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Kajian Perbandingan Tax Treaty Model Oec
Kajian Perbandingan Tax Treaty Model Oec
TAX TREATYMODEL ..
oEcD, uN DAN US
Dyna Rachmawati*
Abstract
The needsof tax treaty arise as internstional trade growth rapidly due to advancementof
inforunation technologt. Taxa imposed on income derived from internalional trade are double.
Tax treaty or tca convention is bilateral agreementfor the avoidance of double taxation. This
qgreementarranges taxation rights.
There are 3 (three) tox teaty model, which is used as reference to make bilateral agreement
for the avoidance of double taxation. The first one is OECD Model made by The OECD
Comdittee of Fiscal. This model usually used by the OECD member, which is divided from
developed countries. It is considered discriminative in tax imposing rights, especially for
developing countries. The United Nationsobligates to eliminate this discriminative by issuing UN
Model in 1980. This is the second model and usually used by developing countries. The third
model is US Model. This tax treaty is only usedby United Statesto protect its interest in a board.
As thelirst one borned, OECD Model is usedas referencefor both UN and US Model. Thus,
this literature study used OECD Model as brainstorming in comparison. There are 2 (wo)
dilferences major between OECD Model and W Model. First, in OECD Model, there is an
exclusive right in tax imposing on passive income. Second,limitations on lax imposing rights for
source countries. The diferences between OECD Model wilh US Model are basically caused by
the needsof protectionfor uS interestin aboard. Sa that, there are 3 (three) rules in US Model
which aren't ananged by OECD Model. Those rules are: source of income, general rule of
texation and assistanceof collection.
Pendahuluan
Sej a r a h P e r k e m b a n g a n T a x T r e a t y M o d e I
1.OECDModel
OECD (R.Mansury,lggg) singkatandari Organization for Economic
Cooperatto,oid Develoimenf,dengan xegara-negara sebagai berikut:
.anggota
Amirika Serikat, Austrhia, Austria, Belanda,Belgia, Denmark, Finlandia,
inggrir, Irlandia, Islandia, Italia, Jepang,Jerman, Kanada, Korea Selatan,
iiiirr6ou.g, Mexico,Norwegia,Perancis,Portugal,SelandiaBaru, Spanyol,
swedia,swlss,Turki ian yunani.oEcD dibentukdalamtahun196l berdasarkan
Paris Convention(14 Desernber1960) oleh negara-negara
-Oiginfzation anggotl The
Kanada dan
for iurop"on Economie Cooperation- -ditsmbah
Arierika Seriiat. Tujuan pembentukan OECD adalahuntuk menggalakkan
kebijaksanaan Yangdirancang:
i untut mtn.up.i pertumb;hanekonomitinggi berkesinambungan' kesempatan
kerjayangtinggi, standarhidupyangt€rusnaik di negara-negara anggotanya'
stabilitasmonetef,sehinggadapatmemberisumbangan pada
-r".prrtitr*[*
pembangunan ekonomidunia;
t untukmemberi,.rlTlbungun bagiperluasanperekonomian yangsehalbaik di
negaraanggotamaupuniuk* unggotu,dalamprosespembangUnan ekonomi;.
I memberisumbangan bagiperluasan perdagangan dunia.ltasdasarmultilateral
yang tidat diskrifrinatif-sesuaidengankewajiban-kewajib-an intemasional'
' disusundan
Frortuluan /enghindaranpajak Uerganda OECD Model
oleh *"h, committeeyang dibentukoleh.negara-negar-a OfC.g'
dikembangkan-
CommiUeZtersebut khusus dibentuk u"tnt memecahkanmasalah-masalah
;rrp.j.k yang dihadapioleh OECD, yaitu The OECD Committeeon Fiscal
Affairs. "
Anggota-ang gotathe 1ECD Committee on FiscalA/fairsadalahahli-ahli
perpajakan-i-g Aiin:uk oleh lggara anggotaoEcD dan mewakili negaranya
on
dalamcomrnitteetersJbut.Setelahpembentukannylthe OECD Committee
model perjanjianpencegahan- pajak
iiiiot igor6 bekerjakerasuntukmenyusun
tahun 1963. oECD Model yang pertamadenBltl
;;J; din diterbitliandalam
iiia pratt Double Taration Convention on Income and Capital' The OE9D
Committeion FiscalAlfairs terusmembahas dan berusaha menyempurnakan
Model yangkedla
OECDModeltersebutdin padatahun1977diterbitkanOECD
dengannamaModel DoubteTucationconventionon Incomeand on capital'
peribahandanpenyempurnaan OECDModelterusdilakukan,terakfiirpadatahun
iggZ, seiring d"ng;'.dunyu perkembangan teknologiyang telah mengubah
transaksilintasnegara.
