Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 47) PVT

    Uploaded by

    sotork
    21 views201 pages
    PVT Elsevier

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    PVT Elsevier

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    21 views201 pages

    47) PVT

    Uploaded by

    sotork
    PVT Elsevier

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 201
    —————_—_—_—_—————— i DEVELOPMENTS IN PETROLEUM SCIENCE 47 PVT AND PHASE BEHAVIOUR OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR FLUIDS | DEVELOPMENTS IN PETROLEUM SCIENCE 47 Volumes 17,618, 190, 2029, 91, 34,35, 97-99 ae out of print 18 Fundamentals of Reservoir Engnetng {a Sufece Operation in Petroleum Production, 30, Cartonat Reservoir Charatan: A GologicEngnerng Aas, Prt | 52 Fluid Mashanis fr Ptrleum Engineers 23 Patou Related Rock Mechanics 36 Tne Proctce of Reservoir Engineering Revised Eton) 4a Asgnatenes aa Aspats, 40b Aaphatenes ané Asphalt, 41” Sebeidance de to Fu Withranal 422 Caing Design ~ Theory and Practice 425 Trewrs inthe Ol Pld {Carmona Reser Careterzton: A GelogcEngneting Anais, Part I {1S Thermal Meceing of Pataum Generation: Theary and Appiestions 46 Hyooaarbon Exploration and Procutin 427 PVT and Phave Behaviour of Petrleum Reser Fis 448 Aaplled Gootermics for Petroleum Engineers 49 integrated Fow Meseling 150 Og and Predision of Aonorml Formation Pressures 5 Soft Comping and lnteligert Data Anais in Exploration DEVELOPMENTS IN PETROLEUM SCIENCE 47° PVT AND PHASE BEHAVIOUR OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR FLUIDS ‘Aut DANESH. Department of Petroleum Engineering Heriot Watt University Edinburgh, Scotland ELSEVIER “Amsterdam ~ Boston ~ Heidelberg ~ London ~ New York ~ Oxford Paris ~ San Diego ~ San Francisco ~ Singapore ~ Sydney ~ Tokyo geass URE BE RE ‘erent Neen USA (01998 Eaves BY, Als eer Ti wos spt under opie by Evie BV a he owing et dons y Sue pen chapters ase as allowed by national copyright laws. Permissiok nmtaummeemt — Sin a payment of fo is tequre fr wb photovopvig. clung mule oc mec’ eT the Pais a cx promotional perpoes, res, anal fora of cies lier. Spe Er onns u ahomak tcops fo on-time aso 7 sentence pr rant etter os rch na en rs tena eae ae are sr ance meee 0) 2 10155 Co) 07S S00, Oe veal 7 pr es of omens ay be repose tera meee curr eo eres oe Siete yieeaatent gsc Perec nthe st rasta fie Pegs: sev Righs Depend ares te Nope ost assumed fo jury andlor damage to persons oF property as & mater of prod No responsi rm year apraon of any hts pont, nsrcions oe ces eee sinensis spn ve ‘nes dr sage sl be me can tt pein of te Fable i eae fx xe eee eueed racer eave wns tg eto nore or eles ny iil eatin in hi wok iin san, 021961 Second impress 201 ‘Tr ingen 2005 398; T6761 ee) Li Cnloig in Pabtaon Disa of Conpes Cuong 2 Roar vale ee Leary of Conse (9 oe purer el in olen mets be gunn of ANSUNISO 2944-992 Perma of Pa ‘red To Neerland. CONTENTS PREFACE NOMENCLATURE 1, PHASE BEHAVIOUR FUNDAMENTALS {1 RESERVOIR FLUID COMPOSITION. 12 PHASE BEHAVIOUR ure Compound Corresponding States “Maltcomponeat Mixtre 13 CLASSIFICATION OF RESERVOIR FLUIDS Dry Gas Wer Gas Gas Condensate Volatile Oi Black Oi REFERENCES EXERCISES PVT TESTS AND CORRELATIONS FLUID SAMPLING. ‘Well Preparation Sample Collection 221 Dey Gas 222 WerGas 223, plex on 224 Gas Condensate 225 Volaile On 23 EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS 234 Blick Od ‘Bubble Point Pressure Gat in Solution (0 Formation Volume Factor Total Formation Volume Factor Oi Density Oi Viseodey 232. Naural Gas Volumetric Date Gas Viscosity 233, Fonmstion Water ‘Water Content of Hydrocarbon Phase Hydrocarbon solubity i Water Water Formation Volume Factor Compresabilty of Water Water Deni, Water Viscosty 24 REFERENCES 23 EXERCISES PHASE EQUILIBRIA CRITERIA FOR EQUILIBRIUM (Chemical Potential, Fugly ‘Achy EQUILIBRIUM RATIO. apults Law Henry's Law Epica Coneations ices EXERCISES EQUATIONS OF STATE ‘VIRIAL BOS AND ITS MODIFICATIONS ‘Stang Benedict WebS Rubin EOS CUBICEQUATIONS OF STATE S21 Two-Parameter EOS Soave Redick Kwong EOS Peng Robinson EOS Volume Skit 422. Three Parameter EOS ‘Schoidr