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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
OF CURRENT RESEARCH
International Journal of Current Research
Vol. 3, Issue, 11, pp.331-337, November, 2011

ISSN: 0975-833X
REVIEW ARTICLE
A RESEARCH REVIEW ON NATURAL FIBERS
1Chandramohan, D. and 2Marimuthu, K.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Coimbatore institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: This paper focuses a new method of using data obtained from CT images combined with digital
Received 28th July, 2011 CAD and rapid prototyping model for surgical planning and this new application enables the
Received in revised form surgeon to choose the proper configuration and location of internal fixation of plate on humerus
17th August, 2011 bone during orthopaedic surgery. This paper presents the procedure for making a model of humerus
Accepted 14th October, 2011 bone using rapid prototyping technologies [RPT].The aim of this paper is to compare the metallic
Published online 20th November, 2011
and natural fiber reinforced polymer composite bone plates used in humerus bone fractures. A 3D
Key words: finite element model was developed to analyze the performance of both types of plates. This paper
proposed on fabrication of natural fiber powdered material [like Sisal (Agave sisalana), Banana
Agave sisalana, (Musa sapientum) and Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)] reinforced polymer composite [NFRPC] plate
Musa sepientum,
material with bio epoxy resin. Instead of orthopaedics alloys such as titanium, cobalt chrome,
Hibiscus sabdariffa,
Material properties, stainless steel, and zirconium, this plate material can be used for both internal and external fixation
Bone, on human body for fractured bone.In this research thermal stress analysis using Computational
Bio Epoxy Resin, Fluid Dynamics [CFD] has been carried out on (Sisal (Agave sisalana) and Roselle (Hibiscus
SEM, EDX. sabdariffa) hybrid plate material and the values compared with manual calculation found to be good
in agreement. This invention focuses thermal properties of natural fibers that are used for bone
grafting substitutes which are now becoming a great challenge for biomedical engineers.
Copy Right, IJCR, 2011, Academic Journals. All rights reserved.

INTRODUCTION
The present research work concentrates on the progress of
biomaterials in the field of orthopaedics, an effort to utilize the
advantages offered by renewable resources for the
development of biocomposite materials based on biopolymers
and natural fibers. The present research work focuses on the
enhanced properties of natural fiber as bone implant. It is a
challenge to the creation of better materials for the
improvement of quality of life. The present research work
proposes suggestions of using natural fiber–reinforced
composite as a plate material, which uses pure natural fibers
that are rich in medicinal properties like Sisal (Agave
sisalana), Banana (Musa sapientum) and Roselle (Hibiscus
sabdariffa) fibers.
The present research work focuses on fabrication of natural
fiber powdered material (Sisal, Banana and Roselle)
reinforced polymer composite [NFRP] plate material with bio
epoxy resin Grade 3554A and Hardener 3554B, instead of
orthopaedics alloys such as titanium, cobalt chrome, stainless
steel, and zirconium, this plate material can be used for
internal and external fixation on human body for fractured
bone. In the present research work, the variation of
mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, and impact
strengths of Sisal and banana (hybrid), Roselle and banana
*Corresponding author: mail_2_cm@yahoo.com; kmcit@yahoo.co.uk
(hybrid) and Roselle and sisal (hybrid) composite at dry and
wet conditions was studied. In the present research work, the
experimental results are compared with theoretical results and
found to be in good agreement. Also, this present research
work focuses on the prediction of thrust force and torque of
the natural fiber reinforced polymer composite materials, and
the values, compared with the Regression model and the
Scheme of Delamination factor / zone using machine vision
system. A 3D finite element model was developed to analyze
the performance of both types of plates. This paper proposed
on fabrication of natural fiber powdered material [like Sisal
(Agave sisalana), Banana (Musa sapientum) and Roselle
(Hibiscus sabdariffa)] reinforced polymer composite
[NFRPC] plate material with bio epoxy resin. Instead of
orthopaedics alloys such as titanium, cobalt chrome, stainless
steel, and zirconium, this plate material can be used for both
internal and external fixation on human body for fractured
bone. In this research thermal stress analysis using
Computational Fluid Dynamics [CFD] has been carried out on
(Sisal (Agave sisalana) and Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)
hybrid plate material and the values compared with manual
calculation found to be good in agreement. In this present
research work, microstructure of the specimens was scanned
by the scanning electron microscope, and composition is
analyzed by the electron dispersive thermodetector. In the
future, this NFRP composite material coated by calcium
phosphate and hydroxyapatite (hybrid) composite can be used
 332 International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 3, Issue, 11, pp.331-337, November, 2011

