérospatiale Cara-
Gendarmerie 1,200; 8 coys. Republican Guard
velle, 2 Short Skyvan, 2 BN-2 Islander.

2,000.
Militia 3,000.
Civilian Defence Organization 1,500. PARA-MILITARY: 5,000.
Gendarmerie 2,500; 6 regional coys (Defence
* Excl internal security and eqpt procurement. Ministry).
t Eqpt serviceability questionable. National Guard 1,400.
Border Guard 100.
Auxiliaries 1,000 (Interior Ministry).
MAURITANIA
GDP 1983E: OM 46.0 bn ($839.232 m) MOZAMBIQUE
1984e: OM 54.1 bn ($847.923 m)
growth 1984e: 0.4% GDP 1983e: M 82.0 bn ($3.008 bn)
Inflation 1984: 7.0% 1985: 10.5% 1984e: M 122.0 bn ($2.761 bn)
Debt 1984: $1.4 bn 1985: $1.6 bn growth 1983: -0.8% 1984e: -10.0%
Defbdgt 1982e: OM 3.50 bn ($67.608 m) Debt 1983: $1.4 bn 1984e: $1.5 bn
1983e: OM 2.64 bn ($48.146 m) Defbdgt 1985: M 10.30 bn ($238.592 bn)
$1 =OM (1982). 51.769 (1983): 54.812 1986: M 11.21 bn ($276.139 bn)
(1984): 63.803 (1985): 77.085 FMA* 1985e: $1.8 m 1986e: $3.0 m
:
OM ouguiyas $ 1 = M (1983): 27.26 (1984): 44.19
Population: 1,901,000 (1985): 43.17 (1986): 40.61
18-30 31-45 M = meticais
Men: 177,000 126,000 Population: 12,725,000
Women: 182,000 133,000 18-30 31-45
Men: 1,512,000 1,056,000
Women: 1,582,000 1,111,000
TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Regular 8,470.
Terms of service, voluntary; conscription TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
(2 years) authorized. Regular 15,800 (some 10,500 conscripts).
Terms of service, conscription (selective),
ARMY: 8,000. 2 years (incl women).
1 inf bn.
1 arty bn. ARMY: ?28,000 (perhaps 75% conscripts).
1 Camel Corps. 1 tk bde (Presidential Guard).
3 armd recce sqns. 7 inf bdes (each 1 tk, 3 inf, 2 mot, 2 arty, 1 AD
1 AA bty. bns, spt units).
1 engr coy. 2 indep mech bns.
1 para coy. 7 AA arty bns.
Equipment^ Debt 1983: $950.0 m 1984: $990.0 m

Tks: 150 T-34, some 100 T-54/-55. Def bdgt* 1984: fr 4.5 bn ($10.298 m)
AFV: recce: 30 BRDM-1/-2, 16 BMP with Sagger. 1985e:fr 5.3 bn ($11.797 bn)
APC:200+BTR-60/-152. FMA 1985: $5.0 m 1986: $5.3 m
Arty: guns: 200: 76mm: M-1942; 85mm: D-44; $l=fr (1982): 328.61 (1983): 381.06
100mm: 24 M-1944; 130mm: 24 M-46/D-30. (1984): 436.96 (1985): 449.26
how: 105mm: M-101; 122mm: M-1938; 152mm: fr = francs CFA
20D-1. Population: 6,362,000
MRL 122mm: 30 BM-21. 18-30 31-45
mor: 350: 60mm, 82mm, 120mm. Men: 690,000 480,000
ATK: RCL 75mm; 82mm: B-10; 107mm: B-ll. Women: 705,000 493,000
ATGW: AT-3 Sagger.
AD: guns: 400: 20mm; 23mm: ZU-23 (ZSU-23-4
reported); 37mm: M-1939; 57mm: S-60 towed, TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ZSU-57-2 SP. SAM: SA-7, 10 SA-3. Regular 2,270.
Terms of service, conscription (2 years), selective.
NAVY: 800.t
Bases: Maputo, Beira, Nacala, Pemba, Metangula. ARMY: 2,150.
Patrol craft large: 2 SOI ; 3 Military Districts.

coastal: 25 (: 7 Sov (6 Zhuk, 1 Poluchat), 6 2 armd recce sqns.
Port (1 Antares, 3 Jupiter, 2 Bellatrix), 2 6inf coys.
Neth, 10 Indian. 1 engr coy.
1 para coy.
Amph: LCT: 1 Port Alabarda 500-ton;
LCU:2LDM-100. 1 log/spt coy.
Equipment:
AFV: recce: 10 M-8, 18 AML-90, 18 AML-60-7.
AIR FORCE: 1,000; some 69 combat a c t APC 14 M-3.
FGA: 5 sqns with some 15 Mikoyan-Guryevich Arty: mor 60mm: M-35; 81mm: M-61; 120mm:
MiG-17, 3 MiG-19, 35 MiG-21. 15 AM-50.
Hel: 2 sqns with 10 Mil Mi-8, 12 Mi-24/-25. ATK: RCL: 57mm: M-18; 75mm: M-20.
Tpt: 1 sqn with 1 Tupolev Tu-134, 8 Antonov AD: guns: 20mm: 10 M-3 VDA SP.
An-26 (some equipped for COIN operations).
Trg: Aero L-39, 7 Zlin Z-526, 3 MiG-15. AIR FORCE: 120; no combat ac or armed hel.
Tpt 1 Boeing 737 (VIP), 2 C-47 (Douglas DC-3), 2
PARA-MILITARY: C-130H Hercules, 4 Nord Noratlas, 3 Dor-
Border Guard 9,500: 4 bdes. nier Do-28D, 1 Rockwell Aero Commander 500,
Provincial, People's Militias, Local Militias (vil- 1 Reims Cessna F-337.
lage self-defence force). (On order 1 Dornier Do-228 It tpt ac).
FOREIGN TROOPS: 1,350 Cuban, 300 Soviet, 80 N.
Korean military advisers; 175 E. German security PARA-MILITARY: some 2,550.
advisers reported. Some 5,000 Zimbabwean and Gendarmerie (?850); 5 groups.
some 3,000 Tanzanian combat troops (varies). Presidential Guard (?200).
Republican Guard (? 1,500).
OPPOSITION: National Resistance Movement of Four Nomad patrol groups.
Mozambique (MNR or Renamo): 18,000
reported, perhaps 10,000 trained. * Excl Republican Guard, Police Force and Presiden-
tial Guard.
* Western military aid only.
t Eqpt serviceability questionable; perhaps only
50—60% operational. Some eqpt in store.
NIGERIA
GDP 1983: N 46.773 bn ($64.654 bn)
NIGER 1984: N 48.490 bn ($63.449 bn)
growth 1984: -0.6% 1985: 2.4%
GDP 1983: fr 697.2 bn($ 1.830 bn) Inflation 1984: 44.0% 1985e: 8.0%
1984e: fr 640.0 bn ($1.465 bn) Debt 1984: $20.0 bn 1985: $21.5 bn
growth 1982: -4.0% 1983: -3.5% Def bdgt* 1985: N 975.669 m ($ 1.093 bn)
Inflation 1984: 8.5% 1985: -1.0% 1986: N 907.058 m ($ 1.034 bn)
$1=N (1983): 0.7234 (1984): 0.7642 15.8-m, 2 Damen 14.5-m patrol craft, 4 FPB-512
(1985): 0.8924 (1986): 0.8770 RTK assault landing craft.)
N = naira
Population: 97,251,000 AIR FORCE: 9,000; 53 combat ac.
18-30 31-45 FGA/interceptor. 3 sqns: 1 with 16 Breguet/Dornier
Men: 10,667,000 7,034,000 AlphaJet; 2 with 17 Mikoyan- Guryevich MiG-
Women: 10,856,000 7,302,000 2IMF (to be replaced); 18 Sepecat Jaguar (14
-5N, 4 -BN).
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: SAR: 1 sqn with: ac: 2 Fokker F-27MPA MR;
hel: 20 MBB BO-105C/D.
Regular 94,000. Tpt: 2 sqns with 9 C-130H-30 Hercules, 3 F-27,
Terms of service, voluntary. 5 Aeritalia G-222, 1 Gulfstream Aerospace
Reserves: none organized.
Gulfstream III (VIP), 3 Dornier Do-228 (VIP), 1
ARMY: 80,000. Beech Super King Air.
1 armd div (4 armd, 1 mech bdes). Spt 3 sqns with 13 Domier Do-28D, 12 Do-128-6.
1 composite div (ind 1 AB, 1 air portable, Hel ind 14 SA-330 Puma.
Trg: ac 2 MiG-21U, Piaggio P-149D, 12 Aer-
1 amph bdes).
2 mech divs (each 3 mech bdes). macchi MB-339, 4 Jaguar, 25 BAe Bulldog;
hel: 15 Hughes 300.

4 arty bdes •) organic AAM:AA-2 Atoll.
4 engr bdes \ to divs (On order 18 MiG-21 (12 MF, 6 U), 8 AlphaJet
4 recce bns J (1 each).
Equipment: FGA; 3 Do-228 It tpt; some 4 Do-128-6 utility ac;
Tks: 40 T-55, 72 Vickers Mk 3. It 50 Scorpion. 5 Boeing CH-47 Chinook, 12 SA-330 Puma hel.)
AFV: recce: 20 Saladin, 90 AML-90, 55 Fox.
APC: 10 Saracen, 70 Steyr 4K-7FA. PARA-MILITARY:
Arty: guns: 122mm: 200 D-30/-74. how. 105mm: Coastguard 15 Abeokuta, 3 other patrol craft.
200 M-56; 155mm: 25 FH-77B towed, 25 Pal- Port Security Police 12,000.
maria SP. mon 81 mm: 200. Security and Civil Defence Corps (Ministry of
ATK: RCL 106mm. Internal Affairs): Police: UR- 416 APC, 4 hel, 68
AD: guns: some 90: some 60 20mm, 40mm towed; small craft, 7 hovercraft (5 AV Tiger).
30 ZSU-23-4 SP. SAM: Blowpipe, 16 Roland.
(On order 40 ERC-90 AFV, Swingftre ATGW; * Excl N 3.94 bn development plan.
Blowpipe.)
NAVY: 5,000.
Bases: Apapa (Lagos; HQ Western Command),
Calabar (HQ Eastern Command). RWANDA
Frigate: 1 Meko 360H with 8 Otomat SSM, 1 GDP 1983: fr 141.9 bn ($1.504 bn)
octuple Aspide SAM, 1 Lynx hel. 1984c fr 153.8 bn ($1.535 bn)
Corvettes: 4: growth 1983: 1.0% 1984: 2.9%
2 Hippo (Vosper Thornycroft Mk 9) with 2 Inflation 1984: 5.4% 1985s 4.0%
triple Seacat SAM; Debt 1983G $250.0 m 1984G $330.0 m
2 Dorina (Mk 3) (?operational). Defexp 1983e fr 2.70 bn ($28.620 m)
FAC(G): 6: 1984c fr 3.00 bn ($29.949 m)
3 Liirssen Type-57 with 4 Otomat SSM; $l=fr (1982): 92.84 (1983): 94.34
3 La Combattante IIIB with 2 twin Exocet (1984): 100.17 (1985): 101.26
MM-38. fr = Rwanda francs
Patrol craft:
5 large: 4 Makurdi (Brook Marine), 1 Yan-Yan;
4 Argungu (Abeking & Rasmussen), 2 18-30 31-45
Men: 731,000 351,000
Swiftships 20-m, 4 Damen 14.5-m, 14 Inter- Women: 725,000 407,000
marine coastal(.
Amph: LST: 2 Ro-Ro 1300 (Crocodile); LCU: 2.
Trg: 1 ex-Neth yacht. TOTAL ARMED FORCES (all services form part
Hel: 3 Westland Lynx Mk 89 MR/SAR. of the Army):
(On order 2 Lerici MCMV; 10 Swiftships 20-m, 2 Regular 5,150.
Watercraft P-2000, 6 SM-5115 Simoneau Terms of service, voluntary.
ARMY: 5,000. 1 recce sqn.

1 cdo bn. 1 artygp.
1 recce sqn. 1 AA arty gp.
8 inf coys. 2 para coys.
1 engr coy. 3 construction coys.
Equipment: Equipment:
AFV: recce: 12 AML-60. APC 16 M-3. AFV: recce: 10 M-8, 4 M-20, 30 AML-60, 27 -90.
Arty: mon 81mm: 8. APC some 40 Panhard M-3, 25 M-3 half-
ATK: RU 83mm: Blindicide. guns: 57mm: 6. track.
Arty: how: 75mm: 6 M-116 pack; 105mm:
AIR: 150; 4 combat ac. 6 M-101. mor 81mm: 8; 120mm: 8.
COIN: 2 BN-2 Defender, 2 SIAI-Marchetti SF-260W. ATK: BC STRIM-89. ATGW: Milan.
Tpt: 1 Aerospatiale Caravelle (VIP); 2 C-47 (Doug- AD: guns: 21 M-693 20mm, 40mm.
las DC-3).
Liaison: ac 2 Socata R-235; hel: 6 SA-342L Gazelle, NAVY: 700.
2 SA-316C Alouette ffl. Base. Dakar.
Trg: 1 CM-110 Magister. Patrol craft 7: 1PR-72M, 3 P-48 large; 3 Inter-
ceptor(.
Amph: LCT: 1; LOVE 2.

PARA-MILITARY: Gendarmerie 1,200.
(On order Osprey-chss fast patrol vessel,
1 EDIC-700 410-ton LCT (1986).)

SENEGAMBIA MR/SAR: 1 EMB-111 maritime Bandeirante,
In December 1983 a confédéral defence budget was 1 DHC-6 Twin Otter.
Tpfc 1 sqn with 1 Boeing 727-200, 1 Aérospatiale
introduced. In 1985/6 it was fr CFA 3.274 bn.
Caravelle (VIP); 5 C-47 (Douglas DC-3), 6
Fokker F-27-400M.
Trg: incl 6 Fouga Magister, 1 Reims Cessna F-337;
SENEGAL It 6 Socata R-235G.
HeL incl 1 SA-341 Gazelle, 1 SA-330 Puma,
GDP 2 SA-315B Alouette II.
1983/4: fr 977.7 bn ($2.566 bn)
1984/5: fr 1,015.0 bn ($2.323 bn)
growth 1984: 4.7% 1985: 3.8% PARA-MILITARY: 6,800 Gendarmerie: 12 VXB-170
Inflation 1983: 11.6% 1984: 11.8% APC Customs: 17 coastal patrol craft (11 armed).
Debt 1983: $1.5 bn 1984: $1.8 bn
Defbdgt 1984/5: fr 28.097 bn ($64.301 m)
1985/6: fr 28.379 bn ($63.168 m)
FMA 1985: $3.0 m 1986: $2.9 m THE GAMBIA
$l=fr (1982): 328.61 (1983): 381.06
(1984): 436.96 (1985): 449.26 GDP 1983/4: D 614.6 m ($208.778 m)
fr = francs CFA 1984/5: D 625.1 m ($152.712 m)
Population: 6,694,000 growth 1983/4: 6.0% 1984/5: 1.7%
Inflation 1982/3: 10.2% 1983/4: 6.4%
18-30 31-45 Debt 1983: • $163.0 m
Men: 730,000 353,000 Defbdgt 1985/6: D 7.8 m ($2.210 m)
Women: 731,000 513,000 Defexp 1983/4: D 3.0 m ($1.019 m)
$1=D (1982/3): 2.4759 (1983/4): 2.9438
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: (1984/5): 4.0933 (1985/6): 3.5289
Regular 9,700. D = dalasi
Terms of service, conscription, 2 years selective. Population: 695,000
Reserve: exists, no details known. 18-30 31-45
Men: 77,700 65,600
ARMY: 8,500 (mostly conscripts).
Women: 78,700 59,500
4 Military Zone HQ.
7 inf bns.
1 engrbn. TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
1 Presidential Guard (horsed). Regulan (600).
Terms of service, voluntary, some compulsory AIR: 100; 2 combat ac.
conditions authorized. MR ac 1 BN-2 Defender, 1 Fairchild Merlin mB.
Tpt 2 BN-2 Islander, 2 Socata R-235.
ARMY: (125). HeL 2 SA-316 Alouette III.
1 inf coy (with Confédéral Army).
GENDARMERIE: 400.
PARA-MIUTARY: People's Militia 900.
Equipment:
Recce: 8 Ferret. RU 4 M-20 3.5-in. (89mm).
MARINE: 50. SIERRA LEONE
Base. Banjul.
Patrol boats: 2 coastal (: GDP 1982/3: Le 1.939 bn ($1.536 bn)
1 31-ton Tracker, 1 17-ton Lance. 1983/4: Le 2.762 bn ($1.180 bn)
growth 1982/3: -1.8%
AIR: 25. Inflation 1983/4: 73.0% 1984/5: 68.0%
Tpt 1 Short Skyvan 3M, 1 BN-2 Defender. Debt 1983: $400.0 mi
Defbdgt 1983/4: Le 24.0 m ($9.562 m)
1984/5: Le 26.8 m ($8.532 m)
$ l = L e (1982/3): 1.2626 (1983/4): 2.5100

SEYCHELLES (1984/5): 3.1412
Le = Leones
GDP 1983: SR 993.4 m ($146.788 m) Population: 4,016,000
1984e: SR 1.050 bn ($148.748 m) 18-30 31-45
growth 1982: -0.5% 1983: 1.0% Men: 359,000 281,000
Inflation 1984: 3.2% 1985: 0.9% Women: 370,000 285,000
Debt 1983: $71.8 m
Defbdgt 1985: SR 60.0 m ($8.410 m)
1986: SR 70.6 m ($11.418 m) TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
$1 = (1983): 7.7676 (1984): 7.0589 Regulan 3,100.
Terms of service, voluntary.
(1985): 7.1343 (1986): 6.1833
SR = Seychelles rupees
ARMY: 3,000.
Population: 68,200 2 inf bns.
18-30 31-45 2artybtys.
Men: 9,200 4,800 1 engr sqn.
Women: 9,100 3,800 Equipment:
AFV: recce: 4 Saladin. APC 10 MOWAG Piranha.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES (all services form part mor 60mm, 81mm.
of the Army): ATK: RCL- 84mm: Carl Gustav.
Regular 1,200. AD: SAM: SA-7.
Terms of service, conscription: 2 years.
NAVY: 100 (coastguard).
ARMY: 1,000. Base. Freetown.
1 inf bn. Patrol boat 1 Tracker H(.
2 arty tps.
Spt coy. . PARA-MILITARY: 800.
Equipment: State Security Division: 1 special forces bn.
AFV: recce: 6 BRDM-2, (?8) Shorland.
Arty: guns: 122mm: 3 D-30/M-1963. MRU 122mm: 4
BM-21. mor 82mm: 6 M-1937.
RU RPG-7. SAM: SA-7. SOMALI REPUBLIC
MARINE: 100. GDP 1983c S sh 20.0 bn ($1.267 bn)
Base. Port Victoria. 1984c S sh 23.0 bn ($1.149 bn)
Patrol craft: 4: 1 Fr Sinus, 1 It FPB-42; 2 Zhuk, growth 1985: 4.0%
1 coastal(. Inflation 1984: 92.0% 1985: 37.8%
Amph: LCT: 1. Debt 1984c $1.6 bn 1985c $2.0 bn
Defbdgt 1984: S sh 2.601 bn ($129.927 m) Trg: ind 2 MiG-15UTI, 4 SF-260W.

Defexp 1985e: S sh 5.300 bn ($134.221 m) AAM:AA-2 Atoll.
FMA 1984: $33.0 m 1985: $35.0 m (On order SIAIS-211 COIN, 6 CASA C-212 tpt ac, 4
$1 = Ssh (1982): 10.7504 (1983): 15.7877 Agusta-Bell hel.)
(1984): 20.0190 (1985): 39.4870
S sh = Somali shillings
PARA-MIUTARY: 29,500.
Population: 6,728,000 Police 8,000; 2 Do-28 ac.
18-30 31-45 Bolder Guards 1,500.
Men: 532,000 383,000 People's Militia 20,000.
Women: 535,000 392,000
OPPOSITION:
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: Democratic Front for the Salvation of Somalia
Regular 42,700. (DFSS) perhaps 1,200.
Terms of service, conscription (males 18—40), 18 Somali National Movement (SNM).
months selective.
* Spares are short, particularly for Soviet eqpt, and much
ARMY: 40,000 (730,000 conscripts). eqpt is unserviceable.
4 'corps', 12 'div' HQ (formations in name only, all

well below strength in units, men and eqpt).
2 tk 'bdes' (bns).
28 mech inf 'bdes' (bns) (?3 mech). SOUTH AFRICA
3 cdo 'bdes' (bns).
1 SAM bde. GDP 1984: R 105.413 bn ($64.893 bn)
30 fd, 1 AA arty bns. 1985: R 119.060 bn ($59.817 bn)
Equipment:* growth 1984: 5.0% 1985: -1.0%
Inflation 1984: 13.2% 1985: 19.0%
Tks: 31 T-34, 50 T-54/-55, 100 M-47, 30 Cen-
Debt 1984: $24.0 bn 1985: $24.0 bn
turion.
Defbdgt* 1985/6: 4.274 bn ($2.147 bn)
AFV: recce: 32 BRDM-2, 15 AML-90.
1986/7: 5.123 bn ($2.012 bn)
APC 65 BTR-40/-50/-60, 100 BTR-152, 22 M-113
Def exp 1985/6: R 4.519 bn ($2.270 bn)
with TOW, 330 Fiat 6614/6616. $1=R (1983/4): 1.1480 (1984/5): 1.6244
Arty: guns/how: about 100: 76mm: M-1942; 85mm: (1985/6): 1.9904 (1986): 2.5458
D-44; 100mm: M-1944; 122mm: 80 M-1938. R = rand
how. 105mm; 155mm: 12 M-198.
mor 81mm: M-1941; 120mm: 50 M-1943. Population: 29,556,000
ATK: RL 300 STRIM-&9. RCL 106mm: M-40. ATGVK (Black: 15,589,000; White: 4,679,000; Col-
100 Milan. oured: 2,859,000; Asian: 822,000; Homelands:
AD: guns: 23mm: ZU-23, 4 ZSU-23-4 SP; 37mm: 5,617,000)
M-1939; 57mm: S-60; 100mm: KS-19. 18-30 31-45
SAM: 40 SA-2, 10 SA-3, SA-7. Men: 3,802,000 2,920,000
Women: 3,793,000 2,766,000
NAVY 700*
Bases: Berbera, Mogadishu, Kismayu. TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
FAC(G): 3 Osa-ll with 4 SS-N-2 SSM.
Regular 106,400 (ind 64,000 National Service).
FAC(T): 4 Mol.
Patrol craft 5 Poluchat large(. Terms of service, maximum 24 months (selective)
Amph: LCT. 1 Polnocny, LCWU 4 T-4. active National Service, followed by mandatory
active Reserve Service of up to 720 days over 6
AIR FORCE: 2,000; 63 combat ac* 2-year cycles (120 days each) in Citizen Force.
FGA: 3 sqns with 9 Mikoyan-Guryevich Reserves: 317,000.
MiG-17, 10 BAe Hunter FGA-76, 2 T-77. Active Reserves: 167,000: Army 140,000; Navy
Ftr 3 sqns with 6 MÏG-21MF, 30 Shenyang J-6. 2,000; Air 25,000.
COIN: 1 sqn with 6 SIAI-Marchetti SF-260W. National Reserves: 150,000: after Citizen Force
Tpt 1 sqn with 5 BN-2 Islander, 2 Antonov An-24/- service and depending upon place of residence,
26, 4 Aeritalia G-222, 4 Piaggio reservists then serve 5 years in National
P-166-PL3 recce/tpt Reserve and may be allocated to either Active
Hel: 1 sqn with 6 Mil (4 Mi-4,2 Mi-8), 4 Agusta-Bell Citizen Force Reserve or Commando Force,
AB-212 (2 VIP). where they serve 12 days a year up to age 55 or
on transfer to the National Reserve where they 9 MOD {Minister of Defence) (ites/zç/7Saar-4-type)
may elect to serve to age 65. with 6 Skorpioen {Gabriel-type) SSM;
3 Dvora-type with 2 Skorpioen.
ARMY: 76,400. Regulars: 18,400 (12,000 White, Patrol craft: 4 Br Ford, 4 mod Ton, 1 other large; 30
5,400 Black and Coloured, 1,000 women). Namacurra armed harbour.
National Service: 58,000. Part-time Citizen Force MCMV: 6: 3 Br Ton minesweepers, 3 Ton mine-
and Commando. hunters.
11 territorial commands. 1 fleet replenishment ship (with hel deck; 2 hel).
1 Corps HQ 1 ocean (2 hel), 1 inshore hydrographie ships.
1 corps arty bde (2 med, 2 loc regts). (On order 3 MOD, some 3 Dvora-typs FAQG).)
1 armd div HQ. MARINES: (900; 600 conscripts).
1 armd bde (2 tk, 2 armd car, 1 mech inf bns).f 9 local harbour defence units.
1 mech bde (1 tk, 1 armd car, 2 mot inf bns).f
1 mot bde (2nd to form) (3 inf, 1 armd car bns)t AIR FORCE: 13,000 (2,000 conscripts); 372 combat
3 fd arty bns, 1 It AA arty regt (-). ac (ind 93 with Citizen Force), some 16 armed hel.
1 engr regt (+), 5 fd engr sqns. 3 Territorial Area Commands; Trg, Tac Spt, Log
1 inf div HQ Commands.
3 mot bdes (each with 3 inf, 1 tk, 1 armd car bnsVf Bbrs: 2 sqns:
2 arty bns. 1 with 5 BAe Canberra B(J)12, 3 T-4;

1 It AA regt (3 btys (1 cadre)). 1 with 6 BAe Buccaneer S-50.
Sigs, spt units. FGA: 4 sqns with 32 Dassault Mirage F-1AZ,
4 fd, 1 med, 4+ It AA regts, some 7 engr sqns, all at 80 Aermacchi MB-326M/K Impala VU.
partial strength. FGA/interceptor/recce 2 Mirage sqns:
1 with 12 F-1CZ, 1 AD with 19 mCZ/EZ;
1 special recce regt lfltwith6fflRZ/R2Z
1 AA missile regt (3 Crotale, 3 Tigercat btys). Hel: 7 sqns with 14 SA-321 Super Frelon,
3 sigs regts, 3 sigs sqns. 50 SA-330 Puma, 80 SA-316C Alouette JE.
1 para bde (3 para bns) (Quick Reaction Force). Tpt 3 sqns:
1 task force (SW Africa). 1 with 6 C-130B Hercules, 9 Transall C-160Z;
Equipment: 1 with 5 BAe (4 HS-125 Mercurius, 1 Viscount 781);
Tks: some 250 Centurion/Olifant. 1 with 12 G47 (Douglas DC-3).
AFV: recce: 1,600 Eland (90mm gun, 60mm mor). liaison: 3 sqns with 15 AM-3C Bosbok, 25 Atlas
MICV: 1,500 /?ate/(20mm/60mm/90mm gun). CAM Kudu, 20 Cessna 185.
APE 1,500 ind Buffalo, Hippo, Rhino, Samil, Recce/Mft 2 sqns:
Lynx (wheeled). 1 with some 8 C-47;
Arty: gun/how: 155mm: 40 G-5 towed 1 with 20 Piaggio P-166S-DL3MAR.
how: 25-pdr (88mm): 30; 5.5-in (140mm): 75 Some C-130 have a MR role.
G-2; 155mm: (?10)G-6SP. Attack/tog: 1 sqn with 24 Impala Vu.
MRC 127mm: 20 Valkiri SP. Trg: 1 sqn with G47 and P-166 Albatross.
mon 81mm; 120mm: 120. ASW: 1 hel sqn with 10 Westland Wasp HAS-1, 6
ATK: RCU 84mm, 106mm. guns 6-pdr (57mm); Alouette m.
17-pdr (76mm); 90mm: M-67. Training Command (ind OCU):
ATGW:SS-11, \20 ENTAC. 6 schools: ac 80 T-6G Harvard DAM,
AD: guns 20mm; 35mm: 55 K-63 twin; 40mm: 25 39 Impala LfJ, 25 Mirage JE (some 10 EZ, some
1770; 3.7-in (94mm): 15. R2Z, some 12 D2Z), 12 C-47;
SANK 20 Cactus {Crotale), 54 Tigercat. het 30 Alouette D/m.
Some captured SA-9 SAM and ZU-23-2 AA guns Reserves 93 Impala COIN ac, 15 H 0 0 Hercules (civil
reported in service. freight ac).
AAMfc R-530, R-550 Magic, Sidewinder, Kukri V-3
NAVY: 9,000, ind 900 marines, 4,000 con- {Sidewinder-type).
scripts. AS1VLAS-20/30.
Two Commands: Western (HQ, Cape Town); (On order. 4 Partenavia (3 AP-68 Spartacus (liaison/
Eastern (HQ, Durban). tpt), 1 P-68 Observer (patrol)) ac.)
Bases: Simonstown, Durban.
Subs: 3 Daphne. Medical Corps: 8,000.
Frigates: 1 President (Br Type-12) ASW with
1 Wasp hel (trg). SOUTH WEST AFRICA TERRITORY FORCE
FAC(G): 12: (SWATF): (21,000).
136 SURSAHARAN AFRICA
Conscription: 24 months (all race groups), Population 21,993,000

selective, with Citizen Force (Reserve) 18-30 31-45
commitment Men: 2,250,000 1,613,000
Four Area Commands: 27 Area Force units (similar to Women: 2,322,000 1,678,000
South African Commandos).
1 engr, 1 sigs bns.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES
1 mounted specialized unit
7 It inf bns. Regulan 40,350 (perhaps 20,000 conscripts).
1 paraba Terms of service, national service incl civil duties,
Air. 1 sqn It ac (Citizen Force). 2 years.
Mobile Reserve: 1 mot inf bde (3 mot inf, Reserve: 10,000: armed elm of Citizens Militia.
1 armd car, 1 arty bns, spt units). 1 mot, 4 It inf bn
Regulars, rest Citizen Force; 3 trg units; ARMY: 38,500 (some 20,000 conscripts).
3 div HQ.
1 engr, 1 sigs bns. 8infbdes.
Para-Military. Industrial Defence units.
ltkbde.
2 fd arty bns, 2 AA arty bns (6 btys).
PARA-MILITARY: 2 mor bns.
Commandos 130,000, inf brrtype protective units in for- 1 SAM bn with SA-3, SA-6.
2ATKbns.
mations of 5+; 12 months initial, 19 days annual trg.
Air Commando 20,000; 13 sqns with private ac. 2 sigs bns.
Equipment
South African Police 35,500 (19,500 White, 16,000
Non-white), Police Reserves 20,000. Tks 30 Ch Type-59.
Coastguard to form; 7 MR ac planned It 30 Ch Type-62, 36 Scorpion.
AFV:recCK20 BRDM-2. APC 50 BTR-40/-152.
OPPOSITION: Arty: guns 76mm: 40 ZIS-3; 122mm: 200; 130mm:
South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) 50. MRU 122mm: 50 BM-21.
combat wing People's liberation Army of Namibia mon 350: 82mm; 120mm.
(PLAN): (?8,900) 90% Ovambo. Deployment most ATK: RCL 75mm: 540 Ch Type-52.
units in central Angola against UNITA and on rail line AD: guns 14.5mm: 280 ZPU-2/-4; 23mm: 40 ZU-23;
security, remainder (?1,500) in southern Angola. 37mm: 120 Ch Type-55.
Possibly 7 field bns APC BTR. ATGW: RPG-7. SANE 9 SA-3, 12 SA-6, SA-7.
SAM: SA-7.
African National Congress (ANC): combat wing: NAVY: 850.
Umkhonto we Sizwe. perhaps 10,000 trained; up to Bases. Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar.
3,000 based in Angola. FAG 6 Ch Shanghcd-IL
Paöol craft 14 coastal(: 1 GDR Schwalbe, 2 GDR
Pan Africanist Congress (PAC): Azanian People's lib- MB-13 50-ton, 3 Ch Yulin, 4 N. Korean Nampo
eration Army: Tinactive. mod LCA; 4 Vosper Thornycroft 75-ft in Zanzibar.
* Exd intelligence and internal security force budget
t At partial strength; divs would be brought to full strength AIR FORCE 1,000; 29 combat ac.
Fte 3 sqns with 11 Xian J-7,18 Shenyang (15 J-6,3 J-4).
on mobilization of Citizen Force.
Tpt 1 sqn with 3 BAe (1 HS-125-700, 2 HS-748), 6
DHC-5D Buffalo, 1 Antonov An-2.
Tig: 2 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-15UTL. 6 Piper
Cherokee, 8 Cessna (6 310, 2 404), some Piaggjo
P-149D.
TANZANIA Hefc 2 Bell 47G, 16 Agusta-Bell (7 AB-205,
9 AB-206).
GDP 1982/3: sh 65.976 bn ($6.758 bn) (On order An-26, An-32 tpt ac.)
1983/4: sh 75.658 bn ($5.983 bn)
growth 1983: -0.4% 1984: 2.5% Forces Abroad: Mozambique 50 (trg team); up to
Inflation 1983: 26.0% 1984: 36.0% 3,000 reported on border in combat patrols.
Debt 1983: $1.8 bn 1984: $2.1 bn
Defexp 1983/4E sh 1.55 bn ($122.578 m)
1984/5K sh 1.85 bn ($103.497 m) PARA-MILITARY:
$l=sh (1981/2): 8.6468 (1982/3): 9.762 Police Field Force 1,400.
(1983/2): 12.6450 (1984/5): 17.875 Police Marine Unit (100).
sh = Tanzanian shilling Citizen's Militia; 100,000.
SUBSAHARAN AFRICA 137
TOGO UGANDA
GDP 1983: fr 284.20 bn ($745.814 m)
1984: fr 292.10 bn ($668.482 m) GDP 1983s sh 541.36 bn ($4.901 bn)
growth 1982: -2.3% 1983: -7.9% 1984s sh 778.50 bn ($3.355 bn)
Inflation 1984: -3.6% 1985: -1.8% growth 1983: 5.0% 1984: 5.8%
Debt 1984G $900.0 m 1985E $1.0 bn Inflation 1984: 38.0% 1985s 150.0%
Defbdgt 1985e fr 8.20 bn ($18.252 m). Debt 1984: $820.0 m 1985: $1.0 bn
1986c fr 8.50 bn ($24.035 m) Defexp* 1983/4E sh 20.40 bn ($87.905 m)
$l=fr (1983): 381.06 (1984): 436.96 1984/5E sh 1923 bn ($37.859 m)
(1985): 449.26 (1986): 353.65 $l=sh (1981/2>. 84.158 (1982/3): 110.458
fr = francs CFA (1983/4): 232070 (1984/5): 507.905
sh = Ugandan shillings
18-30 31-45 Population: 15,224,000
Men: 281,000 195,000 18-30 31-45
Women: 340,000 231,000 Men: 1,540,000 1,047,000
Women: 1,578,000 1,064,000
TOTAL ARMED FORCES (ail services, ind TOTAL ARMED FORCES:

Gendarmerie, form part of the Army): Regular Total strength unknown; was 6,000, believed
Regulan 5,110 (ind Gendarmerie). absorbing elms of other groups ind Federal Demo-
Terms of service, conscription, 2 years (selective). cratic Movement
National Resistance Army (NRA): loosely org in bdes
ARMY: 4,000. and bns, mostly equipped with small arms, some hy
2 infregts: machine guns; absorbing former Ugandan Army
1 with 1 mech bn, 1 mot bn; (UNlA)eqpt
1 with 2 armd sqns, 3 inf coys; spt units (trg). Terms of service, voluntary.
1 Presidential Guard regt 2 bns (1 cdo), 2 coys. Equqmentf in<±
1 para cdo regt 3 coys. Tks 10 T-34/-54/-55,3 M-4.
1 spt regt 1 fdartybty;2AAartybtys; 1 log/tpt/engrbn. APG 150: BTR-40/-152, OT-64, Saracen.
Equipment: Arty: guns 76mm: 60; 122mm: 20.
Tks: 7 T-34, 2 T-54/-55.
ATOM 40 AT-3 Sagger.
AFV: recce 6 M-8, 3 M-20, 3 AMLr60, 7 -90,
36 EE-9 Cascavel. AD: guns 40:23mm, 37mm. SANE SA-7.
APC 4 M-3A1, 30 UR-416. Ac 6 FFA AS-202 Bravo trg.
Arty: guns 105mm: 4 HM-2 Attitudes to present government of former opposition
mor. 81/82mm: 20. elms — Uganda National Rescue Front (UNRF,
ATK: RCL 57mm: 5 ZIS-2; 75mm: 12 Ch (72,000) in North), Uganda Freedom Movement
Type-52/-56; 85mm: 10 Ch Type-65. (UFM) — are undear.
AD: guns 14.5mm: 38 ZPU-4; 37mm: 5 M-39.
* Exd internal security services.'
t Serviceability doubtful
NAVY: 100.
Base. Lomé.
Patrol craft 2 coastal(.
ZAIRE
AIR FORCE 260; some 11 combat ac.
COIN: 6 EMB-326GC Xavante.
COIN/trg: 5 Breguet/Domier^//jfei/ct GDP 1983: Z 59.134 bn ($4.588 bn)
Tpfc 1 Boeing 727, 2 DHC-5D Buffalo, 1 Fokker 1984: Z 99.583 bn ($2756 bn)
F-28-1000. growth 1983: 1.3% 1984: 27%
Tig: 3 TB-30 Epsilon, Inflation 1984: 17.7% 1985: 20.0%
Itl Debt 1984: $5.8 bn 1985: $4.7 bn
HeL 1 SA-330 Puma, 2 SA-315 Lama. Defexp 1983: Z 1.80 bn ($139.654 m)
1984e Z 1.95 bn ($57.734 m)
FMA 1984: $7.7 m 1985: $15.0 m
PARA-MILITARY: 1,550: $1=Z (1982): 5.750 (1983): 12.889
Gendarmerie 750; 2 regional sections, 1 mobile sqa (1984): 36.129 (1985): 49.873
Presidential Guard 800. Z = zaires
138 SUBSAHARAN AFRICA
Population: 31,600,000 ZAMBIA

18-30 31-45
Men: 360,000 2,429,000 GDP 1983: K 4.181 bn ($3.343 bn)
Women: 3,493,000 2,566,000 1984: K 4.733 bn ($1638 bn)
growth 1983: - 2 0 % 1984: -1.3%
Inflation 1983: 20.0% 1984: 20.0%
TOTAL ARMED FORCES Debt 1984: $28 bn 1985: $3.1 bn
Regular 50,400 (ind Gendarmerie). $1 = K (1982): 0.9282 (1983): 12506
Terms of service, voluntaiy. (1984): 1.7944 (1985): 27137
K = kwacha
ARMY: 22,000. Population: 6,958,000
3 Military Regions.
18-30 31-45
linfdiv(3infbdes).
Men: 699,000 427,000
1 Special Forces div:
Women: 738,000 496,000
1 para bde (3 para, 1 spt bns) (2nd to form).
1 special force (cdo/OOlN) bde.
1 Presidential Guard bde. TOTAL ARMED FORCES
1 indep armd bde. Regular 16200.
2 indep inf bdes (each 3 inf bns, 1 spt bn). Terms of service, voluntary.
Equipment:
T k s some 50 Ch Type-62
AFV: recce 95 AMLr60, 60 -90. ARMY: 15,000.
APC 12 M-l 13,12 K-63, 60 M-3. 1 armd regt (ind 1 armd recce bn).
Arty: 9 inf bns (3 Reserve).
guns/how. 75mm: 30 pack; 85mm: 20 Type 56; 3 arty btys, 2 AA arty btys.
122mm: 20 M-1938/D-30; 130mm: 8 Type 59. 1 engr bn, 2 sigs sqns.
MRL 107mm: 20 Type 63.
mor 81mm; 42-in (107mm); 120mm: ?100. T k s 3ft T-54/55, Ch Type-59. It 30 PT-76.
RCU 57mm, 75mm, 106mm, 107mm. AFV: recce 60 BRDM-1/-2 APC 13 BTR-60.
AD: guns: 12.7mm, 14.5mm, 20mm, M-l 939 Arty: guns 76mm: 30; 130mm: 25.
37mm, 40mm. how: 105mm: 18 pack; 122mm: 25 D-30.
MRL 122mm: 50 BM-21.
ATK: RCL 57mm: 12 M-l 8; 75mm: M-20; 84mm: Carl
NAVY: 900 ind marines.
Bases: Banana, Matadi (coast), Kinshasa (river),
Gustav. ATGVK AT-3 Sagger.
AD: guns 20mm: 50 M-55 triple; 37mm: 40 M-1939;
Kalémié (lake).
57mm: 55 S-60; 85mm: 16 KS-12 SAW SA-7.
FAG 4 Ch Shanghai EL
Patrol craft: 4 Huchuan hydrofoils(.
AIR FORCE: 1200,43 combat ac.
MARINES: (600). FGA:2sqns:
1 with 12 Shenyang J-6;
AIR FORCE; 2,500; 20 combat ac 1 with 13 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-21.
Ftn 1 sqn with 8 Dassault Mirage 5M/5DM. COIN/toç
COIN: 2 sqns with 6 Aermacchi MB-326K, 6 North 1 sqn with 18 Aermacchi MB-326GB.
American AT-6G. Tpt 2 sqns:
Tpt 1 wingwith6&130HHerc«fes;2DHC-3Cter,2 1 with 9 Domier Dcv28;
DHC-5 Buffalo, 8 G47 (Dougbs DC-3X 2 1 with 6 DHC-2 Beaver, 5 DHC-4 Caribou, 6 DHC-
Mitsubishi MU-2J, 1 Dassault Fakon-20. SDBuffakr,
HeL- 1 sqn with 3 SA-319B Alouette m , 9 SA-330 1 VTP fit whh 2 Yakovlev Yak-40,1 BAe/HS-748.
Puma, 1 AS-332L Super Puma, 1 SA-321 Super Tig: ind 8 SIAI-Marchetti SF-260MZ, 20 SAAB Safari,
2 Ch BT-3,10 SOKO JastrA/Gdéb.
Frelon (VIP).
Hefc 1 sqn with 8 Agusta-Bdl (3 AB-205A, 3 AB-206,2
Tig: ind 21 Cessna (9 310, 12 150), 8 MB-326GB, 9
AB-212X 20 Bell 47G, 11 Mil Mi-8.
SIAI-Marchetu" SF-26OMC
SAM: lbn;3btvs:SA-3 Goo.
(On order SAIS211 œiN^4FokkerF-27-500tptac.)
PARA-MILITARY: PARA-MILITARY: 1200.

