Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Assignment #2

Topics:
-Define human personality through different perspectives.
-Possible ways of measuring human personality.

Presented to:
Ms.Komal Faisal
Presented by:
Muhammad Umer Khan
072256

The Institute Of Management Sceinces

Q1. Define personality through different perspectives?
Personality:
The word personality derives from the Latin word “persona” which
means “Mask”. The study of personality can be understood as the study
of masks that people wear. These are the personas that people project
and display, but also include the inner parts of psychological
experience which we collectively call our self.
According to dictionary; personality means the visible aspect of one’s
character as it impress others.
According to psychology; personality is the organized pattern of
behavioral characteristics of the individual.
Personality can be defined as a dynamic and organized set of
characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or
her cognitions, motivations and behaviors in various situations.
Theories related with personality:
There are four basic theories which describes the personality of the
human written by different psychologists and scientists.
1. Psychoanalytical theory
2. Humanistic theory
3. Trait theory
4. Behavioral/social learning theory
-Psychoanalytical theory:
Psychoanalytical theory is also known as psychodynamic.
Sigmund Freud was the founder of this theory. Freud divides human
personality into three significant components:
o ID
o Ego
o Super-ego
  ID consists of all those impulses or desires which are primitive
and mostly biologically based and it operates on immediate
gratification (fulfillment) of those desires.

 Ego acts on a reality principle and it checks whether the desire or

impulse realistically possible or not.

 Super-ego it acts like a morality check and allows only those

impulses which are morally right and restricting those which are
morally not allowed.

Personality consists of all those characteristics and traits which are

present in the human being on more or less a permanent base.

-Trait theory: (Allport, Cattell, Esyneck)

The trait theory suggests that individual personalities are composed

broad dispositions. A trait can be thought of as a relatively stable
characteristic that causes individuals to behave in certain ways.

According to Big five model human personality traits are reduced to five
basic factors.

o Extraversion:

It includes the tendency to highly social, out spoken, open,

social, affectionate and fun-loving.

o Agreeableness:

Its refers to an individual’s tendency to corporative, warm,

trusting, softhearted and agreeable.
 o Emotional stability:

It refers to an individual’s tendency to be calm, secure, and

self-satisfied, and self-confident.

o Openness to experience:

It includes the person is creative, progressive, independent,

curious in variety.

o Conscientiousness:

It refers to an individual’s ability to be organized

hardworking and dependable.

-Humanistic theory: (Carl Rogers, Maslow)

According to this theory human personality is based on the drive and

need towards self-actualization individual growth and improvement. It
helps in understanding the concept of self which according to this theory
is the most important part of an individual personality.

According to Carl Rogers:

“The focus of the humanistic perspective is on the self. This view

argues that you are free to choose your own behavior, rather than
reacting to environmental stimuli.”

According to Maslow:

“Individual’s have certain need that must be met in a hierarchical

fashion, from the lowest to highest. These include basic needs, love and
belonging need, achievement needs, and ultimately, self actualization.”
Q2. What are the possible ways of measuring human
personality?

Human personality can be measured in different ways. The two main

ways are
1. Inventories.
2. Projective techniques.

 Inventories:
 MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic personality inventory)
 CPI (California personality inventory)
 EPPS (Edward personality preference scale)
 16PF (16 Personality factor)
 MBTI (Myers-Briggs type indicator)
 RISB (Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank)
-MMPI (Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory):
The Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) was
designed to help identify personal, social, and behavioral problems in
psychiatric patients.
-CPI (California personality inventory):
Develop high performing individual’s and leaders by helping
them gain insight into their strengths and skills gap.
-EPPS (Edward personality preference scale):
Edward personality preference scale is made to measure the
different need preferences that are inherently present in everybody. The
items are made forced choice to force the patient to prefer one need
over other.
-MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator):
Myers-Briggs type indictor improves the performance of your
people, teams and organizations.
-RISB (Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank):
The Rotter Incomplete Sentence test is a projective test where
you are given a series of incomplete sentences that you are to complete,
or finish. 

 Projective techniques:
 TAT (Thermatic Apperception Test)
 CAT (Children Apperception Test)
 HTPT (House-Tree-Person Test)
 Rorchard Inkblot Test
Projective techniques refer to group of methods of measuring human
personality. In these techniques a stimuli is provided so that individuals
are able to project their feelings, desires and unconscious wishes on to
them.

-TAT (Thermatic Apperception Test):

The Thematic Apperception Test, or TAT, is a projective measure
intended to evaluate a person's patterns of thought, attitudes,
observational capacity, and emotional responses to ambiguous test
materials.
-CAT (Children Apperception Test)
The CAT is intended to measure the personality traits, attitudes,
and psychodynamic processes evident in children. By presenting a
series of pictures and asking a child to describe the situations and make
up stories about the people or animals in the pictures, an examiner can
elicit this information about the child.
-HTPT (House-Tree-person Test)
In the HTPT, the test taker is asked to draw houses, trees, and
persons, and these drawings provide a measure of self-perceptions and
attitudes.
-Rorscharch Inkblot Test:
The Rorschach inkblot test is a method of psychological
evaluation. Psychologists use this test to try to examine the personality.