for both internal and external fixation on the human body for element model were SOLID92 and SHELL99.SOLID92 was
fractured bone. used in case of metallic bone plates while SHELL99 was
chosen in case of composites. Metallic plate materials were
SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH WORK taken as isotropic, NFRP composites and the fractured bone as
orthotropic materials. Computerized tomography scanning
A. Natural Fibres image [CT scan] of humerus bone in .stl file was converted in
to .iges file then imported to ANSYS for the stress analysis on
Natural fibers present important advantages such as: low humeral shaft with plate and without plate.
density, appropriate stiffness and mechanical properties and
high disposability and renewability. Moreover, they are
recyclable and biodegradable. Over the last decade,
composites of polymers reinforced by natural fibers have
received increased attention. Natural fibers such as sisal and
roselle possess good reinforcing capability when properly
compounded with polymers.

Table 1. Materials

Material Type Supplied by

Matrix Bio epoxy resin
Grade 3554A
Catalyst Hardner Grade 3554B Lab chemicals,
Releasing agent Poly vinyl acetate Chennai
Reinforcement Particle natural fibers India especially in
Sisal & Roselle (hybrid) South India regions
Banana & Sisal (hybrid)
Banana & Roselle (hybrid)

B. Novel concept of natural fiber bone plates

 This research work is based on the preparation of
bone plate material by natural fiber reinforced
composite for human beings.
 The compositions used for preparing the material are
as follows:
 Sisal & Roselle (hybrid) particle reinforced
Fig. 1. Steps Involved In Rapid Prototyping
composite
 Banana & Sisal (hybrid) particle Fiber reinforced Dimensions of plate
composite
 Banana & Roselle (hybrid) particle reinforced Length of the plate (l) : 150mm
composite Thickness of the plate (t) : 4.5mm
 Final composite material undergoes the fabrication Width of the plate (w) : 10mm
and testing methods as stated below: MANUAL CALCULATION
1. Moisture absorption test [ASTM D570] The project case is mainly for youngsters during the bike
2. Flexural Test [ASTMD790] riding. The weight of the person was assumed to be around
3. Tensile Test [ASTM D638] 60 kg.
4. Impact Test [ISO 180] Assumption made
Initial velocity of Vehicle V1 is 60kmph,
Table 2. Properties of Bio-Materials Final velocity of Vehicle V2 is zero
Mass of human body=60kg
Bio-Materials Young’s Density Poisson External diameter of bone bone [D] = 22 mm
Modulus Kg/mm3 ratio Internal diameter [d] = 11 mm
(N/mm2)
+
Bending Stress on Solid Shaft:
Humerus bone 17.2*103 1.9*10-6 0.3
+
Titanium 120 *103 4.51*10-6 0.34 σьmax = (32×Mmax) / (3.14×d³)
+
Stainless steel 200 8*10-6 0.2 Bending Stress on Hollow Shaft
+
+
Cobalt chrome 230 8.5*10-6 0.3 σь max = 32× Mmax ×D / 3.14 [D4 -d4]
Zirconium 200 6.1*10-6 0.3 σьmax –Maximum bending stress in N/mm2
++
Roselle and sisal (hybrid) 18857.075 1.450*10-6 0.33
++
Roselle and banana (hybrid) 22061.9593 1.5*10-6 0.32 Mmax - Maximum bending moment in N mm
++
Sisal and banana (hybrid) 25779.2532 1.350*10-6 0.30
+
D. Computational details of present work manual
Compiled from Refs. ++Experimental results
calculation
C. Finite element analysis ASSUMPTIONS MADE
Analysis package using for Stress Analysis on Humeral Shaft The following assumptions have been invoked while
along with plate: ANSYS 11.0 Element types used in the finite formulating the governing equations for the sake of simplicity:
333 International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 3, Issue, 11, pp.331-337, November, 2011