Gendarmerie 25,000 (to be 27,000); 40 bns. Police Mobile Unit (PMU) 700; 1 bn of 4 coys.
Civil Guard 25,000. Police Para-Military Unit (PPMU) 500; 1 bn of 3 coys.
SUBSAHARAN AFRICA 139
ZIMBABWE Arty: gun/how: 76mm: M-1942; 25-pdr (88mm): 24;

105mm: 18 M-56 pack; 122mm: 16 Ch Type-60.
GDP 1983/4E $Z 7.590 bn($US 6.929 bn) mor. 81mm: 100; 82mm; 120mm: 4.
1984/5e $Z 8.008 bn($US 5.456 bn) ATK: Rd; 107mm: 12
growth 1984: 1.0% 1985: 6.0% AD: guns 14.5mm; 20mm: M-55; 23mm: ZU-23;
Inflation 1984: 25.0% 1985: 10.0% 37mm: M-1939. SAM: SA-7.
Debt 1984: $US29bn 1985: $US3.0bn
Defbdgt 1984/5: $Z 367.00m ($US 250.065m)
1985/6: $Z 457.80m ($US 281.330m) AIR FORCE 1,000; some 49 combat ac; perhaps 25
$ 1 = $ Z (1982/3): 0.8666 (1983/4): 1.0954 operational (est numbers in parentheses).
(1984/5): 1.4676 (1985/6): 1.6273 Bbrs 1 sqn with 5 BAe Canberra B-2 2 T-4 (0).
FGA:2sqns:
Population: 8,733,000 1 with 13 BAe Hunter FGA-9 (10);
18-30 31-45 1 with 12 Xian J-7 (forming).
Men: 884,000 480,000
Ftn 1 sqn with 7 BAe Hawk T-54 (3).
Women: 891,000 534,000
COINtecce 1 sqn with 10 Cessna 337 (O-2) Lynx (3).
Trg/recce/liaison: 2 sqns with 12 SIAJ- Marchera
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: SF-260W/C/B Genet, 5 SF-260TP (?10 in all).
Regular 42,000. Tpfc 1 sqn with 6 CASA C-212-200 (VTP) (2), 12 C-47
Terms of service, conscription; term unknown. (Douglas DC-3) (6), 6 BN-2 Islander (6).
ARMY: 41,000. Het 2 sqns with 10 SA-315B/316 Abwette D/ffl, 6 BeD/AB
7 bde HQ (ind 1 Presidential Guard). 205A (4 afl types), 10 Agusta-BeD AB412 (VIP) (4).
1 armdregt Security: 2 sqns.
23 inf bns (ind 3 Guard, 1 mech, 1 odo, 2 para). (On order 6 SF260 COIN/trg ac.)
1 arty regt.
1 AD regt (2 btys). Forces Abroad: Mozambique: some 5,000 (varies).
7 engr, 7 sigs sqns.
Equipment:
Tfcs8T-54,35ChT-59. PARA-MILITARY: 38,000:
AFV: recce 90 EB-9 Cascavel(90mm gun), 28 AML-90 Zimbabwe Republic Police Force, ind Air Wing, 15,000.
Eland, 4 Ferret, BRDM-2 Police Support Unit 3,000.
APC 15 BTR-152,10 Ch Type-63. National Militia 20,000.
This article was downloaded by: [Florida State University]
On: 27 December 2014, At: 15:47

Asia and Australasia

To cite this article: (1986) Asia and Australasia, The Military Balance, 86:1, 140-173, DOI: 10.1080/04597228608459976
the Content.
140
Asia and Australasia
(1) CHINA
Chinese defence policy long maintained a balance, at times uneasy, between two concepts:
nuclear force to deter strategic attack, and People's War, involving large scale mobilization,
to deter or repel conventional invasion.
Though some conservatives remain, most of today's leadership has recognized that coun-
tering a Soviet limited thrust is probably the most difficult problem facing the People's Lib-
eration Army (PLA). The need to modernize has been recognized. Re-equipment and reor-
ganization programmes are being implemented. Older officers are being retired and a
greater degree of professionalism is being encouraged.
The conventional arms inventory of the PLA, technically much less advanced than that of
wealthier nations, is being gradually updated by replacing Soviet and Soviet-type equipment
with indigenous designs, often incorporating some Western technology, or by renovating
Downloaded by [Florida State University] at 15:47 27 December 2014
older equipment. China has also purchased computers and radars from western countries
and is negotiating the purchase of a wide range of military equipment. Brazil has licenced
China to produce APCs. Britain has sold aircraft engines, artillery and fire control equip-
ment and radar. France has sold helicopters, ASW systems and radar. The United States
has agreed to sell helicopters, naval engines, artillery ammunition components and blue-
prints and designs for an artillery ammunition plant. Purchases are often small, represent-
ing little more than 'samples'. China appears to wish to examine not only the operational
characteristics of the Western systems but also the technologies involved in their manufac-
ture. Given the magnitude of the task of modernization, and the competing demands for
foreign exchange, large-scale procurement of foreign equipment appears unlikely. The PLA
does need knowledge of the latest foreign military technology. Should China decide to
initiate domestic production of modern weapon systems, details of materials technology
must also be acquired. Small samples can do much to provide this but complex systems
could be most cheaply provided only if Beijing were to seek licence co-production contracts
which included advice and assistance in the production of the basic raw materials as well as
in the manufacture and assembly of individual systems. Such contracts would carry with
them political and economic costs insofar as relations between the Western supplier and
other Far Eastern nations are concerned.
Despite the period of economic readjustment which has led to a succession of cuts in the
defence budget since 1980, this year's budget again shows a small increase (which will cer-
tainly be swallowed by inflation). Thus the pace of modernization will continue to be slow,
although much is being done to make the forces more professional and efficient — through
reorganization, better training and scrapping of civil production quotas. The PLA is also
benefiting from the general modernization of Chinese industry.
Nuclear Weapons
The Military Affairs Committee (MAC) of the Chinese Communist Party directly controls
the Strategic Rocket Forces which include ICBMs, SLBMs and bombers. Modernization con-
tinues but appears to be concentrating on propulsion and, perhaps, guidance. No new
nuclear tests have been recorded since 1984. By that time 27 tests had been atmospheric;
there may have been as many as five underground tests. China announced in March 1986
that it would not again test in the atmosphere.
Two types of ICBM are deployed in only small numbers, one (DF-5) with a range of some
15,000 km, the other (DF-4) some 7,000 km. No indication has been received of the deploy-
ment of multiple warheads, but a missile — the Long March (CZ)-2 — has been successfully
used (and thus tested) as a launcher for three space research satellites, and a DF-5 was
reported in September 1985 to have been tested with a multiple warhead. So far all ballistic
missiles have been liquid-fuelled. Solid propellants, being developed, are reported to have
ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA 141
fuelled the 1980 ICBM test vehicle, may fuel the DF-5 ICBM and probably fuel the SLBM.
China's first SSBN are boats of the Xia class with 12 Julang-l (CSS-NX-4 = Giant Wave)
SLBM — a variant of the DF-3 IRBM — the range of which is reported to be of the order of
2,200—3,000 km (probably closer to the lower figure). Four more SSBN are said to be under
construction, some — perhaps a distinct Daqingyu class — being reported to have 16 launch
tubes. Some 3 Han-class nuclear-powered submarines with six missile tubes are now in ser-
vice; the cruise missile they are said to carry has been tested to a reported range of 1,600
km. Reports continue to appear of the existence of tactical nuclear munitions: artillery,
rockets and mines. A version of the Soviet FROG-1 SSM is said to be under development. If
such munitions were available, fighter aircraft could be used for tactical delivery of air-
dropped variants of them, and for longer ranges some of the Air Force's 120 H-6 medium
bombers, with a combat radius of up to 3,000 km, may be nuclear-capable.
Conventional Forces
The PLA embraces all arms and services, including naval and air elements. Essentially a
defensive force, the PLA continues to lack facilities and logistic support for protracted large-
scale operations at any significant distance outside Chinese borders.
The Armed Forces reductions continue, with the ground forces taking the brunt of the
initial cuts, while those for the Navy and Air are still to come. A 1982 programme of reor-
ganization is also in progress. The Field Armies (yezhanjun) are now 'Group Armies'
(Jituanjuri). The Regional Army has been reorganized into 7 Military Regions (MR) with 29
Military Districts (MD; or 'Provincial Military Regions'). In peacetime these Regions serve
largely an administrative function. In wartime the frontier MRs might become Fronts
(zhanxian) or combined into Strategic Sectors (zhanlu'egu). The Field Armies' Main Force
(MF) divisions are commanded by the General Staff at the Ministry of National Defence. In
wartime, command will be transferred to the Front or Strategic Sector corresponding to the
MR in which the divisions are stationed and which are already responsible for their adminis-
tration. Artillery, engineer and railway units which, until 1983, were independent are now
controlled by Departments within the Ministry of National Defence.
The Navy has added six more Type-033 diesel submarines and three Jianghu frigates. The
construction programmes for Hainan patrol craft and Shantou fast attack craft continue,
with some 60 of each now in service, but the Shanghai FAC, Huchwan hydrofoil and smaller
coastal types have all shown a varying decrease. There is a new Haiju-class fast missile craft
in service; details of its armament are still unclear. The naval air arm continues to be shore-
based, and the independent Coastal Defence Force appears to be receiving the HY-4 SSM.
The naval component remains essentially a coastal defence force, incapable of long-range
force projection. The air component of the PLA is organized into 8 Regions and 3 minor
geographic commands; combat organization is similar to the Soviet system, with air armies
of divisions of three regiments each with some 45 aircraft. It, too, remains essentially a force
with limited defence capabilities.
Major weapons systems include Type-59 MBT, Type-60/-63 amphibious and Type-62
light tanks and Type-531 APC; modified R- and W-class medium-range diesel submarines,
SSM destroyers, frigates, fast patrol boats, amphibious transports and landing craft; J-6/-7
and Q-5 fighters, SA-2-type SAM. Much of the older foreign equipment is reportedly retiring,
although its retention for training or Reserve duties is probable. Production rates are, at
best, broad estimates only. Actual rates in some categories may be considerably lower than
many such estimates suggest.
Bilateral Agreements
There is a mutual defence agreement with North Korea, dating from 1961, and an agree-
ment to provide free military aid. There are friendship and non-aggression pacts with
142 ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA
Afghanistan, Burma, Nepal (1960) and Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge). Chinese military equip-
ment and logistic support have been offered to a number of countries. Major recipients
include Albania, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan and Tanzania.
Gross National Product and Defence Expenditure

During the past few years China has exhibited remarkable economic growth, with average real
increases in GDP and GNP growth ranging between 8% and 12%. (In 1985 the GNP growth rate
amounted to about 11—12%). However, although China is now a member of the IMF, disagree-
ments still exist about assessing the size of the Chinese economy in US dollar equivalents.
This rapid economic development appears not to be reflected in the defence sector. As a
proporation of GNP and government expenditures, defence budgets have actually declined
for the past four years. As in most socialist economies, however, defence budgets are usually
presented as a single category within the state budget, and do not indicate defence-related
expenses incurred by other ministries and economic sectors. In the light of not only the
modernization efforts of the PLA, and perhaps some improvements in administrative
efficiency, but also the rapidly expanding indigenous military industries — for national con-
sumption and, especially, for export — it is difficult to assess the real costs of the defence
sector. The Central Intelligence Agency* has argued that the decreasing defence expenditure
reflects the sector's 'diminished priority' in the economic reform programme; but, while this
is true to the extent that defence remains only the fourth priority in the modernization
plans, it is also true that other sectors of the economy carry considerable military burdens,
ranging from improved health programmes to updated industrial machinery. The official
budget figures, therefore, must be seen as an indicator of the increasing efficiency of the
military administration, rather than a measurement of the actual expenditures. It would
seem likely that the process of 'streamlining', together with substantial manpower
reductions, will permit significant modernization, even with constrained budgets.
* CIA, 'China: Economic Performance in 1985', a Report presented to the Subcommittee on Economic Resources,
Competitiveness, and Security Economics of the Joint Economic Committee (Washington DC, 17 March, 1986).
CHINA
GDP 1984: yuan 1,388.0 bn ($598,276 bn) Technical volunteers can serve 8—12 more
1985: yuan 1,624.0 bn ($553,002 bn) years to maximum age 35.
growth 1984: 12.0% 1985: 10.0% Reserves: 75,377,000 (obligation to age 45). Army
Inflation 1984: 2.7% 1985: 6.0% 75,000,000; Navy 144,000; Marines 7135,000;
Debt 1983: $5.1 bn 1984: $7.2 bn Air (AD) 200,000; See also Para-military.
Def bdgt 1985: yuan 18.670 bn ($6,357 bn)
1986: yuan 20.020 bn ($6,252 bn)
STRATEGIC FORCES:
Def exp 1984: yuan 18.730 bn ($8,073 bn)
1985: yuan 19.148 bn ($6,520 bn) Offensive (Strategic Rocket Units): (100,000).
$1 =yuan(1983): 1.9757 (1984): 2.3200 (a) Missiles: org in 6 (perhaps 7) divs, regts and
(1985): 2.9367 (1986): 3.2020 bns; org varies by tnsl type.
ICBM: 6:
Population: 1,052,700,000
2 DF-5 (Dong Feng = East Wind; CSS-4);
18-30 31-45
Men: 133,180,000 103,173,000 mod tested with MIRV.
Women: 126,753,000 194,911,000 4 DF-4 (CSS-3).
IRBM: 60 DF-3 (CSS-2).
TOTAL ARMED FORCES:* MRBM:50DF-2(CSS-l).
Regular: some 2,950,000 (perhaps 1,350,000 (b) Subs:
conscripts) (being reduced; men and women 2 Xia SSBN each with 12 JL-1 (Julang = Giant
ages 18-22). Wave, CSS-NX-4; mod DF-3. Range est in
Terms of Service: selective conscription; Army, 2,200—3,000 km range — possibly 1 x 2MT
Marines 3 years; Navy 5 years, Air 4 years. warhead; in development).
(On order: ?4 SSBN; some Waqingyu, may how: 122mm: Type-54, Type-54-1 SP (Type-
have 16 launch tubes). 531 chassis); 152mm: Type-54, Type-66
Defensive:
towed; Type-81, Type-83 SP.
(a) Tracking stations: Xinjiang (covers central MRL: 4,500: 12 x 107mm: Type-63/-81 (being
Asia) and Shanxi (northern border) and a lim- replaced by 122mm); 40 x 122mm: Type-
ited shipborne anti-ship capability. 81; 24 x 122mm: Type-83, Type-81 mine-
(b) Phased-array radar complex. Ballistic missile layer; 19 x 130mm: Type-63 (incl Type-70
early warning. SP); 30 x 130: Type-82; 16 x 132mm:
(c) Air Force AD system: BM-13-16; 16 x 140mm: BM-14-16; 10 x
over 4,000 naval and air force fighters, 284mm: Type-74.
about 100 HQ-2JC Hongqi-2 {Red Flag; SA-2- mor: 14,000: 82mm: Type-53/-67, and SP;
type) SAM units 100mm: Type-71; 120mm: Type-55;
over 16,000 AA guns; 160mm: Type-56, M-160 (?Type-60).
capable of limited defence of key urban and (SSM: FROG-1 type reported under
industrial areas, military installations and development.)
weapons complexes. ATK: grenade launchers: 40mm: Type-56, -69;
(d) A civil defence shelter/evacuation/local 62mm: Type-69-l/-70-l.

defence system in Beijing and other key cities. RCU 57mm: Type-36; 75mm: Type-52/-56;
82mm: Type-65; 105mm: Type-75 SP.
ARMY: 2,110,000 (perhaps 1,075,000 conscripts) RL 90mm: Type-51.
(reductions continue). guns: 57mm: Type-55; 76mm: Type-54.
Regional Army. ATGW: HQ-73 {Hongqian 73 = Red Arrow,
7 Military Regions, 29 Military Districts Sagger-typë), SACLOS (TOW/Milan-type).
(Provincial Regions), 1 indep MD, 3 Garri- AD: guns: 15,000: 12.7mm: Type-54, -77; 14.5mm:
son Comds. Type-75, -75-1 towed, Types-56, -58, -80 twin
Group Armies: SP; 37mm: Type-55, -63 twin SP; 57mm: Type-
Some 35 Armies (46,300 men) being reorg- 59; 85mm: Type-56; 100mm: Type-59.
anized, each up to 4 inf divs, comprising: SAM: HN-5, HN-5A (SA-7 type); HQ-61
118 inf divs (some being mech ('all arms')). (Hongqian - Red Arrow) twin SP.
Spt elms, assigned to Group Armies as required.
13 armd divs (normal org 3 regts, 240 MBT). DEPLOYMENT (current re-org may alter totals):
Some 17 field arty divs. Excl arty and engrs, MF and RF divs may be:
16 AA arty divs. North-East: Shenyang MR (Heilongjiang, Jilin,
Some indep arty, AA regts. Liaoning MD):
Some 21 sigs, CW regts 11 Army HQ, ?2 msl, 5 armd, 23 inf; 13 RF.j-
20 indep recce, engr, sigs, chemical bns. North: Beijing MR (Beijing, Tianjin Garrison Dis-
50 indep engr regts. trict Comds; Nei Monggol, Hebei, Shanxi MD):
Regional Forces: 29 provinces; being reorganized ?8 Army HQ, 1 msl, 4 armd, 25 inf; 1 AB (Air
(corps org reported). Force); 13 RF.
73 divs: 70 RF (border/mountain/internal West: Lanzhou MR (incl Ningxia, Shaanxi,
defence). Gansu, Qinghai, North, South and East
3 garrison district. Xinjiang MD):
140 indep regts. ?4 Army HQ, 2 msl, 1 armd, 13 inf; 9 RFf.
Equipment: South-West: Chengdu MR (incl Sichuan, Sanxia,
Tks: 11,450: Guizhou, Yunnan, Xizang MD:
T-54 (?trg), 6,000 Type-59, T-69 (mod Type- ?4 Army HQ, 1 msl, 15 inf; 6 RF)f.
59; not incl T-69 II which is export only). South: Guangdong MR (Hubei, Hunan, Guang-
It: 1,200 Type-62, 800 Type-63 amph. dong, Guanxi, Hainan (MD-equivalent)):
AFV: APC: 2,800 Type 531, YW-534, Type-55 ?4 Army HQ, ?16 inf; 12 RFf.
(BTR-40)/-56(BTR-152)/-63, Type 77-1/-2 Centre. Jinan MR (Shandong, Henan, MD):
(Sov BTR-50PK amph); M-1984 6 x 6 ?3 Army HQ, 2 armd, 10 inf, 3 AB (Air Force);
wheeled type with 23mm; Type WZ 501 6RF.
reported, may be Sov BMP-1 mod (export East. Nanjing MR (Shanghai District; Jiangsu,
only). Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui MD):
Arty: 12,800: ?5 Army HQ, 1 armd, 16 inf; 14 RF.
guns: 85mm: Type-56; 100mm: Type-59 (fd/
ATK); 122mm: Type-60; 130mm: Type-59/- NAVY: 350,000 incl Coast Defence, Marines and
59-1 towed; 152mm: Type-66 towed. Naval Air (some 115,000 conscripts);
144 ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA
3 SSN, 113 SS/SSG, 44 major surface com- Msls: SSM: HY-2 (Haiying = Sea Eagle, Styx-
batants. type); HY-3 (7/C-101); HY-4 (Styx-type med-
Subs: range coast def msl); HY-5 (7/C-801).
SSGN: 3 Han; 6 SY-2 cruise missiles. SAM: HQ-61 (Hongqian = Red Arrow); rail-
SSG (trials): launched, radar-guided ship- and truck-
1 Type-200 'Wuhan' (Sov G-class), mounted msl (?mod HQ-2J).
1 Type-031 (Sov R-class mod), 6 - 8 C-801/ SLCM: SY-2 (SY = ? Ying) sea skimmer
SY-2 SSM. (lExocet-type) reported; may be HY-5.
SS: 112: (On order (tentative): 3 Han SSN; 9 R-class SS;
90 Type-033 (Sov R-class), 4 Liida DDG; 6 Jianghu (4 mod), 2 Jiangdong
20 W-class IV/V (?trg; 5 in reserve), FFG; H-3, Hegu FAC; 2 Cougar Marine patrol
2 Ming (mod R-class) trg. catamarans, 2 Qiongsha assault tpts, 2
Destroyers: GW: 15: Yukan LST.)
11 Type-051 Liida (Kotlin-type) with 2 triple Coastal Defence Forces: (38,000).
HY-2 SSM; Indep arty and SSM regts deployed near naval
4 Anshan (ex-Sov Gordy) with 2 twin HY-2. bases, offshore islands and other vulnerable
Frigates: 31: points.

26 GW: Guns: 85mm, 100mm, 130mm.
20 Type-037 Jianghu and 053H mod SSM: HY-2 ('CSS-N-2'), -4, SY-1 and SY-2/ C-801.
Jianghu with 2 twin HY-2 SSM; MARINES (Naval Infantry): (56,500) (30,000
2 Type-053J Jiangdong, 1 with 2 twin conscripts).
HQ-61 SAM; 9 regts (3 cadre divs):
4 Chengdu (ex-Sov Riga) with 1 twin 4 inf, 3 tk, 3 arty bns; spt elms.
HY-2 SSM; Special recce units.
5 Jiangnan (Riga-typé). Reserves: On mobilization to total 8 divs (24 inf,
Patrol escorts: 14: 9 ex-Jap, 1 ex-Br, 1 ex-Aus, 3 8 tk, 8 arty regts), 2 indep tk regts.
Ch (probably in reserve). 3 ground force divs are also assigned for amph
Patrol craft: large: 81: 60 Hainan, 1 Haijai (mod duties.
Hainan), 20 Kronshtadt, Equipment:
coastal/riven some 100: 1 Beihai, 40 Huang-pu, 40 Tks: 600 T-59. It: T-60/-63, PT-76.
Yulin, some Yingkou (with Militia), 8 other. APC:Type-531,LVT.
FAC(G): 232 with HY-2: Arty: how: Type-54 122mm. MRL Type-63.
120 Osa/Huangfen (4 msls) to be replaced by DEPLOYMENT AND BASES:
H-3, 1 Hola, 110 Houku (Hegu)(, 1 Houma Northern Naval Region:
hydrofoil (2 msls); new H-3 Haiju class North Fleet: about 500 vessels (over half (),
reported; (4 or 8 msls). incl 1 sub flotilla (2 sqns), 2 SSN, some
FAC: 355: 5 DDG; from the Yalu River to south of
290 Shanghai I/II/III/rVW, 3 Haikou, 60 Lianyungang.
Shantou; 2 Shandong( (hydrofoils). Basey. Qingdao (HQ), Liida, Liishun,
FAC(T)(: 190: Huludao, Weihai, Chengshan.
110 Huchwan I/II hydrofoils; Marines: 1 cadre div.
60 P-6, 20 P-4 (?all in reserve). East Fleet: about 750 vessels (about 400()
Patrol: new 25-m class (? Tsu Chiang) reported. including some 5 DDG with air, AD and
coastal- missile units; from south of
MCMV: 33 T-43 ocean minesweepers. Lianyungang to Dongshan.
Amph: assault tpt: 4 Qiong Sha; Bases: Ningbo (HQ), Zhoushan, Taohua
LST: 16: 3 Yukan/Zoushan, 13 Shan (ex-US Dao, Heimen, Wenzhou, Fuzhou.
1-511, -542) {Chang-Ming reported); Marines: 1 cadre div.
LSM: 45: 14 Hua (ex-US LSM-1), 30 Yuliang South Sea Fleet, about 600 vessels (some half <),
and Yuling, 1 Yudao; incl 2 sub flotillas (25 subs), 5 DDG, 200 FAC,
LSI: 4 Min (ex-US LSIL); amph; from Dongshan to Vietnamese frontier.
LCU: 370: 300 Yunnan, 45 Yuchin, 25 Yuchai; Bases: Zhanjiang (HQ), Shantou, Guangzhou,
LCT: 9 (5/6 ex-Br/US); Haikou, Yulin, Beihai.
LCM: 165 (140 ex-Br/US); Marines: 1 div (-).
hovercraft (LCAC): Dagu, Payi, Type-722 Some minor combatants are reportedly being
Jingsah types. assigned to para-military duties — People's
Spt: 10 sub (incl 1 repair), 6 other spt, 10 supply Armed Police, border guards and the militia —
ships, 23 tankers. or into reserve. Totals should be used with
caution; 800 ocean-going vessels, fishing AAM: PL-2/-2A, Atoll-type, PL-7.

trawlers and several thousand junks; some are AB: 1 corps of 3 divs:
mod and could augment existing limited 1 indep div.
sealift capacity. Spt tps incl comms, engr and CW units.
NAVAL AIR FORCE: (34,000); about 800 shore- Eqpt: 82mm, 120mm mor, 82mm RCL, 37mm
based combat act, AA guns,
Org in 3 bbr, 6 ftr divs, incl: AA arty:
Bbrs: some 50 H(Hong = bbr)-6, about 130 H-5
20 divs: 16,000 57mm, 85mm and 100mm guns;
and 11-28 torpedo-carrying and It bbrs.
Ftrs: some 600, incl J(Jian = ftr)-2 (MiG-15)/ 28 indep AD regts (100 SAM units with HQ-2,
-5/-6A7. -2J (CSA-1), HQ-61 SAM).
Recce: H-5. (On order: 3 Canadair CL-600/601 Challenger
MR/ASW: 8 ex-Sov Be-6 Madge. ac; 4 S-76 hel.)
Tpt: Y-8MP (Ch version of Antonov An-12)
(on trial).
Hel: 50 Z(Zhi = hel)-5, 12 SA-321 Super Frelon PARA-MILITARY: some 12,000,000.
ASW, 1 Z-9 (AS-365 Dauphin) on trial. Militia (Ministry of Defence).
Mise: some 60 It tpt ac; JJ-5/-6 (2-seat) trg ac. Basic Militia: some 4.3 million; men and
Naval fighters are integrated into the national women aged 18—28 who have had, or will
AD system. have, military service, grouped in the
Armed Militia; serve with the Regulars for
AIR FORCE: 490,000, incl strategic forces and
30—40 days per year; org into about 75
220,000 AD personnel (160,000 conscripts);
cadre divisions and 2,000 regts, a Naval
some 5,300 combat ac4
7 Military Air Regions, HQ Beijing. (Maritime) Militia with armed trawlers, and
Combat elms org in Armies of varying numbers a major AD component.
of air divs (each with 3 regts of 3 sqns of 3 fits Ordinary Militia: up to 6 million (ages 18—
of 4—5 ac, 1 maintenance unit, some tpt and 35), incl the Urban Militia, receive some
trg ac). basic training but are generally unarmed.
Tpt ac in regts only. Some play a local AD role; all support the
Med bbrs: 120 H-6 (some may be nuclear capable), security forces.
some reported with 2 x C-601 (sub-sonic ALCM, People's Armed Police Forces (Ministry of
HY-2 SSM derivative) anti-ship msls. Security): ex-soldiers and personnel trans-
Lt bbrs: some 500 H-5. ferred from some 4 LF divs;
FGA: ?500 MiG-15 and QiQiang = attack) -5. Internal Defence divs and 30 indep regts;
Ftrs: ?4,000, incl 400 J-5, some 60 regts with
about 3,000 J-6/B/D/E, 200 J -7/J-7M, 30 J-8. border security, patrol and internal security
Recce: 130? J-5, 90 JZ-6 (J-6 variant), 40 HZ-5 duties.
(H-5 variant) ac. Small arms; Shanghai II FAC, Hainan patrol
Tpts: some 550, incl ?300 Y(Yun = tpt)-5/An-2, craft.
?20 Y-7 (An-24), 12 Y-8 (An-12), ?75 ex-Sov
Li-2 (DC-3 type), 11-14, U-18 (to be retired), 18 * The term 'People's Liberation Army' comprises all
BAe Trident. services; the Ground, Naval and Air components of the
(It is reported that some 200 tpt ac, of PLA are listed separately for purposes of comparison,
unspecified types, are to be transferred (with t There are 2—3 divs worth of border tps in these MR.
crews) to civil aviation.) % Many Chinese aircraft designs stem from Soviet
Hel: 400: incl Z-5/-6 (mod Z-5), Z-9 (SA-365N
types. Using Chinese terms, H-5 = 11-28, H-6 = Tu-16,
Dauphin), SA-316B Alouette III, SA-321 Super
Frelon, 4 Bell 214-ST, 6 AS-332 Super Puma, J-5 = MiG-17, J-6 = MiG-19, Q-5 = MiG-19 deriva-
24 Sikorsky S-70. tive, J-7 = MiG-21 derivative, J-8 = MiG-23 deriva-
Trainers: 1,500 (some OCU) incl CJ-5/-6 (mod tive, Y-5 = An-2, Y-7 = An-24, Y-8 = An-12, CJ-5 =
CJ-5), MiG-15UTI, JJ-4/-5/-6 (mod J-4/5/6), Yak-18A ac; Z-5 = Mi-4 hel. In export models the J is
HJ-5 (H-5 trg). generally read as F.
146
(2) OTHER ASIAN AND PACIFIC COUNTRIES

Security Treaties
The United States has mutual security and co-operation treaties with Japan (1951, 1960),
the Republic of Korea (1954), the Philippines (1951, 1983), Australia and New Zealand
(1952). The Manila Pact, signed on 8 September 1954 by Australia, Britain, France, New
Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand and the United States, remains in force,
although France and Pakistan subsequently withdrew, and the South East Asia Treaty
Organization (SEATO), set up to implement it, was disbanded in 1977. The Pact calls for
action by each Party to meet the common danger posed by armed aggression, and for con-
sultation if any other threat is posed to the territory, sovereignty or political independence
of any Party. Since 1962 the US commitment to Thailand has been based on this Pact.
In 1951 Australia, New Zealand and the United States signed a tripartite treaty (ANZUS),
which came into effect on 29 April 1952 and is of indefinite duration. Each agrees to 'act to
meet the common danger' in the event of attacks on either metropolitan or island territory
of any one of them, or on their armed forces, public vessels or aircraft in the Pacific.
The 1985 refusal of the New Zealand Government to permit visits by nuclear-propelled or
nuclear-armed warships was interpreted by the US as being contrary to the spirit of the
ANZUS alliance. Direct co-operation between the US and New Zealand was suspended by the
Reagan Administration, which has stated that, as the New Zealand Government has legis-
lated to ban visits by nuclear warships, it regards itself as free of obligations under ANZUS
towards New Zealand for as long as that legislation remains in effect. Bilateral co-operation
continues between Australia and New Zealand. US—Australian links remain close.
Five-Power Defence Arrangements (Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and
Britain), relating to the defence of Malaysia and Singapore, came into effect on 1 November
1971. In the event of any externally organized or supported armed attack or threat of attack
against Malaysia or Singapore, the five governments would consult together for the purpose
of deciding what measures should be taken, jointly or separately. Britain withdrew its forces
in March 1976, but New Zealand troops remain in Singapore, as do Australian air units in
Malaysia and Singapore, with a small army component attached. Australian and New Zea-
land naval units visit Malaysia and Singapore regularly.
The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), set up in 1967 by Indonesia,
Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand and joined by Brunei in 1984, is
intended to foster regional economic development, not military co-operation. Under the
rubric of the promotion of regional peace and security it is concerned with the Vietnamese
presence in Kampuchea. It supports the Kampuchean resistance movements politically, but
reported arms transfers to the rebels are believed to result from national, rather than multi-
lateral, initiatives.
The Soviet Union has Treaties of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance with
Afghanistan (1978), India (1971), Mongolia (1966), North Korea (1961) and Vietnam
(1978). It concluded a Stationing of Forces Agreement with Afghanistan in April 1980.
Bulgaria has Friendship Treaties with Cambodia (1960), Laos (1979), Mongolia (1967) and
Vietnam (1979), as have Czechoslovakia with Laos (1980) and Vietnam (1980) and Afghan-
istan (1981), Hungary with Afghanistan (1982), and East Germany with Vietnam (1977),
Kampuchea (1980) and Afghanistan ( 1982).
The People's Republic of China has Friendship and Non-Aggression Treaties with
Afghanistan, Burma and Nepal (all 1960), and Kampuchea {Khmer Rouge) and a Treaty of
Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance with North Korea (1961).
Cuba and Vietnam signed a Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation on 5 October 1982.
Libya and North Korea signed a Treaty of Alliance or Friendship and Co-operation in
November 1982, which permits exchanges of military data, specialists and supplies. North
Korea and Tanzania have an agreement covering defence and security matters.
ASIA AND PACIFIC 147
Bilateral Agreements
The Soviet Union signed an agreement with India in December 1982 which provides for
collaboration on design and manufacture of naval vessels; other and subsequent
co-production arrangements exist. The US also has military co-operation agreements with
Australia (1951, 1963, 1974 and 1980); and a military aid agreement with Thailand. Arms
supply and production arrangements with Taiwan continue under the 1979 Taiwan
Relations Act. The US also provides continuing military aid to Indonesia, South Korea,
Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines and Thailand. There are major US bases in Japan,
South Korea and the Philippines (agreement renewed 1983), and air (B-52) and naval
refuelling facilities in north and west Australia respectively.
In 1965 Britain separated the Chagos Archipelago (which included Diego Garcia) from
Mauritius and, together with three smaller groups, established it as the British Indian Ocean
Territory (BIOT). A small British naval contingent is deployed on Diego Garcia. Agreements
in 1966, 1972 and 1976 have provided for the development of a major US naval and air
support facility with an indefinite tenure. The three smaller groups of islands have since
been turned over to the Seychelles.
Britain has a Defence Agreement with Sri Lanka (1974) and one with Brunei which pro-
vides the latter with Gurkha troops and the British forces with a training area.
Australia has an agreement and subsidiary arrangements for the development of and
assistance to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force, and currently 135 Australian personnel
are on loan to Papua New Guinea. Under a number of arrangements Australia has supplied
defence equipment to the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia and most
of the smaller Pacific Island states.
In July 1977 Vietnam and Laos signed a series of agreements which contained military
provisions and a border pact, and may have covered the stationing of Vietnamese troops in
Laos. A similar series of agreements seems to have been negotiated between Vietnam and
the Heng Samrin regime in Kampuchea in February 1979 and December 1982.
There is little real evidence on the state of Afghanistan's forces. Reports suggest they play an
increasingly active role against the Mujaheddin, which would argue that they will receive
more and perhaps better equipment. The only evidence that this has happened is the
replacement of the Su-7 by Su-22 FGA. Earlier assessments of Mi-24 Hind strengths appear
to have been high. On the other hand, reports of desertions and of failure to report for mili-
tary service when conscripted continue to indicate that morale is low. On the guerrilla side,
efforts are being made to unify guerrilla forces and co-ordinate their actions. The
Mujaheddin have suffered severe casualties in pitched battles with Government and Soviet
forces. The latter's 'scorched earth' policies have reduced the guerrillas' ability to live and
conceal themselves in the populated areas. The Mujaheddin still have trouble getting
adequate arms, particularly anti-air weapons; there is no firm evidence that the much-
heralded Stinger SAM have actually reached the groups in the field. The Government and
its Soviet ally still have not won the war. Nor have the guerrillas lost it. Yet Government
consolidation continues to improve, and the rebels are coming under increasing pressure.
The Dibb Report on the future role of the Australian forces is too recent for its impact to
be reflected in force structure changes. The roles of the Army and Air Force have received
special emphasis, and a strengthening of the Navy's submarine capability is also possible as
a result of the report.
Burma's Army has increased its efforts against the many rebel forces. Some local suc-
cesses have been reported, but no end to thé conflict is in sight, and the Government has
not been able to procure the equipment necessary to give its field units the mobility and
firepower they lack.
The Indian Army entry this year has been expanded on the basis of additional knowledge —
not as the result of any expansion ofthat Service. Deliveries of the T-72 tank order continue.
148 ASIA AND PACIFIC
The purchase of 400 Bofors FH-7B 155mm howitzers from Sweden adds a new source to
India's list of suppliers. Its Navy has bought the British Hermes ASW carrier, which will per-
haps use a mix of Sea Harrier and Sea King. The Air Force continues to replace its Marut
FGA with MiG-23BN; the Ajeet fighter earlier reported as being phased out, appears to have
earned a reprieve, with additional orders being placed. Pakistan has added some 50 M-48 and
perhaps another 50 Type-59 tanks. The Army has also received a small quantity of RBS-70
SAM. No significant deliveries are reported for the other two Services.
The internal security challenge faced by the Sri Lankan government has resulted in the
procurement of a greater quantity and variety of equipment than at almost any time in the
country's history. Because the process is continuing, quantities of individual items are
difficult to confirm. There is no doubt, however, that the expanding force will take time to
absorb the armour, artillery, patrol craft, aircraft and helicopters reported.
Malaysia has received some 120 SIBMAS reconnaissance vehicles, and the second A-4
FGA squadron is now operational. The long-reported Naval Air element is still expected, but
there is no evidence that aircraft for it to use have been received. There has been no
significant change reported for Singapore or for Indonesia. The role of the Philippines'
forces remains that of internal security. Reports that reorganization is to take place have not
so far been translated into visible change. There appears to have been a substantial increase
in the Thai Marine force; it may be that an earlier increase was missed.
Little change has been reported in Vietnam, or in Laos. In Kampuchea, the Heng Samrin
Government appears to be continuing its slow development of the armed forces. An
additional infantry division has apparently been formed, and there are reports of increases
in the inventories of tanks, artillery and aircraft. The opposing Coalition of Democratic
Kampuchea is confining its operations to small-scale raids and sabotage. These appear, how-
ever, to be quite deep inside Kampuchea and relatively widespread.
In North-east Asia, North Korea is apparently also carrying out a measure of reorganiz-
ation. Details are as yet unavailable, apart from some details of the artillery field structure
which represent new information rather than evidence of change. The Navy lost a submar-
ine last year; it has probably been replaced from domestic production. Reports have also
appeared of the existence of perhaps five midget submarines which could be used to
infiltrate agents. A new Fast Attack Craft type has been reported; no details are available.
The Air Force has received some 50 MiG-23 interceptors which will significantly enhance
the mix of MiG-19 and -21 already in inventory.
South Korea has received additional M-48A5 tanks and some M-110 203mm SP howit-
zers. The naval HDF-2100 frigate programme is well under way, with two Harpoon-
equipped Ulsan-class now in service. The Japanese modernization programmes continue.
The Type-74 tank continues to replace the Type-61. Additional Type-73 APC are in inven-
tory, and the 155mm FH-70 SP howitzer is now being delivered. One new Type-171 and
two new Type-122 guided missile destroyers are now in service.
Economic Factors
After the economic recovery of 1983—4, the region's economic growth fell from just under
5% in 1984 to just above 3.5% in 1985. Although international trade rose by some 9%,
trading patterns were very uneven, in particular within the Asian region. Equally uneven
was regional economic output. China led with a remarkable growth rate of 10—11%, while
the Philippines suffered another decline in growth of-5%.
At least four countries achieved growth rates of 6—7% (Burma, South Korea, Pakistan
and Papua New Guinea), while those of most others ranged between 4% and 5%. Only New
Zealand appears to have achieved no growth at all, while at the same time increasing its
debt to some $16.0 bn.
In comparison to other developing regions in the world, Asia is still far better off —
despite occasional economic downturns. Unlike Africa, which in 1985 experienced a per
capita real GDP decrease of 1.3%, Asia achieved a regional increase of 3.8%. Even the states
with low per capita income (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) have achieved notable econ-
omic growth.
Some economies, however, experienced contractions as a result of their dependence on
oil-generated revenues. The incomes of Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia were seriously
affected as oil demand and prices fell drastically (Indonesia lost about 20% of its sales rev-
enue over 1984, and Brunei about 30%). The international oil price collapse had positive
effects on the oil importers; if, as many observers believe, prices stabilize over the next few
years at around $15—18 per barrel, this would have a substantial impact on their econom-
ies. (Last year the non-industrialized Asian states spent some $35 bn on oil imports, so a
50% reduction in oil prices would significantly affect their foreign trade balances).
Unlike the situation in Latin America and some African states, inflation has also been
well contained, with the Philippines (22%),. New Zealand (17%) Pakistan (10%) and
Bangladesh (10%) the worst cases in the region. Debt, however, has also become a major
issue. Asia's toial debt has reached $239 bn, an increase of some 12% over 1984. Again, the
weakest state is the Philippines, with a gross external debt/GDP ratios of over 80%, followed
by South Korea, Malaysia and New Zealand with about 60% debt/GDP ratios. Although in
relation to Africa and the western hemisphere the debt issue has not yet reached crisis pro-
portions, some countries are heading for repayment problems: the Philippines at present
has a debt/service ratio of 190%, followed by Australia, South Korea, New Zealand and
Thailand with some 60%. Until the US and European economies attain a higher growth rate
the newly industrializing countries of the region will continue to experience a slowdown in
growth, if not actual recession.
As the principal oil producers in the Gulf reduce their spending — due to drastically
reduced incomes — and with the US Congress becoming more protectionist, the Asian
countries (especially ASEAN) will be forced to accelerate their trade and industrial
co-operation negotiations. In the short run, greater regional co-operation may well be the
salvation of the rather fragile economies of the region.
AFGHANISTAN Reserves: No formal force identified; call-up

from ex-servicemen, Youth League and
GDP 1984/5: Afs 152.70 bn ($3,018 bn) regional tribes from age 20 to age 40.
1985/6: Afs 162.15 bn ($3,205 bn)
growth 1984/5:6.2% ARMY: 45,000 (mostly conscripts).!
Inflation 1985: 20.0% 3 corps HQ.
3 armd divs
Debt 1983e: $1.5 bn 1984e: $2.4 bn \ (understrength bdes).
Defbdgt 1984: Afs 10.60 bn ($209,486 m) 11 infdivs
1 mech inf div/bde.
1985: Afs 14.52 bn ($286,996 m) 1 cdo bde (1 cdo and 1 para regt).
FMA: see note.* 2 mountain regts.
$1 = Afs (1983/4/5/6): 50.60 1 AA bde.
Afs = afghanis Equipment;
Tks: 50 T-34, 300 T-54/-55, 100 T-62.
Est population: 14—17,000,000 It: 60 PT-76.
18-30 31-45 AFV:MICV:40BMP-l.
Men: 2,063,000 1,425,000 APC: 550 BTR-40/-50/-60/-152.
Women: 1,965,000 1,363,000 Arty: guns: 76mm: 950; 100mm: M-1944.
how: 122mm: M-30; 152mm: D-l.
MRU 132mm: 50 BM-13-16.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: mor: 82mm; 120mm: 100; 160mm.
Regular: 50,000. ATK: RCL 73mm: SPG-9, 82mm.
Terms of service. Males 15—55: volunteers guns: 76mm, 100mm.
2 years, conscription 3 years+, non- AD: guns: 550 23mm, 37mm, 57mm, 85mm and
combatants 4—5 years. 100mm towed, 20 ZSU-23-4 SP.
AIR FORCE: 5,000 (incl AD Comd); some 115 AUSTRALIA

combat ac, some 13 armed hel.t
Lt bbrs: 1 regt (3 sqns) with some 18 Dyushin 11-28. GDP 1984/5: $A197.28bn($USl 52.61 bn)
FGA: 3 regts. 1985/6e$A223.00bn($US 155.76bn)
1 with some 30 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-17; growth 1984/5:4.9% 1985/6: 3.8%
1 with 30 MiG-21 Fishbed; Inflation 1984/5:6.7% 1985/6:9.1%
1 with 15 Sukhoi Su-22 Fitter A, 20 Su-22 Debt 1984: $US43.0bn
Fitter}. 1985: $US51.0bn
OCU: 1: 6 MiG-15UTI, MiG-17/-19/-23U, 2 Def bdgt 1985/6: $A 6.323 bn ($US 4.416 bn)
MiG-21U,Il-28U. 1986/7: $A 6.929 bn ($US 4.628 bn)
Attack hel: 1 regt: some 13 Mil Mi-25. $US 1 =$A (1983/4): 1.1033 (1984/5): 1.2927
Tpt: ac: 1 regt: (1985/6): 1.4317(1986): 1.4972
1 VIP sqn with 2 I1-18D, 12 Antonov An-14; $A = Australian dollars
2 sqns with some 10 An-2, 30 An-26, An-30;
hel: 1 regt with some 12 Mi-4, up to 25 Mi-8. Population: 15,852,000
Flying school: Yakovlev Yak-18, Aero L-39C. 18-30 31-45
AD: 1 div (probably Soviet): Men: 1,768,000 1,697,000
Women: 1,683,000 1,612,000
2 SAM bdes (each 3 bns) with 115 SA-2, 110

SA-3;
1 AA bde (2 bns) with 37mm, 85mm, 100mm TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
guns; 1 radar bde (3 bns). Regular 70,456.
Terms of Service, voluntary.
PARA-MILITARY: Reserves: 26,112.
Border Guard (under Army) some 7,000;
ARMY: 32,116.
9 'bdes', 60 bns.
Ministry of Interior Sarandoy (Defence of the 1 inf div with 3 bdes of 2 inf bns.
Revolution) some 7,000. 1 armd regt (3 sqns).
Khad (secret police) some 35,000. 1 cav regt.
Regional militias incl, Village militia, Pioneers, 1 APC regt.
4 arty regts (1 med, 2 fd, 1 AD); 1 locating bty.
Afghan Communist Party Guards, Khalqi
1 fd engr, 1 construction, 1 fd survey regts.
Youth, tribal, National Fatherland Front. 5 sigs regts.
1 Special Air Service regt.
OPPOSITION: 3 tpt regts (one air support).
Perhaps 130,000 guerrillas (possibly 30,000 Army Aviation:
intermittently active) supported by about 1 regt (2 recce, 1 comd spt, 1 utility sqns).
110,000 'reserves' in some 37 exile political 1 avn school + base workshop bn.
groups (7 'official'; 30 regional 'unofficial'). Equipment:
Equipment (captured): Tks: 103 Leopard 1A3.
Tks: T-34, T-55 MBT. AFV: MICV: 63 M-113 with 76mm gun (48 with
AFV: BMP MICV, BTR-40/-60 APC. Scorpion, 15 with Saladin turrets).
Arty. 76mm guns, D-30 122mm how, 107mm, APC: 725 M-113 (incl variants).
122mm MRL; AGS-17 30mm grenade launchers; Arty: how: 105mm: 258; 155mm: 36 M-198.
2-in. (51mm), 60mm, M-41 82mm mor. ATK: BCL: 84mm: Carl Gustav, 106mm: 70
ATK: RPG-7 RL; SPG-9, 75mm, 82mm RCL M-40.
ATK and anti-personnel mines. ATGW: \Q Milan.
AD: 12.7mm, 14.5mm, 20mm AA guns, SA-7 SAM. AD: SAM: Redeye, 20 Rapier launchers.
Avn: ac: 14 1 PC-6 Turbo-Porter, 13 GAFN-22B
* Total Soviet military assistance since 1980 not Missionmaster, hel: 47 Bell 206B-1 Kiowa.
known. US, Western, friendly Islamic states' assistance Marine: 16 LCM, 87 LARC-5 amph craft.
to Afghan rebels est at $600 m 1979-84, $200-350 m (On order: 59 105mm lt guns, 60 RBS-70 SAM
in 1985. launchers.)
t Actual strength suspect. Divs reported to average
2,500 (about quarter strength). Desertion is common. NAVY: 15,553 (incl Fleet Air Arm).
The Soviet High Command in Afghanistan (see USSR Bases: Sydney (HQ), Melbourne, Jervis Bay, Bris-
entry for Soviet forces deployed) effectively controls
the Afghan forces; it is not possible to differentiate bane, Cairns, Darwin, Cockburn Sound.
between Soviet and Afghan Forces' holdings of ident- Subs: 6 Oxley (RAN mod Oberon).
ical equipment. Destroyers: 3 Perth (US Adams) ASW with
1 Standard SAM, 2 Ikara ASW. Forces Abroad:

Frigates: 10: Egypt (Sinai MFO): 110; 8 UH-1H hel.
4 Adelaide (FFG-7) with 1 Harpoon SSM, Malaysia/Singapore: 1 sqn with 20 Mirage IIIO,
1 Standard SAM, 2 AS-350 hel; 1 fit with CC-08 ac.
6 /?;wr with 1 quad Seacat SAM/SSM, 1 Tfcara Papua New Guinea: 135; trg/spt unit, 2 engr
ASW (1 in reserve). units, 106 advisers.
Patrol craft, large: 21: Indian Ocean: 2 destroyers, 1 amph.
15 PCF-420 Freemantle, Trg gps in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
6 Attack (5 Reserve trg; 1 in reserve). Singapore.
Minehunters: 2:
1 mod Br 7b« coastal, 1 Bay-class cata-
maran. PARA-MILITARY:
Amph: LCT: 6 (1 Reserve trg, 3 in reserve). Bureau of Customs; 10 GAF N-24 Searchmaster
Spt: 1 hy amph tpt ship; 1 destroyer tender with MRac.
1 Wessex hel (comd); 2 trg ships (1 Daring
destroyer, 1 ex-ocean ferry (trg/log spt)); 1 re-
plenishment tanker, 3 survey ships.
BANGLADESH
FLEET AIR ARM: (1,202): combat: 2 ac, 8 hel.

ASW: 1 hel sqn with 8 Westland-Sikorsky Sea GDP 1983/4: Tk 349.920 bn($ 14.026 bn)
King Mk 50; 2 BAe/HS-748 EW ac. 1984/5: Tk 397.750 bn ($14.798 bn)
Utiliry/SAR: 2 sqns: growth 1983/4: 4.2% 1984/5: 3.8%
1 hel sqn with 10 Westland- Sikorsky Inflation 1983/4: 10.6% 1984/5: 10.7%
Wessex 3IB; Debt 1983e: $4.0 bn 1984e: $4.4 bn
1 composite sqn with 6 Bell (3 UH-1B, 3 Defbdgt 1985/6: Tk 5.01 l b n ($167.502 m)
206B), 6 AS-350B Ecureuil (Squirrel) hel, 2 $1 = Tk (1983/4):: 24.9485 (1984/5): 26.8780
BAe/HS-748 ac. (1985/6) 29.9160 (1986): 30.3000
(On order: 2 FFG-7 frigates, 1 tfay-class MCM Tk = Taka
catamaran; 16 Sikorsky S-70B2 ASW hel). Population: 104,269,000
18-30 31-45
AIR FORCE: 22,787; some 127 combat ac. Men: 12,119,000 8,330,000
FGA/recce: 2 sqns: Women: 11,235,000 7,854,000
23 General Dynamics (15 F-111C, 4 F-111A,
4RF-111C).
Interceptor/FGA: 3 sqns: TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
56 Dassault Mirage IIIO/D. Regular: 91,300.
MR: 2 sqns: 20 Lockheed P-3C Orion. Terms of service: voluntary.
OCU: 1 with some 10 A-21 (McDonnell-Douglas Reserves: 30,000 (Bangladesh Rifles).
F/A-18), 14 Aermacchi MB-326H.
Forward air control: 1 fit with 4 CA-25 Winjeel. ARMY: 81,800.
Tpt: 6 sqns: 5infdivHQ.
2 with 24 C-130E/H Hercules; 13infbdes.
1 with 4 Boeing 7O7-338C (to be tanker ac); 2 armd regts.
1 with 4 CC-08 (DHC-4 Caribou) ac, 4 Bell 6 arty regts.
UH-1B hel; 6 engr bns.
1 with 17 CC-08; Equipment:*
1 with 4 BAe (2 BAC-111, 2 HS-748), 3 Tks: 20 Ch Type-59, 30 T-54/-55.
Dassault Mystère 20. Arty: guns/how: 105mm: 30 Model 56 pack, 50
Tpt: 1 med hel sqn with 8 CH-47 Chinook. M-101; 122mm: 20 Type-54.
Utility: 2 hel sqns: 30 UH-1B/H Iroquois. mor: 81mm; 120mm: 50 Type-53.
Trg: 82 MB-326H (life-extended), 8 HS-748T2, ATK: RCU 106mm: 30 M-40.
48 CT-4/4A Airtrainer ac, 18 AS-350 Ecureuil guns: (57mm): 18 6-pdr, 76mm: Ch Type-54.
(Squirrel) hel.
AAM: Sparrow AIM-7M, Sidewinder AIM-9L, NAVY: 6,500.*
-9M, Matra R-350, -550. Bases: Chittagong (HQ), Dacca, Khulna, Chaîna.
ASM: AGM-84 Harpoon. Frigates: 3 Br (1 Type 61,2 Type 41).
(3 Chinook hel in reserve.) FAC(G): 4 0-24 (Ch Hegu) with 2 HY-2 SSM;
(On order: some 65 F/A-18 FGA/interceptor/trg FAC(P): 14: 6 Ch Hainan; 8 Ch Shanghai II.
ac, 8 Sikorsky UH-60 hel.) FAC(T): 4 Type-123K (P-4)(.
Patrol craft: 6 large: Equipment:

2 Singapore Meghna, 2 Ind Akshay, 1 Jap Tks: It: 16 Scorpion.
Akaqi (mod); 1 Bishkali (river). AFV: recce: 2 Sultan. APC: 24 Sankey AT-104.
Patrol boats: 5 Pabna (Kacha) river(. Arty: mor: 16 81mm.
Mise: 1 trg, 1 barracks, 1 log spt ships, 1 repair AD: SAM: 12 Rapier/Blindfire.
vessel, 2 O-69 coastal survey craft.
(On order: 2 Hainan FAC(P).) NAVY: (470).
Base. Muara.
AIR FORCE: 3,000: 30 combat ac. Org: incl River Division and 1 special boat sqn.
FGA: 2 sqns with 18 Shenyang J-6. FAC(G): 3 Waspada each with 2 Exocet
Interceptor: 1 sqn with 10 Mikoyan-Guryevich MM-38SSM.
MiG-21MF, 2 MiG-21U. Patrol craft(: 6: 3 Perwira coastal, 3 Rotork.
Tpt: 1 sqn with 1 Antonov An-24, 4 An-26; Amph(: 2 Loadmaster landing craft, 24 inf
(1 Yakovlev Yak-40, 1 Douglas DC-6).* assault boats.
Hel: 1 sqn with 9 Bell (7 212, 2 206L), 6 Mil Spt: 3 23-ton utility craft.
Mi-8, 4 SA-316C Alouette 111.
Trg: 12 Ch CJ-6, 6 CM-170 Magister, 4 AIR FORCE: (200); 6 armed hel.
MiG-15UTI. COIN: 1 sqn with 6 MBB BO-105 gunship hel.