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2. UN Model
Dalam pertengahan tahun 1960-an,(United Nations,200t) PBB mulai
memperbaruimasalahkepentinganyang timbul dalam perjanjian penghindaran
pajak berganda,sebagaiakibat dari semakinbanyaknyaarus modal dari negara
maju ke negaraberkembang.
(R. Mansury, 1999) Peningkatanaliran investasi dari negara maju ke
negara berkembang,banyak bergantung kepada iklim investasi di negara
berkembangtersebut. Pencegahanpajak ganda internasionalmerupakan satu
komponenyang sangatpenting dalam menciptakaniklim investasiyang baik di
negara berkembang.Adanya perjanjian pencegahanpajak ganda merupakan
perlindunganpenuhkepadaorang-orangdan perusahaan-perusahaan yang bekerja
atau melakukankegiatanusahadi berbagainegarauntuk tidak dikenakanpajak
ganda.
Pemerintah negara-negaraberkembang yang didukung para ahli
perpajakandari negara-negara tersebutberkeinginanuntuk memperluasjaringan
perjanjianpencegahanpajak gandadenganpemerintahnegaramaju pengekspor
modal, namunperjanjianpencegahan pajak gandaitu seyogianyadidasarkanatas
suatumodel yang seimbang memperhatikan kepentingannegara4omisili (negara
dimanainvestasitersebutberasal)dan kepentingannegarasumber(negaradimana
kegiataninvestasidilaksanakan),sehinggapenerimaanpajak yang dikorbankan
oleh negarasumberseimbangdenganpenerimaanpajak yang dikorbankanoleh
negaradomisili. Negara berkembangpada umumnya menjadi negara sumber.
Sedangkannegaramaju yang mempunyaidana investasi,tenagaahli teknik dan
ahli manajerialsertateknologipadaumumnyamenjadinegaradomisili.
Atas dasaritu semua,The United Nations Economicand Social Council
atau disingkat The UN ECOSOC dalam resolusinyatanggal 4 Agustus 1967
Nomor 1273 meminta SekretarisJenderalPBB untuk membentuksuatuad hoc
working group yangterdiri dari tenagaahli perpajakandan pejabatpajak baik dari
negara-negaramaju maupun negara-negaraberkembang yang dapat mewakili
berbagaikawasan(Amerika Utara, Amerika Latin, Asia, Afrika dan Eropa) dan
mewakili berbagaisistem-sistem perpajakan.
Berdasarkanresolusi tersebutSekretarisJenderalPBB membentuk The
UN Ad Hoc Group of Tax Experts yang pertama dengan anggota-anggotanya
berasaldari: Amerika Serikat, Argentina, Brazil, Chili, Filipina, Ghana, India,
Inggris, Israel, Jepang, Jerman, Belanda, Norwegia, Pakistan, Perancis, Sri
Langkan, Sudan, Swiss, Tunisia dan Turki. Masing-masing ahli perpajakan
tersebutberbicara dalam Kelompok Tenaga Ahli Perpajakandalam kapasitas
pribadi masing-masing( atau in their personal capacity). Hasil pembahasan
dalam Kelompok Tenaga Ahli PerpajakanPBB tersebut adalah The United
NationsModel Double iaxation ConventionBetweenDevelopedand Developing
Countries (LJN Model) diterbitkan oleh PBB pada tahun 1980. Setelah
diterbitkannya LJN Model tersebut, pembahasan dan pemantauan atas
pelaksanaannya masih terus dilakukan oleh Kelompok TenagaAhli Perpajakan
PBB sampaisekarang.
Ko n s e p fa x T I e ary M o d e l: OECD,UN d s n US
1. OECD Model
Sebagaiorganisasiinternasionalyang beranggotakannegara-negaramaju,
the OECD Committeeon Fiscalmembuatmodel konvensi(treaty) penghindaran
pajak berganda yang bertujuan untuk menyelesaikanmasalah perpajakan
iniemasional yang timbul sebagaiakibat dari adanyatransaksiperdaganganantar
negara.