Wenzel FOS Pare-Toja EOS 423 _‘Ataction Term Temperature Dependency ‘MIXING RULES ASL Random Mining Roles 432 _NooRandom Mixing Rules REFERENCES EXERCISES PHASE BEHAVIOUR CALCULATIONS, ‘VAPOUR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS "Root Selection Rapid Flash Calculations STABILITY ANALYSIS ‘Stability Lint (CRITICAL POINT CALCULATIONS ‘COMPOSITIONAL GRADING liom Assn ‘Nbe-Egaiibrem Flas Hest of Transpor. Significance REFERENCES EXERCISES ELUID CHARACTERISATION EXPERIMENTAL METHODS ‘Distillation Gas Chromatography (CRITICAL PROPER ‘Lee Keser Correlations ‘isa Daobet Coreatons Perurbation Expansion Gorelaions DESCRIPTION OF FLUID HEAVY END ‘Single Carbon Number Function Continuous Desenption, Direct Application REFERENCES EXERCISES Gas INJECTION MISCIBILITY CONCEPTS Misibily in Real Reservoir Fids 72. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ing Buble ining Bobble Apparatus Cont Experiment 7.3. PREDICTION OF MISCIBILITY CONDITIONS ean SS ete oxtn 4 RENCES Sons : BEES 3. INTERFACIAL TENSION SL MEASUREMENT METHODS 82. PREDICTION OF INTERFACIAL TENSION araebor Method CConesponding States Creation ‘Comparison of Predictive Methods 83. WATER-YDROCARBON INTERFACIAL TENSION 84 REFERENCES 83 EXERCISES APPLICATION IN RESERVOIR SIMULATION 91 GROUPING. ‘Group selection (Group Properties Compesiion Revival 92 COMPARISON OF EOS ‘Phase Componition Saturation Presse tea Lig Vo at Lig Volumes 93. TUNING OF Eos Tid Charatan Sclsdon of BOS Sckcton of Repression Variables ini of une Pansies Mabossingy 94 DYNAMIC VALIDATION OF MODEL ‘elatve Permeability Function Viseosty Prediction Implementation EVALUATION OF RESERVOIR FLUID SAMPLES PREFACE Reliable measurement and prediction of phase behaviour and properties of petroleum. reservoir lids are essential in designing optimum recovery processes and enhancing Fydrocarton production. This book explains flevant fundamentals and peseats Prcteal metios of determining cs for engineering appicaons Fokioes evev ofeanlaied paces een aac, POOPY ‘Although the emphasis is on the application of PVT and phase behaviour data to ngincering problems, experimental methods ae reviewed and their limitations re ‘denied. “This should provide the reader with more thorough understanding ofthe abject and realise evaluaon of measured an predicted resus “The book is based on the material developed over many years a lecture notes in ouronpreseted Jo ait in gus and olf ndaoty and postgraduate stents of fetciee snemrng ont vans aspect ofthe rable, Rene an ele or different audience. The ist two chapers along with elected sections fom chapter and 3 can sere he subject mar ofa insodactor course, whereas {ne West would be ot uve ttre o racoamg énguecrs a posiraate Sens ‘Ample examples ae icloed fo lass te subject and furl execs are given inEich chapter. Graphs! methods and simple corelatons smenabie fund Shlcalations are ail wed inthe inde, Hence hey ae lncloed ie this book, The peyote, on et ancl computa sponses wich we ‘Sting’ wider application in indastry high computational cspebliies are ‘coming readily aval at 7 1 would like to thnk Profesor DH Tebran fr reviewing the manacrpt and ‘olanbe suggeons stemming from his vast indunl exprence "Also 1 [atl to Potesors M. Nichloen and C_ Whitson for tbe betel comments on Slo the pk of emai Dak cd oy he ‘npeiense gated through conducing research spontre bythe peoleum indy, sc Tlenoc Wat University Tn indi oe sponsor, my student and colleagues for their sontibutions tat made ths book poasible. In parca {would ‘Shoowledge velusble contnbutons of Profesor NC Todd, MF Goorapear, Dr DH ReMi BowgharNetad ad Br hoot. Myson Ami celled ‘ein preparing the book gaps. NOMENCLATURE ace term parameter of equation of tat Aienstonless tractive term parameter of equation of sate ‘epulsive ermicowolume) parameter of equation o tae “Sientonen repulsive te parameter of equation of ate ‘mation vume factor ‘Si ormation volume factor {oa formation volume factor {as sotnermalcompressbiity coefficent Stisomermal compesaibihycoefcent gory Gite coerey ee ‘mole enthalpy {oalenbalpy $Benry's comtant partial molar enthalpy pens ray intron