Fodder Material for Phase 2

For SEBI Grade A 2020

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 Batch 5

Topic 41- Role of WHO as an international public health body in the light of recent pandemic faced
by the world.
Introduction
• Epidemics and pandemics have developed in parallel with the evolution of human beings.
• Viral respiratory illnesses such as influenza have periodically caused worldwide pandemics.
• The latest potential pandemic has been caused by a novel coronavirus, which first appeared
in the city of Wuhan in China at the end of 2019 and will certainly not be the last.
• The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently renamed the new coronavirus as severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
• The disease the virus causes is named coronavirus disease (COVID-19).
• Although not yet declared a pandemic at the time of writing, the International Health
Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee of the WHO agreed on 30 January 2020 that the
outbreak of COVID-19 now meets the criteria for a public health emergency of international
concern.
• The potential source of this novel coronavirus has been identified as a type of mammal
known as a pangolin or scaly anteater.
• Researchers believe that this animal could have been the vector or intermediate host that
transmitted the virus to humans, which first occurred at a live animal market in Wuhan.

Role of WHO
• The WHO, the global health organisation, was created on 7 April 1948 in the wake of the
formation of the United Nations after the Second World War.
• Its initial priorities were to tackle communicable diseases such as tuberculosis and venereal
disease.
• Over the years WHO has endeavoured to eradicate many diseases among human populations
with significant success.
• For example, the WHO campaign to eradicate smallpox was accomplished by 1977.
• The WHO continues in its quest to reduce the impact of acute health emergencies and in the
eradication of high-impact communicable diseases.
• The WHO cascades information to the public health institutions in individual countries.
• To help individual countries take appropriate action in the event of a potential pandemic, the
WHO has developed six specific pandemic phases that are designed to help countries prepare
for and respond to pandemics.
• Phases 1–3 relate to preparation and phases 4–6 clearly signal the need for response and
mitigation efforts to be activated.
• When the WHO upgrades the level of a pandemic alert, such as from level 4 to level 5, it
serves as a signal to countries worldwide to activate any appropriate predetermined disease-
control
strategies.
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Phase 1: The lowest level of pandemic alert, phase 1 indicates that an influenza-type virus either
newly emerged or previously existing, is circulating among animals but where the risk of
transmission to humans is low.

Phase 2: Isolated incidences of animal-to-human transmission of the virus are observed, indicating
that the virus has pandemic potential.

Phase 3: Characterised by small outbreaks of disease, generally resulting from multiple cases of
animal-to-human transmission, though limited capacity for human-to-human transmission may be
present.

Phase 4: Confirmed human-to-human viral transmission that causes sustained disease in human
populations. At this stage, containment of the virus is deemed impossible but a pandemic is not
necessarily inevitable. The implementation of control methods to prevent further viral spread is
emphasised in affected parts of the world.

Phase 5: Marked by human-to-human disease transmission in two countries, indicating that a

pandemic is imminent and that distribution of stockpiled medicines and execution of strategies to
control the disease must be carried out with a sense of urgency.

Phase 6: Characterised by widespread and sustained disease transmission among humans.

Topic 42- Tourism economy – alternatives in the new world

Introduction
• Tourism in India is important for the country's economy and is growing rapidly.
• The World Travel and Tourism Council calculated that tourism generated ₹16.91 lakh
crore (US$240 billion) or 9.2% of India's GDP in 2018 and supported 42.673 million jobs, 8.1%
of its total employment.
• The sector is predicted to grow at an annual rate of 6.9% to ₹32.05 lakh crore (US$450 billion)
by 2028 (9.9% of GDP).
• In October 2015, India's medical tourism sector was estimated to be worth US$3 billion, and
it is projected to grow to US$7–8 billion by 2020.
• In 2014, 184,298 foreign patients traveled to India to seek medical treatment.

Economic and Social Benefits from Tourism

• Employment creation: Tourism is labour intensive industry. Employs a higher % of women.
The growth of ethical tourism has been a key recent feature + volunteerism.
• Export earnings: Tourism is a service industry - generates important foreign exchange
earnings. An important source of diversification for many smaller countries.
• Boost to aggregate demand: Creating local and regional income-multiplier effects. Spillover
benefits for suppliers of local foods/drinks; better informed tourists.