AAM: AA-2 Atoll. Hel: 1 sqn with 10 Bell 212.
Composite sqn: 2 SIAI-Marchetti SF-260 ac,
2 Bell 206A7B hel.
PARA-MILITARY: 55,000. VIP fit: 2 Boeing 727-200, 1 Gulfstream III ac;
Bangladesh Rifles 30,000 (border guard). 1 MBB BO-105,1 Bell 212,1 Sikorsky S-76 hel.
Armed Police: 5,000. Mise hel: 2 Bell 205 hel.
Ansars (Security guards) 20,000. (On order 1 Sikorsky AUH-76 (S-76) armed hel.)
* Spares are short; some eqpt unserviceable.
PARA-MILITARY: Royal Brunei Police elms
(1,750); Gurkha Reserve Unit (900).
BRUNEI
BURMA
GDP 1984: $B 8.052 bn ($US 3.775 bn)
1985: $B 7.200 bn ($US 3.272 bn) GDP 1983/4: K 49.730 bn ($6.130 bn)
growth 1984: 2.1% 1985: -6.2% 1984/5: K 54.042 bn ($6.314 bn)
Inflation 1984: 3.1% growth 1983/4: 4.7% 1984/5: 6.6%
Def exp 1983s: $B 5 50.00 m ($US 260.281 m) Inflation 1984: 4.8% 1985: 6.8%
1984e: $B 650.00 m ($US 304.721 m) Debt 1984: $3.7 bn 1985: $3.9 bn
$US1=$B(1982): 2.140 (1983): 2.113 Def exp 1985/6: K 1.863 bn ($228.253 m)
(1984): 2.133 (1985): 2.200 Defbdgt 1986/7: K 1.800 bn ($247.518 m)
$B = Brunei dollars FMA 1984: $1.4 m 1985: $1.7 m
$1 = K (1983/4): 8.1124 (1984/5): 8 .5584
Population : 247,000 (1985/6): 8.1620 (1986): 7.2722
18-30 31-45 K = kyats
Men: 31,900 27,500
Women: 24,000 15,900 Population: 40,481,000
18-30 31-45
Men: 4,289,000 2,820,000
TOTAL ARMED FORCES (all services form Women: 4,302,000 2,913,000
part of the Army):
Regular: 4,050 incl 150 women.
Terms of service, voluntary. TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Regular: 186,000.
ARMY: 3,380. Terms of service, voluntary.
2infbns.
1 armd recce sqn. ARMY: 170,000.
1 AD bty: 8 dets with Rapier. 8 Regional, 1 Garrison, commands.
1 engr sqn. 6 It inf div HQ (under central control):
1 sigs sqn. 3 with 3 Tactical Operational Comds (= bdes);
3 with 1 or 2 TOC; each TOC up to 10 bns. Palaung State Liberation Army: some 500.
16 Tactical Operational Comds (bdes). Pa-O National Army: some 500.
91 inf bns (some 25 indep). Shan State Army: some 3,500.
2 armd bns. Shan United Army: 3,000.
4 arty bns. Shan United Revolutionary Army: 900—1,200.
1 AA bty. Wa National Army: some 300.
Equipment; Most of the smaller groups are grouped loosely
Tks: 24 Comet. under the National Democratic Front (NDF).
AFV: recce: 40 Humber, 45 Ferret.
Arty: guns: 25-pdr (88mm): 50. guns/how: 5.5-in. * Spares are short; most eqpt unserviceable.
(140mm). how: 76mm: 120 M-1948; 105mm:
80 M-101. mor: 120mm: 80.
ATK: RCL Carl Gustav 84mm. FIJI
guns: 50 6-pdr (57mm) and 17-pdr (76.2mm).
AD: guns: 10 40mm.* GDP 1984: $F 1.231 bn ($US 1.139 bn)
1985e:$F 1.272 bn ($US 1.103 bn)
NAVY: 7,000 incl 800 Marines. growth 1984: 9.4% 1985:-1.7%
Bases: Bassein, Mergui, Moulmein, Seikyi, Inflation 1984: 5.3% 1985:4.8%

Sinmalaik, Sittwe. Debt 1983: $US432.4ml984:$US450.0m
Corvettes: 4: 2 US (1 PCE-827, 1 Admirable), Def exp 1 9 8 5 E : $ F 15.900 m ($US 13.795 m)
2 Nawarat. Def bdgt 1986: $F 16.319 m ($US 14.360 m)
Gunboats: 30: 9 coastal, 12 120-ton, 9<. FMA 1985: $US1.0m 1986:$US1.2m
Patrol craft: 36 river(. $US 1 =$F(1983): 1.0161 (1984): 1.0811
Amph: LCU: 1 US; LCM: 8 US. (1985): 1.1526 (1986): 1.1364
1 spt vessel. $F = Fiji dollar
(On order: ?3 33-ft patrol craft.)
Population: 713,000
MARINES: (800): 1 bn. 18-30 31-45
Men: 86,600 60,000
AIR FORCE: 9,000; 22 combat ac.» Women: 85,600 60,600
COIN: 2 sqns:
16 PC-7 Turbo-Trainer, 6 Lockheed AT-33A.
Tpt: 3 sqns: 1 Fokker F-27F, 5 Fairchild FH-227, TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
7 PC-6/-6A Porter, 5 DHC-3D Otter. Regular: 2,670.
Liaison fit: 6 Cessna 180, 1 Cessna 550. Terms of service: voluntary.
Hel: 4 sqns: 20 Bell 205/206, 10 SA-316B Reserves: some 5,000 (to age 45).
Alouette IIL ARMY: 2,500.
Trg: incl 16 SIAI-Marchetti SF-260MB, 9 3 inf bns (1 reserve). 1 engr coy. Spt units.
Cessna T-37C. Equipment:
Mon 12 81mm.
People's Police Force (38,000); People's Mil- NAVY: 170.
itia (35,000). Base: Suva.
Fishery Dept: 12 patrol boats (3 Osprey, 3 Patrol: 3 mod US 370-ton coastal minesweepers,
coastal, 6 inshore(). 2 with hel deck.
Mise: 2 marine survey, 1 research vessels.
OPPOSITION: (On order 102-ft patrol craft.)
Burmese Communist Party: 12,000 regulars;
8,000 militia. Forces Abroad: 1,127; 2 inf bns.
Kachin Independence Army: 5,000; 4 bdes. Lebanon (UNIFIL) (627);
Karen National Liberation Army: some 5,000; Egypt (Sinai MFO) (500).
5 bdes, 3 indep bns.
Karenni Army: perhaps 600; 4 'bdes'.
Kawthoolei Muslim Liberation Front (Karen
linked; absorbed Ommat Liberation and INDIA
Rohingya Patriotic Fronts).
Kayan New Land Party: perhaps 100. GDP 1983/4: Rs 1,938.4 bn($ 187.924 bn)
Mon State Army: two groups: one some 500; 1984/5: Rs 2,131.8 bn ($179.342 bn)
other perhaps 200. growth 1984/5: 3.6% 1985/6:4.5%
Inflation 1984: 8.4% 1985: 5.6% MRL: 120mm: 120BM-21.

Debt 1984: $29.0 bn 1985: $35.8 bn mor: 81mm; 120mm: 500; 160mm: 50.
Def exp 1985/6e: Rs 77.471 bn ($6.331 bn) ATK: RCL- 57mm: M-18; 84mm: Carl Gustav,
Defbdgt 1986/7: Rs 87.300 bn ($6,956 bn) 106mm: M-40. guns: 6-pdr (57mm).
$l=Rs (1983): 10.3148(1984): 11.8868 ATGW: SS-11-B1, Milan, AT-3 Sagger.
(1985): 12.2370 (1986): 12.5500 AD: guns: 2,665: 23mm: 180 ZSU 23-2, 50 ZSU-
Rs = rupees 23-4 SP; 40mm: 1,245 L40/60, 790 L40/70;
3.7-in. (94mm): 500.
SAM: 120 SA-6, SA-7, 48 SA-8A, SA-9, 18
18-30 31-45
Men: 88,860,000 65,500,000 Tigercat launchers.
Women: 83,000,000 63,200,000 (On order Arjun, 1,550 T-72M MBT, BRDM recce,
BMP-1/-2, BMD MICV, 105mm Mk-II guns, 400
Bofors FH-77B 155mm how, SA-8 SAM).
TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Regular: 1,260,000. NAVY: 47,000, incl naval air force.
Terms of service, voluntary. Bases: Western Fleet: Bombay, Goa, Kerwar
Reserves: Army 200,000. Territorial Army (building). Southern Fleet: Cochin. Eastern
40,000. Air Force (Regular, Air Defence, Fleet: Vishakapatnam, Port Blair.
Auxiliary) exist, strengths unknown. Subs: 8 Sov F-class.
Carrier: 1 Br Majestic (capacity 18 attack, 4
ARMY: 1,100,000. ASW ac/hel).
HQ: 5 Regional Comd (=Fd Army), 8 Corps. Destroyers: 3 Sov Kashin II GW with 4 Styx SSM,
2 armd divs (Type: 2 tk, 1 mech bdes, SP arty, 2 twin SA-N-1 SAM, 1 Kamov Ka-25 hel.
engr regts). Frigates: 23:
1 mech div (Type: 3 mech bdes, SP arty, 2 Godavari (mod Leander) with 2 Styx SSM,
engr regts). 1 SA-N-4 SAM, 2 Westland-Sikorsky Sea
22 inf divs (Type: 3 inf bdes (9 bns), arty, engr King hel;
regts; hy divs may have 4 or 5 bdes). 6 Br Leander (4 with 2 quad, 2 with 1 quad
7 mountain divs (Type: 3 bdes, mountain Seacat SAM, 1 Alouette or Sea King hel);
arty.engrs). 2 Br Whitby with 3 Styx SSM, 1 SA-316B
19 indep bdes: 7 armd, 10 inf, 1 mountain, Alouette hel;
1 para/cdo. 10 Sov Petya II;
4 army arty bdes. 3 Br Leopard (trg).
4 AD bdes. Corvettes: 4:
3 army engr bdes. 3 Sov Nanuchka II with 4 SS-N-2 SSM, 1
These formations comprise: SA-N-4 SAM;
46 tk regts. 1 Veera.
17 mech, 329 inf bns. FAC(G): 14:6 Sov Osa-l, 8 Osa-U with 4 Styx SSM.
9 para/cdo bns. Patrol craft: 9: 6 SDB-2, 2 Osa-1, 1 Abhay.
164 arty regts: 1 hy, 5 MRL, 50 med (incl 5 SP), MCMV: 18:
69 fd (incl 3 SP), 39 mountain. 8 Sov Natya ocean; 4 Br Ham, 6 Sov
29 AA arty regts, perhaps 10 SAM groups (3—5 Yevgenya{ inshore hunters.
btys each). Amph: LST: 1; LCT: 7 (2 Sov, 5 Pol Polnocny);
Avn: 29 air observation/fire control fits (hy hel LCU: 4 .
units to form).
Equipment: NAVAL AIR FORCE: (2,000); combat: some 25
Tks: 2,790 (?500 in reserve): 1,040 T-54/-55 ac, 25 hel.
(800 to be mod), 350 T-72, 1,250 Vijayanta. Attack: 1 sqn with 8 BAe Sea Harrier FRS
It: 150PT-76. Mk-51,2T-60trg.
AFV: MICV: 600 BMP-1. ASW: 1 ac sqn with 5 Breguet Alizé 1050 (4 in
APC: 400 OT-62/-64, 360 BTR-60. carrier); 5 hel sqns with 5 Kamov Ka-25 Hor-
Arty: guns: some 2,230 (some 90 SP): 76mm: 200 mone A (in Kashins), 9 Westland-Sikorsky Sea
Yug M-48; 25-pdr (88mm): 800 (retiring); King, 11 SA-316B Alouette III (in frigates).
100mm: 185 M-1944; 105mm: 340 incl 60 MR: 2 sqns: 4 Lockheed L-1049 Super Constel-
Abbot SP; 130mm: 500 M-46 (some 100 SP); lation, 3 Ilyushin 11-38 May, 3 Tupolev
5.5-in. (140mm): 140 (retiring). Tu-142M Bear.
how: 1,658: 75mm: 75/24 mountain; 105mm: Comms: 1 sqn with 18 BN-2 Defender {12 MR).
(incl M-56 pack). SAR: 1 hel sqn with 10 Alouette III.
Trg: 2 sqns: 7 HAL HJT-16 Kiran, 2 BAe Sea AAM: R-23R/T Apex, R-60 Aphid, R-550 Magic,
Hawk FB-5, 10 BN-2 Islander ac; 4 Hughes AA-2 Atoll.
300 hel. ASM: AS-30; AS-1 IB (ATGW), AS-7 Kerry
Other ac inch 5 Alizé 1050, 4 Sea King. (with MiG-27).
(On order: 4 Sov F-class, 2 Type-1500 subs, SAM: 30 bns: 280 Divina V75SM/VK (SA-2),
1 ASW carrier, 3 Kashin GW destroyers, 1 SA-3.
Godavari FFG (1986), 3 Nanuchka, 5 Tarantul (On order some 40 MiG-29, some 18 Dassault
corvettes, 4 Ataya MCMV, 4 Polnocny CLCT, 1 Mirage 2000H, 31 Jaguar (to be locally
survey ship, Exocef SSM; 10 Sea Harrier Mk assembled), some 165 MÏG-27M, MiG-21bis
51, 1 T-60; 3-5 Tu-142M Bear MR, 24 ftrs; 69 An-32, some 17 11-76, 116 Do-228 tpts;
Dornier Do-228 MR ac; 12 Sea King Mk 42B 90 Kiran Mk 2, some 120 HPT-32 trg ac; 6
ASW hel; Sea Eagle SSM; Exocet AM-39 ASM.) SA-365 Dauphin, 21 Westland W-30, Mi-17,
10 Mi-26, 45 Chetak hel; R-23R Apex, R-60
AIR FORCE: 113,000; combat: 728 ac; some 60 hel. Aphid AAM.)
5 Air Commands.
Bbrs: 3 sqns (1 maritime role):
35 BAe Canberra B(I)58/B(I)12 (to be PARA-MILITARY:
National Security Force: 112,000.
replaced), 18 Sepecat Jaguar. Border Security Force: 90,000; some 90 bns,

FGA: 11 sqns:
2 with some 24 Dassault Mirage 2000H; small arms, some It arty, tpt/liaison air spt.
2 with 50 Jaguar GR-1, 6 T-2; Assam Rifles: 37,000.
1 with 18 HAL HF-24 Marut (Mikoyan- Indo-Tibetan Border Police: 14,000.
Guryevich MiG-23BN to replace); Coastguard 2,000; 2 Br Type 14 frigates, patrol
3 with 72 MÎG-23BN Flogger H; vessels (2 P-957 offshore, 2 SDB-2 fast, 19
2 with some 24 MiG-27 Flogger D/J. inshore); 2 air sqns with 2 Fokker F-27, 5
(1 with some 10 BAe Hunter F-56A non- BN-2 Defender ac, 4 Chetak hel.
operational — exhibition ac only; Jaguar (On order: 1 offshore, 3 inshore defence patrol
to replace); vessels, 9 It tpt ac, 6 hel.)
AD: 20 sqns:
2 with 45 MiG-23MF Flogger B;
14 with 259 MiG-21/FL/PFMAAMF/bis;
4 with 72 HAL Ajeet. INDONESIA
Air Defence Ground Environment System.
Recce: 2 sqns: GDP 1983/4:Rp 73,698.0 bn ($74.942 bn)
1 with 8 Canberra PR-57, 4 BAe/HS-748; 1984/5:Rp 85,914.0 bn ($81.862 bn)
1 with 7 MiG-25R, 1 MiG-25U. growth 1983/4:4.2% 1984/5:2.8%
Tpt: ac: 11 sqns: Inflation 1984: 10.4% 1985: 4.7%
5 with 93 Antonov An-32 Sutlej; Debt 1984: $31.0 bn 1985e: $37.4 bn
2 with 30An-12B; Def bdgt 1985/6:Rp 2,600.0 bn ($2.321 bn)
2 with 20 DHC-3 Otter, 1986/7: Rp 2,318.0 bn ($2.048 bn)
1 with 16 DHC-4 Caribou; FMA 1984/5:$58.0 m. 1985/6:$55.0 m
2 with 28 HS-748, 2 Boeing 737-248 (leased), $ l = R p (1983/4): 983.4 (1984/5): 1,049.5
3 Ilyushin 11-76 Gajraj; , (1985/6): 1,120.2 (1986): 1,132.0
hel: 6 sqns with 72 Mil Mi-8/-17. Rs = rupiahs
Comms: 1 HQ sqn with 7 BAe/HS-748M. Population: 163,924,000
Liaison ac fits and dets: 16 HS-748, C-47 (Doug- 18-30 31-45
las DC-3). Men: 18,152,000 12,763,000
Liaison hel: 7 sqns (army-assigned). Women: 19,278,000 13,485,000
3 with 99 SA-316B Chetak (Alouette III);
4 with 60 SA-315B Cheetah (Lama); TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
some with 4 AS-1 IB ATGW. Regular: 281,000.
Trg Comd: 3 trg and conversion sqns: Terms of service, conscription, 2 years selective.
11 Canberra T-4/-13/-67, 25 Hunter T-66, 40 Reserves: 800,000: Army (planned): cadre units;
MiG-21/U, 13 MiG-23UM Flogger C/L; numbers, strengths unknown, obligation to age
5 Jaguar, 7 Mirage 2000H, 60 HT-2, 83 45 for officers.
Kiran, 15 Marut Mk IT, some 20 HAL
HPT-32 (replacing HT-2), 44 PZL TS-11 ARMY: 216,000.
Iskra, 27 BAe/HS-748 ac; 20 Chetak hel. 10 Military Area Commands (reorg 1985/6).
2 inf divs (KOSTRAD). Komar (no msls), 6 Samadar (Aus Car-

1 armd cav bde (-) (2 cav bns, spt units). pentaria) coastal (, 3 Jetfoil 429 hydrofoil.
3infbdes(9bns). Minesweepers: 2 Pulau Rani (Sov T-43) ocean.
2 AB inf bdes (6 bns). Comd/spt ships: 2.
2 fd arty regts (6 bns). Amph: LST: 12 (4 with up to 3 hel); LCU: 5; LCNi: 38,
1 AA arty regt (2 bns). 20 LCVP.
1 fd engr regt (2 bns). Spt: 19: 4 cargo ships, 4 tankers (3 harbour),
4 special warfare gps. 2 tpts, 2 repair, 2 trg ships, 3 survey, 1 sub
8 indep cav bns. tender, 1 auxiliary.
63 indep inf bns (under Military Province Com-
mands (KOREM)). NAVAL AIR: (1,000); combat: 17 ac, 12 hel.
4 indep AB inf bns. ASW: 10 Westland Wasp, 2 AS-332 Super
7 indep fd arty bns. Puma hel.
6 indep AA arty bns; 4 indep btys. MR: 17: 11 GAF N-24 Searchmaster B, 6 N-24
4 construction engr bns. Searchmaster L.
Fd engrs: 6 indep bns; 10 indep dets. Other ac: incl 6 C-47 (Douglas DC-3), 4 NC-212
Army Avn: 1 composite sqn; 1 hel sqn. Aviocar, 2 Rockwell Aero Commander,
hel: 2 AS-332F Super Puma, 1 SA-318C
Equipment:
Tks: It: some 195 AMX-13, 41 PT-76. Alouette II, 4 MBB BO-105.
AFV: recce: 56 Saladin, 58 Ferret. MICV: 200
AMX-VCI. APC: 56 Saracen, 60 V-150 Com- MARINES: (12,000).
mando, 80 BTR-40, 24 BTR-152. 5 regts: 2 inf (each 6 bns), 1 combat spt, 1 admin
Arty: guns/how: 76mm: some 30 M-1938 pack; spt, 1 trg.
105mm: 170M-101. Equipment:
mor: 81/82mm: 480; 120mm: M-43. Tks: It: 30 PT-76.
ATK: RCU 90mm: 480 M-67; 106mm: M-40. AFV: MICV: 40 AMX-10 PAC-90.
AD: guns: 20mm: 20; 40mm: 90 M-l; 57mm: APC: 57 incl 25 AMX-10P, BTR-50P.
200 S-60. SAM: RBS-70, Rapier. Arty: how: 122mm: 40 M-38.
Avn: 8 NC-212 Aviocar, 2 Rockwell Aero Com- MRL 140mm: BM-14.
mander 680, 1 Beech Super-lS ac; 16 Bell 205, AD: guns: 40mm, 57mm.
4 SA-316B Alouette III, 16 MBB BO-105 hel. (On order. 1 Type-1300 sub, 2 Neth Van Speijk
Amph: LST: 1; LCU: 20 300-ton. frigates, 4 PSMM-5 FAC(G), 6 PB-57 FAC,
Marine spt: 14 tpts. 1 Aus Attack patrol, 2 Tripartite (Alkmaar)
(On order: 6 Bell 212, AS-332 Super Puma hel; MCMV, 1 Jetfoil 429 patrol boat,* 30 patrol
Rapier SAM.)
launches; 1 survey ship; 18 NC-235 tpt ac;
DEPLOYMENT: E. Timor: 15,000; 20 inf bns. some 20 Super Puma hel,* Harpoon SSM.)
NAVY: 38,000 incl naval air and marines. AIR FORCE: 27,000; 84 combat aircraft.
Bases: Jakarta-Tanjung Priok (HQ), Surabaya 2 Air Operations Areas:
(HQ), Belawan, Bintan, Ujung Pandang (to be FGA: 2 sqns: 32 McDonnell-Douglas Skyhawk
HQ), Ambon. A-4 (30 -4E, 2 TA-4H).
2 Fleets. Interceptors: 1 sqn with 15 Northrop F-5 (11 -E,
Subs: 2 Cakra (Type-1300); 1 W-class (trg, 4-F).
non-operational). COIN: 1 sqn with 13 OV-l OF Bronco.
Frigates: 13: MR: 1 sqn with 3 Boeing 737-200, 5 HU-16
4 GW with 4 Exocet MM-38 SSM: Albatross.
3 Fatahillah (1 with 1 Westland Wasp hel);
1 Hadjar Dewartana (Yug; trg, 1 hel); Tpt: 4 sqns:
2 with 21 C-130B/H/HS, 1 L-100-30;
3 Br Tribal with 2 quad Seacat, 1 Wasp hel;
4 US Jones; 2 with 1 C-140 Jetstar, 7 C-47 (Douglas
2 Sov Riga. DC-3), 1 SC-7 Skyvan, 9 Fokker (1 F-28, 8
FAC(G): 4 PSMM-5 Mandau (Dagger) with F-27), 5 NC-212A4, 1 Boeing 707, 12
4 Exocet SSM. Cessna 207/401/402.
FAC(T): 2 Beruang (Lürssen TNC-45). Hel: 3 sqns:
FAC(P): 2 Andau (Lürssen PB-57). 1 with 9 Sikorsky S-58 (UH-34T);
Patrol vessels: 31 : 2 with 5 Bell 204B, 12 SA-330L Puma, 12
3 Pandorong (Sov Kronshtadt (?2 in reserve)), Hughes 500; 6 Nurtanio-MBB NBO-105
1 Hiu (US PC-461), 3 Layang (Yug Kral- (with Forestry).
jevica), 8 Sibarau (Aus Attack), 2 Kelabang, Trg: 3 sqns: 16 BAe Hawk T-53, 15 Beech
1 US PGM-39, 1 Jalasena, 2 Akabri, 1 T-34C1, 20 AS-202 Bravo ac; 12 Bell 47G hel.
Quick Reaction Forces: TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
5 COIN bns. Regular: 243,000.
Spt vessels: 6: 600-ton RoRo cargo ships. Terms of service, voluntary.
Reserves: Army 43,000; Navy 600.
(On order: 8 General Dynamics F-16 FGA; 8
NC-212-200, 32 NC-235, 3 Transall C-160 tpt ARMY: 155,000.
ac; NBO-105, SA-332 Super Puma, Bell 412, 5 Army HQ (Regional Commands).
MBBBK-117hel.) 1 armd div.
12 inf divs (5 at 7,000, 7 at 9,000 men each).
Other Ha: 2 composite bdes (1 hel-borne, 1 trg).
KOSTRAD = Strategic Reserve Command: 1 AB bde.
(16,500—19,000 men); main national force 1 arty bde, 2 arty gps; 8 SAM gps (each of 4 btys).
under direct control of the Commander of the 1 sigs bde.
Armed Forces; 2 divs, cav bde, special force 5 engr bdes.
gps, spt arms and services. Avn: 1 hel bde: 24 sqns. 2 ATK hel platoons
K.OPKAMTIB = Command for the Restoration of forming.
Order and Security; no forces assigned. Equipment:
KOPPASSANDHA = Special Forces Command: Tks: some 470 Type 61 (retiring), some 600
4,000; 4 special para/cdo gps. Type 74 (increasing).

AFV: APC: 430 Type 60, 135 Type 73.
PARA-MILITARY: Arty: guns/how: 105mm: 330 (incl some 20 Type
Department of Defence and Security Police 74); 155mm: some 373 SP (incl 193 Type 75,
mobile bde org in coys: 12,000; 2 BO-105 hel. 20 FH-70); 203mm: 92 (incl some 32 SP).
Militia, about 70,000. MRL 130mm: some 60 Type 75 SP.
Coastguard; many small patrol boats. SSM: 50 Type 30.
Customs; 12 28-metre, 8 57-metre Lürssen mor: 81mm: 780; 107mm: 560 (some SP).
patrol boats (12 FPB-38 on order). ATK: RCU 75mm: 1,840; 84mm: Carl Gustav,
Civil Defence Force (millions registered). 106mm (incl Type 60 SP).
Maritime Security Agency. 6 patrol boats. Police ATGW: 220 Type 64, some 40 Type 79.
Patrol craft incl 15 armed DKN 140-ton. AD: guns: 35mm: 100 twin; 37mm; 40mm: (incl
Sea Communications (Transport Ministry): 9 M-42 SP); 75mm.
SAR craft. SAM: 35 Stinger, some 15 Type 81 Tan, 70
HA WK, 130 Improved HA WK.
Avn: ac: 32: 21 LR-1 (Mitsubishi MU-2), 2 TL-1
OPPOSITION: (Fuji KM-2), 9 Cessna U 9 .
Revolutionary Front for an Independent East hel: 390: 150 Fuji-Bell (10 AH-1S, 60 UH-1B,
Timor (FRETLIN): some 1,500; small arms. 80 UH-1H), 60 Kawasaki-Vertol 107, 180
Free Papua Movement (OPM): perhaps 100 armed. Kawasaki-Hughes (30 TH-55, 150 OH-6D/J).
(On order 60 Type 74 MBT; 16 Type 73 APC;
* May be for Coastguard.
13 Type 75, 43 FH-70 (total 176 planned)
155mm, 12 M-110A2 203mm SP how; 12
Type 79 hy ATGW; 223 84mm RCL; 27 Stinger,
8 Type 81 Tan SAM launchers; 8 AH-IS ATK,
JAPAN 7 OH-6D It, 5 UH-1H, 3 CH-47 Boeing-Vertol
414 {Chinook) tpt hel.)
GDP 1983/4:•¥ 280,257.0 bn ($1,182.1 bn)
1984/5: •¥ 298,084.0 bn ($1,220.7 bn) NAVY: 44,000 (including naval air) plus 4,300
growth 1983/4:5.1% 1984/5:4.6% civilians.
Inflation 1984: 2.3% 1985: 2.1% Bases: Yokosuka, Kure, Sasebo, Maizuru,
Debt 1984: $115.0 bn 1985: $148.0 bn Ominato.
Def bdgt 1985/6:^3,137.00 bn ($ 14.189 bn) Subs: 15:
1986/7:¥ 3,345.00 bn ($20,129 bn) 7 Yüshio (Type 573); 7 Uzushio (Type 566); 1
$ 1 = ^ (1983/4): 237.078 (1984/5): 244.193 Asashio (Type 565) (to retire).
(1985/6): 221.085 (1986): 166.180 Destroyers: 34: 4 ASW gps.
1 Hatakaze (Type 171) DDG with 8 Harpoon
Population: 123,365,000 SSM, Tartar SAM, 1 octuple ASROC ASW,
18-30 31-45 hel deck.
Men: 11,000,000 15,285,000 2 Shirane (Type 143) with Sea Sparrow SAM, 1
Women: 10,900,000 15,220,000 octuple ASROC, 3 ASW hel;
2 Haruna (Type 141) with 1 octuple 6 combat air wings; 1 combat air gp; 1 recce sqn.
ASROC, 3 ASW hel; FGA: 3 sqns: 50 Mitsubishi F-l.
9 Hatsuyuki (Type 122) with 2 quad Harpoon Interceptors 11 sqns:
SSM, 1 Sea Sparrow, 1 octuple ASROC, 1 4 with some 83 Mitsubishi/McDonnell-
ASW hel; Douglas F-l 5J/DJ;
3 Tachikaze (Type 168) with 1 Tartar/ 6 with 110 Mitsubishi/McDonnell-Douglas
Standard SAM, 1 octuple ASROC; F-4/EJ;
1 Amatsukaze (Type 163) with 1 Standard 1 with 30 Mitsubishi/Lockheed F-104J.
SAM, 1 octuple ASROC; Recce: 2 sqns:
4 Takatsuki (Type 164) with 1 octuple ASROC; 1 with 10 RF-4 EJ; 1 EWng with 6 Grumman
6 Yamagumo (Type 113) (2 to be modernized) E-2C.
Aggressor trg: 1 sqn with 5 Mitsubishi T-2, 6
with 1 octuple ASROC;
Lockheed T-33.
3 Minegumo (Type 116) with 1 octuple ASROC;
Tpt: 1 tactical wing: 3 sqns: 20 Kawasaki C-l, 10
1 Akizuki (Type 162);
2 Ayanami (Type 103). NAMC YS-11, 4 C-130H Hercules.
Frigates: 18: SAR: 1 wing (9 dets) with Mitsubishi MU-2 ac,
32 Kawasaki-Vertol KV-107 hel.
2 y«6a/7 (Type 227) \ with 2 quad

I Ishikari (Type 226); / Harpoon SSM: Test: 1 wing with 20 F-4EJ, 2 F-15J, F-104J/DJ,
II Chikugo (Type 215) with 1 octuple 2 Fuji T-l, 10 T-2, 2 Fuji T-3, T-33A, C-l,
2C-130H.
4/5Mzw(Type211). Air traffic control/weather: 1 wing with YS-11,
MU-2J, T-33A.
Patrol craft: 11:2 Mizutori large; 9 coastal (. Trg: 5 wings: 10 sqns:
FAC(T): 5 35-metre. 40 T-1A/B, 60 T-2, 40 T-3, 50 T-33A.
MCMV: 49: 1 comd, 2 spt ships, 34 coastal AAM: Sparrow, Sidewinder.
mine-sweepers (15 Hatsushima, 19 Takami), 6
Nanago ('75') boats, 6 diving tenders. Air Defence:
Trg: 9: 1 tfator/, 1 Azuma, 2 Ayanami, 5 81-GO. Aircraft control and warning: 3 wings and 1
Spt: 2 Harukaze, 3 Ayanami, 3 Murasame, group; 28 radar sites.
2 Umitaka, 1 Akizuki; 1 Chiyoda sub depot, SAM: 6 gps: 19 sqns: 180 Nike-J (Patriot
1 sub rescue; 1 spt ship, 1 spt, 24 harbour replacing).
tankers, 14 tenders. 1 Airfield Def sqn: 20mm Vulcan AA guns,
Type 81 Tan, Stinger SAM.
Amph: LST: 6 (3 Miura, 3 Atsumi); LSU: 2 Fwra;
LCM:15;LCVP: 22. (On order 14 F-15J-/DJ ftrs, 2 C-130H tpt ac; 1
NAVAL AIR ARM: (12,000); combat: 122 ac, 72 hel. Boeing-Vertol Chinook, 5 KV-107, 3 AS-332L
6 Air Wings. Super Puma hel; 5 Type 81 Tan SAM launchers,
MR: 8 sqns: 1 bty Patriot SAM (24 btys planned).)
3 sqns with 26 Lockheed P-3C (1 more to form);
55 Lockheed P-2J, 13 Shin Meiwa PS-1. PARA-MILITARY: 20,000:
ASW: 6 hel sqns with 56 HSS-2/2A/B Sea King. Maritime Safety Agency (Coast Guard) 12,000:
MCM: 1 hel sqn with 7 Kawasaki-Vertol 107. 44 large (7 with 1 Bell 216 hel), 47 med, 19
Tpt: 1 sqn with 4 NAMC YS-1 IM. small, 221 coastal patrol vessels; 98 mise ser-
ECM: 1 sqn with 4 Kawasaki-Lockheed UP-2J. vice, 83 tender/trg vessels; 1 C-130HMP
Test: 1 sqn with 2 P-3C, 3 P-2J ac; 5 HSS-2 Hercules, 5 NAMC YS-11 A, 2 Short Skyvan,
(3 -A, 2 -B) hel. 15 Beech King Air, 1 Cessna U-206G ac; 29
SAR: 7 fits: 8 Shin Meiwa US-1/1A ac, 14 Bell 212, 4 206B, 2 Hughes 269S hel.
Sikorsky S-61 A/2 hel.
(On order: 1 large, 2 med, 1 coastal patrol craft.)
Trg: 5 sqns: incl OCU with 19 P-2J, 6 YS-1 IT, 24
Beech (20 TC-90 King Air, 4 B-65 Queen Air),
32 Fuji KM-2 ac; 10 HSS-2, 6 Kawasaki-
Hughes OH-6J/D, 3 Bell 47G hel. KAMPUCHEA*
(On order 3 Yiishio subs; 2 Type 171, 3 Im-
proved Hatsuyuki (Type 134) DDG; 3 Type Est Population: 6—7,000,000.
227 frigates, 2 Hatsushima MCMV; 10 P-3C,
1 Gates Learjet 36 (U-36A), 1 TC-90 ac;
2 SH-60B Seahawk ASW, 10 Sikorsky S-61, TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
2 OH-6D hel; Type 80 ASM.) Regulan some 35,000.
Terms of service, conscription, 18 months
AIR FORCE: 44,000; some 311 combat ac. minimum.
ARMY: some 35,000. Inflation 1984: 2.0% 1985: 2.0%

5 inf divs. Debt 1983: $3.3 bn 1984: $3.6 bn
3 regional security (inf) bdes. Defbdgt 1985: won 3.94 bn ($4.196 bn)
1 armd regt (2—3 tk bns). 1986: won 4.02 bn ($4.277 bn)
Some 50 indep cav (recce), arty, AD, provincial $l=won (1983/4/5/6): 0.94*
militia inf bns. Population: 20,600,000
Equipment: 18-30 31-45
Tks: 60: T-54/-55, some Type 59. It: 10 PT-76. Men: 2,464,000 1,654,000
AFV: APC: some 150: BTR-40/-60/-152, V-100, Women: 2,513,000 1,643,000
M-113.
Arty: some 350:
gun: 76mm: M-1942; 122mm: M-1938. TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
how: 122mm: D-30. Regular: 840,000.
MRL 107mm: Type-63; 132mm: BM-13-16; Terms of service. Army 5, Navy 5(—10) years;
140mm: BM-14-16. Air Force 3—4 years.
mor: 82mm: M-37; 120mm: M-43. Reserves: Army 500,000, Navy 40,000, Air Force
ATK: RCL: 82mm: B-10; 107mm: B-l 1. (reserves believed to exist). Mobilization claimed
AD: guns: 14.5mm: ZPU 1/-2/-4; 37mm:
by 12 hours; up to 5,000,000 have some Reserve/

M-l939; 57mm: S-60. Militia commitment. See Para-Military.
Avn: ac: 5 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-19 (prob-
ably non-operational), ?12 MiG-21 reported, ARMY: 750,000.
? in service 1986. hel: 6 Mi-8. HQ: 1 armd (2 divs), 3 mech, 7 all-arms corps
(On order: tks, arty, patrol craft, ac, Mi-8 hel (major re-org reported).
reported; details unknown.) 2 armd divs.
Provincial Forces: HQ; bn, coy district and sub- 5 mot and mech inf divs.
district units: org of units based on inf bn 24 inf divs.
with It wpns, strengths unknown. 7 indep armd bdes.
9 indep inf bdes (5—8 bns: up to 8,500 men).
25 Special Ops bdes incl 3 cdo, 4 recce, 1 river
PARA-MILITARY: Militia, Regional Armed crossing regts, 3 amph, 5 AB bns (80,000—
Forces/Self Defence forces (org in coys), 100,000). 'Bureau of Reconnaissance
People's Police force: strengths, eqpt unknown. Special Forces'.
OPPOSITION:
Arty Command:
Coalition Government of Democratic Kam- Fd (Army): 2 hy arty, 2 mor regts; 6 SSM bns.
puchea (CGDK): Corps: 4 bdes incl 122mm, 152mm SP, MRL
Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge), some bdes.
35,000 org in divs and regts. AD: 2 AA divs; 7 AA regts.
Kampuchean People's National Liberation Reserve: 23 inf divs.
Front (KPNLF), some 15,000; small arms, Equipment:
incl 12.7mm machine guns, 60mm, 82mm Tks: 3,275: 300 T-34, 2,800 T-54/-55/-62, 175
mor, RPG-7 RL, DK-75mm mor, RCL. Type-59. It: 100 Type-63, 50 Type-62.
Armée Nationale Sihanoukienne (ANS), per- AFV: recce: 140 BA-64. MICV: 150 BMP-1. APC:
haps 9,000. 1,400 BTR-40/-50/-60/-152, Ch Type-531.
These groups are not formally merged but are Arty: 4,750: guns: 76mm: M-1942; 85mm: D-44,
members of the tripartite CGDK. They operate Type-56; 100mm: M-l944; 122mm: M-l 931/-
largely independently and at times are engaged 37, D-74, Type-60; 130mm: M-46, Type-59.
in hostilities with each other. gun/how: 152mm: M-l937, D-20 towed.
how: 122mm: Type-54, D-30; 152mm: M-1938.
* No reliable data since April 1975 available. MRU 2,100: 107mm: Type-63; 122mm: BM-21;
130mm: Type-63; 140mm: RPU-14, BM-14-
16; 200mm: BMD-20; 240mm: BM-24.
SSM: 15 Scud B, 54 FROG-51-1.
KOREA: DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S mor: 82mm: 11,000; 120mm; 160mm; 240mm.
REPUBLIC (NORTH) ATK: RCL- 82mm: 1,500 B-10; 107mm: 1,000 B-l 1.
guns: 45mm: M-1942; 57mm: M-1943; 75mm:
GDP 1984: won 37.570 bn ($39.968 bn) Type-52; 85mm: D-48 towed; 800 SU-76 and
1985e:won 38.590 bn ($41.053 bn) SU-100 SP.
growth 1984: 4.0% 1985: 4.0% ATGW. AT-1 Snapper, AT-3 Sagger.
AD: guns: 8,500: 23mm; 37mm: Type-55, SAM: 4 bdes (12 bns, 40 btys) with 800 SA-2 in 45
M-1939; 57mm: S-60, Type-59; 85mm: KS-12; sites.
100mm: KS-19 towed; ZSU-23-4 and ZSU-57-2 Some 30 SA-3 Goa (based round Pyongyang).
SP.
SAM: SA-7. Forces Abroad Iran (300); 10 African countries ind
Angola (1,000; plus some 3,000 rivilians),
NAVY: 35,000. Madagascar (100); Seychelles (50).
Bases: East Coast: Wonsan, Cha-ho, Chongjin,
Kimchaek, Toejo. West Coast: Nampo, Haeju, PARA-MILITARY:
Pipaqo, Sagwon-ri. Security forces and border guards: 38,000.
2 Fleet HQ. Workers-Peasants Red Guards (militia); some 3 million.
Subs: 25: Red Youth People's Security Forces Guards some
4 Sov W-class; 700,000.
4 Ch, 12 local-built (Type-033/R-class); Instruction force (Reserve Military units): ex-Regular
(?5) miniature subs reported, characteristics and selected Militia staflftrg cadre.
unknown. HQ (corps equivalent) in each of 9 Provinces and 3
Frigates: 2 Najin (1 may have 1 twin Styx SSM). towns; bde HQ in towns; bns, coys/platoons at vil-
FAC(G): 32: lage, farm, factory, eta, some with small arms, mor
8 W j t o l type) to 120mm, some AA arty.
8 Komar{,
with 2 Styx SSM. * Official exchange rate. Trade-weighted rate calculated at
6 Sohung (Komar-typë) about$l = 2wong.
FAC(T): 136:
45 Sov (3 Shershen, 34 P-6(, 8 P-4<), 91 < (15
Iwon, 6 An Ju, 70 Ku Song/Sin Hung).
FAC: 167: KOREA: REPUBLIC OF (SOUTH)
15 Shanghai I/II, 4 Chodo, 4 K-48, some 144(
(20 Sov MO-V, 8 Shantou, 66 Chaho, 40 Chong- GDP 1984: won 67,126.0 bn ($83.285 bn)
Jin (Chong-Ju-class reported); ?10 Sinpo). 1985: won 72,362.0 bn ($83.173 bn)
Patrol craft growth 1984: 7.9% 1985: 5.1%
35 large: 15 SO-1 (6 Sov), 2 Sov Tral, 3 Sariwan, Inflation 1984: 2.3% 1985: 2.5%
6 Ch Hainan, 9 Taechong; Debt 1984: $45.0 bn 1985: $46.7 bn
30(: 10 Sov KM-4 coastal, 20 mise inshore). Def bdgt 1985: won 3,827.0 bn ($4.399 bn)
Amph: LSM: 6 Hantae, LCU: 9 Hanchon, 95 Nampo 1986: won 4,309.0 bn ($4.854 bn)
assault/landing craft; LCM: 18(. Def exp 1984: won 3,690.0 bn ($4.578 bn)
Coast defence: 2 msl regts: Samlet in 6 sites; FMA 1985: $262.7 m 1986: $500.0 m
guns: 122mm: M-1931/-37; 130mm: SM-4-1; $1= won (1983): 775.75 (1984): 805.98
152mm: M-1937 guns. (1985): 870.02 (1986): 887.70
(On order (?3) miniature SS, 2 Sohung, 2 Soju Population: 43,050,000.
FAC(G), 1 Taechong patrol craft, Hantae LSM). 18-30 31-45
Men: 5,800,000 3,895,000
AIR FORCE: 55,000; some 854 combat ac. Women: 5,425,000 3,770,000
Bbrs: 3 It sqns with 80 Ilyushin 11-28.
FGA:10sqns:
1 with 20 Sukhoi Su-7; TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
6 with some 280 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-15/-17; Regular 601,000.
3 with some 100 MiG-19/Q-5. Terms of service, all Services, 30—36 months.
Interceptors: 12 sqns 160 MiG-21, some 60 MiG-19, Reserves: 4,822,000. Army: Regular Reserves
some 50 MiG-23. 1,400,000, Homeland Reserve Defence
Tpt perhaps 25 sqns Force 3,300,000. Navy 7,000. Marines
250 Antonov An-2, 10 An-24, 5 D-14, 4 D-18, 2 60,000. Air 55,000.
TupolevTu-154B, 1D-62.
HeL 170 ind 40 Mil Mi-4, 20 Mi-8, 80 Hughes -300, ARMY: 520,000.
-500 (some 60 reported to be armed). HQ: 3 Army (1 Reserve), 5 Corps (each 4 divs).
Tig ind 4 Mig-23, 120 Yakovlev Yak-18, 2 mech inf divs (each 3 bdes: 3 mech inf,
100 MiG-15UTI/-19Un/-21U, n-28, 30 3 mot, 3 tk, 1 recce bns; 1 fd arty bde).
Nanchang CJ-6. 19 inf divs (each 3 inf regts, 1 recce, 1 tk,
AAMi AA.-2 Atoll. 1 engr bn, arty gp).
7 Special Warfare bdes. (On order: 4 Ulsan frigates; 2 'Jupiter1 88-m;

2 AA arty bdes. 3 HDP-1000, 3 PCL-827 corvettes, 20 FAC(G)
2 SSM bns with Honest John. (7 types), 1 MCMV (1986), 12 river craft, 75
2 SAM bdes: 3 HAWK bns (24 sites), 2 Nike Harpoon SSM.)
Hercules bns (10 sites). MARINES: 23,000.
1 army aviation bde. 2 divs, 1 bde.
Reserves: 1 Army HQ, 23 inf divs. Spt units.
Tks: 1,300: 350 M-47, 950 M-48A5. Tks: 40 M-47. APC: 60 LVTP-7. How:
APC: 450 M-l 13, 400 Fiat 6614/KM-900/-901. 105mm, 155mm.
Arty: guns: 3,300: 155mm: M-59; 175mm:
M-l07 SP. (On order: 40 LVTP-7.)
how: 105mm: M-101; 155mm: M-l 14 towed,
100 M-109A2 SP; 203mm: M-l 15 towed, AIR FORCE: 33,000; some 462 combat ac.
M-110SP. 7 combat, 2 tpt wings.
MRL: 36 x 130mm: 140 Kooryong. FGA: 18 sqns with 260 Northrop F-5A/B/E/F.
SSM: 12 Honest John. AD: 4 sqns with 65 McDonnell-Douglas
mor: 5,300 81mm and 107mm. F-4D/E.

ATK: guns: 76mm: 8 M-l 8; 90mm: 50 M-36 SP. COIN: 1 sqn with 23 Rockwell OV-10G.
RL: LAW. RCL: 57mm, 75mm, 106mm. Recce: 1 sqn with 10 RF-5A.
ATGW: TOW. SAR: 1 hel sqn with 26 Bell UH-1B/H.
AD: guns: 600: 20mm: incl 60 Vulcan; 35mm: 20 Tpt: 2 wings, 5 sqns:
GDF-003; 40mm: 80. 10 C-54 (Douglas DC-4), 16 Fairchild
SAM: 110 HAWK, 100 Nike Hercules. C-123J/K, Rockwell Aero Commander,
Avn: ac: 14 Cessna O-2A. hel: 100 Bell UH-1B/H, 2 BAe/HS-748, 6 C-130H Hercules.
180 Hughes 500MD Defender (50 with TOW). Trg: incl 20 North American T-28D, 33 Lock-
(On order: Improved HAWK (28 btys), Stinger heed T-33A, 59 Cessna (39 T-37C, 20 T-41D),
SAM (133 launchers, 599 reloads).) 35 F-5B, 63 F-5F, perhaps 6 General
Dynamics F-16.
NAVY: 25,000. AAM: Sidewinder, Sparrow.
Bases: Chinhae (HQ), Cheju, Inchon, Mokpo, (On order: some 30 F-16A, 6 F-16B; 4 F-4E,
Mukho, Pukpyong, Pohang, Pusan. 36 F-5E, 30 F-5F ftrs; 17 OV-10 Bronco COIN;
5 Command HQ. 25 T-27 Tucano trg ac; Maverick ASM.)
Destroyers: 9 (to be replaced by HDF-2100):
7 Gearing (5 with 2 quad Harpoon SSM, 1
SA-316B Alouette III hel; 2 with 8 ASROC); PARA-MILITARY:
2 Sumner with 2 quad Harpoon, 1 Alouette Civilian Defence Corps (to age 50) 3,500,000.
III hel. Student Homeland Defence Corps (Schools)
Frigates: 6 (2,100-ton): 600,000.
2 HDF-2100 Ulsan with 2 quad Harpoon; Hydrographie Service; 3 MCMV.
4 US (2 Lawrence, 2 Crosley) (reported retiring). Coastguard; 4 HDP-600 Sea Whale/Dragon,
Corvettes: 5 HDP-1000 (1,400-ton). 12 Sea Shark, Sea Wolf coastal, some 20 Sea-
FAC(G): 11: gull, Sea Snake inshore patrol craft, several
8 PSMM-5 (3 with 2 twin Standard SSM hundred minor craft; 9 Hughes 500D hel.
(ARM), 5 with 2 twin Harpoon);
1 Asheville with 2 twin Standard;
2 Wildcat with 2 Exocet MM-38.
Patrol craft: 136: LAOS
large: 89: 4 Sea Shark, 33 Sea Dolphin, 8 Cape,
42 Gireogi, 2 other; GDP 1982: kip 16.65 bn ($475.714 m)
coastal (: 47: 45 Schoolboy/Sea Hawk, 2 other. 1983: kip 18.70 bn ($534.286 m)
Minesweepers: 1 US LSM. FMA 1983e: $125.0 m
Amph: LST: 8; LSM: 7; LCU: 5; LCM: 7. $ l = k i p (1983/4/5/6): 35.00
Spt ships: 2 supply, 6 tankers.
ASW: 2 sqns: Population: 3,797,000
1 ac with 18 Grumman S-2A/F; 18-30 31-45
I hel with 10 Hughes 500MD; Men: 337,000 302,000
I1 fits with SA-316B Alouette III hel. Women: 357,000 331,000
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: $US: = $M(1983): 2.3213 (1984): 2.3436

Regular: 53,000. (1985): 2.4829 (1986): 2.6290
Terms of service, conscription, 18 months $M = ringgit
minimum. Population: 16,660,000
18-30 31-45
ARMY: 50,000.
Military Regions: 4. Men: 335,000 301,000
5 inf divs. Women: 356,000 330,000
7 indep inf regts.
1 engr regt. TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
2 construction regts, indep construction bns. Regular 110,000.
5 arty, 9 AA arty bns. Terms of service, voluntary.
65 indep inf coys. Reserves: 46,600. Army 45,000, Navy 1,000,
1 It ac liaison fit. Air 600.
Equipment:
Tks: 30 T-34/-55. It: 25 PT-76. ARMY: 90,000.
APC: 60BTR-40/-152. 1 corps, 4 div HQ.
Arty: guns: 130mm: 10 M-46. 9 inf bdes, consisting of 36 inf bns (1 APC), 4
how: 75mm: 40 M-116; 76mm: 20 M-1942; cav, 5 fd arty, 2 AA arty, 5 sigs, 5 engr regts;
105mm: 25 M-101; 122mm: 40 M-1938 admin units.
and D-30. 1 Special Service regt (3 bns).
mon 81mm: M-l; 82mm: M-37; 120mm: M-43. Equipment:
ATK: RCL: 57mm: M-18/A1; 75mm: M-20; Tks: It: 26 Scorpion (90mm).
107mm: B-ll. AFV: recce: 186 SIBMAS, 140 AML-60/-90, 60
AD: guns: 23mm: ZSU-23-4 SP; 37mm: M-1939; Ferret (to retire). APC: 140 AT-105, 134 V-100/
57mm: S-60. SAM: SA-7. -150 Commando, 25 Stormer, 460 Condor.
Arty: how: 105mm: 60 Model 56 pack, 56
NAVY: 1,000.
Patrol craft(: 20 riven most ex-Vietnamese, M-102A1. mor: 81mm.
some Sov Shmel. ATK: RU 89mm: M-20. RCL: 106mm: 150;
(Perhaps 20 more vessels incl 3 LCM, 6 tpts in 120mm: 5. ATGW:SS-11.
reserve, probably inoperable.) AD: guns: 12.7mm: 70; 40mm: 35 L-70.
NAVY: 9,000.
AIR FORCE: 2,000; 24 combat ac.
FGA: 1 sqn with some 20 Mikoyan-Guryevich Bases: Lumut (HQ), Tanjong Gelang, Kuantan
MiG-21. (HQ Naval Region), Labuan, Sungei Aute
Tpt: 1 sqn: 2 Yakovlev Yak-40, 5 Antonov (Sarawak), Woodlands (Singapore; trg base).
An-24, 2 An-26, 6 An-2, C-47 (Douglas DC-3), Frigates: 4:
Douglas DC-4. 2 Kasturi FFG (FS-1500) with 4 Exocet MM-38
Hel: 1 sqn with 10 Mil Mi-8, 2 Mi-6. SSM, 1 hel;
Trg: 10 MiG-15 UTI/MiG-17, 4 MiG-21 UTI, 2 Yarrow FF.
8 Yak-18. FAC(G): 12 with Exocet MM-38 SSM:
AAM: AA-2 Atoll. 8 Handalan (Spica-M) (4 msls);
(On order: 12 MiG-21 ac.) 4 Perdana (La Combattante II) (2 msls).
FAC: 6 Jerong.
Patrol craft: 21 large:
PARA-MILITARY: Militia, Self-Defence forces. 1 Musytari, 2 Kedah, 4 Sabah, 14 Kris.
Minehunters: 4 Lerici.
Amph: LST: 2 US 511-1152, 29 small vessels.
Spt: 3 comd/comms/cargo ships.
MALAYSIA (Naval Air Wing to form 71986.)
(On order 1 1,300-ton offshore patrol vessel.)
GDP 1984: $M 79.634 bn ($US 33.979 bn) AIR FORCE: 11,000; 61 combat ac.
1985: $M 78.000 bn ($US 31.415 bn)
growth 1984: 7.6% 1985: 2.8% 2 Commands.
Inflation 1984: 3.9% 1985: 0.3% FGA: 3 sqns: 2 with 39 McDonnell-Douglas
Debt 1984: $US 16.7 bn 1985: $US 18.5 bn A-4PTM; 1 with 19 Northrop F-5 (13 -E, 4 -F,
Def bdgt 1985: $M 4.381 bn ($US 1.764 bn) 2 RF-5E).
1986: $M 4.700 bn ($US 1.788 bn) MR: 1 sqn with 3 C-130HMP Hercules.
Tpt: 5 sqns: ac: 3: 1 with 6 C-130H; 2 with 2 Terms of service: Conscription: males 18—40
BAe/HS-125, 2 Fokker F-28, 2 HU-16 Alba- years; 3 years authorized, actual service may
tross, 11 Cessna 402B; hel: 2 with 36 Sikorsky only be 2.
S-61A-4. Reserves: Army 200,000.
Liaison: 4 sqns: ac: 2 with 13 DHC-4A Caribou;
hel: 2 with 24 SA-316B Alouette III. ARMY: 22,000 (perhaps 17,000 conscripts).
Trg: 3 sqns: ac: 12 Aermacchi MB-339, 40 4 motor rifle divs.
Pilatus PC-7; hel: 7 Bell 47, 2 Alouette. Equipment:
AAM: Sidewinder. Tks: 650 T-54/-55/-62.
AFV: recce: 135 BRDM-2/-RKH.
(On order: 4 NC-212 Aviocar tpt, 2 HU-16 Alba- MICV: 350 BMP, 20 BMP M-1976.
tross ac (1986); Super Sidewinder AAM. APC:350BTR-40/-60/-152.
Arty: guns: 650: 122mm: D-30; 130mm: M-46;
PARA-MILITARY: 152mm: ML-20.
Police Field Force 18,000; 4 Bde HQ: 21 bns MRL: 122mm: BM-21; 132mm: BM-13-16;
(incl 2 Aboriginal); Shorland armd cars, 140mm: BM-14-16, BM-14-17.
SB-301 APC, 53 armed patrol boats incl 9 mor: 82mm, 120mm, 160mm.
Brooke Marine 25m (27(), 4 Cessna 206 ac. ATK: guns: 100mm: T-12.
(On order: 2 cutters with hel.) ATGW: BRDM-2 with AT-3 Sagger.
Area Security Units (Home Guard): 3,100 men AD: guns: 200: 14.5mm: ZPU-4; 37mm:
in 89 units. M-1939; 57mm: S-60.
Border Scouts (in Sabah, Sarawak) 1,200. SAM: 300 SA-7.
People's Volunteer Corps (RELA) over 350,000.
AIR FORCE: 3,500 (100 pilots); Soviet tech-
OPPOSITION: some 2,100. nicians; 17 combat ac.
Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) (some 1,200). (Operates civil air line.)
Communist Party of Malaya (CPMAL) (800) incl Ftrs: 1 sqn with 17 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-21.
CPM Marxist and Leninist Faction (CPM Tpt* at least 2 sqns:
(ML)) (750), CPM Revolutionary Faction (CPM 20 Antonov An-2,19 An-24, 1 An-26, 1 An-32.
Hel: 1 sqn with Mil Mi-8, 10 Mi-4.
(RF)) (50). Trg: Yakovlev Yak-11/-18, 3 PZL-104 Wilga utility.
North Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP) —
East Malaysia (60).
PARA-MILITARY:
* Excl ringgits 2.8 bn for defence in 5-year plan 1986— Ministry of Public Security (15,000): Militia
90. 1981—85 plan had allocated M$ 6.0 bn. All figures (Police), internal security troops, frontier
incl internal security budget/expenditure. guards; BTR-60/-152 APC.
NEPAL
MONGOLIA
GDP 1983/4: NR 38.184 bn ($2.502 bn)
GDP 1984B: t 6.65
bn ($1.900 bn) 1984/5: NR 41.738 bn ($2.347 bn)
1985e:t 7.13 bn ($2.123 bn) growth 1983/4: 7.4% 1984/5:2.8%
growth 1983: 8.3% 1984: 4.5% Inflation 1984: 2.8% 1985: 8.1%
Defbdgt 1984: t 763.80 m ($218.229 m ) Debt 1984: $430.0 m 1985e: $520.0 m
1985e: t 783.00 m ($233.348 m ) Def bdgtl984/5: NR 530.0 m ($29.805 m)
$l=t (1982/3): 3.30 (1984): 3.50 1985/6: NR 660.8 m ($34.521 m)
(1985): 3.36 Def expl 983/4Ë: NR 660.0 m ($43.250 m)
t = tugrik 1984/5e:NR 374.0 m ($21.032 m)
Population: 1,954,000 $ 1 = N R (1983/4): 15.2602 (1984/5): 17.7822
75-50 31-45 (1985/6): 19.1417 (1986): 20.5000
Men: 217,000 153,000 NR = rupees
Women: 218,000 152,000 Population: 16,950,000
18-30 31-45
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: Men: 1,850,000 1,300,000
Regular: 25,500 (Perhaps 17,000 conscripts). Women: 1,745,000 1,300,000
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: 1 SAS bn (?1 sqn).

