INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

EEN-206: Power Transmission and Distribution

Lecture - 24
ΔV
z Δx IR
IS I+ ΔI I
ΔI
VS V+ ΔV y Δx V VR
Chapter 4: Line Parameters and Performance of Lines
Δx x
• Transmission Line Models l
Performance of Transmission Lines
Representation of the Line
R R

Line Generator Line Load

N N N N

Y Single–Phase representation
Load
Generator
Balanced 3-phase

Single–Line diagram

3
Introduction

IS IR

VS VR

Output O utput VR _ NL  VR _ L
%   %R   100
Input O utput  Losses VR _ L

 Power transfer capability,

 Steady-state stability limit,
 reactive power requirement and generation of line
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Distributed and Lumped Parameters
Transmission line with uniformly distributed line parameters (R, L, C, G)

IS ∆x IR

VS VR

x
l

 z = Series impedance /unit length/phase

z∆x
I(x+∆x) I(x)
 y = Shunt admittance / unit length/phase

V(x+∆x) y∆x V(x)  l = Length of transmission line

 Z =zl= Total series impedance/ phase

 Y =yl= Total shunt admittance / phase

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ABCD Parameters of Transmission Line

VS VS
A B
VR I R 0
IR VR  0

IS IS
 Passive, Linear, bilateral C D
VR IR
VS  A VR  B I R I R 0 VR  0

I S  C VR  D I R
 Matrix Format
VR _ NL  VR
%R   100
VR
VS   A B  VR 
 I   C D  I  VS
 S    R  VR
A
AD  BC  1   100
VR
A D
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Transmission Line Models
 Short line : Length less than 80 km. Z=R + jX
IS IR
• Shunt admittance is neglected
VS VR
• Lumped parameter model

Z=R + jX
 Medium line: Length between 80 km to 200 km. IS IR

• Shunt admittance needs to be considered I1 Y I2 I3 Y

VS VR
2 2
• Lumped parameter model
Z/2 Z/2
 Nominal π model IS VM IR

 Nominal T model IM
VS Y VR

 Long line: Length longer than 200 km. ΔV

z Δx IR
IS
• Distributed parameter model I+ ΔI I
ΔI
VS V+ ΔV y Δx V VR
• Shunt admittance effect is important
Δx x
• Equivalent π or T equivalent can be derived l

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108104051/ 7
Short Transmission Line
Z=R + jX VS   A B  VR 
IS IR  I   C D  I 
 S    R
VS VR

VS  VR  Z I R
P
IS  IR %   100
P  3I R
2

 In matrix form,
VS
VS  1 Z  VR   VR
A VS  VR
 I   0 1   I  Regulation  
 S    R VR VR
 A=1, B=Z, C=0, D=1

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Regulation of Short Transmission Line
VS
Z=R + jX IX
IS IR
IZ
VR
VS VR IR
ϕ
I=IR=IS

VS  V R cos   I R   VR sin   I X 

2 2

VS  VR2 cos 2   I 2 R 2  2 VR I R cos   VR2 sin 2   I 2 X 2  2 VR I X sin 

VS  VR2  2VR IR cos   2VR IX sin   I 2  R 2  X 2 

VS  VR 1
2 IR cos  2 IX sin  I
 
2
R 2
 X2
Small quantity
2
VR VR V R

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Regulation of Short Transmission Line

 2 IR cos  2 IX sin   x x2 x3
VS  VR 1     1 x  1    .......
 VR VR  2 8 16

 IR cos  IX sin  
VS  VR 1   
 V R V R 

VS  VR  IR cos   IX sin 

VS P
A
 VR
V  VR %   100
Regulation   S P  3I R
2

VR VR
I R cos   I X sin 
Regulation 
VR

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Medium Transmission Line

Z=R + jX
IS IR
 Length between 80 km to 200 km.
I1 Y I2 I3 Y
 Shunt admittance needs to be considered. VS VR
2 2
 Medium transmission lines are modelled with
lumped series impedance and shunt admittance.
Z/2 Z/2
IS VM IR
•Lumped parameter model
IM
VS Y VR
Nominal π model

Nominal T model

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Nominal π Representation
VS   A B  VR 
Y  I   C D  I 
I2  I3  I R  VR  I R  S    R
2 Z=R + jX
IS IR
Y 
VS  Z I 2  VR  Z  VR  I R   VR
2  I1 I2 I3
Y Y VR
 YZ  VS
VS    1 VR  Z I R 2 2
 2 

I S  I1  I 2  I1  I 3  I R
Y Y  YZ 
 VS  VR  I R A D  1
2 2  2 
Y   YZ   Y  Y 2Z Y Y   YZ  BZ 
   1 VR  Z I R   VR  I R      VR    1 I R
2  2   2  4 2 2  2 
 YZ 
C Y   1 mho
 YZ   YZ   4 
IS  Y   1 VR    1 I R
 4   2 
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Nominal T Representation
VM  VR 
Z
I R and I M  YVM
VS   A B  VR 
2  I   C D  I 
Z Z
 S    R
VS  VR  I R   I M  I R 
2 2 Z/2 Z/2
Z Z IS VM IR
 VR  I R  Y VM  I R 
2 2 IM
Z Z  Z  
 VR  I R   Y  VR  I R   I R  VS Y VR
2 2  2  
Z Z Z2 Z
 VR  I R  Y VR  YI R  I R
2 2 4 2
 YZ   YZ 
VS    1 VR  Z   1 I R  YZ 
 2   4  A D  1
 2 
 Z   YZ 
I S  YVM  I R  Y  VR  I R   I R BZ  1 
 2   4 
 YZ  C  Y mho
 YVR    1 I R
 2 

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Long Transmission Line

ΔV
 Long line: Length longer than 200 km.
z Δx IR
IS I+ ΔI I
•Distributed parameter model ΔI
VS V+ ΔV y Δx V VR
•Shunt admittance effect is important
Δx x
•Equivalent π or T equivalent can be derived l

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Long Line Model
ΔV
z Δx IR
IS I+ ΔI I
ΔI
VS V+ ΔV y Δx V VR

Δx x
l

V dV
V  I zx Iz x  0 Iz
x dx

I dI
I  (V V ) yx  (Vyx  V y x)  Vy x  0 V y
x dx

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