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 • Accelerator effects from increased capital investment in tourism infrastructure and services
such as airlines and telecommunications

Tourism – Alternative in the new world

At present time, tourism became the best alternative for generating employment and driving
economy. To support the above statement, lets know about tourism industry not only in India but in
whole world.
• Globally, tourism is a $3 billion a day industry.
• The income elasticity of demand for overseas travel and tourism is high.
• According to a recent United Nations Report, in over 150 countries, tourism is one of five top
export earners, and in 60 it is the number one export.
• Developing countries account for 40% of world tourism arrivals and 30% of tourism receipts.
• South-South tourism is growing rapidly – i.e. from developing to other developing countries.
• Women make up 70 per cent of the labour force in the tourism sector, and half of all tourism
workers are 25 or under.
• There is growing pressure for inclusive tourism and sustainable tourism investment.

Topic 43- Is Globalisation in threat?

Introduction
• Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s
economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and
services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information.
• Countries have built economic partnerships to facilitate these movements over many
centuries.
• But the term gained popularity after the Cold War in the early 1990s, as these cooperative
arrangements shaped modern everyday life.
• On one hand, globalization has created new jobs and economic growth through the cross-
border flow of goods, capital, and labor.
• On the other hand, this growth and job creation is not distributed evenly across industries or
countries.
• Specific industries in certain countries, such as textile manufacturing in the U.S. or corn
farming in Mexico, have suffered severe disruption or outright collapse as a result of
increased international competition.

Advantages of Globalisation
• Proponents of globalization believe it allows developing countries to catch up to
industrialized nations through increased manufacturing, diversification, economic expansion,
and improvements in standards of living.
• Outsourcing by companies brings jobs and technology to developing countries.
• Trade initiatives increase cross-border trading by removing supply-side and trade-related
constraints.

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 • Globalization has advanced social justice on an international scale, and advocates report that
it has focused attention on human rights worldwide.

Disadvantages of Globalisation
• One clear result of globalization is that an economic downturn in one country can create a
domino effect through its trade partners.
• For example, the 2008 financial crisis had a severe impact on Portugal, Ireland, Greece, and
Spain.
• All these countries were members of the European Union, which had to step in to bail out
debt-laden nations, which were thereafter known by the acronym PIGS.
• Globalization detractors argue that it has created a concentration of wealth and power in the
hands of a small corporate elite which can gobble up smaller competitors around the globe.
• Globalization has become a polarizing issue in the U.S. with the disappearance of entire
industries to new locations abroad.
• It's seen as a major factor in the economic squeeze on the middle class.
• For better and worse, globalization has also increased homogenization.

Conclusion
• In order to sustainably serve the humanity, there would be a different global economy that
works in the real world.
• It is inevitable that the pain destruction caused by the global economy has affected the
consumers in the poor countries at large but this how the global economy is designed.
• Employment deprivation, social breakdowns, and high personal stress levels are not a
substance to mathematically calculated profit margins in today’s business arena.
• However, there is also a positive point in favour of globalization.

Due to anti-globalisation stand of USA’s President Donald Trump and some of European countries,
we can say that globalization is in threat. Its future depends on the developing and third world
countries.

Topic 44- Discuss the problem of pollution in India. How to solve it?
Introduction
• Pollution is a term which even kids are aware of these days.
• It has become so common that almost everyone acknowledges the fact that pollution is rising
continuously.
• The term ‘pollution’ means the manifestation of any unsolicited foreign substance in
something.
• When we talk about pollution on earth, we refer to the contamination that is happening of
the natural resources by various pollutants.
• All this is mainly caused by human activities which harm the environment in ways more than
one.
• Therefore, an urgent need has arisen to tackle this issue straightaway.
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 • That is to say, pollution is damaging our earth severely and we need to realize its effects and
prevent this damage.

How to reduce pollution?

