Graduate Studies Who/What is the structural engineering?

THE ART OF USING MATERIALS

Arc 503 Engineering Structures
Mathematical Modelling of Structures
Idealizations (members, loads, connections)
Basic Assumtions
Loads and Load Paths
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DR.MUSTAFA KUTANİS
That Have Properties Which Can Only Be Estimated
özellikleri sadece tahmin edilebilen malzemeleri kullanma sanatıdır
TO BUILD REAL STRUCTURES
That Can Only Be Approximately Analyzed
yaklaşık olarak analiz edilebilen gerçek yapıları inşa etmektir
TO WITHSTAND FORCES
That Are Not Accurately Known
kesin olarak bilinmeyen kuvvetlere karşı koymaktır
SO THAT OUR RESPONSIBILITY WITH RESPECT TO
PUBLIC SAFETY IS SATISFIED.
Bunları yaparak halkın güvenliği ile ilgili sorumluluğumuzu yerine getiririz.
SLIDE 1

Introduction Design Process

Structures refer to a system of connected parts used to
support a load.

When designing a structure to serve a specified function for

public use, factors to consider:
Safety (shelter people from env. effects)
Esthetics
Serviceability (functional)
Economic (no tolerance for safety) & environmental
constraints (sustainable)
r: resist,
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d: design

DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 3 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 4
 Idealization Design process
Physical Model This design process is both creative and technical and requires a
Members fundamental knowledge of material properties and the laws of
mechanics which govern material response.
Connections Once a preliminary design of a structure is proposed, the
Supports structure must then be analyzed to ensure that it has its
Loads required strength and rigidity.
Free-body Diagrams To analyze a structure properly, certain idealizations must be
made as to how the members are supported and connected
System together.
Member The loadings are determined from codes and local
Mathematical Model (to calculate struc response) specifications, and the forces in the members and their
displacements are found using the theory of structural analysis.
Equilibrium Conditions, forces (6F=0)
The results of this analysis then can be used to re-design the
Compatibility Conditions, deformations ('=0; ..)
structure, accounting for a more accurate determination of the
Constitutive Relationship (Material Law,..etc) weight of the members and their size.
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Structural design, therefore, follows a series of successive
approximations in which every cycle requires a structural
analysis.
DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 6 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 7

Essential properties for building Math. Modelling: Idealized Structure

structures include the following:
Strength* (sufficient material to prevent rupture)
Stability* (sufficient members and supports to provide for
equilibrium)
Rigidity* (sufficient resistance to deformation)
Ductility* (sufficient capacity for energy absorption)
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To develop the ability to model or idealize a structure so that
the structural engineer can perform a practical force analysis
of the members
Structural members are joined together in various
ways depending on the intent of the designer
Support Connections
Pin connection (allows some freedom for slight rotation)
Roller support (allows some freedom for slight rotation)
Fixed joint (allows no relative rotation)

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*will be explained in the next lectures

DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 8 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 9
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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 10 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 11
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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 12 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 13
 Idealized Structure connections
Support Connections
In reality, all connections exhibit some stiffness toward joint
rotations owing to friction & material behavior
o f, the joint is fixed
If k = 0 the joint is pin and ko
When selecting the model for each support, the engineer must
be aware how the assumptions will affect the actual
performance
The analysis of the loadings should give results that closely
approximate the actual loadings
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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 14 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 15

N V M
0
0
0
V=0
0 0
0 0

0 0
M=0 N=0

M=0
V=0

N=0
V=0
 M=0
V=0

Idealized Structure Michigan’s Gateway Arch Bridges 1/2

Consider the jib crane & trolley, we neglect the thickness
of the 2 main member & will assume that the joint at B is
fabricated to be rigid
The support at A can be modeled as a fixed support
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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 24 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 25
 Michigan’s Gateway Arch Bridges 2/2 Spinnaker Tower
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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 26 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 27

Stress and Strain Concept

& Construction Materials
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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 28 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 29
 Basic Assumptions Stress Strain Relj
1. All deformations are assumed to be small. That is. no members
are being bent excessively, stretched excessively, or have their
chords rotated excessively.
2. The material properties remain constant (elastic) throughout the
analysis.
3. Stresses in the members are below the materials proportional
limit (tied with assumption 2 above).
4. Components of the force applied at a point remain
unchanged as the point moves through space which can
also be stated as the work done by force(s) acting
through displacements is independent of path (i.e. a
conservative loading system).
5. The principle ofsuperposition applies. In other words. we can
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superimpose analytical results. because we have linear elastic
load deformation response.
DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 30 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 31

Boundary conditions are indep. from Principle of Superposition

loading
The total disp. or internal loadings (stress) at a point in a
structure subjected to several external loadings can be
c determined by adding together the displacements or
internal loadings (stress) caused by each of the external
loads acting separately
a d b Linear relationship exist among loads, stresses &
P displacements
2 requirements for the principle to apply:
Material must behave in a linear-elastic manner, Hooke’s Law
is valid
The geometry of the structure must not undergo significant
change when the loads are applied, small displacement theory
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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 32 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 33
 Principle of Superposition

For equilibrium:
¦ Fx 0 ¦ Fy 0 ¦ Fz 0
¦Mx 0 ¦My 0 ¦Mz 0
For most structures, it can be reduced to:

¦ Fx 0
¦ Fy 0
¦ Mo 0
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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 36 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 37
 Definition Of Joints Design Loads

Natural The load that is assumed for the design of a structure yay
include one or more of the following:
connections
ƒ Dead Load
supports
ƒ Live Load
free ends
ƒ Earthquake Load
hinges
ƒ Wind Load
where the cross-sections are changed
ƒ Snow and Ice Load
ƒ Rain Load
Artificial
ƒ Flood Load
ƒ Earth Pressure Load
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ƒ ….
DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 38