Table 3. Assignment of the levels to the factors

Level Drill size,d (mm) Revolution ,N (rpm) Feed rate,f (mm/rev)
1 3 600 0.1
2 4 900 0.2
3 5 1200 0.3

Table 4. Regression equations for thrust force

Material Thrust force R2

Sisal and 3.0283346946 X d ^ 1.809727356 X n ^ 0.366531308 X f ^ 0.697522528 0.91185
Roselle(Hybrid)
Sisal and Banana (Hybrid) 7.346100813X d ^ 0.659519445 X n ^ 0.418769028X f ^ 1.376076865 0.95432
Banana and 7.34610183X d ^ 0.266522184 X n ^ 0. 522769028X f ^ 1. 768086565 0.95745
Roselle(Hybrid)

Table 5. Regression equations for torque

Material Torque R2
Sisal and 2.085745348 X d ^ .872156974 X n ^ .047331957 X f ^ 0.880955972 0.88741
Roselle(Hybrid)
Sisal and Banana (Hybrid) 3.239667434 X d ^ 0.90444033 X n ^ -0.051380071 X f ^ 0.871441681 0.867421
Banana and 3.239667434 X d ^ 0.90444033 X n ^ -0.051380071 X f ^ 0.871441681 0.81094
Roselle(Hybrid)

Table 6. Delamination Factors

Delamination Factor for Delamination Factor for Delamination Factor for

FEED SPEED Roselle and Banana for Roselle and Sisal for Sisal and Banana for
S.NO d=5mm d=5mm d=5mm
(mm/rev) ( rpm )
Fd Fda Fd Fd Fda Fd
1 0.1 600 1.205 1.99851 1.21 2.01161 1.193 1.96725
2 0.1 900 1.2034 1.99433 1.209 2.00899 1.189 1.95689
3 0.1 1200 1.2022 1.99199 1.206 2.00113 1.1804 1.93471
4 0.2 600 1.176 1.92342 1.196 1.97504 1.156 1.87251
5 0.2 900 1.17 1.90807 1.92 1.96466 1.15 1.85738
6 0.2 1200 10162 1.88771 1.184 1.94398 1.142 1.83731
7 0.3 600 1.098 1.72896 1.148 1.85235 1.078 1.68085
8 0.3 900 1.092 1.71445 1.142 1.83731 1.073 1.66894
9 0.3 1200 1.084 1.69521 1.134 1.81735 1.065 1.64996