• After learning the harmful effects of pollution, one must get on the task of preventing or
reducing pollution as soon as possible.
• To reduce air pollution, people should take public transport or carpool to reduce vehicular
smoke.
• While it may be hard, avoiding firecrackers at festivals and celebrations can also cut down on
air and noise pollution.
• Above all, we must adopt the habit of recycling. All the used plastic ends up in the oceans and
land, which pollutes them.
• So, remember to not dispose of them off after use, rather reuse them as long as you can.
• We must also encourage everyone to plant more trees which will absorb the harmful gases
and make the air cleaner.
• When talking on a bigger level, the government must limit the usage of fertilizers to maintain
the soil’s fertility.
• In addition, industries must be banned from dumping their waste into oceans and
rivers, causing water pollution.

Conclusion
• To sum it up, all types of pollution is hazardous and comes with grave consequences.
• Everyone must take a step towards change ranging from individuals to the industries.
• As tackling this problem calls for a joint effort, so we must join hands now.
• Moreover, the innocent lives of animals are being lost because of such human activities.
• So, all of us must take a stand and become a voice for the unheard in order to make this
earth pollution-free.

Topic 45- Why the textile sector is important for Indian economy? Discuss the initiatives taken by
India to improve the textile sector.
Introduction
• Indian Textile industry is a second largest industry after agriculture in terms of economic
contribution and employment generation.
• Today, the India has great confidence to invite outsider for the investment as well for
employment also.
• Textile industry is an oldest industry in India having huge cultural heritage with extensive
range of textile stuffs, method and type that reproduce the various set of people and
customs across the country.
• The Industry includes a widespread range of section, from hand woven, unorganized segment
on and goes towards capital intensive technological segment.

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 • India is a number one jute producer in the world and second chief producer of silk and cotton
worldwide.
• The textile sector offers huge employment opportunities for Indian people, especially for the
people reside in rural area.
• Textile and apparel sector contribute 14% to industrial production, 4% to India's Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) and constitutes 15% of the country's export earnings.
• Textile and apparel sector are the second largest employment provider in the country
employing nearly 51 million people directly and 68 million people indirectly in 2015-16.

Initiatives taken by government

1. Scheme for Integrated Textile Parks (SITP)
• The Scheme for Integrated Textile Parks (SITP) is at the centre of developing a sustainable
infrastructure for the textile sector.
• Under SITP scheme, the government will provide funding for infrastructure, buildings for
common facilities like design & training centre, warehouse, factories and plant & machinery.

2. Integrated Processing Development Scheme (IPDS)

• IPDS is being implemented to make Indian textiles more competitive and environment-
friendly.
• The government will assist the existing textile processing units to follow relevant
environmental standards using latest technology.
• The process parks created for this purpose will deal with waste water management and
promote the use of cleaner technology in the processing sector.

3. Integrated Skill Development Scheme (ISDS)

• Textile weavers and workers lack formal training in using latest technology which reduces
their chance to get a better job and higher wages.
• ISDS plans to bridge that skill gap by training 1.5 million people.
• An amount of $300 Mn has been allocated for training by the government for the same
purpose.
• The primary objectives of the program are to standardise courses, increase industry
involvement and to set robust monitoring systems in vocational training of the textile sector.

4. Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme for textiles industry (ATUFS)

• The old machinery and technologies used in the textile industry can affect productivity and
safety.
• ATUFS is designed to provide incentives to entrepreneurs and business owners for upgrading
technologies.
• A one-time capital subsidy will be offered to business owners from Technical Textiles,
Garments, and Weaving.

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 5. Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (MEIS)
• MEIS is aimed at stimulating the growth of textiles exports from India in various traditional
and emerging markets.
• The scheme has been finalised after consulting various stakeholders.
• The market coverage of MEIS scheme has been extended.
• According to the Ministry of Textiles, the textile sector is one of the biggest beneficiaries the
MEIS.