Regular: 30,000. Territorials: 6 inf bns, 4 fd, 1 med arty btys,
Terms of service: voluntary. 1 recce, 1 APC, 1 ATK sqns.
Reserves: none organized. Equipment:
Tks: It: 26 Scorpion.
1 Royal Guard bde: incl 1 cav sqn, 1 garrison bn. APC:72M-113.
5 inf bdes: incl AB bn. Arty: guns: 5.5-in. (140mm): 10. how: 105mm: 39
1 spt bde: (incl pack), mor. 81mm: 74.
1 arty regt, 1 engr bn, 1 sigs regt, 1 cav sqn. RCL: 84mm: Carl Gustav, 106mm: 18 M-40.
1 log bde: incl 1 tpt bn, 1 air sqn (1 ac, 1 hel fits).
Equipment: NAVY: 2,617.
AFV: recce: 25 Ferret. Base. Auckland.
Arty: how: 75mm: 6 pack; 3.7-in. (94mm): Frigates: 4 Leander with 1 Wasp hel:
5 mountain; 105mm: 6 pack. 3 have 1 quad Seacat SAM; 1 has 2 quad
mor: 4.2-in. (107mm): 4; 120mm: 18. Seacat, 1 Ikara ASW.
AD: guns: 40mm: 2 L/60. Patrol craft: 8:
Avn: ac: 2 Short Skyvan, 1 BAe/HS-748. 4 Lake, 4 Kiwi inshore (Reserves).
hel: 6 Chetak {Alouette III), 2 SA-330 Puma, Survey vessels: 3.

1 AS-332 Super Puma. Océanographie vessel: 1.
Hel: 7 Westland Wasp (see Air Force).
Forces Abroad: Lebanon (UNIFIL): 1 inf bn (800). (On order: 1 12,300-ton tanker, Seacat SAM.)
AIR FORCE: 4,182; 43 combat ac, 7 combat hel.
PARA-MILITARY: Police force 25,000. Ops Gp:
FGA: 2 sqns:
17 McDonnell-Douglas A-4K, 5 TA-4K
Skyhawk.
NEW ZEALAND MR: 1 sqn with 6 Lockheed P-3B Orion.
COIN: 1 with 15 BAe/BAC-167 Strikemaster.
GDP 1983/4: $NZ34.94bn($US22.96bn) ASW hel: 7 Wasp (Navy-assigned).
1984/5:$NZ40.98bn($US21.67bn) Tpt: 3 sqns:
growth 1983/4:3.9% 1984/5:1.5% . ac: 1 with 5 C-130H Hercules, 1 with 7 BAe/
Inflation 1984/5:6.2% 1985/6:15.4% HS-748 Andover, 2 Boeing 727-100C;
Debt 1984: $US14.0bnl985: $US14.7bn hel: 1 with 6 Westland Sioux (Bell 47), 12
Def bdgt 1984/5:$NZ756.41m ($US399.92m) Bell UH-1D/H.
1985/6:$NZ911.58m ($US469.35m) Comms: 1 flight with 3 Cessna 421C.
FMA 1984: $ U S 1 . 2 m l 9 8 5 : $US1.4m Support Gp:
$US 1 =$NZ (1982/3): 1.3710 (1983/4): 1.5219 Trg wing: 4 Victa Airtourer, 15 CT-4
(1984/5): 1.8914 (1985/6): 1.9422 Airtrainer, 3 F-27 Friendship ac; 3 Sioux hel.
$NZ = New Zealand dollars
Population: 3,333,000 Forces Abroad:
18-30 31-45 Singapore: 1 inf bn with log spt, 1 spt hel unit (3
Men: 384,000 297,000 UH-1). Egypt (Sinai MFO): 35; 2 UH-1 hel.
Women: 351,000 326,000
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: PAKISTAN

Regular: 12,615.
Terms of service: voluntary, supplemented by GDP 1983/4: Rs 418.77 bn ($31.075 bn)
Territorial Army service: 7 weeks basic, 20 1984/5e: Rs 474.47 bn ($31.315 bn)
days per year. growth 1983/4: 4.4% 1984/5:7.5%
Reserves 9,352. Regular 2,915: Army 1,370, Inflation 1983/4: 6.6% 1984/5:5.8%
Navy 755, Air 790. Territorial 6,437: Army Debt 1984: $12.7 bn 1985: $14.0 bn
5,728, Navy 489, Air 220. Def bdgt 1984/5: Rs 29.65 bn ($1.957 bn)
1985/6: Rs 33.06 bn ($2.067 bn)
ARMY: 5,816. FMA 1984/5: $325.0 m 1985/6: $350.0 m
2 inf bns. $l = Rs (1983/4):; 13.48 (1984/5): 15.15
1 arty bty. (1985/6) : 16.00 (1986): 16.91
1 It armd sqn. Rs = rupees
Population: 98,125,000* Subs: 11:
18-30 31-45 2 Agosta; 4 Daphne, 5 SX-404 midget.
Men: 11,654,000 7,203,000 Destroyers: 8:
Women: 10,480,000 6,543,000 1 Br County with 2 quad Seacat SAM, 1
Alouette hel;
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: 6 US Gearing with 1 octuple ASROC ASW;
Regular: 480,600. 1 Br Battle (trg, non-operational).
Terms of Service: voluntary. FAC(G): 8 Ch:
4 Huangfen (4 HY-2 SSM), 4 Hoku{ (2 HY-2);
Reserves: 513,000. Army 500,000 (obligation to FAC(T): 4 Huchwan hydrofoil(.
ages 45 (men) or 50 (officers); active liability for FAC(gun): 12 Shanghai-Il.
8 years after service), Navy 5,000, Air 8,000. Patrol craft large: 5: 4 Ch Hainan, 1 Town.
MCMV: 3: 2 US Adjutant, 1 MSC-268 coastal.
ARMY: 450,000.
7 Corps HQ. Spt: 1 tanker, 1 Br Dido cruiser (non-operational
2 armd divs. trg ship).
17 inf divs. (On order: 3 Type-21 frigates; 16 RGM-84 Har-
4 indep armd bdes. poon SSM).
8 indep inf bdes. NAVAL AIR: 3 combat ac, 6 combat hel.

8 arty bdes/bde equivalent. ASW/MR: 1 sqn: 3 Breguet Atlantic (AM-39 ASM).
3 AA arty bdes. AS W/SAR: 2 hel sqns: 6 Westland Sea King ASW
6 armd recce regts. with AM-39, 4 SA-316B Alouette III.
1 special services group (3 bns). Comms: 1 Fokker F-27 ac (Air Force).
Equipment: ASM: AM-39 Exocet.
Tks: 1,600: 450 M-47/-48 (incl A5), 51 T-54/
-55, some 1,100 Type-59. AIR FORCE: 17,600; 373 combat ac.
APC:600M-113,45UR-416. FGA: 8 sqns:
Arty: guns: 85mm: 180 Type 56; 25-pdr (88mm): 1 with 17 Dassault Mirage IIIEP (some with
some 1,000; 100mm: Type-59; 130mm: Type- AM-39 ASM);
59-1/M46; 5.5-in. (140mm) and 155mm: M-59. 4 with 50 Mirage 5PA3;
how: 105mm: 12 M-7 SP, incl pack; 122mm: 3 with 41 Nanchang Q-5.
Type 54-1; 155mm: 40 M-114, 75 M-198 Interceptor/FGA: 11 sqns:
towed, 100 M-109A2 SP; 203mm: 40 9 with 170 Shenyang J-6;
M-110A2SP. 2 with some 30 General Dynamics F-16.
MRL: 122mm: BM-21. Recce: 1 sqn with 13 Mirage IIIRP.
mor: 81mm, 107mm, 120mm. Tpt: 2 sqns:
ATK: RL: M-20 3.5-in. (89mm). RCU Type-52 1 with 13 C-130B/E, 1 L-100 Hercules;
75mm; M-40A 106mm. 1 with 1 Dassault Mystère-Falcon 20, 2 Fokker
ATGW: Cobra, 300 TO W (incl 24 on M-901 SP). F-27-200 (1 with Navy), 2 Beech (1 Super
AD: guns: 14.5mm; 37mm: Type-55/-65; 40mm; King Air, 1 Bonanza).
57mm: S-60/Type 59. SAR: 1 hel sqn with 2 Kaman HH-43B, 4
SAM: 100 Stinger, 144RBS-70. SA-316B Alouette III.
Utility: 1 hel sqn:
AVIATION: 4 SA-321 Super Frelon, 12 Bell 47.
Liaison: ac: 1 sqn with 55 Mashshaq (Saab-9l Trg: 1 sqn with 20 Lockheed T-33A, 4 MiG-
Safari); hel: 4 sqns. 15UTI; other ac incl 2 Mirage 5DPA2, 3 Mir-
Observation: indep fits: age IIIDP, 2 J-6, 35 Cessna T-37C, 45
ac: 45 Cessna O-1E, Cessna 421, 50 Shenyang JJ-5 (MiG-17U), 12 Shenyang CJ-6,
Mashshaq, Rockwell Turbo Commander, 24 Reims Cessna FTB-337.
Beech Queen Air, AD: 7 SAM btys:
hel: some 10 Bell AH-1S Cobra with TOW, 16 6 with 6 Crotale (each 4 msls);
Mil Mi-8, 35 SA-330 Puma, 23 SA-316B 1 with 6 CSA-1 (SA-2).
Alouette III, 13 Bell 47. AAM: Sidewinder, R-530, R-550 Magic.
(On order: 65 M-48A5 MBT; 110 M-113 APC; ASM: AM-39 Exocet.
88 M-109A2 SP how; TOW ATGW launchers; (On order 10 F-16, some 100 Q-5 FGA, Xian
some 10 AH-IS hel.) J-7, some 300 AIM-9L Sidewinder.)
NAVY: 13,000 (incl Naval Air). Forces Abroad: 30,000 contract personnel.
Base: Karachi. Saudi Arabia (10,000), Libya, Oman, UAE, Kuwait
PARA-MILITARY: 164,000. PHILIPPINES

National Guard (75,000):
Mujahid Force; Janbaz Force; National Cadet GDP 1984: P 549.830 bn ($32.926 bn)
corps; Women Guards. 1985e: P 623.100 bn ($33.487 bn)
Civil Armed Forces (CAF) (89,000): growth 1984: -5.2% 1985: -3.9%
Frontier Corps (65,000); Pakistan Rangers Inflation 1984: 50.4% 1985: 23.1%
(15,000); Northern Light Infantry (7,000); Debt 1984: $26.5 bn 1985: $26.3 bn
Coast Guard (2,000). Defbdgt 1985: P 8.820 bn ($474.015 m )
1986: P 10.500 bn ($510.949 m )
* Excl Afghan refugees. FMA 1985: $68.0 m 1986: $152.0 m
$1 = P (1983): 11.113 (1984): 16.699
(1985): 18.607 (1986): 20.550
P = pesos
PAPUA NEW GUINEA Population: 56,449,000
18-30 31-45
GDP 1983: K 1.998 bn ($2,395 bn) Men: 6,804,000 4,536,000
1984: K 1.913 bn ($2,139 bn)
Women: 6,599,000 4,460,000

growth 1982: -0.1% 1983: 0.9%
Inflation 1983: 7.9% 1984: 7.5%
Debt 1984: $1.8 bn 1985: $2.1 bn TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Defbdgt 1985: K 31.228 m ($31.134 m ) Regular: 113,000 (plus 42,000 Para-Military).
1986: K 33.464 m ($34.667 m ) Terms of service, voluntary.
FMA 1983: $13.0 m 1984: $14.5 m Reserves: 48,000. Army 20,000 (obligation to age
$1=K (1983): 0.8341 (1984): 0.8942 49), 18 bns, some 75,000 more have commit-
(1985): 1.0030 (1986): 0.9653 ments; Navy 12,000; Air 16,000 (to age 49).
K = kina
ARMY: 70,000.
Population: 3,523,000 12 Military Regions (being re-org).
18-30 31-45 5 inf divs (each 3 inf bdes, spt tps).
Men: 391,000 277,000 1 ranger regt (2 scout ranger, 1 mountain bns).
Women: 363,000 248,000 2 engr bdes.
1 It armd regt.
4 arty regts.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: 1 Presidential Security Command (6 bns).
Regular: 3,232. 1 military police bde (3 bns).
Terms of service: voluntary. Equipment:
Tks: It: 28 Scorpion.
ARMY: 2,846. AFV:MICV:45.
2 inf bns. APC: 80 M-113, 20 Chaimite, 120 V-150.
1 engr bn. Arty: how: 105mm: 260 M-101 and M-102 pack;
1 sigs sqn. 155mm: 12 M-114. mor: 81mm; 107mm: 40.
Log units. ATK: RCL: 75mm: M-20; 90mm: M-67;
106mm: M-40.
NAVY: 300.
Bases: Port Moresby, Lombrum. NAVY: 26,000 (9,500 Marines, 2,000 Coast
Patrol craft: 5 Attack large. Guard).
Amph: 2 500-ton landing craft. Base. Sangley Point/Cavite, Zamboanga.
(On order: 4 Pacific-class patrol vessels Frigates: 7:
(1986-87)). 4 Casco (to be mod; plan to get Harpoon);
1 Savage,
2 Cannon.
AIR FORCE: 86. Corvettes: 10: 2 Auk, 7 PCE-827, 1 Admirable.
Tpt: 1 sqn with GAF N-22B Missionmaster, Patrol craft: 86:
3 IAI Arava 201 for border patrol, 6 C-47 large: 13: 1 command, 1 SAR ship, 4 Kagitingan,
(Douglas DC-3). 4 PGM-39, 1 PGM-71, 2 US PC-461.
coastal: 73: 31 de Haviland 9209; 39 Sewart
PARA-MILITARY: Swift Mks 1, 2, 3; 3 other.
Police (Border Patrol) 4,600. Amph: 3 spt, 24 LST, 4 LSM, 61 LCM, 7 LCVP, 3 LCU.
SAR: 1 sqn with 6 GAF N-24A Searchmaster L New People's Army (NPA; Maoist) 16,500 (per-
ac, 5 MBB BO-105 hel. haps 11,000 armed; 20,000 more
Spt: 2 Presidential yachts, 3 repair ships, 1 spt supporters).
ship, 2 tankers. Cordillera People's Liberation Army (breakaway
MARINES: (9,500): from NPA) few hundred; small arms.
3bdes(10bns). Figures must be used with caution.
Equipment:
APC: 30 LVTP-5, 55 LVTP-7.
Arty: how: 105mm: 150M-101. SINGAPORE
mor: 4.2-in. (107mm): M-30.
Coastguard: (2,000). GDP 1983/4: S 35.171 bn ($16.571 bn)
Equipment: Some 65 patrol craft incl 3 large SAR, 1984/5: S 38.733 bn ($17.901 bn)
growth 1984/5: -1.7% 1985/6: -2.4%
2 It ac.
Inflation 1984: 2.6% 1985: 0.4%
(On order: 2 ex-US destroyers, 3 PSMM-5 Debt 1984: $2.0 bn 1985: $3.7 bn
FAC(G); 6 Kagitingan (status of order unclear) Defbdgt 1984/5: S 2.263 bn($ 1.046 bn)
large, 50 small patrol boats (some 19 Swift- 1985/6: S 2.614 bn ($1.201 bn)
type for Coastguard); 1 LCVP amph.) $1 = S (1983/4):: 2.1225 (1984/5): 2.1637
(1985/6):: 2.1762 (1986): 2.2188
AIR FORCE: 17,000; combat: 71 ac, 17 hel. S = $ Singapore
FGA: 1 sqn with 20 Republic F-8H.
AD: 1 sqn with 16 Northrop F-5A, 3 F-5B. Population: 2,631,000
COIN: ac: 2 sqns with 32 North American 18-30 31-45
T-28D; hel: 1 wing with 62 Bell UH-1H, 17 Men: 368,000 301,000
Sikorsky S-76. Women: 347,000 292,000
Presidential tpt: 1 sqn with:
ac: 1 Boeing 707, 1 BAe/BAC-111, 1 NAMC TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
YS-11, 1 FokkerF-28; Regular 55,500, (34,800 conscripts).
hel: 1 Sikorsky S-62A, 2 Bell UH-1N, 1 SA-330 Terms of service, conscription; 24—30 months.
Puma, 2 Sikorsky S-70AS. Reserves: Army 170,000; annual trg to age 40
Tpt: 5 sqns: for men, 50 for officers. Navy (?4,500), Air
ac: 1 with 3 C-130H Hercules; Force (?7,500).
1 with 5 C-47 (Douglas DC-3), 11 Fokker
(8 F-27, 3 F-27MR); ARMY: 45,000 (30,000 conscripts).
1 with 9 GAF N22B Missionmaster, 1 divHQ.
1 with 22 BN-2 Islander, 1 armd bde (1 recce, 1 tk, 2 APC bns).
hel: 1 with 11 MBB BO-105. 3 inf bdes (each 3 inf bns).
Liaison: 1 sqn with Cessna O-1E, 1 Cessna 6 arty bns.
U-17A/B, 3 Cessna 210. 1 cdo bn.
Trg: 3 sqns: 6 engr, 3 sigs bns.
1 with 10 Lockheed T/RT-33A, 12 Cessna Reserves:
T-41D; 2 div, 1 armd bde, 6 inf bde HQ; 18 inf, 1 cdo,
1 with 46 SIAI-Marchetti (30 SF-260MP, 16 12 arty, 6 engr, 3 sigs bns.
SF-260WP); Equipment:
1 with 10 Beech T-34A. Tks: some 6 M-60 (trg). II: 270+ AMX-13.
Weather 1 sqn with 3 GAF N-22B Missionmaster. APC:720M-113.
AAM: Sidewinder.
Arty: how: 155mm: 54: 38 Soltam M-71, 16
PARA-MILITARY: M-114A1 (other types incl M-68 and 1 dom-
Ministry of Defence 42,000. estic production reported).
Philippine Constabulary (50,000); 13 Regional mon 60mm; 81mm; 120mm: 50 (some SP in
Commands, 225 provincial coys. M-113).
Civil Home Defence Force 65,000. ATK: RU 89mm.
Army Reserve Comd: 18 inf bns. RCU 84mm: Carl Gustav, 106mm: 90.
OPPOSITION: NAVY: 4,500 (1,800 conscripts).

Bangsa Moro Army (armed wing of Moro Base. Pulau Brani (Singapore).
National Liberation Front) 11,000. FAC(G): 6 TNC-45 each with 5 Gabriel II SSM.
FAC: 6 Vosper A/B. $1 = Rs (1983): 23.529 (1984): 25.438

Patrol craft: 12 Swift coastal. (1985): 27.163 (1986): 27.960
Minesweepers: 2 US Redwing coastal. Rs = rupees
Amph: 6 US 511-1152 LST (1 in reserve), 8 land- Population: 16,445,000
ing craft (. 18-30 31-45
Trg: 2 ships. Men: 2,078,000 1,366,000
Women: 2,059,000 1,364,000
AIR FORCE: 6,000 (3,000 conscripts); 155 com-
bat ac.
FGA: 3 sqns: TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
2 (1 more to form) with 37 McDonnell-Douglas 37,660 incl active Reservists.
A-4S/SI, 6 TA-4S Skyhawk, Regular: 21,560.
1 with 21 BAe Hunter FGA-74. Terms of service, voluntary.
COIN: 3 sqns: Reserves: 16,100. Obligation: 7 years post-
1 with 18BAe/BAC-167; Regular service. Army 14,000, Navy 1,000,
1 with 20 Lockheed T-33A; Air 1,100.
1 withsomel4SIAIS-21l.
AD: 2 sqns with 23 Northrop F-5E, 3 F-5F. ARMY: 30,000 incl active Reservists.
SAM: 4 sqns: 5 'Task Forces' (inf bdes: 5 regular, 6 reserve bns).
1 with 28 Bloodhound 2; 2 recce regts (bns) (1 reserve).
1 with 10 Rapier, 2 fd arty (1 reserve), 1 AA regts.
1 with 6 Improved HAWK; 1 fd engr, 1 engr plant regts.
1 with Bofors RBS-70. 1 sigs bn.
guns: 20mm; 35mm; 40mm: L-70. 1 Special Forces Task Force, 4,000 men.
APC: 280: 30 V-100, 250 V-150/-200 Com- Support services: log units.
mando. Equipment:
Recce: 1 sqn with 7 Hunter FR-74S, 4 T-75S, AFV: recce: 18 Saladin, 15 Ferret, 12 Daimler
2 Grumman E-2C Hawkeye AEW. Dingo.
Tpt/SAR: 1 sqn with 8 C-130B/H Hercules, 6 APC: 160:10 BTR-152, 6 SAMIL 100, 144 other.
Short Skyvan. Arty: guns: 76mm: 16 Yug M-48; 85mm: 30
Trg: 11 SIAI-Marchetti SF-260W, 12 -260MS. Type-56; 25 pdr (88mm).
Hel: 2 sqns: mor: 82mm: 12; 4.2-in. (107mm): 12.
36 Bell UH-1B/H, 3 Agusta-Bell AB-212, 6 ATK: RCL: 82mm: M-60; 106mm: M-40.
AS-350B Ecureuil, 6 AS-332 Super Puma. AD: guns: 40mm: 24; 3.7-in. (94mm): 24.
AAM: AIM-9J/P Sidewinder. (On order: 6 Saracen APC.)
(On order 8 General Dynamics F-16, 70 A-4SI
(being rebuilt), some 26 SIAI S-211, 2 E-2C ac; NAVY: 3,960.
16 AS-332 hel (local production); Rapier/ Bases: Trincomalee, Karainagar, Colombo,
Blindfire SAM; 200 AGM-65 Maverick ASM.) Tangalla, Kalpitiya.
Forces Abroad: Brunei: (500); trg school. Comd: 3 ships, 3 tenders.
Patrol craft: large: 2 Jayesagara 40-metre;
coastal(: 42: 11 Pradeepa, 6 Dabur-cl&ss,
PARA-MILITARY: 9 Cougar Marine 32-ft, 16 other; harbour<: 4.
Police/marine police 7,500; 56 patrol craft (10 FAC: 6 Sooraya (Ch Shanghai-ll).
armd). Amph: 4: 2 LCM, 2 It LCU.
Gurkha guard bn some 700. (On order: 3 Jayesagara large, 2 coastal patrol
People's Defence Force, some 30,000. craft(, 6 landing craft (2 late 86).)
AIR FORCE: 3,700; 2 combat hel.
Tpt: 1 sqn with 1 BAe/HS-748, 2 Douglas DC-3,
SRI LANKA 2 Riley Heron, 1 DH Heron, 3 Cessna 337,
GDP 1984: Rs 152.615 bn ($5.999 bn) 1 Beechcraft, 1 Cessna 421C.
1985: Rs 171.081 bn ($6.298 bn) Hel: 1 sqn with 10 Bell (8 206, 2 212 attack),
growth 1984: 4.1% 1985: 5.1% 2 SA-365 Dauphin.
Inflation 1984: 16.6% 1985: 1.4% Trg: incl 6 Cessna 150/152, 8 DH (5 Chipmunk,
Debt 1984: $3.7 bn 1985: $4.1 bn 3 Dove).
Defbdgt 1985: Rs 6.196 bn ($228.104 m) Reserves: Air Force Regt, 3 sqns; Airfield Con-
1986: Rs 8.700 bn ($311.159 m)* struction Regt, 1 sqn.
(In storage: 2 BAe Jet Provost Mk 51 ac.) 12 hy inf divs.

(On order: 12 SIAI-Marchetti SF-260TP COIN/ 6 It inf divs.
trg ac, 6 Bell 212, 20 Bell 206 hel). 6 mech inf bdes.
2 AB bdes.
4 tk gps.
PARA-MILITARY: 20 fd arty bns.
Police Force 21,000 (increase to 28,000 planned 5 SAM bns: 2 with Nike Hercules, 3 with HA WK.
by end 1986). 6 army aviation sqns.
Volunteer Force 5,000. 9 Reserve divs (cadre).
Home Guard. Equipment:
Tks: 309 M-48.
OPPOSITION: It: 325 M-24 (90mm gun), 795 M-41.
Eelam National Liberation Front (EPNLF): 4 gps: AFV: recce: M-8. APC: M-3 half-track, 1,100
Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation M-113, 150 V-150 Commando.
Front (EPRLF). Arty: guns/how: 155mm: 390 M-59, T-69 (SP).
Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization (TELO). how: 75mm: 350 M-116 pack; 105mm: 550
Eelam Revolutionary Organization of M-101 (T-64); 155mm: 90 M-114 (T-65);
Students (EROS). 203mm: 10 M-115 towed; 105mm: 225
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). M-108 SP; 155mm: 250 M-109A1 (T-69) SP;
People's Liberation Organization of Tamil 203mm: 150M-110SP.
Eelam (PLOT). MRU 65mm: Kung Feng (Worker Bee); 45 x
(Eelam Revolutionary Communist Party 117mm: (Mark VI); 40 x 126mm: (Mark III/
IV) towed and SP.
reported, status, strength unknown).
Total strength est 5,000 activists, perhaps 8,000 SSM: Hsiung Feng (Drone Bee = Gabriel-type)
supporters/reserves; small arms, RPG-7 RL, coastal defence SSM, Ching Feng (Green Bee
SA-7 SAM. = lance-type) SSM/SAM. mor: 81mm.
ATK: RCU 90mm: M-67; 106mm: 500 M-40.
* Incl extra allocation of Rs 2.5 bn to meet internal guns: 76mm: 150 M-l 8 SP. ATGW: Kun Wu (Fire
security expenditure. God= rOW-type), TO W (some SP).
AD: guns: 40mm: 300 (incl M-42 SP). SAM: 400
Nike Hercules, 800 HAWK, 420 Chaparral.
Avn: hel: 118 UH-1H, 2 KH-4, 7 CH-34.
TAIWAN (On order: 75 M-60 MBT, 164 M-l 13 APC (incl
variants); 1,000 TOW, Kun Wu ATGW; 16
GNP 1984/5: $NT 2,388.4 bn($US 57.5 bn) launchers, 366 MIM-72F Chaparral msls;
1985/6e:$NT 2,445.0 bn ($US 62.7 bn) 370 Improved HAWK, Tien Kung I (Patriot-
growth 1984: 10.9% 1985:5.0% type) SAM.)
Innation 1984: 0.0% 1985:-0.2%
Debt 1984: $US 11.5 bn 1985: $US 8.5 bn DEPLOYMENT: Quemoy 55,000, Matsu 18,000.
Defbdgt 1985/6: $NT 161.3 bn($US 4.1 bn)
1986/7e:$NT 160.3 bn ($US 4.2 bn)* NAVY: 38,000.
$1 =$NT( 1983/4): 41.60 (1984/5): 41.53 Bases: Tsoying, Makung (Pescadores), Keelung.
(1985/6): 39.00 (1986): 38.10 Subs: 2 Guppy-ll.
$NT = New Taiwan dollars Destroyers: 26:
13 Gearing (3 ?non-operational) with 1 hel
Population: 20,210,000 (fitting 3 Hsiung Feng (HF) SSM, 10 with 1
75-30 31-45 octuple ASROQ;
Men: 2,560,000 1,842,000 8 Sumner (1 with 1 triple, 2 with 2 twin HF);
Women: 2,450,000 1,766,000 4 Fletcher (3 with 1 sextuple Sea Chaparral SAM);
1 Gearing radar picket with 3 HF.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: Frigates: 9: 3 Lawrence, 6 Crosley.
Regular: 424,000. Corvettes: 4: 1 domestic, 3 Auk.
Terms of service: 2 years. FAC(G): 53 with HF SSM:
Reserves: 1,457,500. Army: 1,300,000 have 2 Lung Chiang (PSMM-5),
some Reserve obligation to age 30. Navy 1 Suikiang with 4,
32,500, Marines 35,000, Air 90,000. 50 Tzu Chiang( (mod Dvora) with 2.
Patrol craft(: 28 coastal.
ARMY: 270,000. MCMV: 8 Adjutant, 2 MSC-268 and 3 MSC-
3 Army, 6 Corps, 1 Special Force HQ. 289 coastal.
Amph: LPD: 1; LSD: 2; LST: 22 (1 comd); LSM: 4; Inflation 1984: 0.9% 1985: 2.4%
LCU: 22; ICM: some 250; LCVP: 150. Debt 1984: $14.7 bn 1985: $15.8 bn
Spt: 1 repair ship, 3 tpts, 7 tankers. Def bdgt 1984/5:b 41.422 bn ($1.752 bn)
Hel: 1 sqn with 12 Hughes 500MD ASW 1985/6:b 41.200 bn ($1.517 bn)
Defender. FMA 1985: $100.0 m 1986: $85.3 m
(On order: 2 mod Zwaardvis subs; 3 Lung $l=b (1983): 23.000 (1984): 23.639
Chiang, 4 Tzu Chiang FAC(G), 8 PSMM-5 (1985): 27.159 (1986): 26.340
FAC(G); 10 ASW hel; ASROC ASW; 170 Stan- b = baht
dard SM-1, 284 Improved Sea Chaparral SAU.) Population: 52,850,000
MARINES: 39,000. 18-30 31-45
3 divs. Men: 6,643,000 4,600,000
Spt elms. Women: 6,455,000 4,500,000
Equipment:
APC: LVT-4/-5. TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Arty: how: 105mm, 155mm. RCL: 106mm. Regular. 256,000.
Terms of service. 2 years.
AIR FORCE: 77,000; 562 combat ac. Reserves: 500,000.

5 combat wings.
FGA: 13 sqns: ARMY: 166,000 (86,000 conscripts).
225 Northrop F-5E, 30 F-5F, 42 North Ameri- 4 Regions; 4 Army HQ.
can F-100A/D, 80 Lockheed F-104G. 1 cav div (2 cav, 1 arty regts).
Ftrs: 1 sqn with 15 F-104A. 1 armd div (1 tk, 1 cav, 1 mech regts).
Recce: 1 sqn with 8 RF-104G. 7 inf divs (incl Royal Guard, 5 with 1 tk bn).
MR: 1 sqn with 9 Grumman S-2A, 20 S-2E. 2 special forces divs.
SAR: 1 sqn with 8 Grumman HU-16B ac, 10 I arty div, 1 AA div (2 AA arty regts).
BellUH-lHhel.
II engrbns.
Tpt: 6 sqns: 26 Douglas (20 C-47, 5 C-54, 8 indepinfbns.
I C-l 18B), 50 Fairchild (40 C-l 19, 10 C-123), 4 recce coys.
5 Boeing (1 720B, 4 727-100).
Hel: 2 sqns: 7 UH-19 (Sikorsky S-55), 10 Bell 47G. Avn: 3 airmobile coys, some hel fits.
OCU: 82 F-5A/B, 30 F/TF-104G, 6 F-104D, Reserves: 4 div HQ.
15F-100F. Equipment:
Trg: incl 55 AIDC PL-IB Chien Shou, 49 AIDC Tks: 365: some Ch Type 59 reported, 65
T-CH-1, 32 Lockheed T-33, Northrop T-38; M-48A5; 300 M-41 (most in reserve).
10 North American T-28, AIDC AT-3. It: 150 Scorpion, 40 M-24 (in reserve).
AAM: Sidewinder, Shafrir. AFV: recce: 56 EE-9 Cascavel, 32 Shorland Mk 3.
ASM: Bullpup, AGM-65A Maverick. APC: 340 M-113, M-3A1 half-track, 150 V-150
(On order: 60 F-5E/F ftr, 12 Lockheed C-130H Commando, 20 Saracen.
tpt, 42 Beech T-34C Mentor, 50 AT-3 trg ac; Arty: guns: 130mm: 18 Type 59.
14 Sikorsky S-70 hel; Sparrow AAM.) how: 75mm: 300 M-l 16 pack; 105mm: M-101/
-101 mod; 155mm: 110 M-l 14, 62 M-198.
PARA-MILITARY: mon 81mm, 4.2-in (107mm), 120mm.
Taiwan Garrison Comd, 25,000. ATK: RU M-72 LAW. RCL 57mm: M-l8; 75mm:
Ministry of Defence internal security force. M-20; 106mm: 150M-40.
Customs Service (Ministry of Finance): ATGW: TOW, Dragon.
I1 patrol craft 5 ocean (armed), 11 inshore AD: guns: 20mm: 48 M-l63 Vulcan; 37mm:
(3 armed). some 14 Ch; 40mm: 80 M-1/L-70/M-42 SP.
SAM: Redeye.
* Estimates of likely actual expenditures run up to Avn: ac (tpt): 4 C-47 (DC-3), 1 Beech King Air.
$NT 205 bn for 1985/6 and $NT 220 bn for 1986/7.
(It): 2 Short 330-UTT, 93 Cessna (80 0-1,13
U-17A), 1 Beech 99.
(trg): 23 Cessna T-41 A.
THAILAND hel: 107 Bell (99 UH-1B/H, 3 OH-13H, 3
OH-58A, 2 214ST), 11 Hughes TH-55A.
GDP 1984: b 991.75 bn ($41.954 bn) (On order: Ch 85mm ATK guns, Kittikhachorn
1985: b 1,055.42 bn ($38.861 bn) 105mm MRL; Blowpipe SAM; Short 330-UTT
growth 1984: 6.0% 1985: 4.1% tpt ac.)
NAVY: 42,000 (some conscripts) incl naval air Tpt: 3 sqns incl Royal fit:
and marines. 1 with 10 C-47, 2 Fairchild Merlin IVA;
Bases: Bangkok, Sattahip, Songkla, Phangnga. 2 with 10 Fairchild C-123B, 4 C-130H
Frigates: 6: Hercules; 8 BAe/HS-748; 1 Boeing 737-200;
1 Br Yarrow-type with 1 quad Seacat SAM; 5 Nurtanio-CASA NC-212; 20 N-22B
2 Tapi (US PF-103); Nomad Missionmaster.
2 Tachin (US Tacoma); Liaison: 3 sqns: 4 Helio U-10, 30 Cessna O-l.
1 Cannon (trg). Hel: 2 sqns: 18 CH-34C (Sikorsky S-58), 29 Bell
FAC(G): 6: (27 UH-1H, 2 412).
3 Ratcharit (Breda BMB-230) with 4 Exocet SSM; Trg: incl 25 Cessna (10 T-37B, 6 O-1A,
3 Prabparapak (TNC-45) with 5 Gabriel SSM. 9 T-41A), 16 SIAI-Marchetti SF-260MT, 23
FAC: 3 Chonburi (Breda MV-400). CT-4 Airtrainer, some 4 V-400, -600 Fantrainer.
Patrol craft: 98: AAM: AIM-9 Sidewinder.
25 large: 6 Sattahip (PSMM-5), 6 Sarasin Airfield defence troops: 4 bns; Blowpipe SAM.
(PC-461), 10 T-ll (PGM-71), 3 T-81 (On order 8 General Dynamics F-16A, 4 -16B
(Cape); 33 coastal; 40 river(. FGA, 8 F-5E, 6 RC-47, 3 NC-212, 2 Merlin
MCMV: 2 Liirssen 48-m minehunters, 4 Ladya IVA, 4 N-24 Nomad, 6 HS-748, 1 C-130H-30
tpt, some 29 V-400, 14 V-600 Fantrainer trg ac;
(US Bluebird) coastal, 5 boats, 1 spt ship.

Amph: LST: 5; LSM: 3; LSIL: 2; LCG: 1; LCU: 9; LCM: 26; 4 UH-60 Black HA WK hel; Stingray torpedoes;
LCA:4; LCVP: 12. AIM-9P Sidewinder AAM; Blowpipe SAM.)
Trg ships: 2: 1 Br Algerine, 1 Jap Maeklong.
Spt ships: 2 tpts, 1 tanker. PARA-MILITARY:
Msls: SSM: MM-38 Exocet, Gabriel; SAM: Seacat. Thahan Phran 14,000: volunteer irregular force;
NAVAL AIR: (900); some 23 combat ac. 32 regts, 196 indep coys.
MR/ASW: 1 sqn with 9 Grumman S-2F. Volunteer Defence Corps 33,000.
MR/SAR: 1 sqn with 4 Fokker F-27MPA, Marine Police 1,700; 14 patrol craft.
2 Canadair CL-215, 5 C-47 (Douglas DC-3). Police Aviation 500; 5 Short (3 Skyvan, 1
MR/COIN: 8 N-24 Nomad Searchmaster, Sherpa, 1 330-UTT), 8 Pilatus PC-6, 2 DHC-4
2 Cessna 337. Caribou, 1 Dornier Do-28, 2 Cessna 310, 1
Trg/SAR: 1 hel sqn with 11 Bell UH-1H/N. Victa Airtourer, 1 CT-4 Airtrainer ac; 40 Bell
Observation: 1 sqn with 30 Cessna (13 U-17, (27 205, 13 206), 1 Sikorsky S-62, 6 Hiller
10 O-l A, 6O-2). HH-12, 1 KH-4 (Bell 47) hel.
Border Patrol Police 20,000.
MARINES: (20,000). Special Action Force 3,800.
2 regts: 6 inf, 1 arty bns; 1 amph assault bn (It tk Rangers 13,000.
bn forming). Village Scouts.
Equipment: National Defence Volunteers; 20 V-150 Com-
APC: 61 LVTP-7. mando APC, 1 Coastguard cutter.
Arty: guns/how: 155mm: 24 GC-45. (On order 7 Nomad ac.)
ATK: TOW, Dragon.
(On order: 3 PFMM-16 corvettes, 3 coastal, OPPOSITION:
1 hydrofoil patrol craft; 4 Liirssen mine- Communist Party of Malaya: some 1,500.
sweepers, 6 PS-700 LST; Aspide SAM; Har- Pak Mai (New Party) Vietnam-backed Commu-
poon SSM; 10 Exocet MM-39 coast defence nist party (?1,500).
msls; 12 Stingray torpedoes; 3 F-27MPA MR Communist Party of Thailand: perhaps 500.
ac; It tks.) New Communist Party.
Thai People's Revolutionary Movement:
AIR FORCE: 48,000 (? conscripts); 183 combat ac. some 250.
FGA: 1 sqn with 13 Northrop F-5A/B. Patani United Liberation Organization (Islam-
AD: 2 sqns: 34 F-5E, 5 F-5F. ic): some 500.
COIN: 7 sqns:
1 with 22 North American T-28D;
2 with 25 Rockwell OV-10C;
1 with 13 Cessna A-37B; VIETNAM
1 with 25 AU-23A Peacemaker,
1 with 14 AC-47 (Douglas DC-3); GDP 1984e: $US 14-18.0 bn
1 with 14 Lockheed T-33A, 3 RT-33. 1985e: $US 14-19.4 bn
Recce: 1 sqn with 4 RF-5A, 6 RC-47D, 3 Arava growth 1984: 5.1%
201, 1 Queen Air 65, 1 Cessna 340. Inflation 1984: 50.0%
Debt 1985e: $4.0-6.7 bn* coastal: 10: 6 Zhuk, 2 PO-2, 2 Poluchat.

FMA 1983e: $50-200.0 m MCMV: 1 Yurka coastal, 1 Yevgenya inshore (,
10 K-8 boats(.
Population: 61,230,000 Amph: LST: 7: 3 US 510-1152, 3 Sov Polnocny,
75-50 31-45 LCM: 20; LCU/LCVP: ?12.
Men: 7,879,000 3,722,000
Women: 7,704,000 4,451,000 NAVAL INFANTRY (27,000).
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: AIR FORCE: 15,000; some 293 combat ac, 65
Regular: 1,155,000. combat hel (plus many in store).§
Terms of service. 3 years, specialists 4 years, 4 Air Divs.
some ethnic minorities 2 years. FGA: 2 regts:
Reserves (all services): 'Tactical Rear Force' 1 (3 sqns) with 38 Mikoyan-Guryevich
500,000: semi-mobilized first-line quick MiG-21MF.
reinforcement org. Militia Self Defence 1 (3 sqns) with 45 Sukhoi Su-20/-22.
2,500,000. Ftrs: 4 regts with 200 MiG-21 bis/F/PF.
Tpt: 3 regts: some 135 ac incl 20 Antonov An-2,

ARMY: 1,000,000. 10 Li-2 (Soviet-built DC-3), 9 An-24, An-12,
14 Corps HQ. 50 An-26, 2 An-30, 6 Tupolev Tu-134, 11
61 inf divs.f Yakovlev Yak-40, 7 Ilyushin 11-14, 2 11-18.
10 armd bdes. (2 C-130 Hercules, 1 Douglas DC-3, 4 DC-4,
10 marine bdes. . 2 DC-6, 2 Boeing 707, 7 Cessna U-17 (may
some 10 fd arty regts. not now be serviceable.)
8 engr divs. Hel: 1 div (3 regts): 200 hel incl 15 Mil Mi-6, 36
10—16 economic construction divs; 14 indep Mi-8, 30 Mi-24, 17 Kamov Ka-25; 45 Bell
engr bdes.J UH-1 (few serviceable).
Equipment:^ Trg: 3 regts: 70 ac incl 10 MiG-23, MiG-21,
Tks: 1,600 T-34/-54/-55, Type-59. Aero L-29, L-39 ac; Mi-8, Mi-24 hel.
It: 450: PT-76, Type-62/-63. AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
AFV: recce: BRDM-1/-2.
APC: 1,500 BTR-50/-60, BMP, Ch Type-55/-56, AIR DEFENCE FORCE: 100,000.
Type-531, 1,200 M-113. 14 AD divs:
Arty: guns: 76mm: 600; 85mm; 100mm; 122mm; SAM regts: some 60 sites with SA-2/-3/-9;
130mm: 200. AAarty: 1,000: 85mm, 100mm, 130mm;
how: 105mm: M-101/-102; 152mm: 250; 155mm: 6 radar bdes: 10,000; 100 sites.
M-l 14 (90 SP); SU-76, SU-100, ISU-122.
MRU 107mm: Type-63; 122mm: BM-21; Forces Abroad (numbers fluctuate):
140mm: BM-14-16. Laos 50,000 (4 inf divs and spt tps).
mor: 60mm, 81mm, 82mm, 120mm, 160mm. Kampuchea/Cambodia 140,000 (2 Front HQ,
ATK: RCL: 57mm: Type-36; 75mm; 82mm; 10 army divs, + spt tps, naval base, fighter ac
88mm: Type-51; 90mm; 107mm. incl MiG-21).
AD: guns: 23mm: 3,000; 30mm; 37mm; 40mm;
57mm; 37mm: Type-63; ZSU-23-4, ZSU-57-2
PARA-MILITARY:
SP. SAM: SA-7.
Border Defence Forces 60,000
NAVY: 40,000 (incl naval inf).§ Peoples Regional Force (militia) 500,000; 1 regt
HQ at each provincial capital, local inf coys,
Bases: Cam Ranh Bay, Da Nang, Haiphong,
small arms. Some Northern regts org in divs.
Hanoi, Ha Tou, Ho Chi Minh City. Some AA eqpt.
Kampuchea: Kompong Som, Ream.
Frigates: 6: People's Self Defence Force: (1,000,000): Two
4 Sov Petya II; components: Urban; Rural (People's militia):
2 US (1 Barnegat (may have 2 Styx SSM); local coy-sized units in towns, some mobile
1 Savage). police function and support. Small arms.
FAC(G): 8 Sov Osa-U with Styx SSM;
FAC(T): 12 Shershen, (12) Turya hydrofoil. • Includes some $2.3 bn owed to socialist countries,
FAC (gun): 8 Shanghai, 14 Swatow. t Includes forces Abroad. Infantry division strengths
Patrol craft: 26: vary by geographic location, composition and role
large: 16: 6 SO-1, 10 US PGM-59/-71; from 5,000 to 12,500; 7,500 is 'average'.
% Men beyond normal military age; unit strength omic role; most in northern Vietnam.
about 3,000 each, fully armed, with military and econ- § Much US, some Soviet eqpt probably inoperable.
This article was downloaded by: [134.117.10.200]
On: 31 December 2014, At: 01:09

Caribbean and Latin America

To cite this article: (1986) Caribbean and Latin America, The Military Balance, 86:1, 174-197, DOI:
10.1080/04597228608459977
the Content.
174
Caribbean and Latin America
Continental Treaties and Agreements

The Act of Chapultepec.
Signed by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay,
Peru, the US, Uruguay and Venezuela in March and April 1945. This Act declared that if
any aggression across boundaries established by treaty occurs, or threatens, the signatories
will consult to agree upon measures up to and including the use of armed force to prevent or
repel it.
The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Treaty of Rio).