.Pada prinsipnya konsep yang mendasarikonvensi pajak ini, ditujukan
untuk negara-negara maju - yang notabenemerupakananggotaOECD. Sehingga
sebagainegarapengekspormodal, hak pernajakanyang diatur dalam konvensi
pajak.inimembatasinegarasumberyangmerupakannegarapengimpormodal.
Oleh sebabitu mengapadalamkonvensipajak ini, tarif pajak ataspassive
income (seperti: deviden, bunga dan sebagainya)ditekan seminimal mungkin
yaitu Uert<iiarantara5% - l}%.Ini berarti sebesarmungkin uang yang berasal
dai passiveincomedibawake negarapengekspormodal. Sebagaiperbandingan'
tarif pajak atas passiveincone di Indonesia(sebagainegarapengimpormodal)
rrsuui denganUU pptt tahun 2000 sebesarl5%. lni berarti, negarapengimltol
modal berusahamenahan uang yahg berasal dari passive income untuk tidak
dibawa ke negara pengekspormodal melalui pemotonganpajak. Jadi model
konvensi pajak ini dianggap "tidak menguntungkan" bagi negara-negara
berkembangsebagainegarapengimpormodal'
2. UN Model
Bagi negara-negara berkembangmodel konvensipajak yang dibuat oleh
the OEC' Commifie; on Fiscal akan mengurangipenerimaanpajak. OECD
Model dianggap membatasihak pemajakandari negarasumber, yang notabene
biasanya .aA.L negara-negaraberkembang.Oleh sebab itu, PBB berinisiatif
-meminimalisii
untuk distriminasi ini dengan membuat model konvensi pajak
yang dikenal sebagaiUnited NationsModel (UN Model). Model konvensipajak
ini memberikanhak pemajakanyang lebih luas bagi negarasumber,alias negara
berkembangsebagaipengimpordana/investasidari negara-negaramaju.
3. US Model
Sebagaisatu-satunyanegara adidaya, Amerika Serikat membuat sendiri
draft tax tr"ity - nya yangsangatmemperhatikankepentingannegaranya.OECD-
UoAet rn"rup"kun-model-konuensi pajak yang digunakansebagaiacuan Uryitel
StatesUodit (US Model). Perbedaanantara keduanyansecara umum, terletak
padatujuandibuatnyaUS Model.
p e r b a n d i n g a n T a x T r e a t y M o d e /.'oECD M o d e I v s uN
Model
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Statehasin the otherConfracting property pertaining to a fixed base
State,including such gains from available to a resident of a
the alienation of such a Contracting State in the other
permanent establishment(alone ContractingState for the purpose of
or with the whole enterPrise), performing independent personal
may be taxedin that other State. services,including such gains from
the alienation of such a permanent
establishment (alone or with the
whole enterprise),may be taxed in
3. Gains from the alienationof that otherState.
ships or aircraft operated in Gains from the alienationof ships or
international trafftc, boats aircraft operated in international
engagedin inland waterways traffic, boats engaged in inland
transport or movable ProPerty waterways transport or movable
pertaining to the oPerationof property pertaining to the operation
suchships,aircraftor boats,shall of such ships, aircraft or boats, shall
be taxable only in the be taxable only in the Contracting
Contacting State in which the State in which the place of effective
place of effective management management of the enterprise is
is situated.
of theenterprise situated.
Gains from alienation of shares of
capital stock of a company,or of an
interest in a partnership, trust or
estate,the propertyof which consists
directly or indirectly principally of
immovable property situated in a
Contracting State may be taxed in
that State.In particular:
(1) Nothing contained in this
a
paragraph shall apply to a
4. Gains from the alienationof anY company, partnershiP, trust or
property other that that referred estate, other than a comPany,
to in parbgraphs1,2 and 3, shall partnership, trust or estate
be taxable onlY in the engaged in the business of
Contracting State of which the management of immovable
alienatoris a resident. properties,the property of which
consists directly or indirectlY
principally of immovable
,r propeft/ used by such comPanY,
partnership,trust or estate in its
businessactivities,
(2) For the purposes of this
paragraph, "principally" in
relation to ownershiP of
immovable property means the
value of suchimmovable
Pensiun
Pasal18 OECDModel memberikan hak eksklusifpemajakan atasuang
pensiun
'sedangkan pada negara dimana suatu pekerjaanpada waktu lalu dilakukan.