Topic 46- Discuss the role of NITI Aayog and its relevance.
Introduction
• The Planning Commission of India supervised the five-year plan for the economic
development of the country.
• However, in 2014, the 65-year-old Planning Commission was dissolved and a think tank – NITI
Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) took its place.
• The chairperson of NITI Aayog is Prime Minister of India.
• The Prime Minister appoints a CEO and a Vice-Chairperson of the NITI Aayog.
• Further, it has some full-time as well as part-time members along with four Union Ministers
serving as ex-officio members.
• It also has a governing council which includes all State Chief Ministers and Lt. Governors of the
Union Territories.

Role and Objectives of NITI Aayog

• To evolve a shared vision of national development priorities, sectors and strategies with the
active involvement of States.
• To foster cooperative federalism through structured support initiatives and mechanisms with
the States on a continuous basis, recognizing that strong States make a strong nation.
• To develop mechanisms to formulate credible plans at the village level and aggregate these
progressively at higher levels of government.
• To ensure, on areas that are specifically referred to it, that the interests of national security
are incorporated in economic strategy and policy.
• To pay special attention to the sections of our society that may be at risk of not benefiting
adequately from economic progress.
• To design strategic and long term policy and programme frameworks and initiatives, and
monitor their progress and their efficacy. The lessons learnt through monitoring and
feedback will be used for making innovative improvements, including necessary mid-course
corrections.
• To provide advice and encourage partnerships between key stakeholders and national and
international like-minded Think tanks, as well as educational and policy research institutions.
• To create a knowledge, innovation and entrepreneurial support system through a
collaborative community of national and international experts, practitioners and other
partners.
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 • To offer a platform for resolution of inter-sectoral and inter departmental issues in order to
accelerate the implementation of the development agenda.
• To maintain a state-of-the-art Resource Centre, be a repository of research on good
governance and best practices in sustainable and equitable development as well as help their
dissemination to stake-holders.
• To actively monitor and evaluate the implementation of programmes and initiatives,
including the identification of the needed resources so as to strengthen the probability of
success and scope of delivery.
• To focus on technology upgradation and capacity building for implementation of programmes
and initiatives.
• To undertake other activities as may be necessary in order to further the execution of the
national development agenda, and the objectives mentioned above.

Arguments in favour of NITI Aayog

• It collects fresh ideas from various sources like industry, academia, civil society, foreign
specialists and shares that with central and state government.
• NITI AAYOG is best placed to achieve the convergence between various ministries and central
government and state government, whenever it is required.
• Brings greater level of accountability in the system.
• NITI AAYOG has established Development and Evaluation Office, which collect data on
performance of various ministries on a real time basis.
• Will have significant impact on improving efficiency of governance.
• Its performance based ranking of states fosters competitive federalism and enables to
identify the best practices in different states in various sectors and can emulate them to
other states.
• It acts as a representative of the states to central government.
• It has also been promoting innovation in India.
• Atal Tinkering Lab under Atal Innovation Mission has been set up in schools .which is work
place for young minds to give shape to their ideas.
• They will be provided with tools and equipment to develop their ideas in labs.
• Hence, NITI AAYOG has been doing a commendable job in encouraging young innovators and
start – ups.

Arguments against NITI Aayog

• It does not have the power to criticize government.
• It is not transparent enough, people are not getting opportunity to know what NITI AAYOG is
doing.
• Though it’s intention was to have decentralized actions critics says that their action are
centralized in nature
• Couldn’t attract more participation and attendance from states during meeting called by NITI
AAYOG. It says that reason is, it don’t have money for devolution.
• Earlier planning commission had the power for devolution of money.
• Hence had more power.
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 • Now this power has been transferred to finance ministry.
• It says that, it had no role in influencing the policy making with long term consequence.
• As it was not involved in policy making like demonetization, GST etc.

Conclusion
• Planning is essential for a country in the medium run, but in India, Planning Commission did
not fulfill its function adequately.
• While Planning Commission in some countries like Latin American countries and Sub-Saharan
Africa failed, in other countries like China, East Asian and South East Asian countries it was
a success. This was mainly because it had support from strong industrial policy.
• India need strong industrial policy.
• NITI AAYOG will need to evolve into a much stronger organization than planning commission.

