Construction Materials

Graduate Studies
Stone, Wood, Mud, Iron (ancient times)
Arc 503 Engineering Structures

Concrete (early 1800)

MEMBER CLASSIFICATION Steel (around 1850)

Fibers (new)
kutanis@gmail.com
http://www.kutanis1.sakarya.edu.tr
Glass
Carbon
"Everyone is an Architect until there is a problem,

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then the Architect's to blame!"

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DR.MUSTAFA KUTANİS DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 2

prehistoric architecture Natural arch

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Stonehenge
DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 3 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 4
 The Royal Palace of Ugarit was the royal A corbel arch
residence of the rulers of the ancient kingdom
of Ugariton the Mediterranean coast of Syria.
CORBEL
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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 5 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 6

D.O.F. (each node) 2D Deformations

Z Axis y
j
2- translational motion
1 rotational motion i  x 
j
yj
2D yi i y(x) Tj,yj
X Axis Ti, yi
Z Axis
x Mj, j

x
Ni Nj
i j
Mi, i
3- translational motion
3 rotational motion L, EI
3D
Y axis Displacement Internal Forces
Node i y1, θ1;
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Node i T1, M1;

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Node j y2, θ2; Node j T2, M2;

X Axis DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 7 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 8
 3D Compression (shortening)

For member coordinates

x, translation
Tension (outward-elongate)
Compression (inward-shorten)
y, translation, shear
z, translation, shear
Rx, torsion
Ry, bending (xz plane)
Rz, bending (xy plane)
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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 9 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 10

TENSION  elongation Bending

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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 11 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 12
 Shear Torsion (a type of shear)
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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 13 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 14

• CABLE
• ARCH (Curved)
• ROD
MEMBER TYPES • BEAM
TYPE OF LOADS • COLUMN
THAT • SHELL
TRANSMITTED
• PLATE
• MEMBRANE
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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 15 DR.MUSTAFA KUTANİS SLIDE 16
 Cable, chain, rope: Tension only Arch - Cable
1D
Curved axis
Constant x-sec

Figure 1: Hooke’s theory of the inverted cable:

a) masonry blocks hanging on a weightless cable;
b) the profile of the cable inverted and
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c) the inverted profile fits within the thickness of the masonry blocks,
so demonstrating that the arch can stand
DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 17 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 18

Arch : compression only

1 Keystone
1D, 2D, 3D 2 Voussoir
Curved axis 3 Back
Constant X-section 4 Impost
Or 5 Intrados
Variable X-section 6 Rise
7 Clear span, "Bay"
8 Abutment
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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 19 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 20
 Construction of Vaults
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Requiring temporary support

DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 21 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 22

Truss (Slender members: bar, Rod, strut..)

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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 23 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 24
 TRUSSES Stone Lintels
1D
Straight members
Constant X-section
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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 25 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 26

Beams COLUMN, (=pillar, =post) !...

Beams may be simply-supported, continuous or Columns resist a combination of axial P and flexural load M, (or M =
cantilevered, Pe for eccentrically applied load) [May not be vertical]

They are subjected to bending & shear under load,

Pillars or posts are vertical and support axial loads, thus they
experience compression.

1D
Straight members
Constant X-section
Or
Variable X-section

1D
Straight members
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Constant X-section
Or
Variable X-section
DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 27 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 28
 Pillar vs Columns PLATE (slab)
Loading
g is perpendicular
p p to the surface
2D
Straight members
Constant X-section
Members subject to bi-directional
bending & shear
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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 29 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 30

SHELL (shear wall) Shell

Loading is perpendicular to the surface and in-plane

2D
Straight members
Constant X-section
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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 31 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 32
 MEMBRANE SOLID 3D
Straight members
Or Curved members
3D structures composed of a flexible 2D surface resisting 3D structural member Constant X-section
tension only. They are usually cable-supported and are Or
Variable X-section
used for tents and long span roofs

2D
Straight members
Constant X-section
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DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 33 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 34

Eleman Boyutları
Hz. Ali says,
1D Member (Beam type) “Life of heart is knowledge, gain it;
death of heart is ignorance, avoid it!”.
1B 2B, 3B Model
2-3 nodes
Truss and Beam Elements (1D,2D,3D)
A, I

2D Member (Plate Types)

2B or 3B Model Plane Stress, Plane Strain, Axisymmetric, Plate and Shell Elements (2D,3D)

3-9 nodes
Thickness

3D Member (Brick Types)

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3B Model
Brick Elements

6-20 Nodes.
DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 35 DR. MUSTAFA KUTANİS SAÜ İNŞ.MÜH. BÖLÜMÜ SLIDE 36