 Buoyancy effects are negligible Nu- Nusselt number

 Radiation effects are negligible h- Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2-K)
 The flow is adiabatic (there is no heat transfer D- Diameter of Domain (m)
between the flow and the surroundings). K- Thermal conductivity (W/m-k)
Re- Reynolds number
PLATE DIMENSIONS If Re > 2300 (Flow is Turbulent)
Length of plate = 0.106 m Reynolds number
Breadth of the plate = 0.01 m Re = ρVD/μ
Thickness of the plate = 0.003 m = (1060×0.5×0.16)/0.004
Thermal conductivity = 0.543 W/m-K = 2.12×104, hence flow is turbulent
C.O.P of blood = 3594 kJ/kg-K Where,
Ρ- Density of blood (kg/m3)
DOMAIN DIMENSIONS V- velocity of blood (m/s)
Dia of domain =0.16 m µ- Dynamic viscosity (kg/m-s)
Length of the domain =0.5 m Prandtl number
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS Pr= µCp/k
Inlet velocity =0.5 m/s = 0.004×3594/0.543
Inlet Temperature =305 k Pr = 26.48
Outlet pressure =0 Pa Where,
Cp-coefficient of performance (kJ/kg-K)
BONE DIMENSIONS (h×0.16)/0.543 = 0.023× (2.12× 104) 0.8× (26.48) 1/3
Length of bone =0.191 m h = 655.27 W/m2-K
E. Characterization of NFREPC materials and evaluation
SOLUTION of delamination factor
Nusselt number Manufacturing process
Nu = h D/k
hD /k = 0.023× ( Re)0.8 ×(Pr)1/3 A mold of 60-mm length and 40-mm diameter was created
Where, using GI sheet mold.An OHP Sheet was taken and a releasing
334 International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 3, Issue, 11, pp.331-337, November, 2011

Table 7. Comparison of results

Material Manual ANSYS ANSYS
(N/mm²) (N/mm²) (N/mm²)

Bone 64.32 64.543 74.709

Stainless steel 65.37 65.327 74.953

Cobalt chrome 65.46 65.482 75.124

Titanium 65.56 65.604 75.221

Zirconium 65.48 65.543 74.973

Roselle and sisal 65.032 65.095 73.111

(hybrid)

Sisal and banana 65.010 65.050 73.233

(hybrid)

Roselle and 65.014 65.041 73.523

banana (hybrid)

agent was applied over it and fitted with the inner side of the
mold and allowed to dry.A glass beaker and a glass rod or a
stirrer were taken and cleaned well with running water and
subsequently with warm water. Then, calculated quantity of
bio epoxy resin Grade 3554A and Hardner 3554B Resin was
added and the mixture was stirred for nearly 15 min.Stirring
was done to create a homogeneous mixture of resin and
accelerator molecules. Subsequently, calculated quantity of
fibers was added and the stirring process was continued for the
next 45 min.Then, the mixture was poured into the mold and
rammed mildly for uniform settlement.The mold was allowed
to solidify for nearly 24 hours.