Design Loads
Design Loads

Live Loads (LL) – transient and

moving loads
−Loads produced by the use
and occupancy of a
building ©iStockphoto.com

−Live load may be variable

during a structure’s lifetime
Dead Loads (DL) – fixed loads −Specified in building codes
−The weight of the building components
©iStockphoto.com

Photos courtesy
−The weight of fixed service equipment
www.constructionphotographs.com
 Design Loads Design Loads
(Look at EC 1991- 1.3)
Snow Load
Force of accumulated snow on a roof Design Snow Load Calculation
Specified in building codes (or local building department)
Depends on
ps 0.7C s C e C t I s p g
ps Design snow load
• Location Cs Roof slope factor
• Exposure to wind Ce Exposure factor
• Importance of building
• Roof slope Ct Thermal factor
Is Importance factor
©iStockphoto.com
pg Ground snow load

Design Loads
Design Loads

Lateral Loads
Wind Load (WL)
Wind Loads
Earthquake Loads − Resulting loads yield:
Flood Loads • Lateral load on walls
Earth Pressure Loads • Downward and upward
pressure on roofs
• Overturning of the structure

− Specified in building codes

 Design Loads
Earthquake Loads (EQ)
− Vertical and lateral forces
(dynamic)
− Building codes can simplify
loading
Design Loads
Soil Pressure Loads
Soil adjacent to a structure
will apply a lateral force
Magnitude increases with
depth
SOIL
Design Loads
Flood Loads
Epicenter Lateral forces resulting from static
and dynamic water pressure
Building codes specify that
buildings be constructed above the
Seismic flood elevation or flood-proofed
Forces at Base Courtesy FEMA
of Building Design requirements dependent
on flood zone BFE (Base Flood Elevation) –
The water surface elevation
resulting from a flood with a 1%
chance of equaling or exceeding
that level in any given year
Dry flood-proofing: Building
Hypocenter must be designed and
constructed to be watertight
to floodwaters
Load Types
GRADE
Uniformly Distributed Load
Concentrated (point) Load
BASEMENT
 Load Combinations Design Loads - Uncertainities

A building will be subjected to many loads • The building dead load is the only known
simultaneously
load.
Codes specify combinations of loads that must be
considered in the design • All other forces will vary in magnitude,
Examples duration, and location.
• D + L + (Lr or S or R)
• D+L+W
Where D = Dead load • The building is designed for design load
L = Live load
• D + L + S + E/1.4 Lr = Roof live load possibilities that may never occur.
W = Wind load
S = Snow load
E = Earthquake
load
R = Rain load

Load Path Load Path

• The path that a load

travels through the Every load applied to the building will travel
structural system HVAC through the structural system until it is
• “Tracing” or “chasing” transferred to the supporting soil.
the loads
• Each structural element APPLIED
must be designed for all LOAD
loads that pass through it
 Structural Elements “Load Chasing” for Structural
Design
Within the structural systems, individual structural
elements must work together to carry and transfer the
applied loads to the ground. The structural design is performed by “chasing
Examples of structural elements include:
the loads” of the dead and live load from slabs to
beams to girders, then on to the columns or
walls. The loads are then carried down to the
footing or foundation walls and finally to the
o Roof Decking o Beams earth below.
o Elevated Slabs o Girders
o Load Bearing Walls o Columns
o Connections o Footing

Girder

Beam

Design Area

Beam
Girder
Column
Footing

Partial View of 2nd Floor Framing

For clarity the ground floor slab, 2nd floor slab, roof framing, and roof deck Partial 2nd FLOOR FRAMING PLAN Girder
are not shown.
 Tributary Area 3’- 4” Half the
distance to each
adjacent beam

Beam B.3 Beam

6’-8” B.3 6'-8''
Tributar Tributar
yWidth yWidth

Partial 2nd FLOOR FRAMING PLAN

Tributary Area = Beam Span (length) x Tributary Beam Uniform Load = Floor Loading (psf) x Tributary
Width Width (ft)

Calculating Beam Loading

Assume that the floor system must support its

own weight of 40 psf (dead load) and a live load
of 100 psf. What is the uniform load applied to
the beam?
Beam B.3
6'-8''
Tributar Total Floor Load = 40 + 100 = 140psf
yWidth

Uniform Load = Floor Load ∙ Tributary

Width
140 ft2 ˜ 6.67 ft 934 plf
lb

Tributary Area = Beam Span (length) x Tributary Width

Tributary Area = (18 ft) ∙ (6.67 ft) = 120 ft2

 Calculating Girder Loading
Calculating Column Loads
Exterior Calculating Column Loads
Girder Beam

Beam

DESIGN AREA

Interior
Girder Girder

Partial 2nd FLOOR FRAMING PLAN

Calculating Column Loads

Calculating Column Loads

Assume that the floor system must support

its own weight of 40 psf (dead load) and a
live load of 100 psf. What is the column
1
(20 ft) 10 ft load for column B3?
2

Total Floor Load = 40 + 100 = 140psf

Column Load = Tributary Area ∙ Total Floor Load

(360 ft 2 )(140 ft1b2 ) 50,400 lb

Tributary Area = (18 ft)(20 ft) = 360 ft2
 Types of Analysis
Linear Static
Non-Linear Static (Geometric or Material)
Eigenvalue
Response Spectra (Elastic)
Linear Time History
Non-Linear Time History
Vibration
Moving Load
Construction Staging
Time-Dependent Analysis
Pushover

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Progressive Collapse
Partial Roof FLOOR FRAMING PLAN
DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 67
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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 68