Signed in September 1947 by all parties to the Act of Chapultepec plus El Salvador and
Trinidad and Tobago but except Ecuador and Nicaragua, this treaty expands the Act, con-
strains signatories to settle disputes among themselves peacefully and provides for collec-
Downloaded by [134.117.10.200] at 01:09 31 December 2014
tive self-defence should any member be subjected to external attack. It came into force on
3 December 1948, has been applied some fourteen times since and was expanded in July
1985. Cuba withdrew in March 1960.
The Charter of the Organization of American States (OAS).

Dated April 1948, the Charter embraces declarations based upon the Treaty of Rio. The
members of the OAS — the signatories to the Act of Chapultepec plus Antigua and Barbuda,
Barbados, Dominica, El Salvador, Grenada, Jamaica, St Kitts-Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent,
Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago (Canada and Guyana are observers) — are bound to
settle internal disputes peacefully and take collective action in the event of external attack
upon any signatory. It has a Permanent Council empowered to call meetings of the Foreign
Ministers to deal with emergencies. Each member has one vote in each OAS agency.
The Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (Tlatelolco Treaty).
This treaty, which permits the peaceful use of nuclear materials and facilities but bans 'test-
ing, use, manufacture, production or any acquisition of nuclear weapons', was signed in
February 1967 by 25 Latin American countries, 24 of which have ratified it (Argentina has
not). Brazil and Chile will not implement it until all other Latin American states have done
so. Cuba and Guyana have not signed it. The Treaty therefore is not in force for those five
countries. Britain and the Netherlands have ratified it (1977) for the territories within the
Treaty area for which they are internationally responsible and, with France and the US,
have signed Protocol I (which commits states outside the region to accept, for their terri-
tories within it, the Treaty restrictions regarding the emplacement or storage of nuclear
weapons); Britain and the US (1971), China, France (1973) and the USSR (1978) have
signed Protocol II (an undertaking not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against the
parties to the Treaty). An Agency was set up to monitor compliance.
Regional Agreements
The 1903 treaty with the Republic of Panama, granting the United States virtual sovereign
rights over the Canal Zone in perpetuity, was renegotiated; the 1977 Treaties which resulted
came into force in October 1979. About 40% of the former Canal Zone will remain under
US control until 31 December 1999. Defence and neutrality of the Canal will be the joint
responsibility of both nations, with Panama assuming an increasing role until the total
accession of the Canal to her sovereignty. The US has guaranteed the Canal's neutrality
after the year 2000. On 13 June 1984 Peru agreed to train Panama's naval forces.
Belize (formerly British Honduras) became independent on 21 September 1981. Britain
agreed to leave troops 'for an appropriate time' as protection and to train the Belizean
CARIBBEAN AND LATIN AMERICA 17 5
defence forces. The US has also provided equipment and training. Under the 'Common-
wealth Pact' (October 1981), if a threat to Belize's independence occurs, Britain, Barbados,
Bahamas, Canada, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago will meet and consult
together regarding appropriate action to be taken.
The Central American Defence Council (CONDECA) was formed in 1965 by El Salvador,
Guatemala, Honduras and Panama to contain subversion. In November 1981 El Salvador,
Guatemala and Honduras agreed an informal alliance against Cuba, Nicaragua and domestic
guerrilla movements in each member country. The US provides assistance to Honduran-
based rebels against Nicaragua and to the Government against rebels in El Salvador.
A similar regional grouping, the Central American Democratic Community (Costa Rica,
Honduras and El Salvador; observers: Colombia, the US and Venezuela) agreed in January
1982 to provide mutual aid in case of external aggression.
Argentina and Peru reportedly entered into a military pact in late 1982.
In July 1981 Antigua-Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St Kitts-Nevis, St Lucia,
and St Vincent and the Grenadines formed the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States
(OECS). Its goals included adopting common points of view on international issues and the
promotion of unity and solidarity among the members while defending their sovereignty,
territorial integrity and independence. A Defence and Security Committee was formed.
On 29 October 1982 a Regional Security System (RSS) was created following a Memor-
andum of Understanding signed by Antigua-Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, St Lucia and
St Vincent. They were joined by St Kitts-Nevis on 8 February 1984 and Grenada in June
1985. With US support a beginning has been made on the creation of a Regional Coast
Guard and a number of 80-man national police Special Service Units. Joint exercises have
been held involving Antigua-Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, St Kitts-
Nevis and St Lucia and small US forces. The US has given military aid to the RSS.
The US has had a bilateral agreement with Cuba for jurisdiction and control over
Guantânamo Bay since 1934. In 1960 the US stated that this could be modified or abro-
gated only by mutual agreement and that it had no intention of giving such agreement. It
has also leased 2.3 square miles from Bermuda for a naval and air base since 1941. The US,
which has bilateral military sales arrangements at varying levels with most countries of the
region, concluded a status-of-forces agreement with Antigua in 1977/8 and a defence treaty
with Honduras in May 1985.
The USSR has no known formal defence agreements with any of the states in the area.
Cuba signed a 25-year Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation with Vietnam in October
1982, and a similar 20-year treaty with North Korea in March 1986. Cuba and the USSR
supplied arms to Grenada before October 1983 and to Nicaragua.
Most countries in the region, however, have obtained their major equipment from West-
ern, rather than Communist, countries. Argentina signed and ratified a Treaty of Peace and
Friendship with Chile in early 1986, and an agreement with Israel for the joint production
of TAM medium tanks. Belize signed a training agreement with Canada in June 1985.
Regional Military Developments

Argentina and Brazil are designing and manufacturing for export their own military equip-
ment. Brazil has sold equipment to the Middle East (Algeria, Iraq, Libya, Tunisia), Africa
(Zambia), and Belgium and Canada, as well as Latin America, and has a training agreement
with Suriname (1983). Chile is assembling Mirage 50 aircraft and light AFV under licence
and reportedly has made some transfers to Paraguay.
The military situation in Central America remains a cause for concern. Nicaraguan gov-
ernment forces show some increase in total strength, mostly in the numbers of Active
Reservists and Militia; equipment totals seem to have levelled off, although figures must be
used with caution. Opposition force strengths, stated to be higher than in 1985, may not
accurately reflect the active elements of those forces. Indications over the past twelve
months suggest that these elements (the 'contras') have been generally unsuccessful against
176 CARIBBEAN AND LATIN AMERICA
the government forces. A similar situation exists in El Salvador, where a stalemate seems to
exist. Here the Navy and Air Force have shown some increase. The Opposition elements'
strengths are said to have fallen slightly in almost all groups. Data is still contradictory, and
earlier totals may have been high. The Honduran forces seem to have been significantly
increased, though equipment levels remain at about the same level.
In South America generally, economic constraints continue significantly to affect force
levels. Argentina is perhaps the worst case, with an overall drop in personnel of 27%. The
Navy has been worst affected, losing about half its strength; a number of vessels, including
some still under construction, are reported as being for sale, though attempts are being
made to reverse this decision. The Chilean forces remain roughly the same, although some
reorganization is reported. The Brazilian armed forces are also undergoing a reorganization;
the Air Force shows an increase in both strength and combat aircraft.
There is one change in presentation in this section. The Venezuelan National Guard, pre-
viously cited as a para-military Force, is part of the Armed Forces. New totals reflect that fact.
Economic Factors
After its decline in 1982 and 1983, the region's GDP grew in 1984 and 1985, by 3.2% and
2.8% respectively. However, this translates into a meagre 0.5% increase in GDP per capita.
Per capita GDP is still 9% below the level of 1980.
If the above-average performance of Brazil (7%) is excluded, this sombre picture turns
bleaker, with GDP per capita falling by around 1%. Economies which had shown growth in
1984 were stagnant in 1985, as was the case for Chile and Colombia. Others suffered dra-
matic falls (8% for Bolivia and 4% for Argentina). Apart from Brazil, only Cuba, Mexico
and Paraguay returned some economic growth, according to the UN Economic Commission
for Latin America and Caribbean.
The inflation record is not much better, with just five countries out of 21 showing figures
below 10%. However, in the second half of 1985 the introduction of anti-inflationary pack-
ages in the three countries with highest rates — Argentina, Bolivia and Peru did bring
inflation under some control there. Nevertheless, Bolivia still registered the highest inflation
rate (over 11,000%), followed by Argentina (460%), Nicaragua (233%), Brazil (218%), and
Peru (170%).
The region's massive $368-bn foreign debt continues to pose the main constraint to econ-
omic growth. Debt-service ratios leave few resources for domestic investment, and have
converted Latin America into a net capital exporter in 1985. Brazil overtook Mexico as the
largest debtor, both of them having debts exceeding $100 bn, followed by Argentina with
$52 bn. Given the low level of GDP growth and the vagaries of primary commodity markets,
on which most of the region's economies depend for their export income, there seems to be
little prospect of a rapid economic recovery. Oil exporters are being badly affected, whilst
oil importers benefit only slightly. Most of the countries in the region have been involved in
debt renegotiation talks, successful conclusion of which has been dependent on their accept-
ance of IMF-modelled economic packages.
The poor economic performance is reflected in attempts to control defence budgets.
Argentina's shows a small increase after two years of major readjustments, but is still below
the levels registered between 1978 and 1983. Peru and Colombia are fighting insurgencies
and, despite limited funds, seem likely to allocate additional resources for this purpose. At
the same time, their Defence Departments will be asked to economize where possible; Peru,
for example, is understood to be trying to sell some of its air inventory. Brazil, however, has
started an ambitious modernization of its forces, which might lead to increased expendi-
tures over the rest of the decade. Finally, no end to the conflicts in Central America is in
sight; defence expenditure and military aid will probably continue to grow.
CARIBBEAN AND LATIN AMERICA 177
ARGENTINA mor: 81mm: 200; 120mm: 120 (some SP in

GCTM MICV).
GDP* 1983: A- 682.7 m ($64.834 bn) ATK: guns: 105mm: 140 Kuerassier SP.
1984e: A- 4,620 m ($68.293 bn) RCL 75mm, 90mm, 105mm; RL: 89mm M-65.
growth 1984: 3.1% 1985: -4.4% ATGW: SS-11/-12, Cobra, Mathogo, Mamba.
Inflation 1984: 627% 1985: 150% AD: guns: 20mm: Rh 202 twin HSS-669; 30mm:
Debt 1984: $45.5 bn 1985: $48.4 bn HS-83/4; 35mm: K-63; 40mm; 90mm: 50
Defbdgt 1985e: A-1.137 bn ($1.889 bn) • M-117(trg).
1986: A 1.088 bn ($1.335 bn) SAM: Tigercat, Blowpipe, Roland, SAM-7.
$1=A- (1983): 0.01053 (1984): 0.06765 Avn: ac: 3 Aeritalia G-222, 3 De Havilland
(1985): 0.60181 (1986): 0.815 DHC-6, 5 Rockwell Turbo-Commander 690A,
A- = Australes* 2 Pilatus Turbo-Porter, 5 Fairchild Merlin
IIIA, 2 Beech Queen Air, 1 North American
Population: 31,328,000 Sabreliner, 49 Cessna (15 182, 20 U-17A/B,
18-30 31-45 7 207, 2 Citation, 5 T-41).
Men: 3,051,000 2,950,000
Women: 3,062,000 hel: 9 Agusta A-109, 29 Bell (7 206, 18
2,899,000
UH-1H, 4 212), 6 Fairchild-Hiller FH-1100,
2 CH-47C Chinook, 6 SA-315B Lama, 14
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: SA-330 Puma, 12 AS-332B Super Puma.

Regular: 73,000 (35,000 conscripts). (On order 55 TAM MBT; RAM V-2 MICV; 25
Terms of Service. Army 6—12 months, Air 155mm SP how conversion kits; 158
Force 1 year, Navy 14 months; some con- Kuerassier SP ATK; 9 A-109 hel.)
scripts may serve less.
Reserves: 377,000: Army 250,000 (National NAVY: 18,000 (5,000 conscripts) incl naval air
Guard 200,000, Territorial Guard 50,000), force and marines.
Navy 77,000, Air 50,000. Bases: Buenos Aires, Rio Santiago, Puerto
Belgrano, Mar del Plata, Ushuaia.
ARMY: 40,000 (25,000 conscripts). Subs: 4:
HQ: 4 army corps, 5 Military Region. 2 Salta (Type 1200);
(Many units cadres only.) 2 Santa Cruz (TR-1700; may be for sale).
2 armd cav bdes (each 2 armd cav, 1 tk regts, Carrier: 1 (4 Super Etendard, 4 A-4, 3 S-2 ac;
1 arty bn). 3SH-3DH, 1 S-6IDhel).
3 mech inf bdes (each 3 regts of 1 bn, plus armd Destroyers: 6 with Exocet:
cav sqn, arty bns, engr coys). 4 Meko 360H-2 with 2 x 4 MM-40, 1 octuple
3 mountain inf bdes (each 3 inf, 1 arty, 1 engr Aspide, 2 AB-212 hel;
coy, 1 recce det). 2 Type 42 with 4 MM-38, 1 twin Sea Dart
1 jungle bde (3 It inf, 1 arty (how) bns). SAM, 1 hel (for sale).
1 indep mech inf bde (3 regts). Corvettes: 5 with Exocet:
1 AB bde (3 AB bns, 1 arty gp). 2 Espora (Meko 140) with 4 MM-40, 1 hel
16 arty bns (10 with bdes — 2 to disband). (for sale);
1 Presidential Guard regt (ceremonial bn). 3 Fr A-69 with 4 MM-38.
1 AB trg regt. Patrol ships: 5:
6 AD bns (to be 4). 2 US Cherokee, 2 King (1 trg), 1 US Sotoyomo.
1 indep engr gp (regt), 5 indep engr bns (to be 3). Patrol vessel: 1 Surubi{.
6 log bns (to be 3). FAC: 2 TNC-45.
1 aviation bn (5 dets), 1 spt coy. FAC(T): 2 US Higgins( (? operational).
Equipment: FAC(P): 4 Dabur coastal(.
Tks: 100 M-4 Sherman, 160 TAM. MCMV: 6 Br Ton coastal minesweepers/ hunters.
II.-60AMX-13. Amph: 2 LST. 4 LCM(. some 13 LCVP(.
AFV: recce: Panhard ERC-90. Spt: tpl: 5: 3 Costa Sur, 2 Polar.
MICV: 300 AMX-VTP, some 150 TAM VCPT. Msls: SSM: Exocet MM-38, -40;
APC: 85 M-3, 125 M-113, 80 MOWAG Grena- SAM: Sea Dart, multi-role Aspide.
dier {Roland), 5 BDX. Coast Defence: some 10 batteries: 12 M-1898
Arty: guns: 155mm: 50 M-59 towed. 87mm, 16 M-3 155mm, 12 280mm guns.
how: 105mm: 200 incl M-101 and M-56 pack; (On order: 3 TR-1700 subs, 2 Espora corvettes
155mm: 168: 70 M-114 towed, 24 Mk F3, (for sale).)
68 CITEFA Models 77/-81, 6 M-109 SP.
MRL: 105mm: SALM-Pampera; 127mm: NAVAL AIR FORCE: (3,000); 33 combat ac, 24
SAPBA-1. combat hel.
Attack: 3 sqns with 6 A-4Q Skyhawk, 14 DHC-6 Twin Otter, 18 IA-50 Guarani II, 2
Dassault Super Etendard. Fairchild Merlin TVA;
MR/ASW: 2 sqns: hel: 2 Sikorsky S-58T (VIP).
1 with 9 S-2E Tracker, 1 with 4 L-188E Electra. Antarctic: 1 sqn with:
ASW hel: 1 sqn with 5 Sikorsky SH-3D/H. ac: 1 DHC-6, 1 LC-47;
I S-61D Sea King, 10 Agusta-Bell AB-212, hel: 2 Sikorsky S-61R/NR, 4 UH-19 (Sikorsky
9 A-103 (SA-316 Alouette III). S-55), 2 CH-47C Chinook (SAR); 15 Bell
Tpt: 2 sqns with 7 Beech Super King Air B-200, (3UH-1D, 4 47G.8 212).
3 L-188A Electra, 1 BAe HS-125, 3 Fokker Comms: 1 sqn with 13 Rockwell Shrike
F-28/3000ac;3S-61Dhel. Commander.
Liaison: 1 sqn with 5 Beech B-80 Queen Air, Air Training Command:
3 Pilatus PC-6 (Antarctic fit). 1 demonstration fit with F-86F Sabre.
Trg: 3 sqns: 24 MS-760 Paris, 12 EMB-326GB Xavante,
I1 EMB-326GB Xavante, 6 Aermacchi 48 Beech T-34C.
MB-326B, 5 MB-339A; 11 Beech T-34C. Msls: AAM: R-530, R-550.
(Store: 1 Beech C-45, 5 MB-339A, 12 North ASM: AS-11/-12, ASM-2 Martin Pescador.
American T-28 ac; 6 Hughes 500 hel.) (Store: 37 A-4P FGA, 70 IA-58 Pucarâ COIN).
ASM: 20 Exocet AM-39E/H, ASM-2 Martin (On order 1 Boeing 707-131 ELINT ac, some 12
Pescador (Kingfisher). IA-63 Pampa, 10 Aermacchi MB-339, 44

(On order 12 A-4 attack ac.) EMB-312 Tucano T-27 trg ac.)
MARINES: (3,000). PARA-MILITARY (Ministry of Defence): 22,000.

Fleet Forces: 2: each 2 bns, 1 amph recce gp, Gendarmerie (mainly frontier duties) 13,000:
1 fd arty bn, 1 hy mor, 1 ATK, 1 engr coys. 3 Regional HQ; org in groups (agrupaciones),
Amph spt force: 1: 1 marine inf bn. sqns, 'gps' (platoons), sections.
1 AA regt. Equipment:
1 sigs bn. AFV: recce: Shorland (RAM V-2 to replace). APC:
1 service/log bn. 40M-113.
1 indep inf bn. Avn: ac: 22 It. hel: 3.
6 indep inf (security) coys. Prefectura Naval (coastguard) 9,000;
Equipment: Patrol ship: 1 Delfln.
AFV: recce: 12 Panhard ERC-90 Lynx. Patrol craft large: 12: 3 Lynch, 3 Dorado,
APC: 15 LVT-3/-4, 19 LVTP-7, 15 LARC-5, 1 Tokina, 5 Halcôn with 1 hel (1 more on
6 MOWAG Roland, 24 Panhard VCR/TT. order); coastal: 17; small: 23.
Arty: how: 105mm: 40 M-56. Avn: ac: 5 Skyvan 3M-200; hel: 6 Hughes 500M
mor: 81mm, 120mm. Defender, 3 SA-330 Puma.
ATK: RCU 75mm, 90mm, 105mm: M-1968.
ATGW. 20 Bantam. • All figures in Australes: 1 A • 1000 pesos Argentine«
AD: guns: 20mm, 30mm, 35mm: K-63. (currency changed July 1985).
SAM: 7 Tigercat, Blowpipe.
AIR FORCE: 15,000 (5,000 conscripts); combat:

143 ac, 18 hel (6 more may be armed). THE BAHAMAS
10 air bdes; 10 AD btys; Special Forces (AB) coy.
Air Operations Command (10 bdes): GDP 1983e: $B 1.540 bn ($US 1.540 bn)
FGA/intercepton 4 sqns: 1984e: $B 1.648 bn ($US 1.648 bn)
2 (1 OCU) with 14 Dassault Mirage IIIEA, 22 growth 1983: 1.5% 1984: 3.0%
Mirage ma; Inflation 1984: 3.9% 1985: 3.8%
2 with 9 Mirage 5P, 27 IAI Dagger (Nesher). Debt 1984: $US 250 m 1985: $US 258 m
Bbr: 1 sqn with 5 BAe Canberra B-62, 2 T-64. Defbdgt 1985: $B 10.6 m ($US 10.6 m)
FGA: 3 sqns with 24 A-4P Skyhawk. 1986*: $B 34.0 m ($US 34.0 m)
COIN: 4 sqns: Defexp 1984: $B 8.6 m ($US 8.6 m)
2 ac with 40 IA-58A Pucarâ; FMA 1985: $US 5.4 m
2 hel with 12 Hughes 500M, 6 Bell UH-1H. $US 1 = $ B (1983/4/5/6): 1
SAR: 1 sqn with 5 AS-315 Lama. $B = Bahamian dollar
Tpt: 5 sqns with: Population: 238,900
ac: 6 Boeing 707, 8 Lockheed C-130E/H, 18-30 31-45
KC-130H, 3 Learjet 35A, 4 C-47 (Douglas Men: 24,600 20,100
DC-3), 13 Fokker F-27, 5 Fokker F-28, 5 Women: 26,900 20,900
TOTAL SECURITY FORCES {Para-Military): FMA 1985: $3.0 m 1986: $6.0 m

Regular: 496. $l=pB (1982): 64.0 (1983): 230.0
Terms of Service, voluntary. (1984): 2,314.0 (1985): 75,000.0
pB = pesos Bolivianos
Coastguard: 496.
1 103-ft (109-ton), 5 60-ft (30-ton) Vosper Population: 6,524,000
Thornycroft, 4 29-ft Phoenix armed, 1 50-ft, 18-30 31-45
1 148-ft, 1 94-ft supply vessels. Men: 688,000 479,000
(On order: 3 Protector-class 100-ton fast patrol Women: 710,000 511,000
boats (1986).)
TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
* Incl Police allocation. Regular: 27,600 (some 16,800 conscripts).
Terms of Service. 12 months, selective.
ARMY: 20,000 (some 15,000 conscripts).
BELIZE HQ: 6 Military Regions.
Army HQ direct control:
GDP 1984: $BZ 364.7 m ($US 182.35 m) 2 armd bns.
1 mech cav regt.
1985: $BZ 385.0 m (SUS 192.50 m)

growth 1983: 2.0% 1984: 0.7% 1 Presidential Guard inf regt.
Inflation 1983: 2.0% 1984: 6.0% 1 Military Police bn.
Debt 1984: $US 69.4 m 1985: $US 71.3 m 9 divs (5 cadre).
Def bdgt 1983e:$BZ 6.5 m ($US 3.25 m) 6 cav regts (5 horsed, 1 mot).
1984e:$BZ 7.2 m ($US 3.60 m) 1 mech inf regt (2 bns).
FMA 1985: $US 0.5 m 1986: $US 1.0 m 12 inf regts (2 mountain), each with 2 bns.
$US1 = (1983/4/5/6): $BZ 2 3 arty regts.
$BZ = $ Belize 2 ranger regts.
1 para bn.
Population: 163,400 6 engr bns.
18-30 31-45 Equipment:
Men: 16,900 6,100 AFV: recce: 24 EE-9 Cascavel.
Women: 17,100 9,200 APC: 60 M-113, 15 V-100 Commando, 24
MOWAG Roland, 24 EE-11 Urutu.
Arty: 83: guns: 75mm: 26.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: Regular: 600. how: 75mm: 6 M-116 pack; 105mm: 6 M-101.
Terms of Service: voluntary. mor: 60mm; 81mm: 45.
Reserves (militia): (300). ATK : guns: 105mm: 36 JPz-SK Kuerassier SP.
RCU 106mm.
ARMY: 545.
1 inf bn (three Regular, three Reserve coys). NAVY: 3,600 (incl 1,000 marines) (perhaps
Equipment: mor: 81mm: 6. 1,800 conscripts).
Bases: Riberalta, Tiquina, Puerto Busch,
MARITIME WING: 40. Puerto Horquilla, Puerto Villaroel,
Patrol boats: 4 fast: 2 Souter 20-m, 1 Brooke 12-m. Trinidad, Puerto Suârez.
5 Naval Districts; each 1 Flotilla.
AIR WING: 15. Patrol craft: 41 lake and riven (38() incl 1
MR/tpt: 2 BN-2B Defender. 66-ft gunboat, 2 ex-US PBR II (clinic)
launches, 2 hospital.
Ac: 1 Cessna 206G.
Marines: 1 bn (600; coy+ in each District).
BOLIVIA
AIR FORCE: 4,000; 29 combat ac, 9 armed hel.
GDP 1983: pB 1,332.41 bn ($5.793 bn) Ftr/trg: 1 sqn with 10 Lockheed T-33A, 12
1984: pB 19,023.8 bn ($8.221 bn) T-33N, 2 North American F-86F.
growth 1984: - 3 % 1985: -4.8% COIN: 5 North American AT-6G.
Inflation 1984: 2,200% 1985:*14,000% Special ops: 1 gp with 9 Hughes 500 armed hel.
Debt 1984: $4.2 bn 1985: $4.7 bn SAR: 1 hel sqn with 6 SA-315B Gaviào (Lama).
Defexp 1983: pB 45.0 bn ($ 195.652m) Tpfc 1 sqn with 3 Lockheed (1 Electra, 1 L-100-30,
1984: pB 500.0 bn ($216.076 m) 1 C-130H), 1 North American Sabreliner, 2
Lear jet, 2 A1-201 Arava, Convair CV-440, 1 AA arty bde (indep).

3 CV-580, 8 Douglas C-47, 3 Beech King Air, 4 10 arty regts (2 hy, 1 AB).
Fokker F-27 (?operational), 2 U-3A (Cessna 310). 6 coast arty gps and 3 btys.
Utility: 3 AA arty gps.
ac: incl 1 Turbo-Porter, 27 Cessna (3 172K, 3 2 engr gps: 18 bns (to be increased to 34 bns).
Turbo-Centurion, 8 185/U-17A, 9 206C/G, Equipment:
2 414,2 421). Tks: It: some 140 M-3, some 80 X-1A, 30 X-1A2
hel: 1 Bell UH-1H, 2 Bell 212. (M-3mod); 315 M-41B.
Trg ac: incl 2 Cessna T-41D, 18 T-23 Uirapuru, AFV: recce: 140 EE-9 Cascavel, 30 M-8.
3 SIAI SF-260M, 24 PC-7 Turbo-Trainer. APC: 150 EE-11 Urutu, 20 M-59, ?600 M-l 13.
1 airbase defence regt (Oerlikon twin 20mm, Arty: guns: some 240 57mm to 12-in. (304.8mm)
coast incl 26 Mk 5 6-in. (152mm).
some truck-mounted guns). how: 105mm: 480 incl some 60 M-7/-108 SP;
(On order: 6 Lockheed T-33N.) 155mm: 150 M-l 14 towed.
MRL 108mm: SS-06, 180mm: SS-40, 300mm:
PARA-MILITARY: SS-60inclSP.
Carabineros: some 14,000. mon 81mm, 4.2-in. (107mm), 120mm.
ATK: RCL- 57mm: 240 M-18A1; 75mm: 20;
* Inflation estimates range between 11,000%, and 106mm. RL: 3.5-in. (89mm). ATGW: 300 Cobra.
some as high as 50,000%. AD: guns: 12.7mm: M-55 quad; 35mm: 30;
40mm: 60; 57mm: some 180; 90mm: M-1A1.
SAM: 4 RolandII.
Avn: Army Air Arm to be formed.
BRAZIL (On order: EE-T1 Osorio MBT; GH N-45 155mm
gun/how (some to be SP), SS-60 (FGT-X40)
GDP 1984: Cz$ 386.968 bn ($209.398 bn) 300mm MRL, T O W A T G W , 40mm L/70 BOFI
1 9 8 5 E : C Z $ 1,331.17 bn ($214.705 bn) AD system, M-55 mod quad 12.7mm.)
growth 1984: 4.5% 1985: 7.0%
Inflation 1984: 223% 1985: 237.5% NAVY: 49,800 (2,200 conscripts) incl naval air
Debt 1984: $100.2 bn 1985: $104.5 bn and marines.
Defbdgt 1983: Cz$ 753.2 m ($1.305 bn) Bases: Rio de Janeiro, Aratu (Salvador, Bahia)
1984: Cz$ 1.95 bn ($1.055 bn) Val de Caes (Belem, Para), Rio Grande (do
$ l = C z $ (1983): 0.577 (1984): 1.848 Sul), Natal (Rio Grande do Norte); river:
(1985): 6.2 (1986): 12.741 Ladario (Mato Grosso), Manaus (Amazonas).
Cz$ = cruzados* Naval Districts: 7 (1 Comd).
Population: 139,443,000 Subs: 7: 3 Oberon;
18-30 31-45 4 US Guppy II/III (to be replaced).
Men: 16,866,000 11,945,000 Carrier: 1: 19,900-ton ASW (capacity 20 ac: 7—8
Women: 16,784,000 11,965,000 S-2E ASW ac; 8 SH-3D/ASH-3H Sea King hel).
Destroyers: 10:
5 Sumner (1 with 1 quad Seacat SAM, 4 with
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: 1 Wasp hel);
Regular: 283,400 (137,700 conscripts). 2 Gearing with ASROC ASW, 1 Wasp hel;
Terms of Service. 12 months (can be extended 3 Fletcher.
by 6 months). Frigates: 6 Niteroi with 2 triple Seacat SAM,
Reserves: Trained first-line 1,115,000; 400,000 1 Lynx hel (2 GP with 2 twin MM-30; 4 ASW
subject to immediate recall. Second-line (lim- with Ikara).
ited trg) 225,000; state military police Corvettes: 9 Imperial Marinheiro.
schools, centres. Para-Military (q.v.) 240,000. River ships: 6:
patrol: 5: 2 Pedro Teixeira, 3 Roraima;
ARMY: 182,900 (to be 296,000); (135,500 monitor: 1 with 1 x 3-in. (76mm), 2 x 47mm, 2
conscripts). x 40mm, 6 x 20mm guns.
HQ: 7 military comd, 12 military region; 8 div. Patrol craft large: 6 Piratini.
1 armd cav bde. MCMV: 6 Aratu (Schiitze-type) minesweepers.
3 armd inf bdes. Amph: 1ST: 2 US;
4 mech cav bdes. LCU: 3 US 1610, 28 landing craft(.
10 motor inf bdes (2 indep). Spt: 7 trg ships (3(); 1 fleet spt, 2 river tankers;
2 'jungle' bdes (7 bns). 26 tpts (2 12,000-ton, 4 7,300-ton, 18 har-
1 AB bde (3 AB, 1 Special Forces bns). bour, 2 river), 1 repair, 1 sub rescue ship; 8
survey ships (2 océanographie), 6 survey MR/SAR: 4 sqns with:

launches, 5 ocean, 19 coastal tugs, 2 hos- ac: 3 RC-130E Hercules, 14 EMB-110B
pital ships. Bandeirante (C-95), 15 EMB-111 Ban-
Msls: SSM: Exocet MM-38; ASW: ASROC, Ikara; deirante (P-95);
hel: UH-1H armed.
SAM: Seacat.
Transport Command: 6 Gps (6 sqns), 7 regional
NAVAL AIR FORCE: (600); 20 combat hel. indep sqns:
ASW: 2 hel sqns with 8 Sikorsky SH-3D, 4 ASH- Hy: 2 sqns: 1 with 10 C-130E/H Hercules;
3H Sea King, 8 WG-13 Sea Lynx. 1 with2KC-130H.
Utility: 1 hel sqn with 6 Westland Wasp HAS-1, Med/lt: 2 sqns: 1 with 12 C-91 (HS-748);
15 AS-350B Esquilo (Ecureuil). 1 with 28 C-95A/B (EMB-110 Ban-
Trg: 1 hel sqn with 16 Bell Jetranger II (to be deirante).
replaced with Jetranger III). Tac: 1 sqn with 20 C-l 15 (DHC-5 Buffalo).
VIP: 1 sqn with 2 VC-96 (Boeing 737),
MARINES: (15,000). 1 VC-91 (Vickers Viscount) 11 VC/VU-93
Fleet Force: (HS-125, to be withdrawn), VU-9 (EMB-
1 amph div ( 1 comd, 3 inf, 1 Toneleros special 121 Xingu).
operations bns, 1 arty gp (2 fd, 1 AD btys), 1 Indep sqns: 7 with 7 C-l 15, 68 C-95A/B, VU-9.
Training Command:
service bn).
Reinforcement Comd: Ac: 80 T-25 Universal (being replaced), some
5 bns incl 1 engr, supply. 100 T-27 Tucano, 60 AT-26, some EMB-
Internal Security Force: 110, 5 EMB-C-42/U-42;
6 regional, 1 special ops gps. Hel: 16 Bell 47 (H-13J, to be replaced), 8
Equipment: Bell UH-1D.
AFV: recce: 6 EE-9 Mk IV Cascavel. Calibration unit: 1 with 2 HS-125 (EC-93,
APC: 40 M-113, 5 EE-11 Urutu, 12 LVTP-7A1. U-93), 2 C-95A, 4 EC-95.
Arty: how: 105mm: 8 M-102, 155mm: 8 M-114. AAM: R-530, Piranha (MAA-1).
MRL: 108mm: SS-06. mor: 81mm: M-29. (On order 79 AMX FGA, 4 Boeing 707 tkrs, 12
ATK: RL: 3.5-in. (89mm): M-20. EMB-120 Brasilia tpts, 100 YT-17 (A-123)
Tangarâ, some 30 T-27 (EMB-312) trg ac;
HCL: 106mm: M-40.
8 AS-332 Super Puma, 15 AS-350 Ecureuil,
AD: guns: 40mm: 8 M-l towed.
some 32 UH-1H hel; Piranha AAM.)
(On order 2 Tupi (Type 1400) subs, 4 V-28 frig-
ates, 2 river patrol ships, 1 gunboat, 2 log spt
ships; 12 Exocet AM-39 SSM; Sea Skua ASM; PARA-MILITARY: Some 240,000 Public Secur-
ity Forces in state, military police orgs (State
60 Tigerfish torpedoes; 6 AS-332M Super Militias) under Army control and considered
Puma, 11 AS-355F Ecureuil hel.) an Army Reserve.
AIR FORCE: 50,700; 180 combat ac. * On 1 March a new currency unit called the Cruzado
AD Command: 1 Gp (17 combat ac): replaced the 'Cruzeiro' (1 cruzado = 1,000 cruzeiros).
Interceptors: 2 sqns with 15 F-103E (Dassault
Mirage IIIEBR), 2 F-103D {Mirage IIIDBR).
Tactical Command: 10 Gps (130 combat ac).
FGA: 3 sqns with 31 Northrop F-5E, 4 F-5B. CHILE
COIN: 3 sqns with 75 AT-26 (EMB-326) GDP 1984: pC 1,893.4 bn ($19.191 bn)
Xavante. 1985: pC 2,576.6 bn ($ 15.996 bn)
Recce: 2 sqns with 8 RC-95 Bandeirante, 12 growth 1984: 5.5% 1985:2.0%
RT-26 Xavante. Inflation 1984: 23% 1985:30.7%
Spt/observation/Iiaison: 6 sqns: Debt 1984: $20.4bn 1985:$21.1 bn
1 ac with 7 T-25A Universal (to be replaced Def exp 1984e: pC 160.0 bn ($ 1.622 bn)
with 8 T-27 Tucano); 1985e: pC 200.0 bn ($1.242 bn)
5 hel with 6 SA-330 Puma (to be replaced), $ l = p C (1982): 50.91 (1983): 78.84
30BellUH-lH;Bell47. (1984): 98.66 (1985): 161.08
All sqns with some EMB-810 (Piper Seneca II) pC = pesos Chilenos
for liaison. Population: 12,307,500
Maritime Command: 4 Gps (33 combat ac). 18-30 31-45
ASW (afloat): 1 sqn with 8 S-2E Tracker, Men: 1,508,000 1,182,000
7 S-2A (trg). Women: 1,485,000 1,197,000
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: FAC(G): 2 Saar-lV with 6 Gabriel SSM.

Regular: 101,000 (32,000 conscripts). FAC(T): 4 Liirssen-type.
Terms of Service: 1 year Army/Air Force, Patrol craft: large: 4: 2 Sotoyomo, 1 Cherokee,
2 years Navy. 1 PC-1638. coastal: 6.
Reserves: 100,000 active; all able-bodied citizens Amph: LST: 3 Batral, 2 Orompello It.
have a Reserve obligation to age 45. Spt: 4 tankers, 4 tpts, 1 sub spt vessel.
Msls: SSM: Exocet MM-38, Gabriel.
ARMY: 57,000 (30,000 conscripts). SAM: Seacat, Seaslug II.
HQ: 6 div (3 of them under strength). NAVAL AIR FORCE: (500); some 16 combat ac.
2 armd regts. 2 Air Groups.
3 armd cav regts. MR: 6 EMB-11 IN maritime Bandeirante.
24 inf regts (8 mot, 7 inf, 9 mountain; 8 with Utility: 3 EMB-1 ION Bandeirante, 4 CASA
recce unit and arty gp). C-212A.
1 indep inf bde (regt). Hel: 8 Alouette III, 4 SH-57 (Bell 206A).
7 indep arty regts and 3 indep arty gps. Trg/COIN: 10 Pilatus PC-7.
6 engr regts and 6 bns.
7 sigs regts and 6 bns. MARINES: (5,200).
1 hel-borne ranger unit. 4 gps: each 2 inf bns, 1 cdo coy, 1 fd arty btys.
6 cdo bns. 1 amph bn.

1 cav div (4 horsed regts — to be armd cav). Equipment:
Aviation: AFV: APC: MOWAG Roland, 30 LVTP-5.
1 hei regt (under a div comd). Arty: how: 105mm: 16; 155mm: 35 M-l 14.
1 composite gp with 1 log bn and spt unit. coast guns: 155mm: 16 GPFM-3.
Equipment: mor: 60mm: 50; 81mm: 50.
Tks: 70 M-4A3, 21 AMX-30. AD: SAM: Crotale.
It: 47 AMX-13, 50 M-24, 15 M-3, 60 M-41. (On order: 1 4,500-ton tpt.)
AFV: recce: 30 EE-9 Cascavel.
APC: 280: 100 M-113, 150 Cardoen/MOWAG AIR FORCE: 15,000; 105 combat ac.
Piranha, 30 EE-11 Urutu. 4 Air Bdes: 4 combat wings and 2 gps; each wing
Arty: how: 105mm: 108: 72 M-101, 36 M-56; incl comms fit with ac/hel.
155mm: 12MkF3SP. FGA: 2 sqns with 32 BAe Hunter F-71/FGA-9,
mor: 81mm: M-l, 120mm. 13 Northrop F-5E, 3 F-5F.
ATK: RCU 57mm: M-l 8, 106mm. COIN: 2 sqns with 29 Cessna A-37B.
ATGW: Milan/Mamba. Ftr/recce: 1 sqn with 15 Dassault Mirage 50FC,
AD: guns: 20mm: HS-639, 35mm: K-63 twin. 9 C-101 Aviojet.
SAM: 50 Blowpipe. Recce: 2 photo sqns with 2 BAe Canberra PR-9,
Avn: tpl: 6 CASA C-212, 1 Cessna Citation, 8 2 Gates Learjet 35-A.
Piper Dakota 236, 3 Piper Navajo. Tpt: 1 sqn with:
trg: 18 Cessna R-172 Hawk XP. ac: 1 Boeing 727-22C, 1 707-351C, 2 Lock-
hel: 11 SA-330FL Puma, 1 AS-332 Super Puma, heed C-130H, 5 Douglas DC-6B, 10 Beech
10 SA-315B Lama, 2 Agusta-Bell AB-206B. (9 99A, 1 King Air 90).
hel: 2 SA-315B Lama, 1 Bell 47.
NAVY: 29,000 (2,000 conscripts), incl naval air Utility/liaison fits:
and marines. ac: incl 17 DHC-6 Twin Otter, 3 Beech Twin
Bases: Talcahuano, Valparaiso, Puerto Montt, Bonanza.
Punta Arenas, Puerto Williams, Iquique. hel: 3 Sikorsky S-55T, 4 SA-315 Lama.
3 Naval Zones. 3 Naval Districts: Trg: 1 wing, 3 flying schools:
Subs: 4: ac: 4 Hunter 1-12, 30 Beech T-34A, 25 Cessna
2 Type 1300; T-37B/C, 8 Cessna T-41A, some 26 Piper
2 Oberon. T-35A/B Pillàn, 5 JT-3 Halcôn (C-101), 10
Cruisers: 2 Br County with 4 Exocet MM-38 Cessna 180, 10 Piper Dakota 236.
SSM, 1 twin Seaslug II, 2 twin Seacat SAM, 1 hel: 6 Bell UH-1H, 3 Bell 212.
hel (1 in reserve, 2nd to follow). AAM: AIM-9 Sidewinder, Shafrir.
Destroyers: 4: ASM:AS-11/-12.
2 Almirante with 4 MM-38 SSM, 2 quad AD: 1 regt (5 gps) with guns: 20mm: S-639/-665,
Seacat SAM; 2 US Sumner with 1 hel. GAI-CO1 twin, 35mm: 36, K-63 twin;
Frigates: 2 Leander with 4 MM-38 SSM, 1 quad SAM: Blowpipe, 12 Cactus (Crotale);
Seacat SAM, 1 hel. radar: 4 sqns.
(On order: 3 Mirage 50 ftrs (status unclear), Subs:

21 C-101BB COIN, 2 EMB-120 tpts, Dakota, 2 Type 1200;
some 45 T-35A, -35B Pillân trg ac; 3 Super 2 SX-506 midget (reserve).
Puma hel, BO-105 hel (licence-built)). Destroyer (trg/cmd): 1 (reserve).
Frigates: 4 FS-1500 with 8 Exocet MM-40 SSM.
Patrol craft: large: 5: 4 US Cherokee, 1 Abnaki.
PARA-MILITARY: coastal: 2. river(: 8.
Carabineros: 27,000. Coastguard: 10 Anchova Gunboats: 6:
patrol craft (, 13 SAR craft (, 3 service 2 Asheville, 3 Arauca, 1 Barranquilla.
launches(, 10 BO-105, 1 Bell 206B hel. Spt: 1 tanker, 4 tpts.
MARINES: 2 bns, 3 indep coys, cdo units.
No hy eqpt (to get EE-9 Cascavel, EE-11 Urutu).
COLOMBIA NAVAL AIR: forming.
Recce: some Cessna It ac.
GDP 1984: pC 3,828.6 bn ($37.975 bn) Hel: 4 MBB BO-105.
1985e: pC 4,651.5 bn ($32.686 bn)
growth 1984: 3.0% 1985:3.0% AIR FORCE: 4,200 (some 1,900 conscripts);
Inflation 1984: 18.3% 1985:22.4% 43 combat ac, 33 hel (16 armed).
Debt 1984: $11.6bn 1985:$13.4bn Combat Command:

Def bud 1985e: pC 39.0 bn ($274.05 m) FGA: 2 sqns with 10 Dassault Mirage 5COA,
Defexp 1984: pC 43.0 bn ($426.50 m) 2 5COR, 1 5COD.
FMA 1985: $25.0 m 1986:$20.0m
COIN:
$ l = p C (1982): 64.08 (1983): 78.85
(1984): 100.82 (1985): 142.31 ac: 1 sqn with 12 Lockheed AT-33A, 15
pC = pesos Colombianos Cessna A-37B/D;
hel: 1 sqn with 10 Hughes 500M (OH-6A Cay-
Population: 20,546,988 use), 6 Hughes 500-MG Defender.
18-30 31-45 Recce: 1 sqn with:
Men: 3,725,000 2,433,000 ac: 3 RT-33À;
Women: 3,701,000 2,397,000 hel: 7 Hughes 300C, 10 Hughes 500C.
Military Air Transport Command:
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: Ac: 1 sqn with C-130E Hercules, 2 C-130H,
Regular: 66,200 (30,900+ conscripts). 4 C-54 (Douglas DC-4), 12 C-47 (Douglas
Terms of Service: 2 years (all services). DC-3), 8 BAe HS-748, 2 IAI-201 Arava,
Reserves: 116,600. Army 100,000, Navy 15,000, 2 Fokker F-28, 10 DHC-2 Beaver, 1
Air 1,600. Rockwell Aero Commander 560A, 12
PC-6 Turbo-Porter.
ARMY: 53,000 (24,000 conscripts). Hel: 1 sqn with 19 Bell UH-1B/H, 13 Bell 205.
12 inf bdes ('Regional Bdes'): 7 with 3 inf, 1 arty Training and Spt Command:
bns, 1 engr gp, 1 mech or horsed cav gp; Ac: 9 Cessna T-37C, 20 Cessna T-41D, 3
4 with 2 inf bns only; 1 other, org unknown. Lockheed RT-33, 12 T-33A, 25 Beech
1 trg bde, incl Presidential Guard (mech bn). T-34A/B.
1 indep mech gp. Hel: 5 Bell 47 (OH-13 Sioux), 2 Hughes 300C,
1 Ranger, 1 para, 1 AA bns. 2 Hughes 500E.
Equipment: AD: 3 Skyguard/Sparrow system sites.
Tks: 12M-3A1. AAM: R-530.
AFV: recce: 20 M-8, 120 EE-9 Cascavel;
APC: 50 M-113, 76 EE-11 Urutu, 45 M-3A2 Forces Abroad: Egypt (Sinai MFO) 500.
half-track.
Arty: how: 105mm: 50 M-101;
mor: 81mm: 100; 107mm: 148. PARA-MILITARY:
AD: guns: 40mm: 30 M-1A1. National Police Force 50,000; 1 HS-748 ac, 30
hel; Carabineros 37,500; Coastguard: 9 craft
NAVY: 9,000 (incl 5,000 marines) (some (5<). (On order Bell hel: 2 212, 2 412.)
conscripts).
Bases: Cartagena, Buenaventura; river: Puerto OPPOSITION: some 17,000 (estimates vary widely).
Legufzamo, Puerto Orocué, Bahia de (1) Revolutionary Workers'. Party: (M-19
Malaga (building). perhaps 2,000, National Liberation Army
(ELN), Popular Liberation Army (ELP), Free Debt* 1984: $3.5 bn 1985: $3.9 bn
Fatherland, Quintin Lame (Indian)). Defbdgt 1984: pC 1.167 bn ($1,357 bn)
(2) Colombian Revolutionary Armed Forces 1985: pC 1.471 bn ($1,612 bn)
(FARC) some 12,000: Ricardo Franco Front. FMA: see note t
$ l = p C (1982): 0.7910 (1983): 0.8471
(1984): 0.8602 (1985): 0.9123
COSTA RICA pC = pesos Cubanos
Population: 10,211,000.
GDP 1984: C 158.674 bn ($3.563 bn) 18-30 31-45
1985: C 183.556 bn ($3.626 bn) Men: 1,261,000 983,000
growth 1984: 7.5% 1985: 1.6% Women: 1,207,000 959,000
Inflation 1984: 12% 1985: 15%
Debt 1984: $4.1 bn 1985: $4.5 bn
Defbdgt 1983: C 1.15 bn ($27.985 m)* TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Defexp 1984e: C 900 m ($20.21 m)* Regular: 162,000 (99,500 conscripts).
FMA 1985: $13.0 m 1986e: $3.7 m Terms of service. 3 years.
$1 = C (1982): 37.407 (1983): 41.094 Reserves: 7165,000. Army: 120,000 Ready
(1984): 44.533 (1985): 50.62 Reserves (serve 45 days per year) to fill out
colones Regular and Reserve units; Navy: 712,000,

Population: 2,617,000 Air: 718,000. See also Para-Military.
18-30 31-45
Men: 345,600 220,000 ARMY: 130,000 (760,000 conscripts) (plus some
Women: 334,000 218,000 15,000 Ready Reserve).
HQ: 4 Regional Command, 3 Army, 1 Isle
TOTAL SECUMTY FORCES (Para-Military): of Youth.
Regular: 9,500 (incl 3,000 reserves). 4 corps.
1 armd div.
Civil Guard: 6,000. 4 mech inf divs.
Presidential Guard: 1 bn, 7 coys. 7 inf divs (at about 60% strength).
1 COIN bn (forming). AD: 26 arty regts and SAM bdes.
1 Air Wing. Reserve:
Equipment: 8 cadre inf divs.
1 UR-416, M-113 APC, 81mm mor, 90mm RL, Special Force (1,500): 2 bns.
M-203 grenade launchers.
1 AB assault bde.
Patrol craft: 1 Swiftships 105-ft fast, 4 65-ft,
1 42-ft, 2 34-ft coastal(, 8 18-ft inshore(. 8 indep inf regts.
Avn: ac: 4 Cessna: 2 206, 1 180, 1 U-17A; 6 3 fd arty bdes.
Piper; hel: 1 Fairchild-Hiller FH-1100 (VIP), Equipment:
2 Hughes 500E. Tks: 650 T-54/-55, 350 T-62 (some 325 T-34 in
(To get 3 Swiftships patrol craft (1986); 2 Cessna reserve or static coast defence). It: 60 PT-76.
T-41, 1 CASA C-212 Aviocar ac; 2 Hughes AFV: recce: 100 BRDM-1/-2. MICV: 50 BMP.
500E hel.) APC:500BTR-40/-60/-152.
Arty: guns/how: 1,400: incl 76mm: M-1942;
RESERVES: incl Air element; 30 It ac and hel. 85mm; 100mm: 100 SU-100 SP; 122mm;
130mm: M-46; 152mm: D-l, D-2, ML-20.
Rural Guard
(Ministry of Government and Police): 3,500. MRL 122mm: BM-21; 140mm: BM-14;
Small arms: 5 18-ft inshore patrol craft. 240mm: BM-24. SSM: 65 FROG-4/-1.
mor: 120mm: M38-43.
Numerous private armed guard units. static defence arty: some 15 JS-2 (122mm) hy
tks, T-34 (85mm) MBT, SU-100 (100mm) SP
* Figures for Public Security and Civil Guard. guns reported.
ATK: guns: 600: 57mm: M-1943; 85mm: M-45;
100mm: T-12. RCL: 57mm.
CUBA ATGW: AT-3 Sagger, AT-1 Snapper.
AD: guns: 1,600 incl 23mm: ZU-23, ZSU-23-4,
NMP 1983: pC 13.35 bn ($15.76 bn) 30mm: M-53 (twin)/BTR-60P SP; 37mm;
1984e:pC 14.75 bn ($17.15 bn) 57mm: towed and ZSU-57 SP; 85mm; 100mm.
growth 1984: 7.4% 1985: 4.8% SAM: 12 SA-6, SA-7/-9.
NAVY: 13,500 (8;500 conscripts). S. Yemen 500, Nicaragua 3,500 (incl 3,000
Bases: Cienfuegos, Cabanas, Havana, Mariel, civilian), Afghanistan (reported).
Punta Movida, Nicaro.
3 Territorial, 3 operational (FAC(G), -(T), PARA-MILITARY:
-(ASW)) Flotillas. Ministry of Interior: State Security 15,000. Fron-
Subs: 3 F-class. tier Guards 3,500, some 100 craft.
Frigates: 2 Koni with 1 twin SA-N-4 SAM. Ministry of Defence: Youth Labour Army
FAC(G) with Styx SSM: 23:
100,000; Civil Defence Force: 50,000; Terri-
5 Osa-l, 13 Osa-ll, 5 Komar{.
FAC(T): 8: torial Militia 1,200,000.
4 P-6(, 4 P-4(.
FAC(P): 44: * Excl debt to COMECON countries and the USSR (est
9 Turya, 35 Zhuk(. at $7—22 bn and $7—8 bn respectively),
Patrol craft: 20: t The economy is heavily subsidized through Soviet
aid est at $4 bn in 1983). In 1985 Granma reported
4 SO-1 large, 4 Stenka; 12 coastal (. that Cuba would receive Roubles 8.2 bn in aid but the
MCMV: 15 minesweepers: level of military assistance is unknown.
4 Sony a, 11 Yevgenya(.
Amph: 2 Polnocny LSM, 6 T-4 LCM.
Spt: 1 replenishment ship.
Mise: 1 intelligence collector. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

NAVAL INFANTRY: (550). GDP 1984: $RD10.705bn($US10.705bn)
1 amph assault bn. 1985: $RD14.488bn($US4.656bn)
growth 1984: 1.5% 1985s: - 2 %
COASTAL DEFENCE: Inflation 1984: 24% 1985: 20%
Equipment: Debt 1984: $2.9 bn 1985: $3.3 bn
Arty: guns: 122mm: M-1931/37; 152mm: Def bdgt 1985: $RD 175.8 m ($US 56.48 m)
M-1937; 130mm: M-46. 1986e: $RD 203.93 m ($US 68.89 m)
SSM: 50 Samlet (inactive). FMA 1985: $US 5.0m 1986: $US 4.0 m
$1=$RD (1983/4): 1 (1985): 3.1126
(1986): 2.96
AIR FORCE: 18,500, incl air defence forces $RD = pesos Repüblica Dominicana
( 11,000 conscripts); 250 combat ac, some 42
armed hel. Population: 6,275,000
FGA: 4 sqns: 18-30 31-45
1 with 15 Mikoyan-Guryevich MiG-17; Men: 781,000 459,000
3 with 36 MiG-23BN Flogger F. Women: 774,000 461,000
Interceptors: 16 sqns:
2with30MiG-21F; TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
3 with 34 MiG-21PFM; Regular: 21,300.
2with20MiG-21PFMA; Terms of service: voluntary.
8 with 100MiG-21bis;
1 with 15 MiG-23 Flogger E. ARMY: 13,000.
Tpt: 4 sqns: 16 Ilyushin 11-14, 35 Antonov An-2, 5 Defence Zones.
3 An-24, 22 An-26, 4 Yakovlev Yak-40. 5infbdes(ll bns).
Hel: 8 sqns: 60 Mil Mi-4, 40 Mi-8 (perhaps 20 1 arty bns.
armd), 18 Mi-24 Hind D, 4 Mi-14 Haze ASW. 1 armd bn.
Trg: incl 12 MÎG-21U, some An-2, 30 Zlin 326, 1 Presidential Guard bn.
some Aero L-39. 1 engr bn.
AAM: AA-1 Alkali, AA-2 Atoll, AA-8 Aphid. Equipment:
AD: 37 SAM sites: 25 SA-2, 12 SA-3. Tks: It: 2 AMX-13, 12 M-41A1 (76mm).
Civil Airline: 10 11-62, 7 Tupolev Tu-154 used as AFV: recce: 20 AML.
tp tpts; 2 11-76 long-range tpts. APC: 8 V-150 Commando, 2 M-3A1 half-track.
Arty: how: 105mm: 22 M-101.
mor: 81mm; 120mm: 24.
Forces Abroad: ATK:RCU 106mm.
Angola 27,000: (some 13 inf regts, plus some
8,000 civilian advisers). Congo 500, Ethiopia NAVY: 4,000, incl naval inf.
4,000 (?being withdrawn), Mozambique 900, Bases: Santo Domingo, Las Calderas.
Frigate: 1 Cdn River (trg). , Equipment:

Patrol craft: 16: Tks: It: 30 M-3, 81 AMX-13.
5 large (+3 US Argo, in reserve), 8 coastal(. AFV: recce: 27 AML-60, 10 EE-9 Cascavel, some
Amph:LSM: 1;LCU:2. EE-3 Jararaca.
Auxiliary/misc service craft: 11. APC: 20 M-l 13, 55 AMX-VCI, 18 EE-11 Urutu.
Naval inf: 1 bn; 1 cdo unit. Arty: how: 105mm: M-56 pack, 50 towed;
155mm: 10 M-l 98 towed, 10 Mk F3 SP.
AIR FORCE: 4,300; 26 combat ac. mor 81mm: 400; 160mm: 12.
Ftrs: 1 sqn with 8 Cessna A-37B, 9 T-34B Men- ATK: RCU 90mm, 106mm.
tor, 6 T-41D Mescalero, 3 AT-6A Texan. AD: guns: 20mm: 28 M-l935; 35mm: 30 GDF-
Tpt: 1 sqn with 6 C-47 (Douglas DC-3), 1 Beech 002 twin; 40mm: 30. SAM: 240 Blowpipe.
Queen Air 80, 1 Rockwell Aero Commander, Avn: ac: 3 PC-6 Turbo-Porter, 1 Gates Learjet,
1 Mitsubishi MU-2. 2 Beech King Air, 3 IAI-201 Arava, 2 Cessna
Hel: 1 SAR/tpt sqn with 8 Bell 205, 3 OH-6A (1 172G, 1 182) tpt. hel: 5 SA-330 Puma,
(Hughes 369), 3 Alouette II/III, 1 SA-360 6 AS-332 Super Puma, 26 SA-341 Gazelle,
Dauphin; 6 Bell 206. 2 SA-315 Lama, Bell 214.
AB: 1 para gp.
AD: 1 AA bn with 10 40mm guns. NAVY: 4,000, incl some 1,500 marines.
Bases: Guayaquil, Jaramijo, Galapagos Islands.