Topic 47- Freedom of press is very important for Indian democracy. Why?
Introduction
• Democracy is commonly defined as a government of the people, by the people and for the
people.
• Freedom and democracy walk hand in hand so Indian society is accepted democracy where
the media plays a pivotal role in the Indian democracy.
• Media is being considered as the fourth pillar of democratic society after executive,
legislature, and judiciary.
• The last few years witnessed an enhanced interface between the media and common man.
• It is the media (print or electronic) has become a part of the life of the people of India, who
are largely dependent on the media coverage for various needs including entertainment and
information.
• Starting from the issues relating to common man, their feelings, their necessities, their
expectations and every aspects of their life closely associated with the media.
• Media keeps the peoples awakened and there is no denying the fact that it has become one
of the major instruments of social change.
• In a democratic set up, it is media which strengthens the democratic norms and values and
also accelerates the pace of development.

Why freedom of press is necessary

• The press acts as a medium of communication between the government and the people.
• Freedom of the press is so necessary that multiple times in India it has been controlled, even
during the British rule, the press worked so vigorously in promoting the idea of freedom that
they had to bring Indian press Act 1910 and then again implemented later in 1931-1932.
• Press stands for the civic rights, political rights and religious rights of the people.
• Media plays a vital role in forming opinions and influencing decision making by the people,
comparing present and past experiences, actions, works etc. done by different governing
bodies.

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 • It also helps in giving feedback, exposure and conduit mechanisms by the people to the
government, so that the representatives can work according to their needs and
requirements.
• Citizens receive the information about the new policies, projects, schemes, laws,
amendments etc. through media, by which they can assess the working of the government
and analyse if the deeds are beneficial for them or not.
• The Press also acts as a crucial instrument for accounting.
• A person can forget the promises made by their leaders but a printed newspaper, video, or
audio recording will act as a piece of reminding evidence for both citizens and the
government.
• The people who work in the press must be unafraid.
• Some brave journalists do perform string operations, do investigations and find out the
reality.
• It tends to fight against corruption, unfulfilled promises, disloyal behaviour or misuse of
power in public or private life.

That’s why freedom of press is important for Indian democracy.

Topic 48- Discuss the importance of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Introduction
• The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by
United Nations General Assembly in 2015 for the year 2030.
• SDGs are collection of 17 global goals and 169 targets to help organise and streamline
development actions for greater achievement of human wellbeing, while leaving no one
behind – by 2030.
• All 17 SDGs are integrated. It means that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and
that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability.

Sustainable Development Goals are:

1. No Poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health and Well-being
4. Quality Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean Water and Sanitation
7. Affordable and Clean Energy
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
10. Reducing Inequality
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
12. Responsible Consumption and Production
13. Climate Action
14. Life Below Water
15. Life On Land
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 16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
17. Partnerships for the Goals

India and the SDGs

• Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, an ancient Indian phrase meaning “the world is one family”, pithily
captures the spirit of India’s approach to all aspects of life including economic development.
• The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are, thus, part and parcel of the country’s
longstanding tradition and heritage.
• As the fastest growing major economy of the world, today, India is uniquely placed to deliver
on its commitments to inclusive and sustainable development.
• Externally the country has played a key role in shaping the SDGs and ensuring the balance
among its three pillars - economic, social and environmental.
• Internally, it has launched many programs to make progress towards these goals.
• SDGs can be met only through high standards of governance at all levels. In this respect, India
is especially fortunate to have highly committed governments at the centre as well as states.
• In the spirit of cooperative federalism, the two levels of the government have joined hands to
bring about the change India needs.
• While the central government has sponsored schemes to provide employment, connect
villages to cities through roads, build houses for the poor and offer education in the states,
• Various sub-groups of Chief Ministers have come forward to give valuable advice to the
central government on such important matters as digital payments, skill development and the
Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (Clean India Campaign).
• Even as it combats poverty, India remains committed to protecting the environment.
• Under its Nationally Determined Contributions, India has ambitiously committed to reducing
the emissions intensity per unit of GDP by 33% -35% by 2030 relative to its 2005 levels.
• Furthermore, it plans to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion tonnes through
additional tree cover.

