Guía de Aprendizaje 7. Intercambio de Gases (cap 49).

Circulació n (cap 50)

Grupo 1
1. RECAP 49.1 Respiratory gases are exchanged only by diffusion. Air is a better
respiratory medium than water because a given volume of air has more O2 than
the same volume of water. O2 diffuses faster in air than in water, and less work is
required to move air over respiratory exchange surfaces.
a. Describe how the variables in Fick’s law of diffusion relate to respiratory
systems. See p. 1006
b. Why does a rise in water temperature create a double-bind situation for
water-breathing animals? See p. 1007 and Figure 49.2
c. Explain the concept of partial pressures of gases and how it relates to
diffusion rates of O2 and CO2 at different altitudes. See pp. 1006 and 1007–
1008
2. RECAP 49.2 The major adaptations that increase animals’ efficiency of respi-
ratory gas exchange are a large surface area for exchange and a maximized partial
pressure gradient across that surface.
a. Describe three different ways that the partial pressure gradient for O2
exchange is maximized across fish gills. See pp. 1009–1010 and Figures
49.5 and 49.6
b. What respiratory adaptations enable birds to fly at extremely high
altitudes? See pp. 1010–1011 and Figures 49.7 and 49.8
c. Explain why residual volume limits the efficiency of tidal breathing. See pp.
1012–1013 and Figure 49.9

Grupo 2

3. RECAP 49.3 The mammalian respiratory system consists of a highly branching

system of airways that lead to alveoli — the gas exchange surfaces. Respiratory
muscles ventilate the alveoli by creating pressure differences between the lungs
and the outside air. CO2 and O2 are exchanged across thin capillary and alveoli
walls by diffusion.
a. Describe the path that a breath of air takes from the nose to the gas
exchange surfaces. See p. 1013 and Figure 49.10
b. What roles do mucus and surfactant play in maintaining the function of the
mammalian respiratory system? See pp. 1013 and 1015
c. Explain the anatomical and functional relationships between the thoracic
cavity, the pleural membranes, and the lungs. See pp. 1015–1016 and
Figure 49.11
Grupo 3

4. RECAP 49.4: O2 is transported from the lungs to the body’s tissues in reversible
combination with hemoglobin. Each hemoglobin molecule can reversibly combine
with four O2 molecules; the percent saturation of the binding sites is a function of
the PO2 in the hemoglobin’s environment.
a. Explain the advantage of having hemoglobin hold on to three O2 molecules
at the usual PO2 of mixed venous blood. See pp. 1016–1017 and Figure
49.12
b. How is the O2-binding/dissociation curve of hemoglobin influenced by pH?
By BPG? By development from fetus to newborn infant? See p. 1018 and
Figure 49.13
c. How is CO2 transported in the blood? See p. 1018 and Figure 49.14
5. RECAP 49.5: The rhythmic contractions of the respiratory muscles that drive
breathing are generated by neurons in the brainstem.
 a. What is the primary chemical stimulus for controlling the respiratory rate,
and where is it sensed? See pp. 1019–1020 and Figures 49.16 and 49.18
b. Explain what feedforward information is and how exercise provides
feedforward information in the respiratory control system. See pp.1020–
1021 Figure 49.17
c. What are the functions of the carotid and aortic bodies? See pp. 1021–1022
and Figure 49.18
Grupo 4

6. RECAP 50.1 Circulatory systems consist of a pump and an open or closed set of
vessels through which a fluid transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and a variety of
other substances.
a. Circulatory systems are transport systems. What do they transport? See p.
1026
b. Why are many species with open circulatory systems rather limited with
respect to metabolic activity, and why does this limitation not apply to
insects? See p. 1026 and Figure 50.1
c. What are some advantages of a closed circulatory system? See pp. 1026–
1027

7. RECAP 50.2: The closed circulatory system of vertebrates has evolved from a
single circuit system in fishes to separate pulmonary and systemic circuits in birds
and mammals.
a. Explain why fish cannot supply blood to their tissues at high pressure. See
p. 1028
b. By comparing lungfish and amphibian circulatory systems, explain how a
heart with two separate atria could have evolved. See pp. 1028–1029
c. What are some advantages of separate pulmonary and systemic circuits?
See pp. 1029–1030

Grupo 5

8. RECAP 50.3: The mammalian heart has two atria and two ventricles. Modified
cardiac muscle tissue in the right atrium functions to spontaneously generate
pacemaker action potentials. Other modified cardiac muscle tissue between the
atria and ventricles and throughout the ventricles conducts those signals and
coordinates the heart contraction. Broad action potentials in ventricular muscle
reflect Ca2+ cycling in the ventricular muscle cells and make sustained
contractions possible.
a. Trace the path of blood through both sides of the heart, naming the major
blood vessels and heart valves. See pp. 1030–1031 and Figure 50.2
b. Differentiate systole and diastole and describe the events of the cardiac
cycle. See p. 1031 and Figure 50.3
c. How do cells of the sinoatrial node generate the heartbeat? See pp. 1032–
1034 and Figures 50.5 and 50.7
d. What determines the duration of the contraction of the ventricles during
systole? See p. 1034 and Figure 50.8 and 50.9

9. RECAP 50.4: Blood is a fluid tissue with cellular components that play roles in
transport of respiratory gases, immune system function, and blood clotting. The
properties of the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins reflect their
functions. Exchanges between the blood and interstitial fluids occur in the smallest
of those vessels, the capillaries.
 a. How are the structural differences among the various classes of vessels
related to their functions? See pp. 1039–1040 and Figure 50.13
b. Why are arterioles called resistance vessels and veins called capacitance
vessels? See p. 1039 and p. 1041
c. What factors control the movement of fluids between the vascular and
extravascular spaces? See pp. 1040–1041 and Figures 50.14 and 50.15
d. What propels blood from the lower part of the body back to the heart? See
pp. 1041–1042 and Figure 50.16

Grupo 6

10. RECAP 50.5: The delivery of blood to tissues is controlled locally by autoregulatory
mechanisms that dilate or constrict arterioles. These local actions are translated
into alterations in central blood pressure and composition that are detected by
neural and hormonal mechanisms, which then mediate corrective cardiovascular
adjustments.
a. How do autoregulatory changes in blood flow to capillary beds result in
adjustments to MAP? See p. 1044 and Figure 50.18
b. What are the roles of hormones in regulating blood pressure? See p. 1044
and Figure 50.19
c. Describe the role of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in regulating blood
pressure. See pp. 1044–1045 and Figure 50.20
11.