Figure 3.1 Result Image of Wall Heat Transfer Co-efficient

335 International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 3, Issue, 11, pp.331-337, November, 2011
Table 8. Comparisons of CFD Results
MATERIAL MANUAL CFD
Heat Transfer Co- Heat Transfer Co-
efficient (h) efficient (h)
w/m2 –k w/m2 -k
Sisal and Roselle 655.27 695.75
(hybrid) Particle
reinforced composite
REGRESSION MODEL
The statistical tool, regression analysis, helps to estimate the
value of one variable from the given value of another. In
regression analysis, there are two types of variables. The
variable whose value is influenced or is to be predicted is
called dependent variable, and the variable that influences the
values or used for prediction is called independent variables.
The tool, regression analysis, can be extended to three or more
variables.
Regression equations:
Thrust = k * d a * n b * f c ------------ (1)
Torque = k * d a * n b * f c ------------ (2)
Where ,a, b & c = Regression constants
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Tensile test
The hybrid composites showed comparatively better
performance, the micrographs taken for the fractured sisal,
banana, roselle and hybrid composites. Sisal and banana
(hybrid) & Roselle and banana (hybrid) fiber composites, on
tensile loading condition, showed a brittle like failure (less in
% of elongation,). Elliptical cracks and their fast propagation
could be observed. Less fiber pull out is observed and this
could be reason for the reduction in the tensile strength. The
nature is justified, where more percentage elongation could be
observed for the Sisal and Roselle (hybrid) (high in % of
elongation) fiber composites which exhibit ductile nature of
fracture due to the presence of sisal fibers.
B. Flexural Test
The effect of flexural loading on the performance of the
fabricated composite materials is shown in table.three point
bending test was employed to investigate this effect. Sisal and
Roselle (hybrid) fiber composites are found to be withstanding
more loading on flexural testing. The presence of sisal fiber in
the reinforcement gives the strength. Even in the hybrid
composites the slight reduction in the flexural behaviour could
be due to the sisal fiber presence. The presence of moisture in
the composites reduces the flexural properties. Since the
absorption of moisture leads to the degradation of fibers
matrix interface region creating poor stress transfer resulting
in a reduction on the flexural strength. In the Roselle and Sisal
(hybrid) fiber composites the percentage elongation is found
to be increasing after immersing the components in to water .
The reason could be the presence of water attack on the
cellulose structure and allow the cellulose molecules to move
smoothly. This nature is justified, where more percentage
elongation could be observed for the Sisal and Roselle
(hybrid) fiber composites which exhibit ductile nature of
fracture due to the presence of sisal fibers. Sisal and banana
(hybrid) & Roselle and banana (hybrid) fiber composites, on
loading condition, showed a brittle like failure (less in % of
elongation).
C. Impact Test
Un-notched Izod impact test as per ISO 180 procedure is
followed to find out the energy absorbed by each particle in
the composites. The effect of fibers on impact strength for the
specimens prepared for both dry and moisture conditions is
shown in table. Sisal and banana (hybrid) and Roselle and
banana (hybrid) absorb more energy on impact loading
conditions both in the dry as well as moisture condition it
shows their brittle nature but Sisal and Roselle (hybrid)
which shows its ductile nature by absorb less energy on
impact loading conditions.The increase in the impact strength
could be observed for Sisal and banana (hybrid) and Roselle
and banana (hybrid) composites. This could be attributed to
fiber bridging through fiber pull out. The greater level of fiber
pull out which is observed in the specimen fabricated by
hybrid reinforcement attributes superior impact strength.
Hybrid fiber composite exhibits reduced impact strength. The
reason could be the reduced fiber bridging effect resulting
lower fiber pull out.
D. Based on the experimental [Drilling] results obtained,
the following conclusions can be extracted:
Effect of Thrust Force
In general, the thrust and torque parameters will mainly
depend on the manufacturing conditions employed, such as
feed, cutting speed, tool geometry, machine tool, and cutting
tool rigidity. A larger thrust force occurs for larger diameter
drills and higher feed rates. In other words, feed rate and drill
diameter are recognized as the most significant factors
affecting the thrust force. Worn-out drill may be one of the
major reasons for the drastic increase in the thrust force as
well as for the appearance of larger thrust forces when using
multifacet drill than those when using twist drill at high
cutting speed. Although tools are worn out quickly and the
thrust force increases drastically as cutting speed increases, an
acceptable hole entry and exit is maintained. We found that
the thrust force is drastically reduced when the hole is
predrilled to 0.4 mm or above. The thrust force increases with
the increase in fiber volume fraction. Although it is known
that the thrust force increases with the increase in the feed, this
study provided quantitative measurements of such
relationships for the present composite materials. In general,
increasing the cutting speed will decrease the thrust force.
This work has shown that the cutting speed has an
insignificant effect on the thrust force when drilling at low
feed values. At high feed values, the thrust force decreases