praeter su clatve pemesbiity Sit rlative permeability ema Jon charscterain factor slope in coreaon with temperate rolecular weigh lar mast. ‘ols oreubor omer ‘unber of comporents fume of peuao-componens ka pany s ees onpomeeese preseure [Etpospheric pressure ‘bubble porn pressure Convergence presure prachor ‘vapour pressure Unlversl gas constant fain soltion Specific gravity, relative density a 288 K (60°F) ‘ora oiling pont temperature ‘mola internal energy ‘ola volume ‘ely ‘volume tole faction nol faction in vapour phase meteor nor Compress factor Racket compressa factor mepoezz> pNese ces ersapeg ye (GREEK LETTERS 2 temperane dependency coefficient of atractve tem B mean value parameter oF dstnbuion funtion Bsetivty fugacity coefficient parameter off distibuion function 4 Galelated ential compressibility factor total numberof phases chemi! potential mass density Pe molar density O° interfacial wension lowest molecular weight inFdistebaton function @ scene factor j 2 BOS parameter coefficient © seul coefficient — inyphase ACRONYMS bot, baret BIP__ binary interaction parameter CCE constant composition expansion (CGR Condensate o gas volumetric ratio. CVD Constant volume deplecon DL. diferent iteration EOS equation() of sate GOR gastooll volumetic ratio (se) GLR gusto lig volumetric rao (:) GPA. Gas Processors Association ‘GPM gallon of gud pe ousand cubic fet of gs (s) BET, tec ese MMP inirmum mise pressure MIME funmum mizciiiyCochneat PNA paraffins naphthenes. aromatics PR SchmaeWenssl EOS tro boling pont emperare Valderrama Patl-To EOS adkevie Joti Rech Kwong EOS eed, mixture hyarecarbon phase Higuid phase reference state raer ‘age or bubble point ‘nial pot tifferetialUberaton process E luelvave artical point 1 PHASE BEHAVIOUR FUNDAMENTALS Pexoleam reservoir Mus are composed manly of hydeocarbon constnents. Wate is also in gas and oll feservoirs in an nies form. The influence of water on the phase iinet popes often a nme cassia moron Ts ase behaviour of ol and gs, therefore is generally eated independent of the wale Phase, [nless water yrocarbon soli structures, town as hyaates, are fommed - “The behavior of a hydrocarbon mixtue at reservoir and surface conditions is determined by [ehemial compositon ad te pevaling temperature aod pressure This bebavour Is of @ prime consideration inthe development and management of reservoirs, aflecting al aspects of ‘Petleum exploration and production ‘Althoogh a reservoir fid may be comped of many thousands of compounds, the phase ‘etanowe fb car be explained by examining the behaviour of pure and. simple ‘uldcomponeat ntues. The beavieur ofa real eservot fis basally follows the sane ‘nips butte fcltate be applica ofthe technology inthe industry, reservoir aids bave ees Cae to vanto groups ich te yt, Wes 4 ondense,vlale lack oi 1:1 RESERVOIR FLUID COMPOSITION a, aa es a aici opt asi FE ee Be Tea pee a Ses oe es See a Ero ere pio oy eran ae SSeS see es py coed tin aes ale en ee ee re Fads advancing into a trapping reservoir may be of diferent compositions due to bein SEneced at fren timer aad eavironments. Hence, lateral and vertcal ‘aaions within a reservoir wil be expected during the early reservoir life. Reservoir Suis 2 1. Phe Behaviour Fandamenls ace generally considered to bavewtained equim a mary due to molecule diffusion and fing, over geological Umes. However, there are ample evidences of reservoirs sil ‘mantainngsignfisnt compositional variations, paruculrlylnterally asthe difasve mixing ‘may requce fnany tens of milion years to eliminate compostiond heteogenaties (2) Furcriore, te presse aod the temperate iterease wit dep for afd column in & {civ This car als result in compostonal grading with depth For operational purposes, {his Behaviour ig of considerable ineres for hear crcl lids, and oils containing high ‘onceataions of ssphale matera."The cowopostional grading and is estimation based on ‘hemodynamic concept wil be disused in Section 5.3. “The crude oil composition is of major consideration in perleum refining. A number of Compichensive feeuch. projects sponsored by the American Petoleuh Instute ave SSvedagacd crude oll