Subs: 2 Type 1300.
PARA-MILITARY: Destroyers: 2: 1 Gearing; 1 Lawrence.
National Police 'special ops unit' 1,000. Corvettes: 6 Esmeraldas with 4 MM-40, 1 quad
Albatros SAM, 1 hel.
FAC(G): 6:
ECUADOR 3 Quito (Liirssen) with 4 Otomat;
3 Manta with 4 Gabriel.
GDP 1983: ES 560.27 bn ($12.70 bn) Patrol craft: 10 coastal (.
1984: ES 805.70 bn ($12.884 bn) Msls: SSM: Exocet MM-40, Otomat, Gabriel;
growth 1984: 4.1% 1985: 2.7% SAM: Albatros/Aspide.
Inflation 1984: 31.2% 1985: 28% Amph: LST: 1; LCVP: 6 9-ton Rotork.
Debt 1984: $7.0 bn 1985: $7.8 bn Avn: ac: 1 Beech Super King Air, 3 Beech T-34C,
Defbdgt 1983: ES 9.50 bn ($215.346 m)* 1 IAI-201 Arava, 1 Cessna 320E;
Defexp 1984e: ES 14.0 bn ($223.871 m)* M\ 2 SA-3\6 Alouette III.
FMA 1985: $2.0 m 1986: $3.8 m Marines: 3 bns: 2 on garrison duties, 1 cdo (no hy
$1 =ES (1982): 30.026 (1983): 44.115 weapons, eqpt).
(1984): 62.536 (1985): 69.556
Ecuadorean sucres AIR FORCE: 3,000; 60 combat ac.
4 Wings:
Population: 10,408,000 Interceptor: 1 gp with 15 Dassault Mirage
18-30 31-45 F-1JE, 1 F-1JB.
Men: 1,018,000 659,000 FGA: 2 gps:
Women: 1,011,000 654,000 1 with 8 Sepecat Jaguar S, 2 -B;
1 with 12IAIA?zrC-2.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: COIN: 1 gp with 6 Cessna A-37B.
Regular: 42,000. COIN/trg: 2 gps:
Terms of service. 1 year, selective; most are 1 with 6 BAC-167 Strikemaster Mk 89;
volunteers. 1 with 10 Lockheed T/AT-33A.
Reserves: system in force, ages 18—47, num- Military Air Transport Gp (incl civil/military
bers unknown. airline): 3 Boeing 727-2T3, 4 707, 2 720,
5 Lockheed (3 Electro, 1 C-130H, 1 L-100-30),
ARMY: 35,000. 1 Transall C-160, 3 DHC-5D Buffalo, 3 DHC-6
HQ: 4 Military zones: 10 bdes. Twin Otter, 1 Beech King Air 90, 1 Cessna
2 àrmd cav bdes \ 4 armd cav, 15 inf, 337D, 2 BAe HS-748, 5 IAI-201 Arava.
5 inf bdes \ 8 jungle, 4 arty, 3 engr bns, Liaison/SAR hel fits: 6 SA-316 Alouette III, 1
3 'jungle' J 5 cav gps, 3 recce sqns. Bell 212.
1 Special Force (AB) bde of 3 units. Trg: incl 20 Beech T-34C, 8 Cessna T-41.
1 Presidential Guard sqn. AAM: R-550 Magic, Super 530.
3 AA btys. 1 para sqn.
(In store: 3 English Electric Canberra B-6 bbrs.) Patrol boats: 20, incl 3 31-m Camcraft, 1 20-m
(On order: 25 Lockheed T-33 ODIN, 1 Fokker Sewart, 1 20-m Swiftships, 2 40-ft coastguard
F-28-4000 tpt.) utility.
AIR FORCE: 2,700 (incl AD, security gp; some

PARA-MILITARY: conscripts); 24 combat ac, some 16 armed hel.
Coastguard (200): 12 40-ft patrol craft. FGA: 1 sqn with 8 Dassault Ouragan.
COIN: ac: 1 sqn with 2 Douglas C-47AFSP
* Excl internal security budget. (armed), 7 Cessna A-37B Dragonfly,
hel: 1 sqn with 4 Hughes 500MD attack, some
12 Bell UH-1M gunship, 41 UH-1H tpt, 3
SA-315 Lama tpt, 3 SA-316 Alouette III tpt.
EL SALVADOR Recce: 1 fit with 7 O-2A (Cessna 337).
Tpt: ac: 1 sqn with 9 C-47 (Douglas DC-3),
GDP 1984: C 11.41 bn ($4,564 bn) 1 Douglas DC-6B, 3 IAI-201 Arava, 2
1985: C 14.02 bn ($5,606 bn) Fairchild C-123K.
growth 1984: 1.5% 1985: 1.6% Trg: 1 fit with 3 Cessna T-41, 6 CM-170 Magister.
Inflation 1984: 11.6% 1985: 22.2% AB: 1 para bn i . ,
Debt 1984: $1.6 bn 1985: $2.1 bn AD: 1 AA arty bn (24 Yug Army personnel
Def exp* 1985e: C 630 m ($252 m) M-55 20mm guns, 4 SP) J A i r f o r c e c o n t r o L

Defbdgt 1986: C 800 m ($177.778 m) (On order: some UH-1M gunships, 6 Hughes
FMA 1985: $144.7 m 1986e: $125.4 m TH-55 trg hel.)
$1=C (1983/4/5): 2.5 (1986): 4.5
C = colones PARA-MILITARY:
Population: 5,622,000 National Guard 3,600. National Police 6,000.
18-30 31-45 Treasury Police 2,000. Defensa Civil (terri-
Men: 631,000 390,000 torial civil defence force) 7,000.
Women: 622,000 393,000
OPPOSITION: Direction Revolucionaria Unificada
(DRU): political wing Frente Democrâtico
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: Revolucionaria (FDR), co-ordinating body for
Regular: 42,640. political elements and military forces.
Terms of service, conscription, selective, Military wing is Farabundo Marti National Lib-
2 years: all services. eration Front (FMLN): perhaps 10,000
Reserves: ex-soldiers registered. combatants.
(1) Peoples' Revolutionary Army (ERP): (4,000).
ARMY: 38,650 (some conscripts). (2) Farabundo Marti Popular Liberation Forces
6 Military Zones ( 14 Regions). (FPL): (2,200).
6 inf bdes (21 med, 14 It bns); cadre: 12 inf regts, (3) Armed Forces of National Resistance (FARN
up to 39 bns. or RN): (1,500).
1 mech cav regt (2 bns). (4) Revolutionary Party of Central American
1 arty bde (3 bns). Workers (PRTC): (perhaps 1,100).
1 engr bn. (5) Armed Forces of Liberation (FAL):
6 indep COIN bns (1,100—1,400 men). (perhaps 1,000).
1 para bn "I Army personnel,
1 AA arty bn J Air Force control. • Incl 'Public Security Sector' budget.
Equipment:
Tks: 12AMX-13U.
AFV: recce: 5 M-3A1, 10 AML-90. GUATEMALA
APC:20M-113, 8UR-416.
Arty: how: 105mm: 50: 30 M-101, 6 M-102, 14 GDP 1983: q 9.035 bn ($9.035 bn)
YugM-56; 155mm: 6 M-l 14. 1984: q 9.397 bn ($9.397 bn)
mor: 81mm: 111; 120mm: 8 UB-M52. growth 1984: 0.4% 1985e: -1.5%
ATK: RCL: 90mm: 430 M-67. RU LAW. Inflation 1984: 3.4% 1985: 16.0%
(On order: 66 M-37B1 (mod) APC.) Debt 1984: $2.2 bn 1985: $2.5 bn
Defbdgt 1983: q 169.6 m ($169.6 m)
NAVY: 1,290 (incl 600 Marine bn, 200 cdo) 1984: q 179.8 m ($179.8 m)
(some conscripts). FMA 1985: $2.0 m 1986: $4.8 m
$1 = q (1982/3/4/5/6): 1.00 PARA-MILITARY:

q = quetzales National Police 9,500.
Population: 8,616,000 Regular and special naval police corps.
Treasury Police 2,100.
18-30 31-45 Territorial Militia (900,000) formed.
Men: 988,000 658,000
Women: 1,009,000 653,000 OPPOSITION:some 2,000.
Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca
TOTAL ARMED FORCES:* (URNG): 4 Groups (Ejército Guerrillero de los
Regular. 32,000. Pobres (EGP), Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo
Terms of service, conscription; 24—30 months. (PGT), Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes (FAR),
Reserves: Army 10,000, Navy (some), Air 200. Organization del Pueblo en Armas (ORPA)).
ARMY: 30,300.* * National Armed Forces are combined; the Army pro-
HQ: 4 Regional bdes. vides logistic support to the Navy and Air Force.
1 armd bn.
12 inf bns.
4 fd arty gps (8 btys).

1 AA arty bn (2 btys). GUYANA
1 Military Police bn.
1 engr bn. GDP 1984: $G 1.700 bn ($US 443.68 m)
4 recce sqns. 1985: $G 1.964 bn($US 461.90 m)
1 Presidential Guard bde (2 bns). growth 1984: 3.8% 1985e: 4%
1 Special Forces bde (2 bns). Inflation 1983: 15.0
Equipment: Debt 1985: $1.3 bn
Tks:lt: 10 M-41A3, 7 M-3A1. Security 1984: $G 153.7 m($US40.114m)
AFV: recce: 5 M-8, 10 RBY-1; budget 1985: $G 190.8 m ($US 44.874 m)
APC: 10 M-l 13, 7 V-150 Commando. $ 1 = $ G (1982/3): 3.0 (1984): 3.8316
Arty: how: 75mm: 96 M-l 16 pack; 105mm: (1985): 4.2519
4 M-l01. mon 81mm: M-l; 4.2-in. (107mm): $G = SGuyanese
12 M-30; 120mm: 12 EC1A. Population: 852,500
ATK:RCL: 106mm.
AD: guns: 40mm: 12 M-1A1. 18-30 31-45
Men: 114,000 62,000
Women: 112,500 65,500
NAVY: 1,000 incl 650 marines (4 coys), (900
conscripts).*
Bases: Santo Tomas de Castillas, Sipacate, TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Puerto Quetzal. (all services are part of the Army):
Regular: 5,450.
Patrol craft(: 8 inshore, 36 small (some 30 armed).
Terms of service: voluntary.
Amph(: 1 LCM, 2 8-ton tp carriers, 12 Zodiac- Reserves: some 3,000 (People's Militia).
type assault boats (marines). See Para-Military.
AIR FORCE: 700 (500 conscripts); 12 combat ac, ARMY: 5,000.
4 armed hel.* 2 inf bns.
COIN: 1 sqn with 6 Cessna A-37B, 6 PC-7 1 guard bn.
Turbo-Trainer. 1 special forces bn.
Tpt: 1 sqn with 8 Douglas (1 DC-6B, 7 C-47), 1 arty 'bn' (bty).
6 IAI-201 Arava. 1 engr coy.
Comms: 1 sqn with M Cessna (4 170A/B. 8 172K, Equipment:
2 180, 2 206C, 1310). AFV: recce: 6 EE-9 Cascavel, 2 Shorland.
Hel: 1 sqn with 22 Bell (perhaps 3 operational): Arty: guns: 130mm: 6 M-46. mor: 81mm: 12;
4 UH-1D (armed), 2 212, 6 412, 5 206B, 82mm: 18; 120mm: 20 Ch T-53.
5 206L-1. AD: SAM: SA-7.
Presidential fit: 1 Beech Super King Air 200.
Trg: 5 PC-7 Turbo-Trainer, 3 Lockheed T-33A, NAVY: 270.
3 Cessna T-37C, 12 Cessna T-41. Patrol craft: 11: 1 Vosper large, 5 N. Korean
(On order: 12 PC-7.) Sin Hung, 6 coastal.
AIR FORCE: 180. 3 DHC-3 Otter, 1 Beech Baron, 2 Cessna:
Tpt: ac: 6 BN-2A Defender, 2 DHC-6 Twin Otter, 1 140, 1 402.
1 Short Skyvan Srs 2, 1 Beech Super King Air Trg: 4 SIAI S-211, 4 SIAI-Marchetti SF-260TP,
200, 1 Cessna 206F; 1 Beech Bonanza, 4 Cessna: 3 152, 1 172.
hel: 10 Bell (5 206B, 3 212, 2 214). Hel: 5 CH-34C (Sikorsky S-58), 3 Hughes
269C/369C.
Guyana People's Militia (GPM) some 3,000.
Guyana National Service (GNS) perhaps 2,000. HONDURAS
GDP 1984: L 6.297 bn ($3.149 bn)
1985: L 6.719 bn ($3.360 bn)
HAITI growth 1984: 2.8% 1985: 3%
Inflation 1984: 4.8% 1985: 5%
GDP 1984: G 9.104 bn ($ 1.821 bn) Debt 1984: $2.4 bn 1985e:$2.5bn
1985E: G 10.652 bn ($2.130 bn) Defbdgt* 1983: L 140 m ($70 m)
growth 1984: 2.7% 1985: 1.5% 1984: L 180 m ($90 m)
Inflation1984: 8% 1985: 15%
FMA 1985/6: $61.3 m 1986/7: $87.0 m

Debt 1983: $612.1 m 1984: $677.1 m $1 = L (1982/3/4/5): 2
Defbdgt 1983: G 140 m ($28 m) L = lempiras
1984e: G 150 m ($30 m)
FMA 1985: $1.1 m 1986: $0.5 m Population: 4,507,000
$1 = G (1982/3/4/5): 5 18-30 31-45
G = gourdes Men: 487,000 303,000
Women: 481,000 300,000
18-30 31-45
Men: 622,500 404,000 TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Women: 641,000 447,500 Regular: 19,200; (13,000 conscripts).
Terms of service, conscription, 24 months.
Reserves: 50,000 (personnel only; no units).
TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Regular: 6,900. ARMY: 17,000 (12,000 conscripts).
Terms of service, voluntary. 10 Military Zones: 3 inf bdes (each 3 inf, 1
arty bns).
ARMY: 6,400. 1 armd cav regt.
Presidential Guard (1 inf bn, 1 armd sqn). 3 indep inf bns.
1 infbn. 4 arty regts.
1 Special Forces bn. 1 engr bn.
1 arty gp (2 btys). 1 special forces bn.
6 Garrison dets (21 coys). 1 Presidential Guard coy (ceremonial).
Tks, lt:6M-5Al. Tks: It: 12 Scorpion, 3 Scimitar.
APC: 5 M-2, 6 V-150 Commando. AFV: recce: 72 Saladin, 10 RBY Mk 1.
Arty: how: 10: 75mm: 4 M-1A1 pack; 105mm: Arty: how: 105mm: 24 M-101/-102. mor: 60mm;
6 M-101. mor: 60mm: 36; 81mm. 81mm: M-l; 120mm: 30 Soltam M-65.
ATK: guns: 37mm: 10 M-3; 57mm: 10 M-l. ATK: RCU 106mm. RL: Carl Gustav.
RCL: 57mm: M-18; 106mm: M-40. (On order: M-l98 155mm how.)
AD: guns: 20mm: 10: 6 RAMTA TCM-20, 4
other; 40mm: 6; 57mm: 4. NAVY: 700 (450 marine conscripts).
Bases: Puerto Cortés, Amapala.
NAVY: 300 (Coastguard). Patrol craft: 11 Swiftships: 4 103-ton, 2 50-ton,
Patrol craft: 14: 1 Sotoyomo, 13 coastal (2 5 3 3-ton (; 6 patrol launches.
Sewart, 9 3812-VCF, 2 Bertram). Spt: 1 log ship.
AIR FORCE: 200; 7 combat ac. AIR FORCE: 1,500 (700 conscripts); 28 com-
COIN: 7 Cessna 337. bat aircraft.
Tpt: 3 C-47 (Douglas DC-3), 2 DHC-2 Beaver, FGA: 1 sqn with 13 Dassault Super Mystère B2.
COIN: I sqn with 15 Cessna A-37B. PARA-MILITARY:

Tpt: 1 sqn with 1 C-130D Hercules, 11 C-47 Mobile Reserve: 1,000 (part of the police).
(Douglas DC-3), 2 IAI-201 Arava, 1 Lockheed
Electro, 1 IAI-1124 Westwind.
Spt: 1 sqn with: ac: 1 Beech Baron, 4 Cessna MEXICO
(2 180, 2 185), 1 Piper Cheyenne,
hel: 1 Sikorsky S-76. GDP 1983: pM 17,141.7 bn ($142.74 bn)
Hel: 1 sqn with 11 Bell UH-1H, 11 UH-1B, 1984: pM 29,438.9 bn ($175.41 bn)
1 Hughes 500, 8 TH-5 (Hughes 300). growth 1984: 3.5% 1985: 3.9%
Trg: 4 CASA C-101BB, 12 EMB-312 Tucano, Inflation 1984: 65.5% 1985: 64.0%
8 Cessna T-41 A. Debt 1984: $95.0 bn 1985: $98.0 bn
(On order 2 CASA C-101 ac, 5 Bell 412 hel.) Def exp 1985e: pM 300.1 bn ($ 1.168 bn)
Defbdgt 1986: pM 374.2 bn ($659.616 m)
$ l = p M (1983): 120.094 (1984): 167.828
PARA-MILITARY: Public Security Forces (1985): 256.870 (1986): 567.300
(FUSEP) (national police) 5,000. pM = pesos Mexicanos
* Excl internal security costs. Population: 81,162,000
18-30 31-45
Men: 9,452,000 5,815,000
Women: 9,287,000 5,979,000
JAMAICA
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: 259,500.
GDP 1983: $J 6.75 bn ($US 2.916 bn) Regular: 139,500 (?120,000 rural militia).
1984: $J 9.37 bn ($US 2.132 bn) Terms of service. Regulars, voluntary; militia:
growth 1984: -0.4% 1985: -3.0% part-time conscription (by lottery).
Inflation 1984: 31.0% 1985: 25.7% Reserves: 300,000.
Debt 1984: $US 3.0 bn 1985: $US 3.2 bn
Defbdgt 1983/4e: $J 90.0 m ($US 38.877 bn) ARMY: 105,000 regular (760,000 reservists).
1984/5e: $J 112.3 m ($US 25.557 bn) 1 mech inf bde (Presidential Guard) (3 bns).
FMA 1985/6: $US 5.0m. 1986/7: $8.0m 2 inf bdes: each 2 inf, 1 armd recce, 1 arty bns.
$ 1 = $J (1982/3): 1.7814 (1983/4): 2.3150 3 armd regts.
(1984/5): 4.3942 (1985/6): 5.6261 36 Zonal Garrisons inch 21 indep mot cav, 3
Population: 2,349,000 arty regts, 75 indep inf bns.
18-30 31-45 AA, engr and spt units.
Equipment:
Men: 295,000 122,000 Tks: It: 45 M-3/-8.
Women: 296,000 146,000 AFV: recce: 40 Panhard ERC-90F (Lynx), 40
Panhard M-l 1 VBL, DN-3/-4/-5 Caballo.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES APC:40HWK-ll,30M-3.
(all services form part of the Army): Arty: how: 75mm: 23: 18 M-l 16 pack, 5 M-8 SP;
Regular: 2,100. 105mm: 50 M-101.
Terms of service, voluntary. mor: 1,500 60mm, 81mm; 120mm: 60.
Reserves: some 1,030 (1 inf bn, some 400 may ATK: guns: 37mm: 30 M-3. RCL: 106mm.
be serving with the regular units). ATGW: Milan (incl 8 Panhard M-l 1 VBL).
AD: guns: 40 12.7mm.
ARMY: 1,780.
2 inf bns, 1 spt bn. NAVY: 28,000, incl naval air force and marines.
APC: 15 V-150 Commando. 2 Areas (Gulf, Pacific) of 6 Zones (8 Sectors) and
Arty: 12 81mm mor. 11 Zones (6 Sectors) respectively.
Bases: Gulf: Vera Cruz, Tampico, Chetumal,
NAVY: 150. Ciudad del Carmen, Yukalpetén.
Patrol boats: 1 107-ton, 3 60-ton coastal. Pacific: Acapulco, Ensenada, La Paz, Puerto
Cortés, Guaymas, Mazatlân, Manzanillo,
AIR FORCE: 170. Salina Cruz, Puerto Madero, Läzaro Cardenas.
Ac: 2 BN-2 Islander, 1 Beech King Air, 4 Cessna: Destroyers: 2 Gearing.
1 210 Centurion, 1 337,2 185. Frigates: 6: 4 US Lawrence/Crosley, 1
Hel: 7 Bell: 4 202, 3 212. Durango, 1 US Edsall (trg ship).
Corvettes: 6 Hakan (B-120) each with 1 Inflation 1984: 53.2% 1985e:300%

BO-105 hel. Debt 1984: $US 3.7 bn 1985e: $US 4.4 bn
Patrol ships: 35: 18 Auk, 16 Admirable ex- Def exp 1983e: $C 3.5 bn ($US 348.259 m)*
minesweepers, 1 Guanajuato. 1984e: $C 6.3 bn ($US 598.04 m)
Patrol craft: 31 Azteca large; 6 coastal{ (5 Polimar, $ 1 = $ C (1982/3/4): 10.05 (1985): 26.504
1 Azueta); 14 river( (8 Olmeca, 6 AM-4). $C = côrdobas
Amph: LST: 3 US 511-1152; LCU: 7 Pegaso(.
Spt: 1 repair ship; 1 tpt, 2 harbour tankers. Population: 3,317,000
Coastal defence: guns: M-1902/-1906 75mm, 18-30 31-45
L/27 120mm (probably de-activated). Men: 363,000 218,500
Women: 362,000 224,500
NAVAL AIR FORCE: (500); 11 combat ac.
MR: 1 sqn with 11 HU-16 Albatross.
Liaison: 1 sqn with 1 Gates Learjet 24D, 1 TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Fokker F-27, 11 Beech Bonanza; 3 Cessna. Regular: 72,000 incl active duty reserves and
Hel: 1 sqn with 4 Alouette III, 6 MBB BO-105. Militia (720,500 conscripts).
Terms of service: conscription, males 17—23,
MARINES: (6,500). 2 years service plus 2 years reserve.
13 Groups. Reserves: All males 25—40 required to register,
30 security coys. total perhaps 250,000. Army 740,000 (76,000

(On order: 4 Aguila corvettes (mod Hakan); active duty). Navy and Air totals unknown.
5 Olmeca river patrol boats; 10 CASA C-212
MP ac; 6 BO-105 hel.) ARMY: 69,000: 30,000 Regular (720,000 con-
scripts), 34,000 Active Reserves and militia,
AIR FORCE: 6,500 (incl 2,000 AB bde); 87 com- 5,000 Border Guard.
bat ac.
3 Military Zones with 6 Militia, 1 Special Mili-
Interceptors: 1 sqn with 9 Northrop F-5E, 2 F-5F.
tary Regions.
COIN: 6 sqns with 50 Pilatus PC-7, 12
Lockheed T-33. 2 mot inf bdes (other bde orgs reported).
Recce: 1 photo sqn with 14 Rockwell Aero Com- 5 armd bns.
mander 500S. 17 inf bns (1 AB, some COIN).
SAR: 2 sqns: 1 ac with 8 IAI-201 Arava; 1 hel 6 Border Guard bns.
with 3 Alouette III, 2 SA-330 Puma, 18 Bell (1 1 fd arty bde.
47G, 5 206B, 8 212, 4 205A). 4 fd arty gps.
Presidential (tpt) sqn: ac: 9 Boeing 727, 1 Fokker 4 engr bns.
F-27, 1 BAe/HS-125-400, 6 T-39 Sabreliner, 1 AA arty gp.
1 Cessna310R(U-3A); Reserves/Militia: some 160 'bns'.
hel: 2 Bell 212, 2 SA-330 Puma, 2 AS-332L Equipment:
Super Puma. Tks: some 110 T-54/55. It: 25 PT-76.
Tpt: 5 sqns: AFV: recce: 50 BRDM-2, 2 Staghound.
29 Douglas (1 DC-7, 12 C-118, 4 C-54, 12 APC: 22 BTR-60, 105 BTR-152.
C-47), 3 Short Skyvan, 1 BN Islander, 3 F-27, Arty: guns: 76mm: some M-1942.
1 Cessna 206E. gun/how: 122mm: 30 D-30; 152mm: 36 D-20.
Trg: 54 Beech: 20 Bonanza, 34 Musketeer, 5 PC-7 MRL- 122mm: 24 BM-21.
Turbo-Trainer, 20 Mudry CAP-10B. mor: 60mm, 82mm, 120mm: 24 M-43.
1 AB bde (2 regular, 1 trg bns). ATK: guns: 57mm: 98 ZIS-2.
(On order 25 PC-7 COIN, 21 Bonanza F33C AD: guns: 14.5mm: some 100 ZPU-1/-2/-4;
trg ac.) 23mm: some 30 ZU-23; 37mm: 56 M-1939;
100mm: 18 KS-19. SAM: 350 SA-7.
PARA-MILITARY:
NAVY: 1,000 (some conscripts).
Rural Defence Militia 120,000.
Patrol craft(: 2 Fr, 3 Sov Zhuk, 2 N. Korean Sin
Hung, 2 N. Korean Kimjin, 6 Hatteras,
3 Dabur, 7 other coastal.
NICARAGUA MCMV(: 4 Pol K-8, 2 Sov Yevgenya inshore.
Amph: 1 LCM.
GDP 1983: $C 35.783 bn ($US 3.560 bn)
1984e: $C 53.670 bn ($US 5.340 bn) AIR FORCE: 2,000, incl AD (some conscripts);
growth 1984: -1.4% 1985: 2% 14 combat ac, 10+ armed hel.
COIN: 1 sqn with 3 Lockheed AT-33A, 2 SIAI- FMA 1985: $10.0 m 1986: $14.4 m
Marchetti SF-260 Warrior, 9 Cessna (7 337, $1=B (1983/4/5/6): 1
2 185). B = balboas
Tpt: 1 sqn with 2 Antonov An-26, 2 CASA
C-212A, 1 IAI-201 Arava, 3 C-47 (Douglas
18-30 31-45
DC-3), 6 An-2.
Men: 253,500 180,000
Hel: 1 sqn with 2 OH-6A (Hughes 500M), 6 Mil
Women: 241,500 169,500
Mi-2, 18 Mi-8/-17, 10 Mi-24 Hind, 1 Sikorsky
S-58T, 1 Hughes 300.
AD (Army/Air Force): radar: 4 installations. TOTAL ARMED FORCES: Regular. 12,000.
(On order: 6 An-2, 5 An-26 ac; Mi-8/-17 hel.) Terms of service, voluntary (conscription
authorized).
PARA-MILITARY:
Border Guard (Tropas Guardafronteras (TGF): ARMY (National Guard): 11,500.
some 5,000; 6 bns (under Army). 7 It inf coys (1 Special Forces; 1 AB (1,500 men)).
Civilian Militia (Milicia Popular Sandinistd): Equipment:
perhaps 50,000. AFV: recce: 28: 16 V-150, 12 V-300 Com-
Ministry of Interior Troops (Tropas Pablo mando.

Ubeda): 2,000. Arty: mor: 60mm.
ATK: RL 3.5-in.
OPPOSITION:
United Nicaraguan Opposition (UNO); some NAVY: 300.
24,000 reported. Active strength 12—15,000; Patrol craft: 2 Vosper large, 6 coastal (.
ammunition, equipment and clothing Amph: 2 Batral It tpts, 1 LSM, 1 LCM.
reported in short supply, and inter-group
feuds hamper operations.
Northern Front (Honduras): Fuerza Democrât- AIR FORCE: 200.
ica Nicaraguense (UNO/FDN) (US-backed), est Recce: 1 sqn.
range 10—20,000, ?12,000 active. SAR: 1 sqn.
Caribbean Coast: Miskito, Sumo, Rama and Tpt: 'Service'.
Sandinistan Unity (= Misurasata) 800. Equipment:
Miskito, Sumo, Rama (= Misurd). Ac: 1 Lockheed Electra, 2 BN-2B Defender,
Nicaraguan East Coast Indian Unity 2 CASA C-212, 2 DHC-3 Otter, 2 DHC-6
KISAN (UNO) perhaps 2,500. Twin Otter, 1 Short Skyvan, 1 Dassault
F A R N ( U N O ) 150. Mystère 20 (VIP), 12 Cessna: 6 180, 5 185/U-
Southern Front (Costa Rica): Union Democrât- 17A, 1 402.
ica Nicaraguense (\3YM)IFuerzas Armadas Hel: 3 Fairchild-Hiller FH-1100, 17 Bell
Revolucionarias Nicaraguenses (FARN) range est UH-1B/D/H/N.
500 to 3,500. Frente Revolucionario Sandino
(FRS), Democratic Revolutionary Alliance
(ARDE) (US-backed) 2,500, 71,000 active.
PARAGUAY
* Official government figures claim defence expendi-
ture was 25% of the 1984 budget, while FSLN claims it
was up to 63%. Value of Soviet, East European and GDP 1984: Pg 1,070.44 bn ($5.326 bn)
Cuban aid not known. 1985: Pg 1,393.90 bn ($5.808 bn)
growth 1984: 3.1% 1985: 4.0%
Inflation 1984: 20.4% 1985: 24.7%
Debt 1984: $1.7 bn 1985: $1.9 bn
Defbdgt 1985: Pg 18.33 bn ($76.375 m)
PANAMA 1986: Pg 18.75 bn ($78.138 m)
GDP 1984: B 4.541 bn ($4.541 bn)
$l=Pg (1983): 126 (1984): 201
(1985/6): 240
1985: B 4.677 bn ($4.677 bn)
Pg = guaranies
growth 1984: - 0 . 4 % 1985: 1.5%
Inflation 1984: 1.6% 1985: 1.0% Population: 3,487,000
Debt 1984: $4.0 bn 1985: $4.2 bn 18-30 31-45
Defbdgt 1985: B 96.5 m ($96.469 m) Men: 424,000 271,000
1986e: B 100 m ($100 m) Women: 420,500 275,000
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: AIR FORCE: 970 (690 conscripts); 5 combat ac.
Regular: 15,970 (9,800 conscripts). Composite sqn: 1.
Terms of service : 18 months; Navy 2 years. COIN fit: 5 EMB-326 Xavante.
Reserves: some 36,300. Army 30,500, Navy Liaison fit: 2 Cessna (1 337, 1 402).
2,200 (incl some 400 Marines), Air 3,600. Hel fit: 3 OH-13A, 2 UH-12.
Tpt: 1 sqn with 7 Douglas (2 DC-6B, 5 C-47),
ARMY: 12,500 (8,100 conscripts). 1 DHC-6 Twin Otter (VIP), 1 DHC-3 Otter,
HQ: 6 Military Regions, 3 corps. 2 CASA C-212, PBY-5A Catalina.
Army HQ: Trg: 4 T-25 Universal, 4 T-23 Uirapuru, 15
1 Presidential Escort regt. North American T-6, 5 Cessna T-41D.
1 inf bn. 1 para regt (bn).
1 arty bn.
5 engr bns. PARA-MILITARY: Capital Police Force, Special
Log spt, sigs bns. Police Service: 6,000.
3 corps:
1 cav div (bde) (2 mech, 2 horsed cav
regts, 1 mot inf bn, 1 arty bty).
8 inf divs (8 inf regts and 16 reserve cadre PERU
regts/bns).
2 frontier inf bns. GDP 1983: I 26.315 bn ($16,154 bn)

Equipment: 1984: I 58.865 bn ($16,979 bn)
Tks:2M-4A3;lt:2M-3Al. growth 1984: 4.5% 1985: 1.8%
AFV: recce: 12 M-8, 25 EE-9 Cascavel. Inflation 1984: 110% 1985: 170%
APC: 3 M-2 med, 10 EE-11 Urutu. Debt* 1984: $14.3 bn 1985: $15.2 bn
Arty: coastal guns: 6 Mk V 6-in. (152mm). Defbdgt 1984: I 4.60 bn ($1,327 bn)
how: 75mm: 25 Model 1927/1934; 105mm: 1985e: I 7.03 bn ($640,605 m)
10 Model 1927. mon 81mm, 4.2-in. (107mm). FMA 1984: $10.7 m 1985f:$28.16 m
ATK: RCU 75mm. $1 = 1 (1982): 0.698 (1983): 1.629
AD: guns: 20mm: 20; 40mm: 10 M-1A1. (1984): 3.467 (1985): 10.974
Avn: ac: 8 Fokker S-l 1. hel: 3 Bell 47G.
NAVY: 2,500 (1,000 conscripts) (incl Marines, 18-30 31-45
Coast Defence Corps, Coast and River Men: 2,201,000 1,455,000
Guard). Women: 2,296,000 1,530,000
Bases : Asuncion/Puerto Sajonia, Bahfa Negra,
Puerto Présidente Stroessner. TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
River defence vessels: 2 Paraguay, 1 Itaipu. 2 Arg Regular: 127,000 (42,000 conscripts).
Bouchard ex-minesweepers. Terms of service. 2 years, selective.
Patrol craft: 5 coastal (. Reserves: Army only (7175,000).
Amph: 1 US LSM (with hel deck, carries UH-12),
2 LCU. ARMY: 85,000 (35,000 conscripts).
Spt/cargo: 3. 5 Military Regions:
MARINES: (500 (200 conscripts)). 4 armd divs (bdes).
1 marine 'regt' (bn). 1 cav div (3 mech, 1 horsed regts).
1 cdo 'bn'. 8 inf divs (bdes, each of 4 bns, 1 arty gp).
1 AB div (bde; 3 para bns).
COAST DEFENCE CORPS: (?250): 1 jungle div (bde).
4 btys. 1 armd car det (bde).
Guns: 3-in. (76.2mm): 8 M-1911; 2 indep fd arty gps; 2 indep arty bns.
152mm: 6 Mk V. 1 indep AA gp, 1 indep SAM gp.
4 indep inf bns.
NAVAL AIR FORCE: (55). 7 indep 'jungle' inf bns.
Utility: 1 C-47 (Douglas DC-3), 4 Cessna (2 206, 4 indep engr bns.
2 150M). 3 hel sqns.
Trg: 5 North American T-6G. Equipment:
Hel: 2 OH-13 (Bell 47G), 2 UH-12E (Bell 47J). Tks: 280 T-54/-55. It: 110 AMX-13.
(On order: 2 HB-35OB Esquilo hel.) AFV: recce: 60 M-8/-20, 20 Fiat 6616.
APC: 140 M-113, 150UR-416. Bbn 1 Gp (3 sqns) with 20 BAe Canberra

Arty: guns: 130mm: 30 M-46. B-2/B(I)-8.
guns/how: 155mm: 36. FGA: 4 Gps (9 sqns): 2 with 15 Dassault Mirage 5P;
how: 105mm: 180: 10 M-56 pack; 122mm: 5 with 30 Sukhoi Su-22; 2 with 25 Cessna A-37B.
30 D-30. COIN: 1 hel sqn with 12 Mil Mi-25 (probably
MRL: 122mm: 14 BM-21. Army-assigned).
mor: 120mm: 300. Recce: 1 photo sqn with 2 Beech Queen Air A-80,
ATK: RCL: 105mm, 106mm. 4 Gates Learjet (2 36A, 2 25).
AD: guns: 35 ZSU-23-4 SP, 40 40mm towed. Tpt: 2 Gps (3 sqns):
SAM: SA-3/-7. ac: 4 Lockheed L-100-20/C-130H, 2 Douglas
Avn: hel: 25 Mil Mi-8, 6 AS-318 Alouette II. DC-8-62CF, 13 Antonov An-26, 8 DHC-6
Twin Otter, 14 CC-115 (DHC-5 Buffalo),
NAVY: 27,000 (5,000 conscripts) incl naval 4 PC-6 Turbo-Porter,
air, marines. hel: 2 sqns with 32 Bell (6 206, 20 212, 6 214), 3
Bases: Callao, San Lorenzo Island, Paita, Talara; Alouette III, 6 Mi-6, 5 Mi-8, 3 MBB BO-105;
lake: Puno; river: Iquitos, Puerto Maldonado. liaison: 10 Beech Queen Air A-80.
Subs: 12: Presidential Fit: 1 Fokker F-28 ac.
6 Type 1200; Trg: 4 sqns with 42 Cessna (19 T-41D, 23 T-37B/
2 Guppy IA; C), 13 Aermacchi MB-339A.

4 Abtao. ASM: AS-30.
Cruisers: 2 Neth De Ruyter (1 with 3 SH-3D hel, (On order some 13 Mirage 2000P/DP ac (1986);
1 on long refit, other to follow). 8 Sikorsky UH-60A hel (status uncertain).)
Destroyers: 8:
2 Br Daring with 8 MM-38; PARA-MILITAR Y: 51,600.
6 Friesland. Guardia Civil, 36,000; MOWAG Roland APC.
Frigates: 3 Carvajal (mod Lupd) with 8 Otomat, Coastguard (600); 23 patrol craft.
1 AB-212hel. Republican Guard 15,000.
FAC(G): 6 PR-72P Velarde with 4 MM-38. Rondos Campesinas (self-defence force or
River gunboats: 4. People's Militia) forming: no details.
Patrol craft: 4 lake(.
Amph: 5.
Spt: 2 tpts; 3 replenishment, 2 tankers. OPPOSITION:
Msls: SSM: Exocet MM-38, Otomat; Sendern Luminoso (Shining Path) some 2,000 —
SAM: Albatros/Aspide. rural gp.
Movimiento Revolucionario Tupac Amaru
NAVAL AIR FORCE: 13 combat ac, some 10 (MRTA) — urban gp.
combat hel.
ASW/MR: 4 sqns with: ac: 7 S-2E Tracker, * Arms purchase debt to USSR some $ 1 bn.
2 Fokker F-27MPA, 4 Beech Super King Air t Incl $20 m loan from Argentina for building military
B-200T; complex for Peruvian Air Force at Collique.
hel: some 10 (Agusta-Sikorsky AS-61, Augusta- % New currency unit, the Inti, replaced the Sol from 1
Bell 212). Jan 1986 (1 Inti = 1,000 Soles). All economic data given
Utility: 1 hel sqn with 4 Bell 206B, 6 AB-212. here are in Intis.
Tpts: 2 C-47 (Douglas DC-3).
Trg: ac: 6 Beech T-34C; hel: 2 Bell 206B.
Msls: ASM: 40 Exocet AM-39.
MARINES: (3,500). SURINAME
1 Marine bde (3 bns).
Equipment: GDP 1983: gld 1.846 bn ($ 1.034 bn)
AFV: recce: V-100. APC. 40 V-200 Chaimile. 1984: gld 1.809 bn ($1.013 bn)
Arty: RCL: 106mm. RL: 84mm. mor: ?18 120mm. growth 1983: -2.0% 1984: -3.0%
AD: guns: twin 20mm SP. Inflation 1984: 3.7% 1985e:11.7%
Coast defence: 3 btys with 18 155mm how (may Debt 1983s: $350 m 1984e: $425 m
have been deactivated). Defbdgt 1983: gld 73.56 m ($41.21 m)
1984E: gld 77.30 m ($43.31 m)
(On order: 1 Carvajal frigate; 3 EMB-111 MR ac.) $ l = g l d (1982/3/4/5): 1.785
gld = guilders
AIR FORCE: 15,000 (2,000 conscripts);
96 combat ac, 12 armed hel. Population: 380,000
18-30 31-45 COASTGUARD: 3,580.

Men: 55,000 15,000 Base: Staubles Bay.
Women: 53,000 21,000 Patrol craft: 6 large (2 Swed Type CG-40 133-ft,
4 Vosper 103-ft (2 to retire)); 7 coastal ( (incl 4
TOTAL ARMED FORCES (all services form Souter 55-ft).
part of the Army): AIR FORCE: 50.
Regular: 2,535. Hel: 2 SA-341 Gazelle, 2 Sikorsky S-76 (SAR).
Terms of service: voluntary.
PARA-MILITARY:
ARMY: 2,350.
Police (4,000); 2 armed patrol craft.
1 inf bn (4 inf (1 cdo), 1 armd car coy).
1 Guard bn.
1 Military Police bn.
Equipment: URUGUAY
AFV: recce: 6 EE-9 Cascavel.
APC: 9 YP-408, 15 EE-11 Urutu. GDP 1984: $N 295.55 bn ($US $5.27 bn)
Mor: 6 81 mm. 1985e: $N 512.59 bn ($US $5.05 bn)
RCL: 106mm. growth 1984: -1.8% 1985: -1.3%

Inflation 1984: 66.6% 1985: 83.0%
NAVY: 125. Debt 1984: $US $4.6 bn 1985: $US$4.8bn
Patrol craft: 9: 3 large, 6< (3 coastal, 3 river). Def bdgt 1986e: $N 16.43 bn ($US 124.442 m)
Def exp 1984e: $N 8.30 bn ($US 147.963 m)
AIR FORCE: 60. FMA 1986/7: $US 2.5 m
4 BN-2 Defender ac. $ 1 = $ N (1983): 34.540 (1984): 56.122
(1985): 101.422 (1986): 132.029
$N = new Urugayan pesos
PARA-MILITARY: National Militia 900.
Population: 2,922,000*
18-30 31-45
Men: 303,500 262,000
Women: 297,500 267,000
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
GDP 1982: $TT 17.56 bn ($US 7.316 bn) TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
1983e:$TT 21.10 bn ($US 8.792 bn) Regular 31,900 (to be reduced).
growth 1983: -4.0% 1984: -6.0% Terms of service: voluntary; 1—2 years,
Inflation 1984: 13.4% 1985: 7.7% extendable.
Debt 1984: $US 1.4 bn 1 985E: $US 1.6 bn
Defbdgt 1983e:$TT 195 m ($US 81.25 m) ARMY: 22,300.
1984e: $TT 180 m ($US 75.00 m) 4 Military Regions.
$1 = $ T T ( 1982/3/4): 2.4 (1985): 2.45 Army troops: Presidential Escort (1 cav regt).
1 inf bde (1 AB, 1 mot bns).
Population: 1,191,000 1 engr bde (3 bns).
18-30 31-45 1 sigs bde (2 bns).
Men: 148,500 97,000 4 inf divs: 3 cav bdes with 4 mech, 1 mot,
Women: 153,000 97,500 5 horsed regts.
4 inf bdes: 12 bns (incl 1 armd, 1 mot, 1 AB).
5 fd arty gps.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES 1 AAgp.
(all services are part of the Army): 4 engr bns.
Regular: 2,130. Equipment:
Terms of service: voluntary. Tks, It: 17 M-24, 28 M-3A1, 22 M-41A1.
AFV: recce: 12 FN-4-RM-62, 18 EE-3 Jararaca,
ARMY: 1,500. 15 EE-9 Cascavel. APC: 18 M-l 13, 55 Condor.
1 inf bn. Arty: how: 75mm: 12 Bofors M-1902; 105mm:
1 reserve bn (3 coys). 28: 20 M-101A1, 8 M-102; 155mm: 6
1 spt bn. M-l 14A2. mor: 40 81mm, 5 4.2-in. (107mm).
Equipment: ATK: guns: 57mm: 30 M-l.
Arty: mor: 6 81mm. RU 57mm. RCU 10 106mm.
AD: guns: 20mm: 6 M-167 Vulcan; 40mm: 2 L/60. Population: 18,911,000

(On order: 15 Scorpion It tks.) 18-30 31-45
Men: 2,269,000 1,504,000
NAVY: 6,600 incl naval air, naval infantry. Women: 2,226,000 1,531,000
Base. Montevideo.
Frigates: 3: 1 Dealey, 2 Cannon.
Corvette: 1 US Auk. TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
Patrol craft: 7: 4 large: 1 US Adjutant, 3 Vigilante. Regular 71,000 incl National Guard (perhaps
Amph: 5: 2 LCM, 3 LCU. 18,000 conscripts).
Spt: 2 tankers, 1 transport. Terms of service. 2 years selective, all services.
NAVAL AIR FORCE: (390); 7 combat ac. ARMY: 34,000 (incl conscripts).
ASW: 1 fit with 6 S-2A/G Tracker. HQ: 5 div (regional) incl 1 cav.
MR: 1 fit with 1 Beech Super King Air B-200T. 1 armd bde (2 med, 1 It tk, 1 SP arty, 1 AD bns).
Tpts: 2 Beech Expeditor (C-45J); 1 Piper Super 6 inf bdes (2 mech, 11 hy, 13 It inf bns).
Cub utility. 1 cav regt (5 sqns).
Trg: 5 North American T-28, 1 Beech T-34B, 7 arty bns.
1 T-34C ac. 2 AA arty bns (1 SP), 3 indep AA arty gps (2 more
Hel: 1 fit with 1 Sikorsky S-58 (SH-34G), 1 Bell gps forming).