pasall-8UN Modelmemberikan duamacamalternatifhakpemajakan
yaitu
- sebagaiberikut:
Allematif pertama,pasal 18 A ayat I merupakan reproduksipasal 18
OECDModel. Ayat} memberikan pengecualianhakeksklusifuntukmemungut
pajakbagi negaradomisili, yaitr,r
dalam hal pembayaran pensiunitu merupakan
6.!i* diri p[mbayaraosannrnansosialdari pemerintah pusatataupemerintah
daerah.Mengenaipembayaranpensiunyang merupakanpembayaransantunan
sosialpemerintah,maka hak eksklusifdiberikankepadanegarasumberyang
membayarsantunan sosialyangbersangkutan.
Alternatif lcedua,ias"t tS B ayat I tidak memberikanhak eksklusif
kepadanegaradomsili hanyadinyatakandapatmengenakan pajak atagsuby+
p"j* a"Uit negerinyayangmenerimapensiun.Ayat 2, memberikanhak kepada
'n
gu* sumberyuog-tobngenakan pajakataspembayaran penliun yangdilakukan
odh subyekpuj* AuU* negerinegarasumber,atau yang dilakukanbentukusaha
t t"p y*g teifJtat di negarasumberyangbersangkutan. Ayat 3, memberikanhak
.rtit*dt pajalckepada
-bagian negara sumber ataspembayaran uang'pensiunyang
.r^puf* dari pembayaransantunan sosial dari negara sumberyang
bersangkutan.
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Pensiun
OECDModel UN Model
Article18 Article l8
Pensions Pensionsand SocialSecuritvPayments
Subjectto the provisionsofparagraph 2 AlternativeA
of the Article 19, pensions and other 1. Subjectto the provisionsofparagraph
similar remunerationpaid to a residentof 2 of the article 19, pensionsand other
a Contracting State in considerationof similar remunerationpaid to a resident
pastemploymentshall be taxableonly in of a ContractingStatein consideration
that State. of past employment shall be taxable
only in that State.
2. Notwithstanding the provisions of
paragraphl, pensionspaid and other
paymentsmadeundera public scheme,
which is part of the social security
system of a Contracting State or a
political subdivision,or local authority
thereof shall be taxable only in that
State.
AlternativeB
1. Subjectto the provisionsof paragraph
2 of the article 19, pensionsand other
similar remunerationpaid to a resident
of a Contracting State in consideration
of past employment shall be taxable
only in that State.
2. However, such pensions and other
similar remunerationmay alsobe taxed
in the other Contracting State if the
paymentis made by a residentof that
other State or a permanent
establishmentsituatedtherein.
3. Notwithstanding the provisions of
paragraph I and 2, pensions paid and
other paymentsmade under a public
scheme,which is part of the social
security system of a Contracting State
or a political suMivision, or local
authority thereof shall be taxable only
in that State.
KatolikWidyaMandalaSurabaya 79
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T'TTf,64Z '/0lIZ: OECO.
PERBANDINGAN
I$JIAN RAChMAWAti
: DVNA
UNDANUS.OIEh
a. Deviden
Pembatasan hak pemajakanbagi negarasumberdalam oEcD Model
tarif pajakatasdeviden.Tarif pajakpalingtinggi sebesar-57o
berupapengenaan
atas deviden yang uerasat dari penyertaan langsung, dengan minimal
jenis lain'
p.ny.ttu"*yu isrti dan tarif pajak maksimal15% atas deviden
itu
b"a*Eun UN Model tidak mimberikan batasanpengenaantarif. Hal
diserahkan kepadahasilnegosiasi bilateral'
Ini diatur dalamfrsal 10 ayat2 poin a dan b masing-masing model
konvensipajak,sebagaimana nampakdibawahini'
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Tebel5
Devlden
OECDModel UN Model
Articlel0 Articlel0
Devidends Devidends
However such dividends may also 2. However such dividends may also
be ta:redin the ContractingStateof be taxed in the ContractingStateof
which the company paying the which the company paying the
dividends is a resident and dividends is a resident and
accordingto the laws of that State, accordingto the laws of that State,
but if the beneficial owner of the but if the beneficial owner of the
dividendsis a residentof the other dividends is a residentof the other
Conhacting State, the tax so Contracting State, the tax so
chargedshall not exceed: chargedshall not exceed:
a) SYoof the gross amount of the a) _ percent(the percentageis to
dividends if the beneficial be establishedthrough bilateral
owner is a company(other than negotiations) of the gross
partnership) which holds amount of the dividends if the
directly at least 25% of the beneficial owner is a company
capital of the company paying (other than partnership) which
the dividends; holds directly at least l0% of the
b) 15% of the grossamountof the capital of the company paying
dividendsin all othercases. the dividends;
The competent authorities of the b) _ percent(the percentageis to
Conhacting Statesshall by mutual be establishedthrough bilateral
agreement settle the mode of negotiations) of the gross
applicationof theselimitations. amount of the dividends in all
This paragraphshall not affect the other cases.