with an increased cutting speed.
Effect of Torque
It can be observed that thrust force and torque increase with
the drill diameter and feed rate. By examining these results, it
can be concluded that the torque slightly increases as the
cutting speed increases. However, we found that the increase
in torque was much smaller than that in thrust force, with the
increasing cutting speed. The average torque appearing when
using a multifacet drill was larger than that using the twist drill
at low drilling speed, and the average torque when using a
336 International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 3, Issue, 11, pp.331-337, November, 2011
multifacet drill was smaller than that when using twist drill at
high drilling speed. It was noticed that the average torque
decreased as the drilled length increased for twist drill.
Furthermore, the effect of feed, speed, and fiber volume
fraction on the resulting torque in drilling the specimen was
also observed. The results indicate that the torque increases as
the feed increases. This increase is owing to the increasing
cross-sectional area of the undeformed chip. The results also
indicate that the torque increases with the increase in the fiber
volume fraction. Increasing fiber volume fraction increases the
static strength, and thus, the resistance of the composite to
mechanical drilling increases. This leads to the increase in the
required thrust force and torque. The result also indicates that
the torque decreases when increasing the cutting speed.
Finally this study observed that one of the best materials is
Sisal and Roselle (Hybrid), which can be used for internal
fixation, when compared with other materials. The reason
could be the reduced fiber bridging effect resulting in lower
fiber pull in/pull out during drilling process, which are
observed in delamination factors and delamination zone. The
complete breaking of the fiber rather than pull out was
observed through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
The stress analysis of humerus bone and fixation of plate for
the fractured bone has been carried out with stainless steel,
cobalt chrome, titanium, zirconium, Roselle and sisal (hybrid),
Sisal and banana (hybrid) and Roselle and banana (hybrid).
After plate fixation, the stress induced on the bone with plate
and without plate is calculated both manually and using
ANSYS software.
After determining the material properties of natural fiber–
reinforced epoxy composite using six different tool materials
and geometrices by using tensile test, flexural test and Izod
impact test can be drawn. The hybrid composites showed
comparatively better performance, as evidenced by the
micrographs taken for the fractured sisal, banana, roselle, and
hybrid composites. Sisal fiber composites, on tensile loading
condition, showed a brittle-like failure. Elliptical cracks and
their fast propagation could be observed. Less fiber pullout
was observed, and this could be the reason for the reduction in
the tensile strength, as shown by the tensile fracture
micrograph for the fiber-based composites. Plastic
deformation and more fiber pullout also could be observed.
This nature is justified, where more percentage elongation
could be observed for the hybrid fiber composites. Hybrid
fiber composites exhibit partial brittle nature of fracture
because of the presence of sisal fibers. The presence of
moisture in the composites reduces the flexural properties. The
absorption of moisture leads to the degradation of fibers
matrix interface region creating poor stress transfer, resulting
in a reduction on the flexural strength. Both in the banana and
sisal fiber composites, the percentage elongation is found to be
increasing after immersing the components into water. The
reason could be the presence of water attack on the cellulose
structure, allowing the cellulose molecules to move smoothly.
Hence, for the applications where flexural loading conditions
are dominating, sisal and roselle composites could be selected.
The increase in the impact strength could be observed for
banana, sisal, roselle, and hybrid fiber composites. This could
be attributed to fiber bridging through fiber pullout. The
greater level of fiber pullout, which is observed in the
specimen fabricated by hybrid reinforcement, leads to superior
impact strength. Hybrid fiber composite exhibits reduced
impact strength. The reason could be the reduced fiber
bridging effect resulting from lower fiber pullout. The
complete breaking of the fiber rather than pullout is observed
through SEM analysis. Composition analyzer dispersive x-ray
thermo detector (EDX) shows that sisal and roselle (hybrid)
material has more calcium content compared with the other
two materials. In this research Sisal and Roselle fiber particle
reinforced composite plate material’s Thermal Heat transfer
coefficient has been calculated manually (655.27 w/m2 –k) and
CFD (695.75 w/m2 –k) both the results are found to be good in
agreement.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research was sponsored by the INSTITUTION OF
ENGINEERS (INDIA), KOLKATA [R&D Grant 2009-2010-
Project entitled: Application of Engineering in the Futurestic
Development of Orthopaedics Using FEA/CT/CAD/CAM/
RPT/Lab VIEW Project number 30. We wish to acknowledge
their support for recognized this research work. We owe
immense gratitude for giving the opportunity to present this
research work in Felicitation function in honour of Er. G.
PRABHAKAR, President, IEI [INDIA] and presentation of
R&D Grant 2010-2011 on 18.01.2011 organized by
NATIONAL DESIGN AND RESEARCH FORUM at sir M V
ADITORIUM, IEI-KSC, Bangalore.
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