47 (OH-13H). 5 engr bns.
NAVAL INFANTRY: (450); 1 bn. 1 AB regt (2 bns).
Equipment:
AIR FORCE: 3,000; 30 combat ac. Tks: 81 AMX-30. It: 35 M-18, 36 AMX-13.
COIN: 2 sqns: AFV: recce: 10 AML-245, 30 M-8, 60 M-706E1.
1 with 4 Lockheed AT-33A, 6 Cessna A-37B; APC: 25 AMX-VCI, 61 V-100.
1 with 6 IA-58B Pucarà. Arty: how: 105mm: 40 M-56 pack, 30 M-101
Recce/trg: 1 sqn: 3 North American T-6G. towed; 155mm: 20 Mk F3, 10 M-109 SP.
MR: 6 EMB-110B Bandeirante, 5 CASA C-212. MRU 160mm: 36 LAR SP.
SAR: 1 sqn with: ac: 6 Cessna 185C (U-17A); mor: 81mm: 100; 120mm: 85.
hel: 2 Bell 212, 8 UH-1B/H. ATK: RCU 106mm. ATGW: SS-11, AS-11.
Tpt: 3 sqns with 5 CASA C-212, 6 C-47 (Douglas AD: guns: 40mm: 60: 18 Breda L/70 towed;
DC-3), 6 Beech Queen Air B-80, 1 Gates 20mm: 12 AML S-530 twin SP; 40mm: 20
Lear jet (VIP), 5 EMB-110B/C Bandeirante, 2 M-42A1 twin SP.
Fokker F-27, 2 Fairchild FH-227. Avn: ac: 1 tpt sqn with 1 BN-2 Islander, 4 IAI-
Trg: 6 Cessna T-41D, 30 Beech T-34B. 202 Arava, 3 Beech (1 Super King Air, 1 King
Forces Abroad: Egypt (Sinai MFO), 70. Air, 1 Queen Air), 8 Cessna 182;
hel: 1 sqn with 2 Bell 206; 4 Bell UH-1H,
PARA-MILITARY: 4 Agusta A-109 ATK, 4 Augusta-Sikorsky
Metropolitan Guard 650. AS-61D.
Republican Guard 520. (On order 18 40mm L/70 AD system.)
Coastguard 1,500; 6 coastal patrol craft(.
NAVY: 10,000 (some conscripts) incl naval air,
* Preliminary results of 1985 census. marines and coast guard.
Bases: Caracas, Puerto Cabello, La Guaira,
Puerto de Hierro, Punto Fijo, Puerto La Cruz,
El Amparo (Arauca River).
VENEZUELA Subs: 3:
2 Type 1300;
GDP 1983: Bs 285.26 bn ($66.378 bn) 1 Guppy III (on refit).
1984: Bs 348.45 bn ($49.654 bn) Frigates: 6 Sucre (Lupo) with 8 Otomat SSM,
growth 1984: -1.4% 1985: -0.4% 1 octuple Albatros/Aspide SAM, 1 Augusta-Bell
Inflation 1984: 12.2% 1985: 9.1% AB-212hel.
Debt 1984: $33.3 bn 1985: $35.0 bn Amph: 7: 5 LST (1 on refit), 2 LCU.
Defbdgt 1983: Bs4.1bn ($954.043 m) Spt: 2 transports, 3 cargo vessels.
Defexp 1984e:Bs7'.5bn ($1.069 bn) NAVAL AIR FORCE: (2,500); combat: 4 ac, 6 hel.
$1 =Bs (1983): 4.2975 (1984): 7.0175 MR: 1 sqn with 4 S-2E Tracker ac.
(1985/6): 7.5 ASW: 1 hel sqn (afloat) with 6 AB-212AS.
Bs = bolfvares SAR: 1 sqn with 3 CASA C-212/200 MR.
Tpt: 1 sqn with 1 De Havilland DHC-7, 1 with 24 General Dynamics F-16A/B/D.

1 BAe/ HS-748, 1 Beech King Air B-90, COIN: 1 sqn with 12 OV-10E Bronco.
3 Cessna: 2 310R/310Q, 1 402. Presidential (tpt) sqn: ac: 1 Boeing 737,
1 McDonnell-Douglas DC-9, 1 Gulfstream II,
MARINES: (4,500). 1 Cessna 500; hel: 4 Bell (2 214, 2 412).
4 bns. Tpt: 2 sqns with 5 Lockheed C-130H, 5 C-47
1 arty bn. (Douglas DC-3), 6 Fairchild C-123A, 6 Aer-
1 amph bn. italia G-222.
1 AA coy. Utility/liaison/recce: 2 sqns with: ac: 2 Cessna
Equipment: Citation, 12 Beech (3 King Air, 9 Queen Air),
APC: 11 LVTP-7 (to be mod to -7A1), 30 EE-11 8 Cessna 182N;
Urutu, 10 Fuchs/Transportpanzer 1. hel: 13 SA-316B Alouette III, 10 Bell UH-1D/
How: 18 105mm. H, 6 Agusta A-109A.
AA: guns: 6 M-42 40mm twin SP. Trg: 10 BAe Jet Provost, 20 Rockwell T-2D
(On order: 1 river patrol boat; 2 tpt ac; 35 Buckeye (12 armed), 23 Beech T-34 Mentor.
M-41Clttks.) AAM: R-530 Magic.
1 para bn.
(On order. 15 F-5A ftrs, 24 IA-58 Pucarâ (6 trg),
COAST GUARD: (?800). 4 F-5B, 30 EMB-312 Tucano trg ac; 16 Bell

Frigates: (patrol vessels) 2 Almirante Clémente. 206, 4 A-109A hel.)
FAC: 6 Vosper 121-ft: 2 msl, 4 gun.
Patrol: 2 Cherokee. NATIONAL GUARD: Fuerzas Armadas de
Cooperation 22,000:
AIR FORCE: 5,000 (some conscripts); Equipment:
102 combat ac. AFV: MICV: 25 UR-416. APC: 15 Shorland.
Bbr/recce: 2 sqns with 20 BAe Canberra (12 Arty: mor: 120 60mm.
B-82, 5 B(I)-82, 1 PR-83, 2 T-84). Avn: ac: 3 IAI-201 Arava, 1 BN-2 Islander,
FGA: 1 sqn with 13 Dassault Mirage (6 IIIEV, 4 Beech (1 King Air B-90, 3 Queen Air B-80),
5 5V, 2 5DV). 17 Cessna, hel: 3 Agusta 109A, 12 Bell (6 47J,
Interceptor/FGA: 3 sqns: 5 206B, 1 206L);
1 with 17 Northrop (15 F-5A, 2 F-5D); Coastal patrol craft: 46: 22 Type-A, 12 Bertram,
1 with 16 Mirage (10 IIIEV, 4 5V, 2 5DV); 10 Lago, 2 other.
This article was downloaded by: [Carnegie Mellon University]
On: 21 January 2015, At: 10:14

Tables
To cite this article: (1986) Tables, The Military Balance, 86:1, 200-215, DOI: 10.1080/04597228608459978
Downloaded by [Carnegie Mellon University] at 10:14 21 January 2015
TABLES
2
200
1. NUCLEAR-CAPABLE DELIVERY VEHICLES: WORLD-WIDE
First Throw- Launcher
year Range weight CEP total Warhead details* (aircraft:
Category" and type deployed (km)* (000 lb)f 7/86 ordnance load) and comments
UNITED STATES
LAND-BASED
Strategic
ICBM
LGM-25C Titan II 1963 12,000 8.3 1,300 10 1 x Mk 6 RV with W-53 warhead
(5—9MT). TO be withdrawn by
Nov 1987.
LGM-30F Minute- 1966 11,300 1.6 370 450 1 x Mk 11C RV with W-56 war-
man II head (1—2MT). (442 launchers

if 8 are comms vehs.)
o
to
to
LGM-30G Minute- 1970 14,800 2.2 250 3 x Mk 12 MiRV with W-62 war-
man III heads (each 170KT).
to
to
1980 12,900 2.4 300 3 x Mk 12A MiRV with W-78
o
warheads (each 335KT).
LGM-118 1986 11,000 7 100 - 10 x Mk 21 (mod 12A) MIRV with
Peacekeeper W-78 warheads (each 335KT).
Intermediate-/medium-range
GLCM
BGM-109G 1983 2,500 - (20) 128 1 x W-84; 200KT.
MRBM
Penning U 1983 1,800 3 40 150 1 x W-85; 5-50KT selectable.
Tactical
SRBM
MGM-52C Lance 1972 110 0.5 150-400 144 1 x W-70; 1—IOOKT selectable;
dual-capable.
Artillery (dual-capable)
M-110A1/A2 203mm 1977/9 21.6 - 170 Ï 1W-33
fW-33 ((M-422); 0.5 or 10KT
SP how 1,046 { interchangeable
interc
(Ditto) 1981 29 200—5Ool lW-79-1 (M-753);0.5, 1, 2KT
selectable.
M-109 155mm SP how 1963 18/24/30 - n.a. 2,200 1 x W-48 (M-454) O.lKT (W-82
to replace).
M-198 155mm how 1979 1.6-14 - n.a. 900 1 x W-48 (M-454) 0.1 KT (W-82
to replace).
SEA-BASED
Strategic
SLBM
UGM-73A 1971 4,000 3. 450 256 10 x Mk 3 MIRV with W-68 war-
Poseidon C-3 heads (each 40KT), or max 14
x MIRV with W-76 warheads
(each IOOKT)
Trident C-4 1980 7,400 3. 450 384 8 x Mk 4 MIRV with W-76 war-
heads (each IOOKT).
Tactical
SLCM
BGM-109A Toma- 1983 2,500 - 280 164 1 x W-80 200KT; submerged-
hawk (TLAM-N) launch.
ASW
UUM-44A SUBROC 1965 50 - 316 1 x W-55 1—5KT range; homing
torpedo, inertial guidance.
RUR-5A ASROC 1961 11 - 1,120 1 x W-44 IKT dual-capable Mk
17 depth charge or Mk 46
homing torpedo.
201
First Max Weapon Launcher

year Range speed load total Warhead details* (aircraft:
Category" and type deployed (km)* (Mach)c (0001b) 7/86 ordnance load) and comments
SAM (dual-capable)
RIM-2D Terrier 1956 37 — — ±300 1 x W-45 IKT. (Standard-2 with
(BT-3A(N)) W-81 to replace.)
AIR
Strategic
Long-range bombers
B-52G 1959 12,000 0.95 45 90 Internal: 8 SRAM or 12 B-53/-43/
-61/-83 bombs. External: 12
ALCM.
B-52H 1962 12.000 0.95 45 90 Int: 8 SRAM or 12 bombs (as

above). Ext: some ac mod to
carry 12 ALCM.
B-1B 1986 12,000 1.25 64 19 Int: 8 ALCM plus 24 SRAM; or 12
B-28/-43 bombs (or 24 B-61/
-83). Ext: 14 ALCM or 14 SRAM
or 14 B-43/-61/-83.
Medium-range bombers
FB-111A 1969 4,700 2.5 37.5 55 4 SRAM, 2 x B-43/61 bombs.
Tactical
Land-based strike
F-111E/F 1967 4,700 2.2/2.5 25 280 3 x B-43/-57/-61 bombs.
F-4E 1969 2,100 2.4 16 392 1 x B-28RG/-43/-57/-61 bombs.
F-16 1979 3,800 2+ 12-15 510 1 x B-61 (also 1-2 x B-43)
bombs.
Carrier-based strike
A-6E 1963 3,200 0.9 15 120 3 x B-28/-43/-57/-61 bombs.
A-7 1966 2,800 0.9 15 262 4 x B-28/-43/-57/-61 bombs.
F/A-18 1982 1,000 2.2 13.7 174 2 x B-57/-61 bombs.
S-3 1974 73,700 0.6 n.a. 110 1 x B-57 depth charge.
ASW
P-3 1961 2,500 0.66 19 322 2 x B-57 depth charges.
ALCM
AGM-86B 1982 2,400 0.66 60 1,380 W-80 200KT; on 90 B-52G,
B-52H converting.
Rockets (SRAM)
AGM-69A 1972 56 or 160 3.5 (0.03) 1,170 W-69 170 KT; on B-1B, B-52G/
H, FB-111A.
Bombs
B-28 1960s — — — n.a. Strategic: 1.45MT, ?28MT.
Tactical: 70, 35OKT, 1.1 MT.
Being replaced.
B-43 1960 — n.a. Strategic and tactical: IMT.
B-53 1962 „ n.a. W-53 9MT type. May now have
been replaced in B-52.
B-57 1967 — — — n.a. Tactical, incl ASW; sub-KT to 10
(720) KT.
B-61 mod 1 1968 — — — n.a. Strategic: MT range.
mods 2/3/4/5 71975 n.a. Tactical: 100—500KT.
B-83 1984 (250) 1.1 MT. To replace B-28/-43/-53.
For notes, see p. 207.

202

Category" and type deployed (km)* (000 lb)f 7/86 ordnance load) and comments
NATO (excluding US)*
LAND-BASED*
Intermediate-range
IRBM
SSBS S-3 D/TN-61 1980 3,500 n.a. n.a. 18 1 x IMT. France.
Tactical
SRBM
MGM-31A/B 1962 160-720 (0.8) 400 72 1 x W-50; 60-400KT inter-
Pershing IA changeable. FRG (Air Force).
Ptuton 1974 120 n.a. 150-300 44 1 x AN-51 1 5KT or 25KT. France.

MGM-52C Lance 1976 110 0.5 150-400 55 1 x W-70; 1-IOOKT selectable.
Belgium (5), Britain (12),
FRG (26), Italy (6), Nether-
lands (6).
Artillery (dual-capable)
M-l 10 203mm SP 1962 16.8 - 170 373 W-33; 0.5 or 10KT interchange-
how able. Belgium (11), Britain
(16), FRG (226), Greece (32),
Italy (12), Netherlands (76).
M-l09 155mm SP 1964 18 - n.a. 1,659 1 x W-48; up to 2KT. Belgium
how (168), Britain (101), Canada
(50), Denmark (72), FRG
(586), Greece (108), Italy
(220), Netherlands (218),
Norway (130), Portugal (6).
(1,755 incl Spain (96).)
SAM (dual-capable)
1962 140 1.12 443 W-31 1—20KT interchangeable.
Hercules Belgium (36), FRG (216),
Italy (96), Netherlands (23),
Turkey (72).
SEA-BASED*
Strategic
SLBM
Polaris A-3 1967 4,600 1.5 900 64 3 x MRV with Chevaline; W-58
warheads (each 200KT).
Britain.
MSBS M-20/TN-60 1977 3,000 n.a. n.a. 80 1 x 1 MT. Replacing with M-4/
TN-70. France.
MSBS M-4/TN-70 1985 4,400+ n.a. n.a. 16 6 x 1 50KT MIRV. France.
Max Weapon
AIR speed load
(Mach) (000 1b)
Tactical''
Land-based strike
F-I04G/S 1958 2,400 2.2 2.5 271 1 xB-28/-57/-61,sub-KTto
500KT range. FRG (90),
Greece (66), Italy (18),
Turkey (97).
F-4E/F 1967/73 2,200 2.4 16 167 1 x B-61; 100-500KT. FRG (60),
Greece (47), Turkey (60).
203

year Range speed load total Warhead details'1 (aircraft:
Category*7 and type deployed (km)* (Mach) (000 lb) 7/86 ordnance load) and comments
F-16 1982 3,800 2+ 12-15 243 Belgium (36), Denmark (64),

Netherlands (75), Norway (68).
Mirage IVA/P 1966/86 3,200 2.2 16 22/8 1 x AN-22 60KT bomb on IVA.
France.
ASMP ASM 1986 100 3.0 n.a. — 100—150KT; on Mirage IVP.
France.
Mirage HIE 1964 2,400 1.8 19 30 (?2) x AN-52 15KT bombs.
France.
Jaguar A 1974 1,600 1.4 10 45 (?2) x AN-52 1 5KT bombs.
France.
Tornado 1981 2,800 0.95 16 358 Britain (170), FRG( 124), Italy
(64).
Super Etendard 1980 1,500 1.0 2 38 (?2) x AN-52 1 5KT bombs.

France.
ASW
P-3B/C 1961 2,500 0.66 17 20 Netherlands (13), Norway (7).
Nimrod 1969 9,000 0.75 17 28 Britain.
Atlantic 1965 3,800 0.57 18 55 France (27), FRG (14), Italy
(14).
CHINA
Throw-
LAND-BASED weight CEP
Strategic (000 lb)c (m) d
ICBM
Dong Feng (DF)-5 1981 15,000 n.a. n.a. 2 1 x 5MT.
DF-4 1978/9 7,000 n.a. n.a. 4 1 x 3MT.
IRBM
DF-3 1970 2,700 n.a. n.a. 60 1 x 2MT.
MRBM
DF-2 1970 1,200 n.a. n.a. 50 1 x 20KT.
SEA-BASED
Strategic
SLBM
J1>1 (CSS-NX-4) 1983/4 2,200- n.a. n.a. 24 1 x ?2MT.
3,000
Max Weapon
AIR speed load
(Mach) (000 Ib)
Strategic
Medium-range Bombersf
H-6 1968/9 5,000 0.80 8,000 up to Perhaps 2 bombs.
120
Chinese tactical nuclear weapons have been reported, but not identified.

204

Category0 and type deployed (km)* (000 lb)' (m)' 7/86 ordnance load) and comments
NORTH KOREA
LAND-BASED
Tactical
Artillery
D-20 152mm towed n.a. 17.4 — n.a. n.a.
gun/how
No nuclear warheads are known
SSM to be held for these weapons.
FROGS/-I n.a. 70 n.a. n.a. 54 As ex-Soviet materiel, they
have a theoretical nuclear
ScudB n.a. 300 n.a. 900 15 capability only.
Aircraft
Su-7 Fitter A n.a. 1,400 1.7 5.5 20
SOUTH KOREA
LAND-BASED
Tactical
Artillery
M-110 n.a. 21.6 _ 170 ?12
M-109 155mm SP n.a. 18/24/30 n.a. 100
how No nuclear warheads are
SSM held for those weapons.
MGR-IB Honest n.a. 40 n.a. n.a. 12 As ex-US materiel, they
have a theoretical nuclear
John capability only.
SAM
MIM-14B Nike n.a. 140 1.12 100
Hercules
SOVIET UNION
LAND-BASED
Strategic
ICBM
SS-l\ Sego modi 1966 9,600 2.2 1,400 28 1 x 950KT. SS-25 replacing.
mods 2/31973/5 13,000/ 2.5 1,100 420 1 X lMT,J 3 X 100—300KT
10,600 (500KT also reported).
SS-13 Savage mod 2 1968 n.a. 1.3 1,800 60 1 X 600KT.
SS-17(?RS-16) mod 3 1982 10,000 6.4 400 150 4 x 500KT.
SS-18(RS-20) mod 4 1982 11,000 16.7 250 308 10 X 500KTMIRV.
(cold launch) (mod 5) (?) (9,000) (16) (250) _ (?10 X 750KT) MIRV.
SS-19(RS-18) mod 3 1982 10,000 7.5 300 360 6 X 550KT MIRV.;
(hot launch)
(SS-X-24 1985/6 10,000 ?8 200 8-10 x IOOKT. Solid fuel.)
SS-25 1985/6 10,500 ?1.6 200 72 1 x 550KT. Solid fuel.
Intermediate-/medium-range
I/MRRM
l/fnnofrf
SS-4 Sandal 1959 2,000 3 2,000 112 1 x IMT. Retiring.
SS-20 mod 1 1977 5,000 n.a. n.a. 1 x 1.5MT. (?in service.)
mod 2 1977 5,000 n.a. 400 441 3 x 150KT.
205

Category0 and type deployed (km)* (000 lb) (my 7/86 ordnance load) and comments
Tactical
SRBM
FROG-1 1965 70 n.a. 400 (500) 1 x 200KT. SS-21 replacing.
SS-21 1978 120 n.a. 300 (300) 1 x IOOKT.
SS-lcScttt/B 1965 300 n.a. 900 395 1 x KT. SS-23 replacing.
SS-23 1979/80 500 n.a. 350 (240) 1 x IOOKT.
SS-12 mod 1979 900 n.a. 300 130 1 x IMT. (Shown in 1985 as
SS-22.)
GLCM
SS-C-lb Sepal 1962 450 n.a. n.a. (100) 1 x 350KT. Coast defence.
Artillery
M-1976 152mm 1978 27 n.a. (1,500) ?2—5KT, also cw. Front.
towed gun
2-S5 152mm SP gun 1980 27 — n.a. (2,100) 2—5KT, also cw. Front
D-20 152mm 1955 17.4 n.a. (2,500) 2KT, also cw. Front, Army.
towed gun/how
2-S3 152mm SP how 1972 27 n.a. 3,500+ Sub-KT—5KT. Div, Front.
M-1975 203mm SP 1975 18+ (200) (200) 2—5KT, also cw. Front.
how
M-1975 240mm SP 1975 12.7 _ n.a. (200) Nuc and cw. Front.
mor
SAM
ABM-IB Galosh 1964 320 n.a. _ 32 1 x 3MT. MOSCOW only.
SH-04, SH-08 1983/84 n.a. n.a. — n.a. 1 warhead. Being deployed.
SA-10 1981 100 n.a. 735 1 HE/nuc warhead.
SA-5 Gammon 1967 300 0.132 — 2,050 1 HE/nuc warhead.
SEA-BASED
Strategic
SLBM
SS-N-5 Serb 1964 1,400 n.a. 2,800 39 I X I M T . (Theatre role.)
SS-N-6 mod 1 1968 2,400 1.5 1,300 \ 1 x 500KT—IMT.
Sawfly mod 3 1974 3,000 1.5 1,300 / 304 { 2 x ?500KT MRV.
SS-N-8 mod 1 1972 7,800 1.5 1,500 \ 1 X 500KT-1MT.
mod 2 1973 9,100 n.a. 900 / 292 | 1 X 800KT.
SS-N-17 1977 3,900 . 2.5 1,400 12 1 x 500KT. Solid-fuel.
SS-N-18 mod 1 1977 6,500 n.a. 1,400 \ 3 X 500KT MIRV.
mod 2 1977 8,000 n.a. 900 > 224 I 1 X 500KT—IMT.
mod 3 1978 6,500 n.a. 900 ) 5 X 500KT MIRV.
SS-N-20 1981 8,300 n.a. 500 80 6 x IOOKT MIRV.
SS-N-23 1985 8,300 n.a. 900 32 n.a.
Tactical
SLCM
SS-N-3 Shaddock 1962 450 n.a. 244 1 X 350KT.
SS-N-7 1968 n.a. n.a. 80 1 X 200KT.
SS-N-9 Siren 1968/9 100 n.a. 218 1 X 200KT.
SS-N-12 Sandbox 1973 550 n.a. 120 1 X 350KT.
SS-N-19 1980 550 — n.a. 112 1 x 500KT warhead.
ASW
SS-N-14 Silex 1974 55 — n.a. 228 ?1 to 5KT.
SS-N-15 torpedo 1982 45 n.a. (396) ?5KT range1» Reload
SS-N-16 torpedo 1962 n.a. _ n.a. (306) ?KT range / capability.
SS-N-22 1981 400 n.a. 52 1 x 200KT warhead. ?Dual-
capable.

206

year Range speed Load total Warhead details* (aircraft:
Category0 and type deployed (km)* (Mach) (000 1b) 7/86 ordnance load) and comments
FRAS-1 rockets 1975 35 _ _ 10 5KT.

(SUW-N-1)
Mines n.a. — — —. n.a. 5-20KT.
AIR
Strategic
Long-range bombers
Tu-95 Bear B/C/G/H 1956 12,800 0.9 40 140 1-2 AS-3/-4, 4 AS-15 ALCM,
2 - 3 bombs. 40 Tu-95 H: 6
AS-15.
Mya-4 Bison 1956 11,200 0.94 20 20 4 bombs.
Medium-range bombers
Tu-16 Badger 1955 4,800 0.85 20 480 1—2 AS-2/-3/-6 ALCM, 1 bomb.
(Badger G carries (?6) AS-5.)
Air Force (240), Navy (240).
Tu-22 Blinder 1962 6,200 1.4 12 165 1 AS-4 ALCM, 1 bomb. Air Force
(130), Navy (35).
Tu-22M Backfire 1974 11,000 1.92 17.5 260 1 or 2 AS-4 ALCM, 2 bombs.
Air Force (140), Navy (120).
Tactical
Land-based strike
Su-7 Fitter A 1959 1,450 1.6 8.8 80 2 bombs.
MiG-21 FishbedL 1970 1,100 2.1 2 135 2 bombs.
MiG-27 Flogger D/J 1971 1,400 1.7 8.8 810 2 bombs.
Su-17 Fitter D/H 1974 1,300 2.1 7 900 2 bombs.
Su-24 Fencer 1974 3,600 2.3 24 700 2 bombs. (450 in Strat Avn.)
ASW
Tu-142 Bear F 1972 11,500 0.7 60 2 bombs.
11-38 Afcy 1970 7,200 0.6 50 (?2) bombs.
Be-12 Ms// 1965 7,500 0.5 — 95 2 bombs.
ALCM (dual-capable)
AS-2 Kipper 1961 200 2.2 — 90 1 x KT range/HE. (?in service.)
AS-3 Kangaroo 1961 500 2 (100) 1 X 1MT.
AS-4 Kitchen 1962 300 3.3 up to 470 1 X 1MT.
AS-6 JKf/jg/isA 1977 300 3 up to 820 1 x IMT/HE.
AS-15 1984 1,600 0.6 — up to 240 1 x 250KT. 4 - 6 on Tu-95 H.
Bombs n.a. _ n.a. Strategic: 5, 20, 50MT. Tactical:

250, 350KT.
Depth charges n.a. — — — n.a. Known to exist; no details.
WARSAW PACT (excluding USSR)*

LAND-BASED Throw-
Tactical weight CEP
(000 ibY
SRBM
Scud B/C 1965 160-300 n.a. 900 143 1 x KT range. All.
FROG-3/-5/-1 1957/65 40-70 n.a. 400 214 1 x 200KT range. All.
Artillery
M-1955(D-20) 152mm n.a. 17.4 - n.a. (220) 2KT. Bulgaria (?20), East
towed gun/how Germany (?50), Hungary
(100), Romania (?50).
207

year Range speed load total Warhead details* (aircraft:
Category3 and type deployed (km)* (Mach) (000 lb) 7/86 ordnance load) and comments
AIR
Tactical
Land-based strike
Su-7 Fitter A 1959 1,400 1.6 8.8 90 2 bombs. Czechoslovakia (50),
Poland (40).
Su-20 Fitter C 1974 1,300 1.6 7 40 2 bombs. Poland (40).
MiG-23 Flogger F/H 1975/6 2,600 1.2 4.4 109 2 bombs. Bulgaria (45), Czecho-
slovakia (40), E. Germany (24).
e
" ICBM = range of over 5,500 km; IRBM = 2,400-5,500 Warhead yields vary greatly; figures given are esti-
km; MRBM = 800—2,400 km; SRBM = 800 km or less. mated maxima. KT range •= under 1 MT; MT range =
Long-range = over 9,000 km; medium-range = over 1 MT. Yield figures for dual-capable weapons
5,600—9,000 km; bomber = aircraft primarily designed (which can deliver conventional or nuclear warheads)
for bombing missions. refer to nuclear warheads only.
* Ranges given in km; for nautical miles, divide by f All the types listed are dual-capable. Total actually
1.852. Use of maximum payload may reduce a available as nuclear strike aircraft may be lower than
missile's operational range by up to 25% of figures the figure shown.
shown. Figures for aircraft are theoretical maximum * Except for British and French weapons, nuclear war-
unrefuelled range at optimum altitude and speed. heads for these delivery vehicles are held in American
Higher speeds, lower altitudes and full weapons loads custody. No nuclear warheads held on Canadian,
reduce range, especially with strike ac; for instance an Danish or Norwegian soil. In few cases is the M-109
A-6, at operational height and speed and with maxi- likely to have a nuclear role.
mum weapons load, has a combat radius of some 1,870 * AU NATO missiles of US origin, except SSBS, Pluton
km, compared with max ferry range of 4,700 km. and MSBS (French).
c
Throw-weight is the weight of post-boost vehicle ' Nimrod of British origin; F-4, F-16, F-104, P-3
(warhead(s), guidance systems, penetration aids) deliv- American; Mirage, Super Etendard, Atlantic French;
erable over a given range. Jaguar Anglo-French; Tornado British-German-
d
CEP (circular error probable) = the radius of the Italian.
circle around a target within which there is a 50% > Variable range; some for peripheral targeting.
probability that a weapon aimed at that target will fall. * Nuclear warheads held in Soviet custody. Ac all of
For obvious reasons, this is a figure with a rather large Soviet origin. It is uncertain how many are nuclear
degree of uncertainty attached to it. capable.
2. NATOAVARSAW PACT POTENTIAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS SYSTEMS, EUROPE
NATO WARSAW PACT
Launcher Launcher
Countries total total Countries
Category and type deploying 7/86" 7/86 deploying Type
LAND-BASED
ICBM
b USSR SS-11/-17/-19
IRBM
SSBS S-3 D/TN-61 France 18 112 USSR SS-4
270 USSR SS-20
GLCM
BGM-109G USA 128
MRBM
Penning II USA 108

208
NATO WARSAW PACT

Launcher Launcher
Countries total total Countries
Category and type deploying 7/86" 7/86 deploying Type
SRBM
(350) USSR SS-2UFROG
Pershing IA FRG 72 (375) USSR SS-23/ScudAJB
Lance USA 108 77 USSR SS-12 mod
Lance Allies' 55 214 Allies FROG-3/-5/-7
Pluton France 44 143 Allies Scud B/C
Artillery*
f M-1976, 2-S5, S-23,
M-110 USA 500 T TÇÇR . M-1955 (D-20),
M-110 Allies 373 (3,500) M-1973/2-S3, M-1975
M-109 USA 500 (220) I how, M-1975 mor

M-109 Allies 1,659 164 Allies M-1955 (D-20) gun/how
Allies M-1973/2-S3 how
SAM (dual-capable)
MIM-14B Nike Hercules Allies' 443
SEA-BASED
SLBM
UGM-73A Poseidon C-3 USA a 24 USSR SS-N-5
Polaris A-3 Britain 64
MSBS M-20/TN-60 France 80
MSBS M-4/TN70 France 16
SLCM
BGM-109A Tomahawk USA 166 130* USSR SS-N-3rf
(TLAM/N nuc mod to be installed in Los Angeles 48 d USSR SS-N-7«*
SSN (12); Iowa BBG (32); Virginia, Ticonderoga, 140rf USSR SS-N-9d
Long Beach, California i"GN/CG; Burke, 80* USSR SS-N-12d
Spruance DDG.) 48 d USSR SS-N-19d
AIR
Land-based strike
F-104 G/S Allies' 271 340 USSR Tu-95, Mya-4, Tu-16,
F-4E USA 96 (Air Force) Tu-22, Tu-22M
F-4E/F Allies' 167 235 USSR Tu-16, Tu-22, Tu-22M
F-1HE/F USA 150 (Navy)
F-16 USA 144 1,190 USSR Su-7, MiG-21, MiG-27,
F-16 Allies' 243 (Frontal) Su-17 Su-24
Mirage IVA France 30 90 Allies' Su-7
Mirage HIE France 30 40 Poland Su-20
Jaguar France' 45 109 Allies' MiG-23
Tornado Allies' 358
A-7/F-18 USA 48/40'
Super Etendard France 38
ASW
S-3A USA 20e (110) USSR Tu-142,11-38, Be-12
P-3B/C USA (12) (Navy)
P-3 Allies' 20
Nimrod Britain 28
Atlantic Allies' 55
" Listings for US assume deployment: Europe only, not Table 1) is assigned to peripheral targets.
incl reinforcements except in the case of 400 Poseidon ' For detail, see Table 1.
rf
SLBM warheads, assumed for planning purposes to be USSR types and totals based on estimated naval
assigned to SACEUR from US central systems. deployments and equipment.
* A proportion of the launchers deployed (shown in ' Figures assume 2 US carriers in European area.
209
3. MAJOR IDENTIFIED ARMS AGREEMENTS JULY 1985-JUNE 1986
Agree-
Primary ment Cost Expected
Recipient supplier date System Quantity ($m) delivery
USA France 11/85 Battlefield comms system

{RITA) (offset agreement) — 4.3 bn —
Sweden 10/85 AT-4 It ATK weapon 55,000 44.7 1985-90
NATO and Western Europe
Britain USA 9/85 Phalanx 20mm system 4 54 —
Canada Switzerland 6/86 ADATS missile system with
twin 35 mm guns 30/10 713.83 1988
USA 4/86 TOW-2 ATK missiles 1,800 — —
Denmark Norway 12/85 Type-27 Kobben subs
(refurbished) 3 — —
USA 6/86 Stinger SAM 336 65 —

Finland France 6/86 Apilas ATK weapon — — —
Italy 1985 AB-412 hel 3 — delivering
USSR 9/85 Weapons and eqpt incl veh,
AA, ATK msls — 433 —
Germany Britain 11/85 Sea Skua ASM — — —
4/86 Sea Lynx ASW hel 5 29.33 1988—
USA 9/85 AGM-65B Maverick msls 310 25 —
9/85 AGM-88A HARM msls 994 313 1987—9
Netherlands USA 10/86 SM-1 Standard SAM 78 32
Norway Sweden 10/85 Bv-206 over-snow veh 2,000 182.16 1987-91
12/85 RBS-70 SAM — 91.1 1987-90
USA 8/85 TOW-2 ATGW launchers 300 \ 126
missiles 7,612 /
2/86 M-48A5 MBT 36 26 —
3/86 M-l 13 APC (44 to have
TOW ATGW) 60 — —
6/86 Bell 412SP hel 12 30 1987
Portugal FRG 11/85 MEKO-200 frigates 3 752.1 —
Spain Chile 3/86 Tamiz trg ac 40 17 —
France 4/86 AS-332B Super Puma hel 18 100 1987
Italy 10/85 SkyguardlAspide SAM:
launchers/missiles 13/100 150 —
USA 10/85 Boeing 707 tanker/tpt ac 2 — 1987
Sweden Spain 12/85 CASA C-212 Aviocar MR ac 3 7 1986
Turkey Britain 12/85 Rapier SAM — 202.5 —
Canada 12/85 CF-104 interceptor ac (20
operational, rest 'spares') up to 50 17 —
USA 7/85 UH-1H hel (local assembly) 15 33 —
1/86 M-48A5 tk conversion kits 760 206 —
Middle East :ind North Africa

Algeria Britain 9/85 Kebir FAC (local
construction) 3 — —
Bahrain USA 11/85 M-60A3 MBT 54 90 —
Egypt USA 8/85 Beech 1900-C It observation
ac (EW role) 6 73 1988
USA 9/85 AN/TPS-63 radar
(co-production) — 190 —
USA 5/86 Sidewinder AAM 560 42 —
Jordan Britain 9/85 Eqpt package incl patrol
vessels, military vehicles — 270 —
210
Agree-
Jordan Spain 3/86 CASA ac (14 C-101 COIN/
trg, 1 C-212, 2 CN-235
tpt) 17 90 1987
Libya Czecho-
slovakia 6/85 L-410UVP Turbolet tpt ac 6 •
delivered
Morocco Spain 10/85 Vigilance-class patrol boats 6 104 —
Oman Britain 8/85 Tornado F-2 ADV inter-
ceptor ac 8 350 1992
1/86 Province-class FAC(G) 1 56.96 1989
USA 9/85 AIM-9P4 Sidewinder AAM 300 22
Saudi Arabia Britain 9/85 Tornado IDS bbr ac 48 \ 1986-8
Tornado F-2 ADV inter-

ceptor ac 24 4.1 bn 1988-
Hawk trg ac 30 —
PC-9 trg ac 30 J
Spain 11/85 CN-235 tpt ac 5 — 1987
USA 3/85 AIM-9P4 AAM 671 1
AIM-9L AAM 995 354 1989-91
Harpoon ASM 100 J
Sub-Saharan Africa
Congo France 7/85 SA-365 Dauphin hel 1 delivered
1/86 Noratlas N-2501 tpt ac 1 delivered
Ethiopia Italy 10/85 SF-260TP trg ac 10 — —
Gabon France 8/85 AS-350 Ecureuil hel 2 —
8/85 SA-342 Gazelle hel (3
armed) 5 — —
8/85 Panhard AFV 24 — —
Malawi France 8/85 AS-35OL Ecureuil hel 1 delivered
FRG 12/85 Do-228 It tpt ac 3
Niger FRG 12/85 Do-228 It tpt ac 1
Nigeria Britain 8/85 Watercraft P-2000 patrol
craft 2 — 1986-
France 10/85 ERC-90 AFV 40 — —
12/85 Simoneau 15.8-m patrol
craft 6
1/86 SA-330L Puma hel 12 —
FRG 12/85 DO-228 It tpt ac 3 1986
Nether-
lands 1985 Damen 14.5-m patrol craft 6 — 1986-
8/85 Fokker F-27 MR ac 2
USA 8/85 Swiftships 20-m patrol craft 12 —
Senegal France 8/85 EDIC-700 LCT 1 — 1986
Zimbabwe Italy 9/85 AB-412 hel 10 30 1986
Asia and Australia

Australia Switzerland 12/85 PC-9 trg ac 67 156.7
USA 5/86 S-70B-2 Sea Hawk hel 8 135 Ï 1 DOT
5/86 UH-60 Black Hawk hel 14 100 / \yol
Brunei USA 10/85 Bell 214ST hel 1 delivered
India Britain 1/86 Westland W-30 hel 21 99
3/86 Aircraft carrier {Hermes) 1 73.3
France 1/86 SA-365N Dauphin 2 hel 27 66.8
6/86 Mirage 2000 interceptor ac 9 — —
211
Agree-
India Singapore 5/86 200-ton inshore patrol
vessels for Coastguard 6 — 1987
Sweden 4/86 FH-77B 155mm how 400- 992-
(local production) 1,500 3.5 bn —
Indonesia Britain 12/85 Rapier SAM — 120 —
Nether- 8/85 Alkmaar MCMV 1 — 1988
lands 4/86 Van Speijk-c\&ss frigates 2 136.9 1986
USA 6/86 F-16A/BFGAac 8 200 —
Japan France 7/85 AS-332 Super Puma hel 3 25 1986
S. Korea USA 9/85 AH-IS Cobra hel 21 178 —
Malaysia USA 10/85 HU-16B Albatross MR ac 2 8 1986-7
New Zealand Britain 7/85 Seacat SSM — 13 —
Pakistan China 8/85 A-5 Fantan strike ac 10 1985

Sweden 2/86 RBS-70 SAM, Giraffe AD
radar 93.9 —
USA 9/85 M-109A2 155mm SP how 88 78 —
9/85 M-113A2 APC 110 25 —
4/86 BGM-71C Improved TOW
ATGW 2,030 20 —
Singapore Italy 2/86 SIAI S-211 COINac 10 22 —
Taiwan USA 9/85 S-2F Tracker MR ac 9 —
2/86 S-70C Black Hawk hel 14
Thailand FRG 9/85 Hydrofoil multi-hull 1 1 1986
Indonesia 9/85 NC-212 Aviocar It tpt ac 3 ?barter
Nether-
lands 6/86 Fokker F-27 MR ac 2 ? 1987
Latin America
Argentina Brazil 4/86 EMB-312 Tucano trg ac 44 52.8 —
Israel 10/85 Boeing 707-131 ELINT ac 1 —
Colombia USA 1/86 Hughes 500MG Scoutl-
500E hel 6/2 9.46 delivered
Ecuador USA 10/85 T-33 ac (refurbished) 25 5.1 completion
1988
Haiti Italy 9/85 SIAI S-211 trgac 4 6 delivered
Honduras USA 12/85 Bell 412 hel 5 13.4 1986
Mexico Switzerland 10/85 PC-7 COIN ac 25 —
USA 10/85 Beechcraft Bonanza F-33C
trgac 21 4.9 1986
Venezuela Brazil 1/86 EMB-312 Tucano trg ac 30 52.8 1986-
212
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Sri Lanka 55 75 102 4 5 7 3.8 3.9 5.1 1.2 1.7 14.8 21.6 21.6 16.1 26.0
Taiwan 3,600 3,398 3,417 199 182 478 36.8 42.0 40.0 6.8 5.9 451.0 444.0 424.0 1,457.5 25.0
Thailand 1,665 1,652 1,752 35 33 35 25.5 21.5 21.7 4.6 4.2 238.1 235.3 256.0 500.0 86.0
Vietnam n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1,029.0 1,027.0 1,155.0 3,000.0 1,560.0
Latin America
Argentina 3,573 2,337 2,282 129 81 77 12.8 16.5 17.1 2.9 3.3 185.5 108.0 73.0 377.0. 22.0
Bahamas 7 8 9 35 36 37 2.6 2.3 2.5 0.6 0.5 0.5
Belize n.a. 3 4 n.a. 20.0 23 n.a. 3.3 4.0 n.a. 2.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3
Bolivia 186 196 230 34 34 37 16.7 28.2 21.7 2.8 2.6 26.6 27.6 27.6 14.0
Brazil 1,559 1,305 1,055 12 10 8 2.2 2.1 5.8 0.6 0.5 272.6 276.0 283.4 1,115.0 240.0
Chile 2,103 1,649 1,622 188 141 135 20.9 26.1 25.2 6.4 8.5 92.0 101.0 101.0 100.0 27.0
Colombia 374 456 427 14 17 15 8.2 10.4 10.0 1.0 1.1 70.0 66.2 66.2 116.6 87.5
Costa Rica 21 28 20 9 11 8 3.8 3.7 3.6 0.8 0.6 — 3.0 9.5
Cuba 1,272 1,338 1,357 128 134 134 9.6 10.1 10.3 7.7 7.9 227.0 161.5 162.0 150.0 1,368.5
Dominican Rep 118 129 156 20 22 26 10.0 10.6 12.2 1.6 1.5 22.5 22.2 21.3 _ 1.0
Ecuador 248 215 224 30 25 25 9.9 10.3 13.1 1.8 1.8 38.8 42.5 42.0 0.2
El Salvador 116 158 205 27 32 39 16.7 22.3 23.1 3.4 4.5 9.8 41.7 42.6 18.6
Guatemala 91 170 180 13 22 22 6.3 14.2 15.0 1.1 1.9 15.1 31.7 32.0 10.2 911.6
Guyana 22 21 40 25 23 43 5.6 5.5 8.7 3.9 9.0 7.0 6.6 5.5 5.0
Haiti 24 28 30 5 5 6 8.2 9.9 8.9 1.6 1.6 7.5 6.9 6.9
Honduras 45 70 90 12 17 21 4.6 5.6 6.6 1.7 2.9 11.2 16.6 19.2 50.0 5.0
Jamaica 36 39 26 17 17 11 2.6 3.2 3.1 1.2 1.2 4.0 2.1 2.1 1.0 1.0
Mexico 1,403 600 562 20 8 7 1.2 1.6 1.3 0.6 0.3 369.5 129.1 139.5 300.0 120.0
Nicaragua 192 348 625 67 112 195 20.0 16.6 23.2 7.5 11.7 6.7 62.9 72.0 250.0 57.0
Panama 40 67 88 21 32 42 2.9 5.7 7.7 1.0 1.9 12.0 12.0
Paraguay 88 104 76 30 34 23 23.8 16.1 17.1 1.6 1.4 16.0 14.4 16.0 36.3 6.0
Peru 403 1,405 1,327 22 74 67 9.3 29.9 27.0 5.7 7.8 130.0 128.0 127.0 175.0 51.6
Suriname n.a. 41 43 n.a. 112 116 n.a. 9.2 9.9 n.a. 4.3 n.a. 2.0 2.5 0.9
Trinidad & Tobago 43 81 75 41 75 68 1.6 2.1 2.0 0.6 n.a. n.a. 2.1 2.1 2.0
Uruguay 365 181 148 129 63 51 18.5 16.9 12.0 3.2 2.8 29.7 31.9 31.9 2.7
Venezuela 907 954 1069 59 58 63 4.6 5.3 8.7 1.4 2.2 40.8 49.0 71.0 — 22.0
" Statistical data is constantly under review. Differences between figures in this issue of GDP/GNP figures were either unavailable or seemed unreliable.
e
The Military Balance and those in previous issues may be due as much to re-evaluation as Countries' systems vary. Thefiguresgiven may include reservists with recent training,
to new information. Defence expenditure and government spending figures are often active territorial militia and forces available for later mobilization.
revised by governments years later. f The difficulty of calculating suitable exchange rates makes conversion to dollars and
* Current US dollars. These figures are subject to exchange rate fluctuations and do not international comparisons imprecise and unreliable. It is important to refer to individ-
represent the true value. Some military expenditures include internal security expenses; in ual country entries and to defence expenditures and the size of the economy in local
other cases research costs are borne by other ministries' budgets. currencies.
c
Calculation based on local currency. This series is designed to show national trends only. « See country entry.
International comparisons may be invalidated by differences in the scope of government * Defence expenditures are based on NATO definition. For Spain NATO-definition expendi-
sector and in budgetary definitions. Where possible, total government outlays (including tures are not yet available (previous editions estimated NATO-definition figures).
development or capital expenditure) have been used. ' Exd aid to West Berlin (DM 13,8OOmin 1981,DM 14,300 min I983, and DM 15,100m
d
Based on local currency. See country entries. For most countries GDPfiguresare given; in in 1984), which is considered part of West Germany's security policy expenditures.
their absence GNP figures are used. For Warsaw Pact countries GNP figures derived from i Government spending is the total of Federal Government budget, plus state and regional
NMP are given. In some cases commercial bank estimates have been used where offical government budgets. Gross Material Product is used instead of GDP.
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Analyses
To cite this article: (1986) Analyses, The Military Balance, 86:1, 218-238, DOI: 10.1080/04597228608459979
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ANALYSES
3
218
Estimating the Strategic Nuclear Balance