ta:ration of the company in respect The competent authorities of the
of the profits out of which the Contracting States shall by mutual
dividendsarepaid. agreement settle the mode of
applicationof theselimitations.
This paragraph shall not affect the
taxation of the company in respect of
the profitsout of whicfithe dilidends
arepaid.
a. Bunga
Demikian juga dengan penghasilanberupa bunga, OECD Model
hakpemajakan
membatasi negarasumberdengantarif pajakpalingtinggi sebesar
l0%. SedangkanuN Modellebihmenyerahkan padahasilperundingan bilateral.
Perbandingan
ini dapatdilihatpadatabel6.
PerbandinganTaxTreatyModelloEcDModelvsUS
Model
model
Terdapattiga perbedaanpenting dalam model oECD denganus
yaitu:
i. SumberPenghasilan (Sourceof Income)
mengenaisumber
Dalam OECD fUoJeltia* uatpasal yang khususmengatur
PajakBerganda (P3B) Indonesia-
prnghuritun.Pasal7 PersetujuanPengtrindaran
Amerika serikat mengaturmengenaihal ini, yang dikutip sebagaiberikut:
Sourceof Income
as income
i. O"riatrds paid by a residentof a Contracting Stateshall be treated
fron sourceswithin that State.
'Interest
2. from sources within a Contracting State
shall be treated as income-State,
oniy if paid by such Conffacting a political subdivisionor a local
ouinoiiiy theriof, or by a residei of that Contracting State.Notwithstanding
(whetheror not such
theprecedingsentence,if thepersonpaying the interest
peflnanent
p"rioo is a resident of one of the Contracting State) has a
is borne by
establishmentin one oi the Coitracting Stateand such interest
shall be deemed to be from
such permanent estu;lishment, such lnterest
permanent establishment is
sourceswithin the Contracting Statein which
situated.
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TabelT
Sumber n
Penehasilan SumberPenghasllan
Devidpn Negara dimana pihak Yang
membayarkan meruPakan
oenduduknYa
Bunga Negaradimanabungatersebutdibepr
Fenghasilandari harta tetap,termasuk Negaradimana harta tersebutberada
penghasilan dari kegiatan
pertambangan,minYak dan gas bumi
ataupertambangan sumberdaYadgqn
Fenghasilandari sewaharta berwujud Negaradimanahartatersebutberada
(harta gerak), keouali kaPal laut,
oesawatterbangdankontainer
Penehasilandari ltrbungan kerja Neearadimanapekeriaandilakukan
Keuntungan dari Pengalihan,Dapat bersumberdari salah satu
pertukaranataupenjualanharta negara(Contractingstate),tergantung
ienis hartanva
Penghasilan BUT, berada
termasuk NegaradimanaBUT tersebut
penghasilan dari harta tetap, sumber
daya alam, deviden,bunga,royalti dan
keuntungan pengalihan harta selama
terdapathubunganefektif denganBUT
tersebut.
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2. GeneralRule of Tavtion
Dalam OECD Model tidak ada pasal yang khusus mengaturmengenai
general rule of tacation. Pasal28 P3B Indonesia- Amerika Serikat mengatur
mengenaihal ini, yangdikutip sebagaiberikut:
GeneralRule of Taxation
1. A resident of one of the Contracting States may be taxed by the other
ContractingStateon any incomefrom sourceswithin that other Contracting
State and only on such income,subject to any limitations set forth in this
Convention. For this purpose, the rules set forth in Article 7 (Source of
Incomeshall be appliedto determinethe sourceof income.