Way Forward
• India should continue to pursue the implementation of the SDG agenda through close
collaboration between the national and sub-national governments as well as active
participation of all other relevant stakeholders.
• Bi-annual reviews will be conducted with the state governments for identifying good
practices as well as challenges and undertaking the appropriate course corrections.
• India should continue to focus on nurturing partnerships at the regional and global levels to
achieve SDGs.
• India believes that with combined and sustained efforts at the national and global levels, it
will
indeed be possible to eradicate poverty and ensure a prosperous world for all.
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Topic 49- In present context of COVID-19, discuss the relevance of pharmaceutical industry in
India. Introduction
• Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common
cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV).
• A novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans.
• At the time of this world crisis, Indian pharmaceutical industry became more important not
only for India but for entire world.

Impact on pharmaceutical industry

• Competition in drug manufacturing
✓ In recent years, India has seen increasing competition from China, which it has been
able to leverage due to its inherent cost advantage, manufacturing intermediates and
APIs at a cost much lower than those in India.
✓ This has resulted in a gradual increase in API imports from China to India and this in
turn has led to killing of domestic manufacturing capacity for certain key APIs and
their advanced intermediates.
• Risks from India pharma’s China linkages
✓ India’s large import dependence on China (nearly 70% by value) has become a
significant threat to India’s healthcare manufacturing and global supply chain.
✓ While Indian pharma players over a time period have steadily migrated up the value
chain to focus on value-added formulations with higher margins, but this over
dependence on China has increased the threat to the nation’s health security as some
of these critical APIs are crucial to mitigate India’s growing disease burden.
• Supply chain disruption for India pharma
✓ Any disruption in supply chain of APIs can result in significant shortages in the supply
of essential drugs in India.
✓ Some of the critical APIs for high-burden disease categories such as cardiovascular
diseases, diabetes and tuberculosis are listed in the National List of Essential
Medicines (NLEM)
• Major earning cuts ahead for pharma firms
✓ Edelweiss Securities says the novel coronavirus, or COVID-19, pandemic has caused
severe supply-side disruptions in various sectors, earnings will be cut by 10-15%
✓ Pharma as a sector has emerged as a strong contender to drive the next leg of rally,
whenever it comes. In anticipation, pharma stocks have seen a huge run up in the last
10 days.
✓ This is not just true for India, but globally too pharma companies have performed well.
✓ While in the short term, most companies will bounce back from the last 5 year of
underperformance, this time around, the leader will be different.

Relevance of pharmaceutical industry

• The Indian pharmaceutical industry is the world’s third largest drug producer by volume and
the country’s market manufactures 60 percent of vaccines globally.
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 • This constitutes 40 to 70 percent of supply to satisfy the World Health Organization’s (WHO)
demand for Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis (DPT) and Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG)
vaccines and 90 percent of the global demand for the measles vaccine.
• India supplies affordable and low-cost generic drugs to millions of people around the globe
and operates more than 250 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and UK Medicine and
Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) approved plants.
• Furthermore, its active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) market is forecasted to attain a
revenue of $6 billion by the end of 2020.

Topic 50- Why literacy is important for Indian society? Discuss the relevance and ways to improve
it.
Introduction
• From an individual perspective, one needs adequate literacy skills to participate and function
happily within – and contribute to – one’s communities.
• Persons with adequate literacy skills maintain better health through their ability to
understand and interpret health information.
• They are better able to communicate clearly with their medical caregivers, learn and adopt
preventive health practices and detect problems so that they can be treated earlier, or make
appropriate choices amongst health care options.
• They are also better able to communicate with their children’s teachers and to help their
children with school work.

Ways to improve literacy

• We can remove illiteracy by adopting 'Education for AIl’.
• Students can play an important role in this field.
• During their holidays, they may take classes of the illiterate.
• They can also spread awareness about the utility of being literate. The government should
join hands with NGOs in their voluntary service to promote literacy through various
programmes.
• These can be of adult education, motivation for learning in children and non-formal
education.
• This programme of spreading literacy is of national importance.
• So, all the educated persons should render all possible help to remove the illiteracy from the
country
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