The debate over the nature of the Soviet- in terms of the ratio of one side's missile war-
American strategic nuclear balance has been heads to the other's land-based missiles.
confusing and frustrating for those wanting a It is important, therefore, first to decide the
simple comparison of US and Soviet nuclear purpose to be served by any estimate of the
forces. Part of the problem is that there are dif- Soviet—American balance, and whether a
ferent reasons for estimating the balance, and dynamic or static analysis is most appropriate to
the underlying assumptions and methods of cal- that purpose. War planners and force planners
culation will vary according to the purpose to will tend to make their judgments using more
be served. elaborate dynamic analyses. Arms-control nego-
For example, a static aggregation of strategic tiators and political leaders are likely to need to
nuclear warheads may be sufficient to establish be able to justify their actions to public opinion
whether there is essential equivalence between in the simpler terms of the numbers of nuclear
the super-powers or whether one side is mili- weapons and warheads that each side possesses.
tarily superior. But in order to assess the likeli- What follows is an introduction to how to
hood of nuclear war (in terms of the incentives estimate the Soviet—American strategic nuclear
for either side to strike first in a crisis), or to balance, using static measures. An estimate of
determine how successful US nuclear forces the Soviet—American strategic nuclear balance
might be in carrying out their strategic objectives for 1986 is presented in a Table at the end of
in the face of known Soviet capabilities, a this essay.
dynamic analysis involving nuclear exchanges
may be needed. And if the purpose is to evaluate Assumptions
the record of past arms-control agreements and In this analysis, as in all others, it is important to
the implications of current proposals, it will be define critical assumptions explicitly. These tend
necessary to count the number of weapons to fall into three categories:
according to the rules which have been defined — what nuclear systems will be included and
to verify those agreements. excluded?
— which of these systems will be counted?
Static and Dynamic Measures — what number of weapons will be assigned to
Many would argue that only dynamic analyses of each nuclear system?
nuclear exchanges should be used in estimating
the strategic nuclear balance. These take into Systems Included
account the accuracy, reliability and operational In estimating the strategic nuclear balance, the first
readiness of each side's nuclear forces, their question is what nuclear systems to define as
basing modes (and so their survivability), and 'strategic'. Over the past twenty years the United
the functioning of command-and-control sys- States and the Soviet Union have differed on this
tems, as well as the different target sets in the point. The Soviet Union has argued that all
United States and the Soviet Union. But such nuclear systems that can strike the territory of the
models of nuclear exchanges present difficulties. other side should be included; specifically, it has
They all involve a very large number of assump- sought to include US forward-based systems
tions, not only about offensive nuclear forces deployed in Europe and Asia, as well as British,
but also about defences, and their outcomes are French and Chinese nuclear forces. The United
particularly sensitive to the assumptions made States has instead sought to define a class of cen-
concerning several key variables: warning times, tral strategic systems which serve primarily to
which side attacks, and whether ICBM are deter attacks against the homelands of the two
launched under attack. super-powers. In the SALT I and SALT II treaties,
Static comparisons of numbers of missiles and the Soviet Union accepted the American position.
bombers, and of missile warheads and bomber Agreed Statement A to the SALT I Interim
weapons, simplify and distort reality. But they Agreement on Strategic Offensive Arms defined a
do provide a general sense of the size and the land-based ICBM launcher as having a range 'in
characteristics of nuclear force postures. They excess of the shortest distance between the
suggest the character of the offensive capability northeastern border of the continental US and the
(for example, silo-based ICBM have quick hard- northwestern border of the continental USSR'.
target kill capability) and the survivability of The SALT II Treaty (Article II) went on to define
the overall force posture (for instance, sea-based this range as being 'in excess of 5,500 kilometres'.
systems provide greater survivability). They also SLBM were defined in the SALT II Treaty
enable judgments about survivability to be made (Article II, Paragraph 2) as 'launchers of ballistic
219
missiles installed on any nuclear-powered sub- The ICBM on both sides are in a very high state
marine or launchers of modern ballistic missiles of readiness or alert, being powered by solid fuel
on any submarine, regardless of its type'. Both or storeable liquid fuel. But some will always be
are adequate as definitions for 'strategic' ballistic undergoing maintenance. In the case of the
missiles. In the case of SLBM, there is no doubt United States, up to 8 Minuteman II may be
about the propulsion system of a class of sub- reserved for communications.
marines, and 'modern' is further denned as any For SLBM a considerable difference exists
missile deployed after 1965 (SALT II Treaty, between the forces in the inventory and those on
Agreed Statement to Article II, Paragraph 2). alert (estimates of the figure for alert forces vary
Bombers present a more complicated prob- widely, depending upon assumptions about the
lem, for it is difficult to define their range, amount of strategic warning that would be
which varies with payload, flight profile and received — and acted upon). About 60% of US
re-fuelling. Consequently, the SALT II Treaty SSBN are assumed to be at sea at all times,
(Article II, paragraphs 3—5) provided detailed whereas the Soviet Union, because of its single
definitions of the heavy bombers to be covered. crewing and deployment pattern, may have no
Some aircraft were designated by type: for the more than 15% of its boats at sea in peacetime.
United States the B-52 and B-l bombers, and for Both countries could, however, increase their
the Soviet Union the Tupolev-95 (Bear) deployments; submarines in port, changing
and Myasishchev-4 (Bison) bombers. Heavy crews or undergoing minor repairs and routine
bombers were also defined as any equipped with maintenance, could be deployed within days.
air-to-surface ballistic missiles (ASBM) or cruise Moreover, an increasing fraction of US and Sov-
missiles capable of ranges in excess of 600 kilo- iet SLBM consists of missiles with sufficient
metres. As a result, the US FB-111A was range to reach the territory of the other side
excluded. After considerable controversy, the from their ports (for the Soviet Union, the SS-N-
Soviet Backfire bomber was also excluded, but 8, SS-N-18 and SS-N-20 missiles; for the United
was separately limited in a side agreement. In States the Trident I or C-4 missile). Submarines
estimates of the strategic nuclear balance, the on long refit are not operationally ready for sea
Reagan Administration will include the Backfire and could be discounted.
bomber, while the USSR will generally include Some bombers will always be undergoing
US forward-based systems in Europe and Asia overhaul, repair and modernization. Given the
and omit the Backfire as well as its other nuclear high costs, bombers are not maintained on
forces threatening Europe and Asia. airborne alert, but rather depend upon warning
to take off from their bases. Bombers can also
Another issue involves whether to include deliver conventional as well as nuclear weapons
long-range cruise missiles as 'strategic' systems. and may not be planned for nuclear missions. In
In SALT II, air-launched cruise missiles (ALCM) fact the United States has changed the mission
were covered and limited in connection with of some 60 of its B-52 bombers to a conven-
heavy bombers. In the SALT II Treaty Protocol, tional role.
sea- and land-based cruise missiles with a range In determining which nuclear systems should
in excess of 600 kilometres were banned for be included, the SALT I and SALT II Treaties
three years. Subsequently, the US and the Soviet required that all launchers for 'strategic' systems
Union decided that ground-launched cruise be counted, except those for testing and training.
missiles (GLCM) were appropriate for nego- In the case of missiles, it is important to recog-
tiation not with strategic nuclear systems but nize that the treaties only limited the number of
rather with other intermediate-range nuclear launchers, so that the number of missiles in the
forces. Whether sea-launched cruise missiles inventory of each side will exceed the number of
(SLCM) should be included in the strategic launchers (the extra missiles providing spares
nuclear balance is still a matter of debate. and test vehicles). Since the treaties counted
bombers as launchers, this rule would bring into
Counting the Systems Included the calculation the 200+ old moth-balled
In estimating the strategic nuclear balance, bombers in the United States.
assumptions may be made to reflect the fact that
not all the launchers belonging to systems which Weapon Numbers Assigned to Included
meet the definition of strategic are operationally Systems
ready and on alert at any one time. The alterna- In estimating the overall number of strategic
tive, which the SALT treaties adopted, is to nuclear warheads it will first be necessary to
include all strategic systems launchers which are decide how to count warheads on ICBM which
theoretically available — except those for testing have been modified to carry MIRV. Second, a
and training. decision will be needed on whether to make
220
assumptions about the operational loadings of of an attack — when it will be necessary to

individual nuclear systems, or whether to follow destroy air defences as well as specific targets.
the SALT II precedent for missile warheads: to Operational loadings for US nuclear systems
establish counting rules based on maximum are defined as part of the Single Integrated Oper-
numbers established from testing (which can be ational Plan (SIOP) and are highly classified. One
verified by national technical means). Finally, could make an estimate of the average loading of
for bomber weapons, two questions arise: ICBM, SLBM and bombers, but this would be arbi-
whether to use the ALCM counting rules from trary and would not necessarily represent the
SALT II, and how to determine the number of actual loadings at any particular time.
gravity bombs where SALT provides no criteria.
(c) Arms-control Counting Rules for Missile
(a) 1CBM Modifications Warheads
Over their lifetime, ICBM will be modified in SALT II did not directly constrain the overall
various ways. A given booster can be fitted with number of strategic nuclear weapons, and thus
different post-boost vehicles (PBV) containing defined no specific set of counting rules for miss-
different numbers of warheads of different ile warheads or for bomber weapons. SALT II
characteristics (weight, yield, accuracy). In the did, however, impose a maximum permissible
case of the Soviet SS-18, for example, four ver- number of MIRV warheads on ICBM and SLBM.
sions (mods) are believed to have been According to Article IV, Paragraph 10, 'each
deployed with from one to ten warheads. This party undertakes not to flight test or deploy
fact is known from the observation of testing, ICBM of a type flight tested as of 1 May, 1979
but it is not possible to know with any confi- with a number of re-entry vehicles greater than
dence how many of which mods are deployed. the maximum number of re-entry vehicles with
The SALT I Treaty did not assign numbers of which an ICBM ofthat type has been flight tested
weapons to individual nuclear systems, since it as ofthat date'. For SLBM, Article IV, Paragraph
did not seek to constrain warheads — only 12, states that 'each party undertakes not to
launchers. In SALT II, constraints were placed on flight test or deploy SLBM with a number of
the number of launchers with MIRV warheads, re-entry vehicles greater than the maximum
and so rules were devised for taking number of re-entry vehicles with which an SLBM
modifications of missiles into account. The First of either Party has been flight-tested as of 1 May
Agreed Statement to Paragraph 5 of Article II 1979, that is, fourteen'.
stated: 'if a launcher has been developed and One way of assigning numbers of nuclear war-
tested for launching an ICBM or an SLBM with heads to ballistic missile launchers is to use
MIRV, all launchers of that type shall be con- these SALT II counting rules. These numbers will
sidered to have been developed and tested for not in some cases be the actual operational
launching ICBM or SLBM equipped with MIRV'. loadings, and for the USSR they will not be the
theoretically possible numbers, given the throw
(b) Operational Loadings weight of Soviet missiles. These counting rules
The number of weapons actually deployed on present a problem in the particular case of the
individual nuclear systems will vary depending US Poseidon C-3 missile, for it was tested with
upon the mission and the deployment areas from 14 warheads but is assumed to carry on average
which they would fire their weapons. For only 10. For other systems in the US and Soviet
example, the Poseidon missile has been tested arsenals, the number of warheads tested approxi-
with 14 warheads, but its actual loading has to mates to the actual loadings.
take account of the fact that missile range will
vary with the number of warheads (the farther (d) Bomber Weapons
from the Soviet Union a missile is deployed, the For heavy bombers, SALT II only established the
fewer warheads it will carry). Depending on the number of ALCM to be deployed on cruise miss-
target and the capabilities of Soviet defences, ile carriers. Article IV, Paragraph 14, limits the
warhead numbers might also be reduced to make number of ALCM to 28, with the Second Agreed
room for penetration aids. With bombers the Statement establishing that no bomber of the
problem is even more complex, since an individ- B-52, B-l, Bear or Bison type will be equipped
ual aircraft can deliver ALCM and SRAM war- with more than 20 ALCM. Twenty ALCM is more
heads as well as gravity bombs. The loading will than the most likely average loading of the
depend upon whether the bomber will stand-off B-52G/H and Bear H bombers, but is less than
from or seek to penetrate Soviet territory, and the theoretical maximum that the B-l could
also on whether it will be part of the early stage carry (though, in its initial deployment, the B-l
221
will be a penetrating bomber carrying gravity debate, we give overleaf a table providing an esti-
bombs and SRAM). mate of the strategic nuclear balance in 1986. The
Assigning weapons to bombers is the most table is designed primarily for arms-control pur-
difficult task, because bombers are capable of poses, and is based on the following
delivering a mix of weapons which cannot be assumptions:
verified by national technical means. SALT II did — the nuclear systems defined as 'strategic' are
not address this issue, since it placed no con- those so defined in SALT I and SALT II, with the
straints on gravity bombs or SRAM. Various FB-111A and Backfire bombers excluded, as well
formulae have been suggested for counting as SLCM and US forward-based systems. (The
bomber weapons, relying primarily on aircraft conflicting intelligence estimates of the
gross take-off weight, but they each require some- Backfires unrefuelled range that originally
what arbitrary assumptions. There is the served as a basis for its inclusion as a strategic
additional problem that bombers confront air system appear to have been resolved in favour of
defences which are not constrained by any arms- a shorter range, which would suggest
control regime. Many, therefore, argue that the exclusion.)
counting rules for bomber weapons should take
— all launchers for strategic nuclear systems are
air defences into account, for example by reduc-

ing the effectiveness of bomber weapons by 50%. included except those for testing and training
and the 200+ old mothballed US heavy bombers.
No discount is made for operational readiness or
Conclusions for systems converted to conventional missions.
The current debate over the Soviet—American — no attempt has been made to define the actual
strategic nuclear balance is focused primarily on operational loadings of the individual systems.
the arms-control negotiations. As the current pro-
posals emphasize limits on nuclear weapons, — SALT II counting rules are used for ballistic
rather than strategic nuclear delivery vehicles, missile warheads and ALCM.
any estimate of the balance will need to define — for B-l bombers and those B-52G/H not des
assumptions not only about the systems to be ignated as ALCM carriers, 12 bombs are
included as 'strategic' but also about the number assumed, with no discount for air defences.See
of weapons to be assigned to each of the systems. Table 1 (p. 222) for the various possible
To provide background for the arms-control loadings.
For the table accompanying this essay, see overleaf

222
Soviet—American Nuclear Balance
United States Soviet Union
Number Warheads/ Total Number Warheads/ Total

System deployed launcher0 warheads System deployed launcher0 warheads
ICBM ICBM
Minuteman II 450 1 450 SS-11 448 1 448
Minuteman III 550 3 1,650 SS-13 60 1 60
Titan 10 1 10 SS-17 150 4 600

SS-18 308 10 3,080
SS-19 360 6 2,160
SS-25 72 1* 72
Sub-total (ICBM): 1,010 2,110 Sub-total (ICBU): 1,398 6,420
SLBM SLBM
Poseidon C-3 256 14 3,584 SS-N-6 304 1 304
Trident C-4 384 8 3,072 SS-N-8 292 1 292
SS-N-17 12 1 '12
SS-N-18 224 7 1,568
SS-N-20 80 9b 720
SS-N-23 32 10* 320
Sub-totaHsLBU): 640 6,656 Sub-total (SLBM): 944 3,216
Sub-total (ICBM & SLBM): 1,650 8,766 Sub-total (ICBU & SLBM): 2,342 9,636
Bombers Bombers
B-52G/H (non-ALCM) 121 12 1452 Bear H (ALCM) 40 20 800
B-52G/H (ALCM) 120 20 2,400 Bear (non-ALCM) 100 2 200
B-l 19 12 228 Bison 20 4 80
Sub-total (bombers): 260 4,080 Sub-total (bombers): 160 1,080
TOTAL 1,910 12,846 TOTAL: 2,502 10,716
" Warheads per launcher are taken from SALT II Treaty, currently assigned the missile in this Table and is taken from
Article IV, Paragraph 10, First Agreed Statement and Com- Table 1.
mon Understanding. The Trident C-4 had been tested with The number of ALCM assigned to each heavy bomber is 20
only 7 re-entry vehicles at the time of the signing of SALT II in (SALT II Treaty, Article IV, paragraph 14, Second Agreed
1979, but it had space for an additional re-entry vehicle, which Statement).
had been demonstrated earlier in a test. Under the Second * For missiles deployed since the signing of the SALT II Treaty,
Agreed Statement to paragraph 10 of Article IV, the missile the following warheads are assigned: SS-25, one; SS-N-20,
would be counted as having 8 warheads. This is the number nine; SS-N-23, ten.
223
The East—West Conventional Balance in Europe

Data: separately under NATO South. Spain, like
The table on pp. 226—7 is designed to show France, is not a part of the NATO integrated mili-
highly aggregated numerical comparisons tary structure; unlike France (some of whose
between the major elements in the conventional forces are deployed in West Germany), no Span-
composition of the forces of NATO and the War- ish troops are deployed outside Spanish terri-
saw Pact in Europe. The table is a summary of tory (which includes Ceuta and Melilla). Para-
the data listed in the individual country entries of military forces, border guards and such security
the two Pacts, qualified by what is known of elements as the KGB, which also has a wartime
peacetime deployment, planned reinforcement role, are not included.
and mobilization. The statistics are grouped for
each Bloc under the (somewhat arbitrary) geo- Organization:
graphic headings 'North' and 'South'; for NATO, The smallest self-contained independent tactical
the US, British and Canadian Forces shown are formation with its own logistic support is the
all actually in Europe or available for immediate division. In all cases 'Tank' includes tank and
reinforcement. The total of entries in both regions armoured divisions; 'Mech' includes motorized
is given. The Warsaw Pact is grouped similarly: and motor rifle as well as mechanized divisions
non-Soviet forces in the north and south and the (both are 'heavy' divisions in US terms). 'Other'
Soviet Union's forces also in those regions are includes infantry, airborne, air-portable, air
included, as they are in the overall totals. assault, mountain, amphibious and marine and
'light' infantry (in US terms 'light divisions'). An
Geographical: artificial equivalent to a division is taken to be
The regions are denned as follows: three brigades (some nine battalions of armour,
NATO, North: Norway, Denmark, West Ger- infantry, or a mix of them). It must be remem-
many, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Bel- bered that this grouping would often lack essen-
gium; forces deployed from Britain, Canada, tial support such as engineer, artillery and logis-
US (Atlantic deployments) and France (Army, tic elements. These appear in the 'other'
Navy, Air, deployed Atlantic). divisional category.
Warsaw Pact, North: East Germany, Poland,
Czechoslovakia; Soviet forces in those Deployment:
countries and in the Leningrad, Baltic, The NATO divisions (or equivalents) listed as
Belorussian and Carpathian MDS. 'deployed in Europe' are those actually at or near
NATO, South: Turkey, Greece, Italy, Spain, Por- full combat readiness in the forces of the Conti-
tugal, France (Navy deployed Mediterran- nental states adjacent to the NATO fronts:
ean), US Sixth Fleet, and forces deployed in Britain's BAOR, the Canadian brigade group, the
Southern Europe. French corps, and the US Army in Europe. For
Warsaw Pact, South: Hungary, Bulgaria and the Warsaw Pact the total includes all the Soviet
Romania and Soviet forces in Hungary and and East European Pact formations at Category
the Odessa, Kiev, North Caucasus and Trans- 1 level (i.e. fully manned in peacetime) in Eur-
Caucasus MDS. ope and in the relevant MDs in the Soviet
Union. 'Divisions available for reinforcement'
Manpower includes those cadre and reserve formations in
The total number of men in uniform for all the same regions. Mobilization times obviously
countries in both Pacts is given, followed by the vary; we have made no attempt to estimate the
total of all Reserve forces. The totals then given actual state of readiness of these formations or
for the ground forces and their reserves are a the time required to deploy them. Details of the
proportion of — not in addition to — these Soviet formation deployments are contained in
totals. The strengths shown for the ground forces the USSR country entry.
actually in the regions described must be used
with caution. For the European NATO and War- Equipment:
saw Pact countries it includes all non-combat Totals are based on operational equipment inven-
HQ, logistic and base personnel. The Soviet tories in the national entries. They include
totals are estimated. The British, Canadian and equipment available to the Reserves where such
French figures for NATO in Europe and the Sov- totals-are known. The totals do not include equip-
iet figures in North and South Europe (shown in ment shown as 'in store' because of the
brackets), are forces specifically stationed in the incompleteness of such data. For those countries
region in peacetime. Spanish forces are shown outside the European theatre, stocks refer only to
224
those holdings known, or estimated to be in Eur- otage and interception than comparable sys-
ope. Naval strengths for NATO are those vessels tems in NATO territories.
presumed normally to be in the Atlantic, Chan- The Warsaw Pact has long had an advantage
nel, North Sea and Mediterranean. The NATO in numbers of surface-to-surface missiles to
South entry includes the US Sixth Fleet; the 'US' deliver high-explosive, nuclear and chemical
column lists the Atlantic-based vessels only. For weapons against targets deep in NATO rear areas.
the Warsaw Pact, we include the Soviet Northern, These could not be intercepted; replacement sys-
Baltic and Black Sea Fleets and the non-Soviet tems entering service are certainly more accu-
navies in the Baltic and Black Seas. The Soviet rate and may be more reliable. The Pact inven-
Mediterranean Squadron comprises submarines tory of modern fighter-bombers (many
from the Northern Fleet and surface vessels nuclear-capable) continues to grow, providing an
detached from the Black Sea Fleet. Their num- increasingly significant and more flexible long-
bers are reflected in the 'South' totals of the range air threat to NATO. The Pact's defence
USSR. Classification of ships and naval aircraft against air attack combines a large number of
reflects the usage in the country entries. The interceptors with extensive deployment of
surface-to-air missiles and artillery. Electronic
increasing use of multi-role aircraft complicates

listings, but the national air force categorization counter-measures (ECM) could probably go some
by primary mission, and deployments, are also way to neutralize these defences, but NATO air
taken from the country entries. Possible forces nevertheless face an increasingly formi-
reinforcements from the Continental US are not dable task in providing close air support for
included; Soviet estimates show aircraft deployed NATO ground forces and longer-range interdic-
tion. This could be critical, given the fact that
in the countries and MDs cited above. Bomber
NATO continues to depend on its air forces to
figures include medium-range aircraft. counter Warsaw Pact superiority in ground force
numbers. The fact that NATO still does not have
Comparisons a standard Identification, Friend or Foe (IFF)
Ratios have been calculated between the respect- system further impairs its air defence effective-
ive totals of the two Blocs. What are not shown ness. It enjoys a (narrowing) margin of overall
in the numerical presentation are such factors as electronic superiority, and may enjoy greater
geography, quality of training, doctrine, political flexibility in command and control in combat
and military leadership, morale and technologi- conditions. The Soviet Union has a very large
cal development. Such considerations must in number of modern airfields. NATO has too few
any case be set within the wider political and airfields and, because of the improving but still
strategic contexts, including the nuclear balance, poor interoperability of aircraft types, lacks
world-wide force deployments (including naval operational flexibility, although considerable
and air forces), logistics and mobilization and improvements are being made in the provision
reinforcement policies. of hardened aircraft shelters and pre-stocking of
Obviously, the Warsaw Pact enjoys the pri- • airfields for rapid reinforcement aircraft from
mary and important advantage of having a gen- outside the theatre.
erally common range of weapons and of tactical
doctrines. Differing rates of equipment modern- Summary
ization have reduced some of this advantage, Though reorganizations and equipment deliver-
but not significantly. NATO suffers from doc- ies have changed individual ratios, there has
trines by no means identical and from a great been no significant change in the numerical bal-
diversity of everything from weapon systems to ance of conventional forces in Europe over the
support equipment, with consequent duplication past year. We do show Spanish forces but do not
of supply systems and major difficulties of inad- include them in NATO totals. Though Spain's
equate interoperability. Certain NATO political position with regard to NATO has been
countries, too, still lack sufficient spares and clarified, its forces' roles have yet to be agreed.
ammunition, although determined efforts are Considerations of geography, organization, doc-
being made to remedy this situation. Some Pact trine and standards of training, not normally
nations may also suffer from shortages, but the considered, cannot be overlooked in this
fact that their equipment is generally standard- instance. It will be some years before the bulk of
ized would enable them to restock more Spain's armed forces will be considered truly
quickly. The Pact logistic system, using a mix of combat capable.
rail, road and pipeline, has been greatly Gaps between technology in conventional
improved, and, because of the more widespread equipment may be continuing to narrow. Because
and organized system of para-military control, it of the presence in the equation of so many
may be judged somewhat less vulnerable to sab- unknown and unknowable factors, it would be
225
most unwise to predict the outcome of a war in Eur- forces, while no worse, is certainly no better than
ope. NATO would not necessarily be defeated, nor before.
would the Warsaw Pact necessarily see its numeri- Our conclusion remains that the conventional
cal advantages as being sufficient to risk an attack. It military balance is still such as to make general
may depend critically upon warning time and how military aggression a highly risky undertaking for
this is used. One can conclude that there is still either side. Though possession of the initiative in
sufficient danger in the trend to require remedies by war will always permit an aggressor to achieve a
the Western Alliance, particularly as manpower local advantage in numbers (sufficient perhaps to
shortages become more of a problem for many allow him to believe that he might achieve limited
countries towards the end of the 1980s. One can tactical success in some areas), there would still
also conclude that any significant raising of the appear to be insufficient overall strength on either
nuclear threshold, through NATO acquisition of side to guarantee victory. The consequences for
markedly greater conventional capabilities, would an attacker would still be quite unpredictable, and
appear to be out of reach for the time being, due the risks, particularly of nuclear escalation,
mainly to budgetary constraints. The ratio of remain incalculable.
For the table accompanying this essay, see overleaf

Conventional Force Comparisons: NATO and Warsaw Pact
NATO Warsaw Pact
Europe Ratios of Soviet Non-Soviet

Total NATO: Pact
North" South* (Spain) US (excl Spain) Totals Total 17
North South 4
North' South4
Manpower (000)
Total uniformed manpower* 1,629 1,319 (320) 2,144 5,092 1:1.23 6,290 5,130 717 443
Reserves (all services) 2,292 2,344 (1,085) 1,683 6,319 1:1.29 8,149 6,265 1,181 703
Total ground forces 990 1,017 (230) 771 2,779 1:1.02 2,827 1,991 498 338
Total ground force reserves^ 1,737 1,809 1:1.10 5,080 3,500 995 585
(800) 1,057 4,603
Total ground forces deployed 624 1,017 (230) 217 1,858 1:1.46 2,704 1,170 698 498 338
in Europe (500) (65)
Divisions*
Divs deployed in Europe Tk* 12 2 2'/, 16'/, 1:1.94 3IV, 15 6 2%
manned in peacetime Mech 6 8 2'/, 16'/, 1:2.94 48 23 9 10 6
Other 2'/, 2 1'/, 5v, 1:1.82 10'/, 5 v3 2v, 2
Divs for reinforcement Tk 2 (1) 4v, llv, 1:2.23 26 16 4 4 2
manned or on mobil- Mech 21 (1) 8v, 43'/, 1:1.48 64 16 26 7 15
ization of reserves' Other 16'/, 16 (3v,) 15'/, 46¥, 35.0:1 l'A 1'/,
Total divs, war Tk 17 4 (1) 6 27 1:2.14 57v, 31 10 12 H
mobilized^ Mech 21% 29 (1) 11 61v, 1:1.82 112 39 35 17 21
Other 19'/, 18 16v, 54 4.76:1 llv, 5 2% 2
0%)
Ground Force Equipment
Main battle tanks 8,981 6,333 (883) 5,000 20,314 1:2.29 46,610 19,500 12,700 9,770 4,640
Arty, MRL 4,086 4,218 (1,300) 670 8,974 1:2.68 24,035 10,000* 6,300* 4,300* 3,435*
Mor (over 120mm) 1,760* 500* (400) - 2,149 1:2.83 6,072 4,000* 1,000* 422* 650*
SSM launchers
(dual-capable) 165 6 216 387 1:3.19 1,235 693 185 203 154
ATK guns 280 280 1:5.54 1,550 570* 420* 190 370
A T G W launchers (crew-served, 885 126* 800* 1,811 1:1.95 3,525 1,300* 1,035* 750 440
AFV-, hel-mounted)
A A guns 1,429 1,850* (414)* 100 3,379 1:1.04 3,525*; 1,100* 1,120* 1,350 1,250
S A M launchers (crew-served, 522 100 (33) 164 786 1:6.83 5,365*; 2,500* 1,620* 1,000 245
ground forces only)*
Armed helicopters 312 174 (44) 228 714 1:2.92 2,085 1,580 505 114 70
Naval Units
Submarines cruise missile 37 35 2
attack 84 48 (8) 51 183 1.19:1 154 108 40 3 3
Carriers 4 4 (1) 5 13 4.33:1 3 1 2 .
Cruisers 2 12 14 1:1.5 21 14 7
Destroyers 32 38 (11) 34 104 2.17:1 48 29 18 — 1
Frigates 91 51 (11) 48 190 3.52:1 54 33 13 3 5
Corvettes/large patrol craft 29 42 (18) — 71 1:1.62 115 41 29 30 15
FAC (G/T/P) 93 55 (12) 6 154 1:1.95 300 45 100 76 79
MCM' 142 67 (12) 3 212 1:1.45 308 185 65 54 4
Amphibious"1 85 140 (24) 25 250 1.72:1 145 73 37 35 —

Naval and Maritime Aricraft
Bombers 37 37 1:5.41 200 100 100
Attack 97 10 (10) 170 277 1.51:1 184 50 100 34
Fighters 12 105 117
ASW 8 12 50 70 1:2 70 20 50 —
MR/ECM 100 36 (20) 55 191 1.24:1 154 99 45 10
ASW hel 238 115 (25) 30 383 4.67:1 82 30 40 — . 12
Land Combat Aircraft"
Bombers 72 150 222 1.06:1 210 210
FGA 873 841 (40) 444 2,158 1:1.03 2,216 1,025 540 421 230
Fighters 118 238 (107) 96 452 1:2.38 1,075 590 315 135 35*
Interceptors 44 18 62 1:20.89 1,295 0 O
810 485*
Reconnaissance 142 156 (20) 51 349 1:1.27 443 221 72 90 60
ECM 0 0 o o — 60 55 5 — —
* Estimated figures. dards of efficiency. This table, however, shows equipment totals for listed Category 1, 2 and
" Comprises Norway, Denmark, W. Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Belgium, 3 divisions only.
g
and includes forces actually deployed from Britain, Canada, US (Atlantic), France (Army; Divisions are not a standard formation between Armies; 3 brigades or regiments are con-
Navy; Atlantic-deployed elms incl Naval air). sidered to be a divisional equivalent.
h
* Comprises Turkey, Greece, Italy, Portugal, France (Navy), US Sixth Fleet and forces Tk' includes tank and armoured divs; 'Mech' includes mechanized, motorized and
deployed in Southern Europe. motor rifle; 'Other' includes airborne, air-portable, mountain, amphibious, light infantry
c
Comprises Poland, E. Germany and Czechoslovakia, and includes Soviet forces in those and naval infantry.
countries and in the Leningrad, Baltic, Belorussian and Carpathian MD. ' Mobilization and reserve reinforcement systems vary considerably. A distinction between
^ Comprises Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria, and includes Soviet forces in Hungary and the two categories of immediate reinforcement and 'when mobilized' must of necessity be
in the Odessa, Kiev, North Caucasus and Trans-Caucasus MD. judgmental, especially for NATO. See country entries for detail.
e 1
"Uniformed manpower' refers to main forces only and excludes para-military Figures in part on unit organization.
k
forces. Field forces only; Soviet Air Force and APVO equipment is considered primarily to be for
' 'Reserves': Many countries have Reserve obligations into middle age; where not otherwise airfield defence and not for use by field formations.
stated in the country entry, a five-year post-conscript period has arbitrarily been selected in ' Excludes support craft and inshore boats.
m
calculating the numbers. In Pact countries a large proportion of these older reservists are Excludes LCU, LCVP, LCA, small craft.
probably assigned to 'shadow' formations and units with stored obsolete equipment, poten- " OCU aircraft are included in these totals. K)
0
tially doubling the mobilizable forces from those shown but necessarily at very low stan- Included in the figure above. -J
US LAND FORCES DEPLOYMENT
CANADA
' R.Meadei T
6 Afesfa
25 Hawaii
Example
xx It T/ie US Army Reserve includes a further 12 Training Divisions.
ARNGI(5dl35 -35th Mechanized Infantry Division 2. HQ 3rd Army is located at Ft. McPherson in support of Central Command (CENTCOM).
Army National Guard
SOVIET REGIONAL THEATRES AND MILITARY DISTRICTS
FAR / E A S T TVD
ÇENJRAL%RESERVE TRAN^L'AYKAL
TVD (incl some

Internationaland
Military District)
Military District
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
GSFG = Group of Soviet Forces in [East] Germany (HQ: Zossen WUnsdorf) CGF = Central Group of Forces (Czechoslovakia.HQ:Tabor)
NGF = Northern Group of Forces (Poland. HO: Legnica) SGF a Southern Group of Forces (Hungary. HOL' Budapest)
to
: Headquarters to
CHINESE MILITARY REGIONS AND DISTRICTS
o
USSR USSR
} •'.; • .. ,
—' '••Jiangsu
Nanjing
sanxia j Q I nnnui *^_ i

'•-., y Wuhan j • *
Towns
Naval Headquarters A
^ _ fASSAMl' > '•..;•• •:.. Guizhou "} \ / J^

BOUNDARIES
INDIA International —
> Military Regions

BANCLAOES^ ' « •*• ' "" Yunnan *" '-» ' Guangdong L A / (TAIWAN
f 1 I s, / _ . • »Guangzuo-j/ \ t J Military Districts
1 -1 «T n i m u . 7 . ^ - ^ * - « - . Guangdong JM,—r- NA/
--"• V BURMA \ ^-v.,,,-«,.^^ . ^T-Xanyqang \ ^
I \ ~9-J > VIETNAM V ^ , - • ^ (Macûo)
Ànm»n (HsrgKona) \ 0 100 200 300 400 500 mil«
SOUTH SEA FLEET 0 100 300 500 km

231
Missile Coverage Maps

This edition of The Military Balance carries a from which (water depth and ocean geography
loose insert sheet with maps printed on the back permitting) a Poseidon missile could be launched
and front depicting the missile coverage of selec- against Moscow. The values used for SLBM
ted American and Soviet ICBM and IRBM ranges are those quoted in Table 1 on pp.
launcher fields and possible deployment areas 200-207.
for SSBN. The map projection was chosen for the accu-
The arcs showing ICBM and IRBM coverage are racy with which it permits range data to be
centred on launcher fields, and are drawn to plotted, and the range-arcs were derived from
enclose the probable set of targets for those calculation. A missile's track can be plotted
fields; they do NOT purport to show maximum accurately by drawing a straight line from
weapon ranges. Each arc is labelled with the field launch-point to target, provided that line passes
to which it refers, and the range represented. within some 1,800 km (968 nautical miles) of the
Since the missile-firing submarine can launch Pole. Tracks falling outside this limit would take
weapons against its targets from any of a large the form of circular arcs concave to the Pole.
number of firing-positions, the arcs of SLBM The variation in scale which accompanies the
coverage are target-centred and drawn to cover portrayal of large areas is indicated and compen-
what we believe to be the ranges of the weapons sated for by the addition to each of the maps of a
involved. These arcs, labelled to show both tar- scale of distance in kilometres. Any measure-
get and weapon, define the sea areas from which ment of distance should be made by reference to
a specific target could be struck. Thus, the arcs the portion of the marked scale at (or near) the
marked 'Moscow/Poseidorf enclose the sea areas latitude of the mid-point of the track.
232
Government Expenditure: Selected Items 1973—83

These charts are designed to show the relationship in any of these items without a reduction in one
between total government revenue and total gov- or more of the others. In the US the total
ernment expenditure, with specific emphasis on the reached 85% of government expenditure in
proportions of expenditure devoted to (1) Health, 1983. In West Germany it was almost the same,
Education, and Social Security (H/E/SS), (2) defence, at 84%. On the other hand, Turkey's percentage
and (3) government interest payments. To make a fell from 45% to 35% between 1973 and 1983.
selective comparison, we have charted the data for The largest individual item, H/E/SS, amounts
six NATO countries (three nuclear and three major to 69% of West German government expendi-
conventional powers) and two non-NATO states ture by itself, and in France the percentage is
(one highly developed, the other a 'newly industrial- nearly as high, at 67%. Turkey has proportion-
izing country'). All data has been deflated to 1980 ately the lowest outlays, at 15%. Significantly,
prices in local currencies. the British H/E/SS budget (38% of government
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has spending in 1973) now stands at 52%. The US
developed a standard budget and revenue has also been forced to increase H/E/SS outlays,
reporting method, and the data for our charts from 43% to 47%. Even conservative govern-
comes from The Government Finance Statistics ments like those in the US, Britain and West
Yearbook, vol IX (Washington DC: IMF, 1985), Germany seem unable to withstand the press-
which uses this.* Government revenue includes ures for increased social spending.
grants. Government expenditure is defined as Interest payments, which have mirrored
'non-repayable payments'. The Social Security declines in revenue and increases in government
element of Health, Education and Social Secur- spending, have doubled — and in some cases
ity expenditure (H/E/SS) includes welfare pay- tripled — between 1973 and 1983. The US and
ments and state pensions schemes (including Sweden devoted almost 15% of 1983 govern-
military) but excludes housing and community ment expenditure to interest; ten years earlier
expenditure. Interest outlays represent all pay- they had spent 6.1% and 3.6% repectively. The
ments by government for money it has bor- lowest spenders in this category are West Ger-
rowed. Defence expenditure exclude pension many and France, with 5.2% and 3.4% (com-
schemes (shown as social security) — and, for pared with 1.6% and 2.1 %).
this reason, should not be compared with the These upward trends are not reflected in
NATO-definition defence expenditures used else- defence spending. Here South Korea and the US
where in this volume (which include military led with 32% and 24% of government spending
pension schemes). The IMF Manual on Govern- respectively — but the former is continuing a
ment Finance Statistics (Washington DC: IMF, downward trend, while US defence spending
1986) provides more detailed definitions. increases appear to have ended in 1986. For
Our charts show trends in government spend- France the proportion remained stable at
ing from 1973 to 1983 (1975 to 1982 for between 7.5% and 7.3%, but all the other
France). The total of H/E/SS, interest and defence countries show downward trends.
expenditures as a proportion of total govern-
ment expenditure has in many cases risen to the * The 1983figuresfor Britain are adapted from State-
point where it is difficult to see further increases ment on the Defence Estimates 1986 (Cmnd 9763).
Key
Total government revenue Healfh/Education/Social Security
Total government expenditure Defence
Interest
Figures represent percentage ot fatal government expenditure

o o o g S8 o
o o o o
V///////////A IS 5
l
\\ 64.7 sI
1.5
Q.
V//////////////////A Y/////////////////////,
3
24.1 70.1
T3
V//////////////////A.
69.4
234
Defence Expenditure: NATO, Japan, Sweden

These charts are expressed in local currency, based on 1975 prices and using a 1975 deflator. The
NATO definition of defence expenditure is used, except in the cases of Japan and Sweden.
150 100
United States Belgium
uo (billion ÎUS)
90
. (billion francs)
130
i:
80
120
110 m 70
Hi
100 S8B
60 m
90
m
-m
80
1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81
m
82 83 84 85
50
1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
7.0
Britain
6.5 (billion £)
6.0
5.5
5.0 I m
4.5 1
4 0 m 2 5
1973 74 75 76 "77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
7.0 80
Denmark France
6.5 ' (billion kroner) (billion francs)
70
6.0 I 1
60
5.5
m m
5.0
4.5
50 m
m
4.0 1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
m 40
1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 81 82 83 84 85
45 60
Germany - Federal Republic Greece
(billion DM) (billion drachma)
50
40
m m
40
35
m 30
m
30 20
1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
235
Netherlands
(billion guilders)
1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83
4
-° 1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
40
Turkey
(billion lira)
30
20
1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 84 85 10 1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
2.5
Japan
(thousand billion yen)
2.0 -
n 1 I
m
—
: I
1.5
1
•aü 1
1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
1.0
1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85i
236
Trends in Global Defence Economics

Global Expenditure Patterns over the past three years. In 1983 their spending
The two super-powers are responsible for fell by about 0.5%, in 1984 by 1.4%, and in 1985
between 55% and 60% of all global defence this decline had accelerated to 2%. Preliminary
expenditures (the USA spending about 30% of and incomplete figures indicate that Latin Amer-
the total, and the USSR about 25%). When the ica leads with falls of 12% in 1983, 5% in 1984
defence expenditures of their NATO and Warsaw and 7% in 1985. Africa's defence outlays
Pact allies are added in, the two military blocs declined by 2% in 1983, over 10% in 1984, and
account for between 75% and 80% of the world 2% in 1985.
total. The largest military spenders among the The development of third-world industries has,
remaining countries are the Middle Eastern however, meant that traditional patterns of
states, with about 9.5% in 1985. China is respon-
sible for between 5% and 6%, and the Far East- - defence spending in these countries no longer
ern states for another 5%. Latin American give a true indication of the size of the military
expenditure accounts for about 2.5%, while that establishment, nor of its true cost to the economy,
of sub-Saharan Africa comprises less than 1.5% because the civilian/military industrial sector is
of the total (the largest spenders in the region not reflected in the government budgets. In the
being South Africa, Nigeria and Ethiopia). case of Brazil, for instance, defence outlays as a
percentage of the GDP have been reduced by two
Between 1983 and 1985 global GNP/GDP thirds in the last decade, from 1.6% to just under
growth averaged 3.3%. Defence expenditure 0.5%, whereas the military industrial sector grew
increases kept pace with this growth, averaging from less than 1% in the mid-1970s to over 2.5%
2.9% world-wide. NATO Europe's average GDP/ in 1984, earning at least $3.5 bn in export rev-
GNP growth was 2.5%, and its defence expendi-
tures showed an increase of just below 2% for enues during the latter year.
the period. The non-Soviet Warsaw Pact's three-
year NMP growth average was 3.5%, and its The Arms Trade
defence expenditure growth about 3%. Estimates The past ten years have witnessed an ostensibly
for the increase in Soviet defence expenditure steady decline in international arms trade, at
range between 3% and 5%, compared to NMP least as measured in terms of dollar value and of
growth of 3%. Only in the United States did identifiable items of trade. Most observers agree
defence expenditures exceed the GNP/GDP aver- that the global arms trade has declined in dollar
age growth, with three-year average increases of terms since 1981, and that arms deliveries from
over 6% (9% in 1985), and 4% respectively. the industrial to the developing countries have
Despite the drastic reduction of petrol- been declining since 1977/8. But such a con-
eum-generated income, the Middle East conclusion needs to be qualified by four factors.
tinued to show high growth in defence expendi- First, arms trade values, especially those of
tures, not only because of the Gulf War but also transactions involving the Communist bloc, are
because some countries (e.g. Egypt, Saudi very difficult to estimate in dollars. They are
Arabia) are in the process of buying considerable thus subject to a high degree of error.
quantities of new weapon systems, especially for Second, observers are for the most part only
their air forces. Moreover, while some countries able to report identifiable equipment. Small arms,
(e.g. Oman) indicate a nominal decline in illegal and unoffical arms transfers (e.g. Israeli
defence outlays, and have even postponed deliv- supplies to Iran) often cannot be documented.
ery of some of the systems ordered, real defence Third, and most important, counter- and
outlays (especially procurement costs) are no offset-trade practices have distorted the inter-
longer necessarily reflected in the defence national trade accounts and patterns. According
budgets. This stems from the evolution of com- to international economic organizations (GATT,
plex counter-trade agreements, a pattern which OECD, etc.), about 50 countries engage in mili-
has accelerated over the past decade. tary and/or non-military offset agreements to
Asia (excluding China), however, registered an varying degrees. According to the US National
average growth rate of 3.5—4% per annum. With Foreign Trade Council, about 20% of electronic
the exception of Japan, Singapore, Indonesia and and defence sector exports involve counter-trade
Thailand, the other Asian states have started to agreements; in the US aerospace sector almost
cut their military expenditures and are expected half the exports involve one form of counter-
to continue to do so until the end of the decade. trade or another. This practice has made moni-
The remaining regional countries collectively toring the value of the international arms trade
show a pattern of declining defence expenditures very difficult.
237
Fourth, the development of third-world arms wide range of systems, and Brazil has become
industries has cut into the arms trade of the tra- the largest exporter of all the third-world arms
ditional suppliers in the West and the East. producers. Of the fifteen Asian producers, India,
Today there are over fifty third-world arms pro- North and South Korea, Indonesia and Singa-
ducers capable of competing with the industrial- pore have become substantial exporters, while
ized countries. Sub-Saharan Africa has ten pro- Taiwan is also capable of sophisticated arms
ducers (of which only South Africa is capable of production. At present ten third-world countries
producing sophisticated weapon systems). In the manufacture or assemble fighter aircraft, eight
Middle East, eleven producers exist, with Egypt produce helicopters, eight produce missiles, six
and Israel producing a wide range of systems, produce main battle tanks, and six produce
some of which are highly sophisticated. Of the major fighting ships, including destroyers and
fifteen Latin American producers, five export a submarines.
238
Emendations to The Military Balance 1985-1986

(New or amended matter in italics)
p. 4 1124—5 '$6 bn in budget authority was committed to build two aircraft
carriers'.
p. 6 col. 1,1. 33 'SSBN: . . . 6 Ohio'.
p. 11 col. 1,1. 52 'Tks: . . . 202 It armd vehicles',
p. 22 col. 1,1. 16 'Front and Army t p s : . . . 3 each 24 220mm MRL\
p. 22 col. 2,1.17 'GLCM: SSC-X-4 reported under development',
p. 24 col. 1,1. 53 'Diesel (ss): . . . 5 R, 50 W .
p. 25 col. 1,1. 49 'On order . . . 1 65-75,000-ton C W .
p. 25 col. 2,1. 44 'Eqpt: coastal artillery guns incl SM-4-1'.
p. 27 col. 2,11. 37—8 add (line 37a): 'Kiev MD (HQ: Kiev): 7 tk, 6 motor rifle plus 2 arty divs.'
p. 28 col. 1,1. 56 'Bbrs: 620: 2 Air Armies',
p. 30 col. 2,1.11 'PARA-MILITARY: 600,000.'
p. 47 col. 2,1. 47 '(On order: . . . 7 P-400 FAC(G)'.

p. 49 col. 1,1. 47 'Reserves: . . . Others 8,000'.
p. 53 col. 1,1. 35 LCM are not US.
p. 57 col. 2,11. 48, 50 'Tks: ...400 M-47E'. 'AFV: MICV: 351 BMR-600'.
p. 58 col. 1,1. 7 'AD: guns: GAI-BO1 20mm, 64 GDF-002 twin 35mm, 280 L-70/40mm,
120 90mm'.
p. 59 col. 2,1. 29 'Tks: ...70 M-47'.
p. 60 col. 1,1. 29 'Amph:. . . LCT: 30'.
p. 60 col. 1,11. 36-37 '3 AB-212' {not ASW, as shown),
p. 63 col. 2,11. 4 - 5 'Tks: ...20 EE-9'.
p. 63 col. 2,1. 21 delete 'Regular 36,500 (25,000 conscripts).'
p. 66 col. 1,1. 53 '(On order)' add 'Hellfire ASM".
p. 66 col. 2,1. 28 'Lebanon (UNIFIL)' delete 'HQ/log'.
p. 69 1. 1 'The Soviet Union signed a twenty-year Treaty of Friendship',
p. 75 col. 1,1. 16 Delete'perhaps 250 M-l 13'.
p. 82 col. 2,1.16 Add (line 16a): 'FAC: 4 Brooke Marine'.
p. 85 col. 1,1. 51 'Arty: guns: 4,000'.
p. 104 col. 1,1. 48 'Patrol Craft: 8: 1 PR-72'.
p. 125 col. 1,1. 31 'Def budget' (not 'exp', as shown),
p. 128 col. 1,1. 33 'ATK: g u n s : . . . 50 M-36 90mm SP.
p. 128 col. 2,1. 5 'Amph . . . LCU Iff.
p. 159 item 20, col. 2 'B-57 . . . 1950' (not '1980', as shown),
p. 162 item 6, all cols Add (item 6a):
'SS-17 mod 3 1982 10,000 6 400 150 4 x 200KT.
p. 162 item 8, col. 6 'SS-19 . . . 360' (launcher total),
p. 163 item 27, col. 3 'SS-N-12 . . . 550' (range; not 1,000, as shown),
p. 169 item 17, col. 13 '11.63' (not 1.63, as shown),
p. 174 item 1, col. 4 M-252 81mm mor and bombs',
p. 180 last line of table,
col. 8 'TOTAL: 9,887+'.
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Editorial board
To cite this article: (1986) Editorial board, The Military Balance, 86:1, ebi-ebi, DOI: 10.1080/04597228608459967
THE MILITARY BALANCE 1986-1987
Published by
The International Institute for Strategic Studies
23 Tavistock Street, London WC2E 7NQ
Director Information Officer

Robert O'Neill Maj Robert Elliot
Director of Studies Assistant Information
Lynn E Davis Research Officer (Air)
Donald Kerr
Assistant Director,
Regional Security Studies Economic Information
Reinhard Drifte Research Officer
Downloaded by [Tufts University] at 10:19 05 December 2014
Publications Manager Dr Heino Kopietz

R J Wheelwright
This publication has been prepared by the Director of the

Institute and his Staff, who accept full responsibility for its
contents. These do not, and indeed cannot, represent a con-
sensus of views among the world-wide membership of the
Institute as a whole.
First published Autumn 1986
ISBN 0 86079 098 3

ISSN 0459-7222
©The International Institute for Strategic Studies 1986
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro-

duced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the
International Institute for Strategic Studies.
Printed in Great Britain by The Garden City Press Ltd, Letchworth

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The Military Balance

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Colonel Jonathan Alford

in deep appreciation of his contribution to the work of the

The Military Balance

How to use the military balance

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Economic and Demographic Data

Division Brigade Squadron

The Military Balance

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ASM air-to-surface missile(s) missile(s) RCL recoilless launcher(s)

The Military Balance

The United States

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The United States

Strategic and Non-strategic Nuclear Systems

Changing Times at The Pentagon

Table I: Budget Stages

Actual FY 1985 294.7 252.7

Table II: Selected Budgets 1977-87 ($ bn)fl

Table III: Budget Authorities

1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1986 1987

Atomic energy 2.1 2.7 3.7 5.7 7.3 7.2 8.2

THE UNITED STATES

GDP 1984: $3,619.2 bn Reserve: 566,100: Army 285,600; Navy

TOTAL ARMED FORCES: STRATEGIC NUCLEAR FORCES:

12SSBN-640*hn!*/in: (2) Defensive:

2 wings with 10 Titan II (LGM-25C; 8 by late

Antigua (Caribbean), Kaena Point (Hawaii);

Special Operations Command (10,200): AAM: MIM-92A Stinger (hel-mounted).

1 SS-576 Darter. 8 DDG-37 Farragut with 1 x 10

47 FFG-7 Perry with 1 Harpoon/Standard, 2

Craft: 54: Msls:

(AD), 12 sub tenders (AS/AGDS), 5 repair

S-3A Viking: 140 (110 ASW, 30 OCU). 1 SAR with SH-3.

Comd: 2 sqns with McDonnell-Douglas Hel:

KC-135R: 613 (tankers; (487 Regular, 102 Air

1 with 10 AC-130A ac, 1 with 6 CH-3E (iii) Abroad: Europe: 217,100.

Planned Force Structure:

See Korea, below. Coast Guard Reserve. 20,691. Selected: 15,590,

The Military Balance

The Soviet Union

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tests and may be deployed shortly.

other Air Commands.

Soviet Defence Expenditure

Source Price base 1976 1981 1983 1984 1985 1986

primarily on photographie reconnaissance, and many gaps in information exist. Information

interdepartmental communication between the Ministry of Defence, GOSPLAN, the Acad-

Defence and the Soviet Economy under Gorbachev

THE SOVIET UNION

NMP 1984e: r 565 bn 2 D-IV with 16 SS-N-23 (32 msls).

(coastal): 178: 55 5onj;a, 3 Zhenya, 5 Say/ia,

Additional in reserve: 4 Sverdlov CL (1 with 1 Indep units: 20:

NAVAL AVIATION: 68,000; COASTAL ARTILLERY AND ROCKET

Bbrs: nil. SLBM: 18: Baltic Fleet: 6 G-II SSB.

12SSBN-640hn!/in: (2) Defensive: