Nias people

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Nias people

Ono Niha

COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Studioportret van twee mannen in krijgskleding Zuid-Nias TMnr

60042492.jpg

A photograph of two Nias warriors in South Nias Regency, circa 1892–1922.

Total population

1,041,925 (2010 census)[1]

Regions with significant populations

Indonesia (Nias Island)

Languages

Nias language, Indonesian

Religion

Protestant Christian (predominantly) 73%,[2] Roman Catholicism 20%, Islam, Animism

Related ethnic groups

Batak people, Mentawai

Nias people are an ethnic group native to Nias, an island off the west coast of North Sumatra, Indonesia.
In the Nias language, the Nias people are known as Ono Niha, which literally means 'descendants of
human'. Nias island is known as Tanö Niha, with Tanö meaning 'land' in the Nias language.

The Nias people are a community that continues living within the norms and practices of their
indigenous culture. Customary law of the Nias people is generally referred to as fondrakö, which
regulates all aspects of life from birth to death.[3] Historical evidence of megalithic structures and stone
carvings that are found in the interior of the island proved that ancient Nias people practiced megalith
culture. The caste system is also recognized in Nias society,[4] whereby the highest level out of the 12
levels in the Nias caste system is Balugu.[5] In order to reach this level of the caste, one must be able to
carry out big festivals by inviting thousands of people and slaughtering thousands of pigs for several
days.
Contents

1 Origins

1.1 Mythology

1.2 Archaeological observations

2 Nias clans

3 Culture

3.1 Village and architecture

3.2 Wooden figures

3.3 Stone monuments

3.4 Household objects

3.5 Weapons

3.6 Cuisine

3.7 Clothing and ornaments

3.8 Traditional proverbs

3.9 Other traditional practices

3.10 Decline

4 See also

5 Notes

5.1 Bibliography

5.2 References

Origins

Mythology

A Nias family.

According to the people of Nias, one of the mythical origins of Nias tribe comes from a tree of life called
Tora Sigaru'a which is located at a place called Tetehöli Ana'a. According to the myth, it is said that the
arrival of the first human on Nias island began in the days of King Sirao, whose nine sons had been
banished out of Tetehöli Ana'a for fighting over the throne. Hence the nine sons of King Sirao were
considered as the first people to set foot on the island of Nias.[6]
Archaeological observations

A wedding ceremony in South Nias.

Archaeological research has been conducted on Nias island since 1999. The observations found that
there has been human habitation on Nias island since 12,000 years ago through migration from Asia to
Nias island during the Paleolithic period. In fact there are indications of migration as far as 30,000 years
ago. During that period the Hòa Bình, Vietnam civilization was similar to that in Nias island. Therefore, it
was presumed that the origins of the Nias people came from an area in mainland Asia that is in modern-
day Vietnam.[7]

New genetic research has found that the Nias people of North Sumatra came from the Austronesian
peoples. The ancestors of the Nias people are also thought to have come from Taiwan through the
Philippines 4,000 to 5,000 years ago.[8][9]

Ten years of researching involving blood samples of 440 Nias people in 11 villages in Nias island showed
the Y-chromosome and DNA mitochondria of the Nias people are very similiar to the Taiwanese
aborigines and Filipino peoples. The observation has also found that the genes in today's Nias people no
longer carry any traces of the ancient Nias people, as of those whose remains were found in the Togi
Ndrawa cave, Central Nias. Archaeological findings of the stone tools found showed that humans lived in
the cave over 12,000 years ago. The genetic diversity of the Nias people is very low compared to other
groups of people, especially with regard to the Y-chromosome. This indicates that there was once a
"bottle neck" population in the past history of Nias. Studies have also found that the Nias people do not
share any genes with ethnicities living in the Andaman-Nicobar islands in the Indian ocean, which are
geographically considered as neighbours. Although it is known that there was a migration of the
Austronesian peoples between Taiwan and the Indonesian archipelago including Nias, it is still uncertain
if the migration started from Taiwan to Nias or vice versa.[10][11]

Nias clans

Nias people practice a clan system that follows the paternal lineage.[12] Clans generally come from the
existing village settlements.[13]

Culture

Village and architecture

Omo hada', the traditional house of Nias.

Nias people lives in highly organized villages. Nias villages often possess impressive stone monuments
and large houses which stood on earthquake-resistant timber pylons. Most of these villages have lost its
old houses because of their deterioration and difficulties in maintaining the ancient wooden structures
from rot, insects and wear, and hence replaced by other more generic structures. Other reasons why
not so many old houses were rebuilt because of the over-harvesting of the forests.[14]

In the past, Nias villages, especially those of South Nias, were strategically built on top of a ridge or hill
and were surrounded by ramparts and security gates. Entry into this village was provided by only two
gates via steep staircases. The gates lead to a straight paved avenue which run through the village
center, with row of traditional houses on the sides of the avenue. Close to the main square of the village
was the house of the village founders, the omo sebua. In Nias villages, the space in front of each houses
was the property of the inhabitants. This "front courtyard" was used for mundane activities e.g. drying
harvests before storing.[14]

Villages in Central Nias was usually smaller than its southern counterpart. The houses are also
positioned farther away from the main avenue.[14]

Wooden figures

The adu zatua (wooden ancestor statues).

The people of Nias placed great value on wooden figures or adu. The sole purpose of the Nias figures
was to fulfil ritual needs, whether it is to ensure wealth or to perform specific beneficial rite. Niassan
figures vary in size, from as small as 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in height to more than 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall.
[15]

When an elderly person died, the family would make a wooden statue known as adu zatua. The statue
was unveiled on the fourth day after the death of the person. The shape of the wooden statue reflects
the status of the person who used them: the more powerful the owner, the more impressive the statue
will be made.[15] Nias people believed that the deceased person's spirits reside in the statue, so all
events that occurred in the family were shared with the ancestor statues through prayers. Ancestor
figures were believed to ensure fertility for the family, livestock and agricultural land. Sacrifices were
made to the ancestor statues especially on important events e.g. births, marriages and deaths. Ancestor
statues were placed in the main room of the house, sometimes more than a hundred. A missionary work
in 1930 had recorded the removal of 'over 2000 "idols" from a house of new northern convert.' Some
missionaries even recorded houses collapsing under the weight of these ancestor figures.[15] Small adu
zatua were bound together horizontally using a rattan and pegs.[16]
In North Nias, large impressive ancestor figure is known as adu suraha salawa (Nias language for
"portraits of honored ancestors"). The adu suraha salawa represents the first known ancestor of a
family, often the founder of the village.[17] The adu suraha salawa were usually placed upon a wall or on
an altar (daro-daro).[16] Another large ancestor statues are the adu hörö. Adu hörö ancestor statues are
large, elongated, armless and wear high, forked headdresses. These statues are generally found in
Central Nias, and rarely in South Nias.[18]

Other wooden figures do not represent the ancestors. These wooden figures were created to heal
specific illnesses, to protect villages, or to invoke supernatural beings to aid through rituals.[16] These
statues were generally crudely made, as opposed to the finely carved ancestor figures.[18] Joachim von
Brenner-Felsach classified more than 60 types of non-ancestor wooden figures.[16]

Many ancestor figures were destroyed in 1916 by Christian missionary movements which saw them as
an old blasphemous religious symbol. Some were sold to collectors and can be found in museum or
private collections around the world.[19]

Stone monuments

A stone monument displayed in front of a house to display the power and rank of the host.

The Nias produced one of the most impressive megalith culture in Indonesia, especially the Center and
South Nias. Stones were used to construct different objects and structures. Nias village features
impressive stoneworks e.g. large staircases and broad paved streets. Ritual objects e.g. the behu
(vertical column), standing columns, jumping stones, obelisks, altars, and sarcophagi are among the
many stone objects produced by Nias people.[20]

Stone monuments were central in the owasa festival, a kind of feast to raise the rank of a person.
Dedicating stone monuments publicly is considered as one of the several requirements that must be
done by a person to proof that he had fulfilled the right to claim a higher rank and to receive honorary
titles.[20]

The behu is a type of megalith in the form of vertical column. Behu were erected in front of the house of
the host to commemorate former great celebrations held by the host. The more behu displayed in front
of the host's house, the more powerful his position are in the village. Noblemen display behu that is
larger in size and more abundant in numbers than the commoners. A behu with anthropomorphic form
is known as the osa-osa. The osa-osa is depicted as wearing traditional Nias attire e.g. the kalabubu
necklace and pendant earrings (fondulu or saro dalinga). The osa-osa's head is that of the various beasts,
usually a lasara, a hornbill, a stag, or a multi-headed mixture of all. Before displaying the osa-osa in front
of houses, they were paraded around the village with the host seated, or even standing on top of the
osa-osa.[21]

Household objects

Nias people produce household objects carved with zoomorphic, floral, or geometric motifs. Below are a
list of utilitarian objects produced by the Nias people.

Bari gana'a: A miniature jewellery box.

Bowoa Tanö: Clay pot

Doghi (North Nias); fogao, dröghija (South Nias): A wooden coconut grater used to grate coconut meat
to produce coconut milk or coconut oil, an important ingredients in Nias cuisine.

Figa lae: Banana leaf used as plates

Halu: A paddy pounder

Haru: A wooden spoon, the base of the handle is carved with various forms e.g. a fist.

Katidi: Weavings from bamboo

Lösu: Mortar and pestle

Niru: A tool to separate rice from its husk

Gala: Tray-like item made of wood

Sole Mbanio: A drinking container made from coconut shell

Tumba, lauru: A tankard used to weigh rice

Weapons

A group of Nias warriors holding the Baluse (shield) and Burusa (spear), and with Balato (sword) at the
side of their waist.

The Nias people are almost always presented as a warlike people known for their headhunting activities
and human slavery, even at the present time.[citation needed] Despite of this, none of the war-like
activities are carried out by the Nias people as the majority of the Nias people has been converted to
Christianity.[citation needed] Nevertheless, the Nias people were still known as a skillful weapon and
armor-makers.

The Nias people used a variety of material for the creation of their weaponry: leather, cord or woven
fibres, precious metal, iron and brass. The Nias used spears, swords and blades as their weapon. The
Nias spear (toto'a doho in the south, toho in the north) was mainly used for hunting; the shaft is made of
dark hardwood of nibung palm wrapped with rattan. Other type of spears are the burusa, with a
triangle-shaped head.[22] The Nias sword (gari) is a combat weapon; both the sword and its sheath have
simple undecorated form.[23] The most well-known of the Nias weapon is the balato or tolögu, a steel
sword with a protective amulet believed to possess magical power. The balato has a hilt made of brass.
The sheath of the balato contains a spherical bundle of rattan (ragö balatu) which performed as a
protective amulet. This protective amulet is usually attached with a variety of objects e.g. animal fangs
which is formed so that it looks like the jaw of the mythical lasara.[24] The balato is only reserved for the
highest nobles as a kind of proof of the authority and the social rank of its owner.[23]

Some prominent chiefs covered their armor with sheets of gold. Helmets can be made of iron or tightly
woven palm fibers. The oval-shaped shield is known as the baluse in South Nias, while the North Nias
produced a hexagonal-shaped shield known as the dange.[23]

Cuisine

Gowi Nihandro or Gowi Nitutu: Pounded cassava

Harinake: Minced pork

Godo-godo: Shredded cassava shaped into balls for boiling, and later with added coconut flakes

Köfö-köfö: Minced fish meat shaped into balls to be dried or smoked

Ni'owuru: Salted pork for longer storage

Rakigae: Fried bananas

Tamböyö: Ketupat

löma: Lemang

Gae Nibogö: Grilled bananas

Kazimone: Made of sago

Wawayasö: Glutinous rice

Gulo-Gulo Farö: Candy made from distillate coconut milk

Bato: Compressed crab meat shaped into balls for longer storage as found on Hinako Islands

Nami: Salted crab eggs for longer storage, sometimes for months depending on the quantity of salt used

Tuo nifarö: Palm wine

Tuo mbanua: Raw palm wine with added laru, roots of various plants to give a certain amount of alcohol

Clothing and ornaments

The kalabubu is traditionally only worn by those who already performed the headhunting activities.

Fondruru, men's earring made of precious metal.

Kalabubu, also known as the headhunter's necklace.

Nifatali-tali, a necklace of precious metal.

Nifato-fato, a men's necklace of precious metal.

Suahu, a comb of wood or precious metal.

Traditional proverbs

Hulö ni femanga mao, ihene zinga ("Like a cat that eats, starting from the sides"): When doing
something, start from the easiest to the difficult.

Hulö la'ewa nidanö ba ifuli fahalö-halö ("Just like chopping the water, it will still remain"): Something
that is inseparable.

Abakha zokho safuria moroi ba zi oföna ("The wound is more severe at the later stage than the
beginning"): A course of action can be felt the most towards the end.

Other traditional practices

Nias men taking part in Fahombo

Fahombo: Leaping over the rock

Fatele or Faluya or Faluaya: War dance

Maena: Group dance

Tari Moyo: Eagle dance

Tari Mogaele

Fangowai: Welcoming of guest dance

Fame Ono Nihalö: Weddings

Omo Hada: Traditional house

Fame'e Töi Nono Nihalö: Given name of a married women

Fasösö Lewuö: Bamboo competition among young men to test one's strength

Decline

Deterioration in Niassan culture began to occur since the end of the 19th-century. Missionary works had
contributed to the decline of original Nias culture. Evangelization in Nias such as those performed by the
German Protestant Rhenish Missionary Society as well as the Roman Catholics had been responsible to
the destruction of Niassan wooden statues as well the suppression of the unique culture of Nias society
e.g. ancestor worship, magical practices, the Owasa festivals (noblemen rank-elevation festivals)
headhunting and slave trading.[14]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Culture of Nias.

Nias Expedition

Proto-Malay

Notes

Bibliography

Lase, Apolonius (2011). Kamus Liniha Nias - Indonesia. Penerbit Buku Kompas. ISBN 9789797095413.

Sibeth, Achim; Carpenter, Bruce W.; Meyers, Koen (2013). Nias Sculpture: Mandala Collection. Red &
White Publishing. ISBN 9789791008723.

Suhadi Hadiwinoto (2008). Nias, dari masa lalu ke masa depan. Badan Pelestarian Pusaka Indonesia.
ISBN 9791801916.

Suzuki, Peter (1958). Critical Survey of Studies On The Anthropology of Nias, Mentawei and Enggano. M.
Nijhoff. ASIN B007T32XL0.

Volkenkundig Museum Nusantara (1990). Nias: tribal treasures: cosmic reflections in stone, wood, and
gold. Delft: Volkenkundig Museum Nusantara. ISBN 9789071423055.

References

"Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, Dan Bahasa Sehari-Hari Penduduk Indonesia". Badan Pusat
Statistik. 2010. Archived from the original on 2017-07-10. Retrieved 2017-07-18.

Suzuki 1958.

Suhadi Hadiwinoto 2008.

Österreichische Leo-Gesellschaft, Görres-Gesellschaft, Anthropos Institute (1984). Anthropos, Volume

79. Zaunrith'sche Buch-, Kunst- und Steindruckerei.

"Native People of Nias Island". Pleasure Surf Camp. 18 October 2014. Retrieved 2016-12-14.

Papers, Issues 41-46. Kroeber Anthropological Society. 1969.

"Jejak Manusia Pertama Sumatera Utara Ada Di Pulau Nias". Tempo.Co. Retrieved 12 July 2014.