2. Theprovisions of this Conventionshall not be constntedto restrict in any
mannerany exclusion,exemption,'deduction,credit, or other allowancenew
or hereafteraccorded-
lal By the laws of one of the Contracting Statesin the determinationof the tax
imposedby that Contracting State,or
(bl By any ?ther agreementbetweenthe ContractingStates.
3. Notwithstaiding any provisions of this Convention exceptparagraph (4), a
Contracting State may tax a citizen or resident of that Contracting State as if
this Conventionhad not comeinto elfectfor thispurposesthe term "citizen"
shall include a former citizen whose loss of citizenshiphad as one of the
prtncipal putposes the avoidance to tax but only fo, a period of ten yeors
following such lose.
4. The provisignsofparagraph (3) shall not afect:
(al The beir,efi* confened by a Contracting State under paragraph 3 of
Article l0 (RelatedPersons),paragraph 3 of Article 2l (Private Pensions
and Annuities), Articles 22 (Social Security Payments),23 (Relief from
Double Taxation),24 (Non-discrimination),and 25 (Mutual. agreement
Procedure);and
(b) The beneJits conferred by a Contracting State under Articles 18
(Government Service), 19 (Students and Trainees), 20 (Teachers and
Researchers), and 27 (Diplomatic and Consular Olficers), upon
individualswho are neithercitizensof, nor have immigrantstatusin. that
Contracting State.
5. The competent authorities of the Contracting States may each prescribe
regulationsnecessaryto carry out theprovisions of this Convention.
6. Except asprovided in paragraph 7, a person (other than an individual) which
is a residentof a Contracting Stateshall not be entitled under this Convention
to relieffrom tacation in the other Contracting State unless:
(a) More than 50 percent of the benelicial interest in such person (or in the
caseofa company,more than 50 percent ofthe numberofshares ofeach
class of the company's shares) is owned directly or indirectly, by any
combinationof one or more of:
(il Individualswho are residentsof the United States;
(iil Citizensof the United States;
(iii\ Individuals who are residentsof Indonesia;
(ivl Companiesas describedin paragraph (7) (a); and
(vl TheContractingStates;and
(b) The income of such person is not used in substantial part, directly or
indirectly, to meet liabilities (including liabilities for interest or royalties)
to persons other than those enumeratedin subparagrapls (a) (i) through
(v).
7. The provisionsof paragraph (6) shall not apply if:
Gl fue person is a company in whose principal class of shares there is
substantialand regular trading on a recognizesstockexchange;or
lbl The establbhment, acqulsition and maintenanceof such person and the
conductoftts operationsdid not have as a principal purpose the purpose
of obtainingbenefitsunderthe Convention.
)'a recognized stock
For the purposes of paragraph (7) (a), the term
exchange"means.
(al Thi NASDA? Systemowned by the National Association of Securities
Dealers, Inc,, and any stockexchangeregistered with the Securitiesand
ExchangeCommissionas 4 national securities exchangefor the purposes
of the SecuritiesF.xchange Act af 1934:and
(bl TheJalcarta stockexchange;and
(cl Any other stock *change agteed upon by the competentauthorities of the
Contracting States. i
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3. Assistance of Collection
Dalam OECD Model tidak ada pasal yang khusus mengatur mengenai
assistanceof collection. Pasal 29 P3B Indonesia-AmerikaSerikat mengatur
mengenaihal ini yang dikutip sebagaiberikut:
Assistancein Collection
1. Each of the ContraetingStalesshall endeavorto collect on behalf of the other
Contracting Stale such taxes imposed by that other Contracting State such
taws imposed by that other Contracting State as will ensure that any
exemptionor reducedrate of tax granted under this Conventionby that other
Contracting Stateshall not be enjoyedby persons not entitled to such bene/its.
Thecompetentauthoritiesof the Contracting Statesmay consult togetherfor
thepurpose of giving elfect to this Article.
2. In no caseshall this Article be construedso as to imposeupon a Contracting
State the obligation to carry out adrninistrativemeasuresat variance with the
regulations and practices of either Contracting State or which would be
contrary to the firshmentioned Contracting State sovereignty,security, or
public policy.
Simpulen
88 EkonomiuniversitasKatolikwidya Mandalasurabaya
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