constibents and identified pevoleum compounds. API-G sindied. the ompontin of a single rade ol for 40 years. The sulphur, nivogen and organometalic of rate il samples were investiga in projects API-G8, API-S2 and APLS6 feapecively, APLOO sided petoleum besvy ends. ‘Nelson [3] gives 4 review of peo ‘ermisty and test methods used i he reining indy. "Highly detaed information on he conse composing a eservoi Hii no of very much tecincapraon nd roicon cen, Ree fire commonly ened Ot ‘Seas inv idualy to pete, an eave compounds re epered a Ds Ot St ee Peat andes oh catoe ach Cons Cy Cots Ae onpounds fog each sine earbon number sroup do ht secesarly poses the same Sumber of carbons gs wil be divcawed im Soaton 641, The most common meted of {ssebing th hewyfacton isto hanp al te compounds heavier tan Cand report C, Hyiocarbon compounds canbe expesied bythe ger foroula of Cala, with some fp open oxen nd eal clans aot pnt ary faci ject Sonpound ar cased according othe sours wich determi he vate fT jr cues prin (ann), fis re). uptens, n aoa, $e pant seine compoond of ‘yticenon sgt chal with £= Te vt ae os sponses ccd ed sopra tone wah 2 ape Melecubon cha toil anf oe wih bracing hu hydrocarbons, so. len ners 0) ave snsatae spt cae sd ae no usualy fund i eservou Mus dhe nse Gatae manure The mubthenes ae eye compounds compost of sree fing) wit EoD. The armiaice @8) ae oat cee compound Naphibenes ed ‘ub fea a major pat of eC, pow and some of tem Sct ss meth elo peatane ‘Sees bese and Slete Se ol inddaly iene In he exended ways of ‘eri’ fda" For ceample te stu formuss of he above groupe of hyreckbons ‘Sits cabo a shown in Figue U mt inden bp capper ota tows cope ‘to the same structural class are occasionally ‘and reported as oy {Opn Conkatae hue, ie watt mame te comesinor of fin apes, af ests pope cotmenly Teter oa he A ex) orbaton ote svar oft id compa ne ing sco {bbe TUPAC sytem cane found in (3) "The compstoa nals of servo Dis and fundeten basso in hope [Nivogen, oxygen and sulpbur ae found in ight and eavy factions of reservoir Mus. Gas ‘eseroirscotlining predominantly ND, H2S, oc CO? have also been discovered. Polyeyeic Fydiocarbons wit ised rings which are more abundant in beaver factions may contain NS, nd O, These compounds such as earboids, carbene, asphaltenes and resins a identified by ‘hei solubility, or lack of fn diferent solvents (]- The polar ature of these compounds T 1b Reser ld Composition 3 can alfect the properties of reservoir flids, particularly the rock‘uid behaviour, ‘SSpeoportonaly figher tha their conceuzatins (7. These heavy maybe preset ines suspension inte reservoir ol and peste cut of solution by changes inthe Fessure, temperature or compositions occuring duriag production. nLKANES —H PARAFENS) ‘ALKENES 4,2. PHASE BEHAVIOUR Reserv xs a vapor lid roid pases. A phasis defied as pas of ‘iystem wih is pysilly dant fom ober pars y defile se Arena “iid pase) may form gas (vapeur pie) dang depedon. ‘The evlied gas inialy \Getuing disposed in the ol phos before forming Tange moble clusters, Dut he xe 1 k "Erb wo place sysem in both cases, "he formation or disappearance of a phase, ‘Srvriatns in properies of phase in a mul-pase system are ate phenomena. The subject ‘Bt phase beavour, however, focuses only 0 be sate of eqiirum, where no changes wil (hcar wih te if the sytem left ae prevaling constant pressire and temperature, A 7 |. Phaze Beavour Fandomeiat stem each equilbiam when i tan is minimum eoey level as wil be dca a Shaper 3 The esumpton of eqs between fd pas comtt ms Yservoi, ‘aon cues, valid n engineering applications lids egiibnom ar aio retened 6 ‘ued fade The sate of @ fpecified. Alle intensive properties for such a phae ae prevaling conditions ae Tked is fully defined when is composition, temperature and pressure ae ‘bd enable. The itenaive properties are those which do no de ‘ater (contrary 1 the extensive properties), such a the density {erm propety throughout this book refers to intensive properties. iibium, a system may form of 2 number of coerting phases, with all the uid SSacbuene pen nal ie qn pases The nanbet of ncependen vaahes ©

    You might also like